The arte of logick Plainely taught in the English tongue, according to the best approued authors. Very necessary for all students in any profession, how to defend any argument against all subtill sophisters, and cauelling schismatikes, and how to confute their false syllogismes, and captious arguments. By M. Blundevile.

The Contents of the Chapters contayned in these sixe Bookes of LOGICKE.

THE FIRST BOOKE. Treating of a Question, and of Wordes, both Sin∣gular and Vniuersall.

• WHat Logicke is, of what parts it consisteth, and whereto such parts doe serue. Which be the two chiefe offices of Logicke, and wherein Logicke is chiefly occupyed, that is in discussing of Questions, which is done by Definition, Diuision, and Argumentation. Chap. 1.
• What a question is, and that euery question is either simple or compound, also of what parts a compound question consisteth (that is to say) of two parts, called the Subiect and the Predicate, and what those termes doe signifie. Because all questions doe consist of wordes either simple or compound, in this Chapter are set downe three principall diuisions of wordes. First, which be simple, and which be compound. Secondly, which be of the first intention, and which be of the second intention: and thirdly, which be singular, called in La∣tine Indiuidua, and which be universall. Chap. 2.
• What Indiuiduum is, and all the foure kindes thereof (that is) Indiuiduum determinatum, Indiuiduum demonstratiuum, In∣diuiduum vagum, and Indiuiduum ex hypothesi (that is to say) by supposition. Chap. 3.
• Of universall wordes, whereof some are called Predicables, and some Predicaments, and first of the fiue predicables (that is) Ge∣nus, Species, Differentia, Proprium, and Accidens, and how euery one is diuided, and to what vses they serue, but first of Spe∣cies, and then of the rest. Chap. 4.
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• Of Predication, and of the diuers kindes thereof. Chap. 5.
• Of the ten Predicaments in generall, which be these, Substan∣tia, Quantitas, Qualitas, Relatio, Actio, Passio, Vbi, Quando, Situm est, and Habere. Chap. 6.
• Of the fore-predicaments, and shewing which they be, and to what end they serue. Chap. 7
• Of the ten Predicaments in speciall, shewing what Substances, and how many kindes there be, and what properties it hath, whre∣to is added the Table of Substance. Chap. 8.
• Of Quantity, both whole and broken, called in Latine quanti∣tas continua, & discreta, and of the diuers kindes of bot•…•…quan∣tities, and what properties quantitie hath, whereto is added a Ta∣ble of quantitie. Chap. 9.
• Of Qualitie, and of the foure kindes thereof, and in this Chap∣ter are defined the fiue intellectuall habites, that is, Intelligence, Science, Prudence, Art, and Sapience: it sheweth also what pro∣perties qualitie hath, and to euery of the foure kindes of qualitie is added his proper Table. Chap. 10.
• Of Relation, and of the kindes thereof, together with a Table shewing euery kinde, and finally what properties Relation hath. Chap. 11.
• What Action is, and how it is diuided, and what properties doe belong thereunto. Chap. 12.
• What Passion is, and what properties doe belong thereunto. Chap. 13.
• What the Predicament Vbi is, and how it is diuided, and what properties doe belong to that Predicament. Chap. 14.
• What the Predicament Quando is, how it is diuided, and what properties belong thereunto. Chap. 15.
• What the Predicament Situm esse is, what it comprehendeth, also what Descriptions are to be fetched from this Predicament, and what things are said to alter their situation, and finally what propertie it hath, to which Predicament is added a briefe Table. Chap. 16.
• The diuers significations of the predicament Habere, also what wordes it comprehendeth, with a Table shewing the same, and finally what properties it hath. Chap. 17.
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• The manifold vses of the aforesaid ten predicaments. Chap. 18.
• Of the Postpredicaments, which are in number fiue, that is, Oppositio, ante and post, simul, motus, and habere, and first of Opposition, and how many things are said to agree together, to be diuers, or to be contrary one to another. Chap. 19.
• How many wayes things are said to be one before or after ano∣ther, and to what end that Postpredicament serueth. Chap. 20.
• Of the Postpredicament Simul, shewing how many wayes things are said to be together. Chap. 21.
• Of the Postpredicament Motus, shewing how many kindes of mo∣uings there be. Chap. 22.
• How many wayes the word Habere is to be vnderstood. Ch. 23.

