The arte of logick Plainely taught in the English tongue, according to the best approued authors. Very necessary for all students in any profession, how to defend any argument against all subtill sophisters, and cauelling schismatikes, and how to confute their false syllogismes, and captious arguments. By M. Blundevile.

CHAP. XI.

Of Relation.

WHat is Relation?

It is the referring, comparing, or applying of one thing vnto another, for some respect of •…•…ffi∣nitie or likenesse, wherewith they are kn•…•…t so to∣gether, as the one cannot bee well vnderstood without the other: and therefore the things so compared are called Relatiues, or rather Correlatiues; for of things, some are said to be absolute, and some respectiue or relatiue.

Which call you absolute?

Absolute are those which may be vnderstood by themselues,

without being applied to any other thing, as substance, quanti∣tie, qualitie.

Which are said to be relatiue or respectiue?

Those that cannot be well vnderstood of themselues, without hauing relation to some other thing, as the Father and the Sonne, the Lord and the Bondman, the Master and the Scholar, &c. Here note, that of the Schoolemen the thing from which the ap∣plication is made, is called in Latine, Fundamentum, in English, The foundation; and the thing whereunto the relation or applica∣tion is made, is called in Latine, Terminus, in English, the bound, end, or terme, as in th•…•…se Correlatiues, the Father and the Sonne, the Lord and the Bondman, the Schoolemaster and the Scholar. Here, the Father, the Lord, and Schoolemaster, are called, euery of them, Fundamentum; but the Sonne, the Bondman, and Scho∣lar, euery of them is called, terminus, that is, the end or terme; and the application of the one to the other is called relation.

How many kindes of Relatiues be there?

Two: Relatiues secundum esse, that is, indeed, and Relatiues secundum dici, which we may call, Relatiues in name.

Which call you Relatiues indeed?

Those which according to their principall signification haue relation to some other thing, without which they cannot be vn∣derstood: as a Father is not to be vnderstood, without there be a Sonne, nor a Sonne, vnlesse there be a Father. The like may bee said of a Tutor and Pupill, the Master and his Scholar, and such like.

What call you Relatiues in name?

Those that according to their principall signification may bee vnderstood, without hauing relation to any other thing; and yet, because in some respect they haue relation to some other thing, they are called Relatiues, but not properly, for they differ not from the abso•…•…e things before defined, as vertue, vice, habit, disposition &c.

What other diuision is there of Relatiues?

Of Relatiues, some are said to be of one selfe name, and some of diuers: of one selfe name, as like, vnlike, equall, vnequall, schoole-follow, neighbour, and such like: of diuers names, as the

Father, the Sonne, the Lord and Bondman, &c. And of such, some be more worthy, and some be lesse worthy, as the Father is more worthy, the Sonne lesse worthy; the Master more worthy, the Scholer lesse worthy: which diuisions this Table doth shew.

The Table of Relation.

• Relation is either
• ...
  • In deede, if in deede, it is either
  • ...
    • Of one selfe name, as
    • ...
      • A Schoole-fellow,
      • Like,
      • Vnlike,
      • Equall,
      • Vnequall,
      • Kinsman,
      • Neighbour.
    • Or of diuers names, whereof some be
    • ...
      • More worthie, as
      • ...
        • The Master,
        • The Father,
        • The double,
        • The cause,
        • The whole,
        • The Captaine.
      • And some bee lesse worthie, as
      • ...
        • The Scholer,
        • The Sonne,
        • The one halfe,
        • The effect,
        • The part,
        • The Souldier.
  • Or in name, as
  • ...
    • Substance,
    • Quantitie,
    • Qualitie,
    • ...
      • and such like absolutes.

Of the properties of Relation.

HOw many properties doe belong to Relation?

Fiue: First, to haue contrarietie, as vertue and vice, sci∣ence and ignorance. But this propertie belongeth not to all: for double and the one halfe hath no contrarietie, nor the Father and the Sonne.

What is the second propertie?

The second is to be more or lesse, as to bee more like, or lesse like; or more equall, or lesse equall. Yet this belongeth not to all: for double hath neither more or lesse, nor one Father is said to be more or lesse then another.

What is the third propertie?

The third is, that all Relatiues (which are Relatiues indeed) are conuertible: for he is a Father, that hath a Sonne, and hee is a Sonne, that hath a Father, &c.

What is the fourth propertie?

The fourth is, that one Correlatiue is not before another, but are both together: as the father is called no father, vntill he hath begotten a childe, and a childe is called no sonne, before he be be∣gotten of the father. For this is a generall rule of Correlatiues: If the one be, the other must needs be: If the one be taken away, the other must also be taken away.

What is the fift propertie?

The fift is, that whosoeuer assuredly knoweth the one Correla∣tiue, must needs know the other: for whosoeuer certainly know∣eth that I am a father, must needs also certainly know that I haue a childe. The like may be said of all that be Correlatiues indeed, to whom this propertie only belongeth, as Aristotle saith.