The arte of logick Plainely taught in the English tongue, according to the best approued authors. Very necessary for all students in any profession, how to defend any argument against all subtill sophisters, and cauelling schismatikes, and how to confute their false syllogismes, and captious arguments. By M. Blundevile.

CHAP. X.

Of Qualitie.

WHat is qualitie?

Qualitie is an affection, shape, or forme of the minde or bodie, wherof the thing so affected or formed taketh his name: as of wisdome a man is said to be wise, and of iustice hee is called iust.

How many kindes of qualitie be there?

Of qualitie there be foure kindes, that is, habit and disposition, naturall power and impotencie, passion and passible qualitie, fi∣gure and forme.

What is habit, and how is it diuided?

Habit is a constant and absolute perfection in any thing, not giuen by nature, but gotten by long vse and exercise; and it is twosold, that is, of the minde, and of the body: againe, habit of the minde is twofold, whereof the one is called intellectuall, be∣longing to the reason and vnderstanding of man, and the other morall, belonging to the will of man. Of intellectuall habits, ac∣cording to Aristotle, there be fiue, that is, Intelligence, Science, Prudence, Art, and Sapience.

• 1 Intelligence is the knowledge of speculatiue principles, as 2. and 2. make 4. the whole is more then his part; take equall from equall, and equall remaine, and such like.
• 2 Science is the knowledge of true conclusions, consisting of most certaine and infallible propositions; as, Man is a sensible body, Man is apt to learne: and vnder Science are comprehended the sciences rationall, as Grammar, Rhetoricke, and Logicke; also the sciences Mathematicall, as Arithmeticke, Geometrie, Musicke, and Astronomie, which are otherwise called Quadri∣uials, that is to say, the foure waies or kindes of mathematicall discipline; and finally, the science physicall, that is to say, natu∣rall, as the naturall philosophie of Aristotle, or of any other Wri∣ter treating of the secrets of nature.
• 3 Prudence is an habit working with true iudgement, and according to right reason in all things appertaining to man, bee they good or euill. Prudence may be diuided into prudence mo∣nasticall,

• domesticall, and politicall. Monasticall teacheth to go∣uerne one sole person: domesticall, to gouerne a houshold or fa∣milie; and politicall, to gouerne a common-wealth.
• 4 Art is an habit of knowledge consisting of assured and cer∣taine rules, tried and approued by experience, and learned by ex∣ercise, teaching to doe or to make something that is profitable to mans behoofe: and Art comprel end•…•…th all Arts, both liberall and mechanicall, that is to say, handie crafts. 5. Sapience, con∣sisting both of intelligence, and of science, is the head and chiefe of those knowledges that be most honourable in nature, compre∣hending two notable Sciences, that is, the Christian Diuinitie, and the Philosophers Diuinitie, otherwise called Metaphysicall, that is, supernaturall. And all these intellectuall habits are con∣tained vnder a certaine and most sure knowledge, which is al∣waies true: for vncertaine knowledge is sometimes true, and sometimes false: whereto belongeth opinion, suspition, conie∣cture, and such like. Thus much of habit intellectuall.

What is morall habit, and how is it dinided?

It is a qualitie of the minde, gotten by custome and doctrine, teaching and inuiting mans will to worke, either well or euill; and is twofold, that is, either good, or euill: to the good belong all kinde of vertues, as iustice, liberalitie, fortitude, temperance, &c. to the euill al kinde of vices, as pride, couetousnesse, coward∣linesse, and such like. And note, that of vertues, some bee called morall, and some theologicall, that is to say, diuine.

Which call you theologicall or diuine?

Those that be not gotten by custome, or mans industrie, but are the meere gifts of God, as faith, hope, and perfect charitie, and all other gifts of the holy Ghost, as the gifts of the tongues, of prophecying, of healing, and such like: which some doe attri∣bute to habit infused, making a difference betwixt habit infused, & habit acquired or gottē, as you may see in the Table following,

What is habit of the bodie?

Habit of the body is a certaine aptnesse & agilitie of doing any thing with the body, not giuen by nature, but gotten by custome & exercise, as to ride well, to run, to leape, to daunce, to wrestle, to shoot, to fence, to dart, to swim, to write, to paint, and such like.

The Table of Habit.