THE SECOND BOOKE. Treating of Definition, and of Diuision, and of Methode.

• OF Definition, and shewing how many kindes of Definitions there be. Chap. 1.
• How many Precepts are to be obserued to make a true defini∣tion. Chap. 2.
• Of Diuision, and of the diuers kindes thereof. Chap. 3.
• How many Precepts are to be obserued to make a true Diui∣sion. Chap. 4.
• Of Methode, and of the three kindes thereof, that is, Composi∣tiue, Resolutiue, and Diuisiue, and what Methode is to be obserued in handling either of a simple, or of a compound question. Chap. 5.

THE THIRD BOOKE. Treating of a Proposition.

• OF a Proposition, shewing of what parts it consisteth, and how many wayes it is diuided, and what questions are to be asked

• of a Categoricall or simple proposition, being diuided according to substance, qualitie, and quantitie. Chap. 1.
• Of the three properties belonging to a simple Proposition, that is, Opposit on, Equiualency, and Conuersion. Chap. 2.
• Of the Lawes and conditions belonging to the foure Opposites, and also of the threefold matter of a proposition, that is, Naturall, Casuall, and Remote, and then of Opposition, shewing how many wayes simple propositions are said to be opposite one to another. Ch. 3.
• Of the Equiualency of simple propositions. Chap. 4.
• Of the Conuersion of simple propositions, shewing how manifold it is. Chap. 5.
• Of a modall proposition, and of the two kindes thereof, that is to say, Coniunct and Disiunct. Chap. 6.
• Of the Opposition, Equiualency, and Conuersion, belonging to Modall propositions. Chap. 7.
• Of Opposition belonging to Modall propositions. Chap. 8.
• Of Equiualency and Conuersion of Modall propositions. Chap. 9.
• Of an Hypotheticall or compound Proposition, shewing how it is diuided, that is, into a Conditionall, Copulatiue, and Disiunctiue, and of what parts it consisteth, and also what things are to be con∣sidered in a compound Proposition. Chap. 10.
• Of the truth and falshood of all the three kindes of compound Propositions, first, of the Conditionall; secondly, of Copulatiue; and thirdly, of the Disiunctiue. Chap. 11.

THE FOVRTH BOOKE. Treating of Logicall places.

• WHat a place is, and that it is twofold, that is, either of Per∣sons or of Things. Againe, the places of things be either artificiall or inartificiall, and the artificiall places of things are ei∣ther inward, outward, or meane: and the inart•…•…ficiall places of things are sixe in number, comprehended vnder the place of autho∣ritie, as the Table of places set down in the beginning of this Chap∣ter doth plainely shew. Also this Chapter sheweth to what end such

• manifold diuisions of the places serueth, and how places are diuided according to the Schoole. men, that is, into Maximes, and diffe∣rence of Maximes. Chap. 1.
• Examples of all the places belonging to persons. Chap. 2.
• Of the places of things, and first of artificiall places, whereof some be inward, some outward, and some meane: and first of inward places, whereof some belong to the substance of things, and some doe accompany the substance, giuing examples of euery place, toge∣ther with their proper Maximes or generall Rules, belonging to the same, and how Arguments are to be fetched from euery such place, either affirmatiuely or negatiuely, or both wayes. Chap. 3.
• Of outward places, shewing how Arguments are to be fetcht from euery such place, together with the generall Rules or Maxims belonging to the same. Chap. 4.
• Of meane places, giuing examples, and shewing how Arguments are to be fetcht from such places, together with the Rules belonging thereunto. Chap. 5.
• Of the sixe inartificiall places comprehended vnder the place of authoritie, whereunto is added a Table of authoritie. And in this Chapter is not only declared to what end the knowledge of all the foresaid places doe serue, but also it sheweth by one example how to vse them when neede is, either to proue or to dilate any Theame, which example is taken out of Hunneus. The Theame whereof is thus: Man ought to embrace Vertue. Chap. 6.

THE FIFT BOOKE. Treating of Argumentation, and of Demonstration.