• Habit is either
• ...
  • Of the body, as
  • ...
    • To fence,
    • To dart,
    • To shoot,
    • To wrestle.
  • Or of the mind, if it be of the mind, it is ei∣ther
  • ...
    • Infu∣sed, as
    • ...
      • Faith,
      • Hope,
      • Charitie.
    • Or ac∣qui∣red, if it bee acqui∣red, it is ei∣ther
    • ...
      • Intel∣lectu∣all, in∣telle∣ctuall copre∣hen deth both
      • ...
        • Knowledge certaine, if it be cer∣taine, it containeth the 5. intel∣lectuall ha∣bits before defined, that is,
        • ...
          • Intelligence,
          • Science, which is
          • ...
            • Ratio∣nall, as
            • ...
              • Grammar,
              • Logicke,
              • Rhetoricke.
            • Ma∣thema ticall, as
            • ...
              • Arithmeticke,
              • Geometrie,
              • Musicke,
              • Astronomie.
            • Physi∣call, as
            • ...
              • Knowledge of the secrets of Nature and of the Soule.
          • Prudence is ei∣ther
          • ...
            • Monasticall,
            • Domesticall,
            • Political, which are before defined▪
          • Art is either
          • ...
            • Libe∣rall, as
            • ...
              • Husbandrie,
              • Architecture,
            • or me∣chani∣call, as
            • ...
              • Tailors craft,
              • Shoomakers craft,
              • Carpenters craft.
          • And Sapience, which contai∣neth both
          • ...
            • Christian Diuinitie, & also Philosophers Diui∣nitie, otherwise called Metaphysicall and su∣pernaturall wisdome.
        • And knowledge vncertaine, as
        • ...
          • Opinion,
          • Suspition,
          • Coniecture.
      • Or Morall, which com∣prehendeth both
      • ...
        • Vertue, as
        • ...
          • Iustice,
          • Fortitude,
          • Temperance, &c.
        • And vice, which is either
        • ...
          • By excesse, as
          • ...
            • Rash boldnesse,
            • Prodigalitie,
          • By defect, as
          • ...
            • Cowardl•…•…nesse,
            • 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪

What is disposition, and how is it diuided?

Disposition is an habit begun, but not perfected; and it is ei∣ther of the body, or of the minde: for to disposition may be refer∣red whatsoeuer was before attributed to habit (perfection in the thing only excepted) in which they differ for lacke of continu∣ance, by reason whereof, disposition is said to be easily remoued, but habit not so, because it is thorowly grounded: as for exam∣ple, of the disposition that a man hath to learning, he is said to be studious: but of perfect habit, gotten by continuall studie in learning, he is said to be learned, which importeth a perfection, which is more then a disposition.

Of naturall power and impotencie, the second kinde of Qualitie.

WHat is naturall power?

It is a naturall abilitie to doe, to suffer, or to resist, not gotten by exercise, but giuen by nature to the minde or body: to the minde, as to haue a good wit or memorie, to be apt to lear∣ning, and such like: to the body, as to bee healthfull, nimble, strong, and such like.

What is naturall impotencie?

It is a naturall weaknesse either of the minde or body: of the minde, as to be dull of wit, to be forgetfull, or vnapt to be taught, and such like: of the body, as to be sickly, to be weake and feeble, and vnapt to suffer any thing that an able body can doe or suffer.

What is comprehended vnder this second kinde of qualitie?

To this kinde may be referred all the naturall powers and im∣potencies of the soule vegetatiue, sensitiue, and intellectiue: also all naturall powers or vertues of hearbes and stones, and the natu∣rall influences of the heauens, starres, elements, and of all the su∣periour or vpper bodies. All which things you may see plainly set forth in this Table following.

Naturall power is either

• Of the body, as
• ...
  • Health,
  • Hardinesse,
  • Nimblenesse,
  • Strength.
• or of the minde, if it bee of the minde, it is ei∣ther
• ...
  • Power vegeta∣tiue is either
  • ...
    • Principall, as
    • ...
      • Nutritiue,
      • Augmentatiue,
      • Generatiue.
    • Or adiuuant, as
    • ...
      • Attractiue,
      • Immutatiue,
      • Retentiue,
      • Expulsiue.
  • Power sensitiue is either
  • ...
    • Comprehen∣siue, which is either
    • ...
      • Interior, as
      • ...
        • Common sense,
        • Phantasie,
        • Memorie.
      • Exterior, as
      • ...
        • Sight,
        • Hearing,
        • Smelling,
        • Tasting,
        • Feeling.
    • Or motiue, which is either
    • ...
      • Appetitiue, which is either
      • ...
        • Concupiscible or irascible, whereof spring all the per∣turbations and pas∣sions of the minde, as loue, hate, wrath
      • Progressiue, as
      • ...
        • To goe,
        • To flie,
        • To swimme▪
  • Or power intel∣lectiue, which is either
  • ...
    • Speculatiue, as
    • ...
      • To contemplate,
      • To vnderstand.
    • Or practiue, as
    • ...
      • To will,
      • To nill,
      • To command,
      • To chuse.

Naturall impotencie is either

• Of the bodie, as
• ...
  • To be sicke,
  • To be weake,
  • To be feeble.
• Or of the mind,
• ...
  • To be forgetfull,
  • To be vnapt to be taught.

Of passion and passible qualitie, the third kinde of qualitie.

WHat doth the third kinde of qualitie comprehend?

Passion and passible qualitie.

What is passion?

It is a sudden motion of the minde or body, that endureth not long, and therefore easie to be remoued. Passion of the minde is a sudden feare or ioy conceiued of some euill or good that is offe∣red: and of the body, as palenesse of colour, blushing, or trem∣bling of the flesh.

What is passible qualitie?

It is an inueterate affection or motion of the minde or body, not easie to be remoued: of the minde, as madnesse growne of some continuall sorrow or melancholie: of the body, as black∣nesse of the face by continuall boiling heat of the bloud, or pale∣nesse by continuall sicknesse of the body: and therefore passible qualitie is compared and likened to habit, and sudden passion to disposition.

What is comprehended vnder passible qualitie?

All the obiects of the fiue outward senses, as colours, light, brightnesse, which be the obiects of the sight; sounds, voices, and noises, the obiects of hearing; sauours, the obiects of tasting; odours and smels, the obiects of smelling; tangible qualities, which be the obiects of feeling: of which tangible qualities some are said to be first, and some second: the first be these heat, cold∣nesse, moistnesse, drinesse: the second be hardnesse, softnesse, hea∣uinesse, lightnesse, roughnesse, smoothnesse, and such like.

Which be the chiefe passions or affections of the minde?

The chiefe affections be these foure, ioy, lust, sorrow, feare.

How is ioy defined, and what good or euill branches doe spring thereof?

Ioy is a sweet and delectable motion of the heart, wherewith it is stirted and delighted, whilest it enioieth some good that is present, or (at the least) seemeth good: and hereof springeth de∣light, boasting maleuolence, reioicing at other mens euill.

What is lust, and what affections doe spring thereof?

Lust is a motion of the minde, stirred vp by thinking of some

good indeed, or seeming good, that is absent, whereof doe spring these affections, hope, desire, loue, anger, wrath and hatred.

What is sorrow, and what affections doe arise thereof?

It is a greeuous motion of the heart, causing it to shrinke to∣gether, whilest it flieth some present euill, that is euill indeed, or seemeth euill: and hereof spring these affections, enuie, slan∣dering, mercie, agonie, lamenting, calamitie, carefulnesse, griefe and desperation.

What is feare, and what affections doe rise thereof?

Feare is a greeuous motion, causing the heart to shrinke toge∣ther, whilest it flieth some euill that is to come: and hereof spring these affections, hea•…•…nesse, shame, terrour, sownding, and such like: all which things you may see briefly set forth in the Table next following.

The Table of passion and passible qualitie.

• Passion is either
• ...
  • Of the minde, as
  • ...
    • Ioy,
    • Lust,
    • Sorrow,
    • Feare.
  • or of the body, as
  • ...
    • Sudden palenesse,
    • Sudden blushing,
    • Or
    • Trembling of the flesh.
• Passible qualitie containeth
• ...
  • All the inueterate passions both of minde and body before set downe.
  • And also all the obiects of the fiue Senses, as
  • ...
    • Colours,
    • Sounds,
    • Odours,
    • Sauours,
    • Tangible qua∣lities,
  • ...
    The obiects
    • Of the sight,
    • Of hearing,
    • Of smelling,
    • Of tasting,
    • Of touching,
    • Or feeling.

Why are these obiects of the senses called passible qualities?

Because they make the senses to suffer, as the colour of any thing, by striking into the eie, maketh the sight to suffer, and

causeth either pleasure or griefe to the sight: so likewise the sweetnesse of hony in striking the taste, delighteth it: and contra∣riwise, the bitternesse of gall, or such like thing, endued with a bitter sauour, offendeth the taste.

Of figure and forme, the fourth kinde of qualitie.

WHat difference is betwixt figure and forme?

Figure, according to some, is that which is enclosed with one bound or limit, or with many, as a circle enuironed with one round line, called the circumference, or as a triangle or foure-square figure, whereof the one is enclosed with three lines, and the other with foure, and such like: but forme is the drawing or describing of the said figure. Againe, according to the opinion of some, figure is compared to an image representing some liuely thing: and forme is said to be the due proportion and feature of the same. Some againe doe attribute figure to things without life, and forme to things, that haue life, briefly set downe in this verse following:

Formam viuentis, picti dic esse Figuram:

Englished thus:

The shapes of painted things they Figures call: But liuing things (they say) are formed all.

What doth this fourth kinde of qualitie comprehend?

It comprehendeth the accidentall figures and formes, as well of naturall, as artificiall things: of naturall, as the shape of man, beast, or fowle: or artificiall, as the shape or figure of a house, temple, ship, or such like: also it comprehendeth all Geometri∣call figures, as well perfect as vnperfect.

Which call you perfect?

Those that are enclosed within such bounds as nothing can be added or taken away from them, without marring or altering the same, as a circle, a triangle, a square, and such like: whereof some are plaine, enclosed only with lines, as circles, triangles, squares, and such like: and some are solid or whole bodies, enclosed with vpper faces, either one or many, as round spheres, sharpe pina∣cles, cubes, as a die, and round pillers.

Which call you vnperfect?

Those which are not so enclosed with their bounds, but that some one thing may bee added or taken away from the same, without changing or altering of the figure, as the rightnesse, roundnesse, concauitie, or conuexitie of vnperfect figures, may be lengthned or shortned, and yet the former shape thereof shall still remaine, and not be altered, but only in quantitie.

A Table of figure and forme.

• Figure and forme is either
• ...
  • Perfect is either
  • ...
    • Plaine, as
    • ...
      • A perfect circle.
      • A triangle, whereof there be six kindes:
      • ...
        • Isopleurus,
        • Isosceles,
        • Scalenon,
        • Ambligouius,
        • Oxigonius,
        • Orthogonius.
      • A quadrangle, as
      • ...
        • A perfect square,
        • A long square,
        • A square like to a Thorne-backe, cal∣led Rhombus.
      • Or hauing many angles, as
      • ...
        • A figure of 5. 6. or 7. angles, or more.
    • Or solid, which is either
    • ...
      • Sphericall,
      • Pyramidicall,
      • Cubicke, or Piller-like.
  • Or vnperfect, which is either
  • ...
    • Right,
    • Circular,
    • Conuex,
    • or
    • Concaue.

But the true descriptions of all the figures contained in this Table, are to be learned of the Geometricians, and not of the Lo∣gicians.

Of the properties of qualitie.

HOw many properties doe belong to Qualitie?

Three: First, to bee contrarie, as vertue is contrarie to vice, heat to cold, white to blacke: yet such contrarietie belon∣geth not to euery kinde of Qualitie; for Triangles be not contra∣rie to Squares, nor round pillers to sharpe pinacles.

What is the second propertie?

To be more or lesse: for one man may bee more vertuous, or lesse vertuous; more learned, or lesse learned; more healthfull, or lesse healthfull; more or lesse, hot or cold. Yet this propertie belongeth not to euery kinde of qualitie; for one triangle is no more a triangle then another. The like may bee said of the rest of the perfect Figures, as well plaine as solid.

What is the third propertie?

To be like or vnlike: and this is the chiefest propertie belong∣ing to euery kinde of qualitie: as, two Grammarians be like one to another in their profession, two healthfull or vnhealthfull, two white or two blacke, two triangles or two squares are said to be like or vnlike one to another.

How define you likenesse or vnlikenesse?

Likenesse, according to Boetius, is when diuers things haue one selfe qualitie. Vnlikenesse is, when they haue diuers qualities.