• OF Argumentation, and of the foure kindes thereof in gene∣rall, and also of the first principles of a Syllogisme, aswell ma∣teriall as regular. Chap. 1.
• What a Syllogisme is, how it is diuided, and of what parts it consisteth (that is) of matter and forme. Chap. 2.
• What that matter and forme is, and that the matter consisteth of

• three termes and three propositions, and the Forme to consist of Fi∣gure and Moode. Also by what meanes the meane t•…•…rme or proofe is to be found out. And finally, it defineth the three Propositions, whereof a simple Syllogisme consisteth, shewing how they are named, and how to frame the same to make a true Syllogisme. Chap. 3.
• What Figure or Moode is, whereof the forme of a Syllogisme con∣sisteth, and how many such Figures there be, and when a Syllogisme is said to conclude directly or indirectly: it sheweth also how many Moodes doe belong to euery Figure, and how they are named. And finally, what the foure vowels A, e, i, o, doe signifie in any such Moode or Vocable of Art. Chap. 4.
• Certayne rules aswell generall as speciall belonging to the three figures. Chap. 5.
• Examples of the foure perfect Moodes, belonging to the first Fi∣gure. Chap. 6.
• Examples of the fiue vnperfect Moodes, belonging to the first Figure. Chap. 7.
• Examples of foure Moodes, belonging to the second Figure. Chap. 8.
• Examples of the sixe Moodes, belonging to the third Figure. Chap. 9.
• Of a Syllogisme expositorie, s•…•…ewing why it is so called. Cha. 10.
• Answere to an obiection concerning the three Figures and Moodes, belonging to the same. Chap. 11.
• Of Reduction, and of the kindes thereof, and also of the signifi∣cation of certayne Consonants in the wordes of Art, seruing to Re∣duction. Chap. 12.
• Of Reduction by impossibilitie, shewing vnto which of the per∣fect Moodes, euery vnperfect Moode is to be reduced by impossi∣bilitie. Chap. 13.
• Of a Syllogisme made in oblique cases, and of the sixe abilities, and three defects of a Syllogisme. Chap. 14.
• Of a compound Syllogisme, shewing that it is threefold, that is, Conditionall, Copulatiue, and Disi•…•…nctiue, and that the truth of a compound Syllogisme is to be found out by reducing the same into a simple Syllogisme. Chap. 15.
• Of a Consequent, shewing what it is, and of how many parts it

• consisteth, and how it is diuided, also by what meanes, and by what Rules the goodnesse of a Consequent is to be knowne. Chap. 16.
• Of a Syllogisme demonstratiue, shewing what it is, and of what manner of Propositions it consisteth, which Propositions are here defined, it sheweth also the three properties belonging to the Predi∣cate and Subiect of a demonstratiue Proposition, and also sheweth wha•…•… definitions Aristotle maketh of demonstration, and it defineth what science is, and thereby giueth example of a Syllogisme demon∣stratiue. Chap. 17.
• Of the three things, whereon dependeth the certaintie of Mans knowledge, that is, vniuersall experience, principles, and mans na∣turall knowledge in iudging of Consequents, shewing how principles are defined by Aristotle, and how they are diuided by the Schoole∣men. Chap. 18.
• That the Schoole-men doe diuide Demonstration into two kinds, that is, either perfect or vnperfect, wherein is declared what is to be obserued in either kinde of demonstration. Chap. 19.
• Of Science, Opinion, Ignorance, Wi•…•…, and the foure scientiall questions. Chap. 20.
• Of a Syllogisme dialecticall, shewing what it is, and of what kinds of propositions it is made, and what things are said to be probable: Againe, it sheweth how the Schoole-men doe make the matter, whereof a Syllogisme consisteth to be twofold, that is, Materia re∣mota, and Materia propinqua, and what each matter contay∣neth. And finally, it sheweth the difference betwixt a dialecticall proposition, a 'Probleme, and a Position. Chap. 21.
• Of a sophisticall Syllogisme, shewing what it is, and that it may be false three manner of wayes. Also in this Chapter is declared another kinde of false Syllogisme, called Syllogismus falsigra∣phus. Chap. 22.
• Of Induction, shewing what it is, and what is to be obserued therein, and that it is twofold, that is, perfect and vnperfect. Chap. 23.
• Of an Enthimeme, shewing what it is, of what parts it consisteth, and from whence that kinde of Argument is to be fetched. Chap. 24.
• ...

• Of an example, shewing what it is, and wherein it differeth from all the other formes of Arguments, and to what end it serueth, and what is to be obserued in reasoning thereby. And finally, from what places such Argument is to be fetched. Chap. 25.
• Of an Argument called Sorites, shewing how it proceedeth, and wherein it differeth from the Argument of the Rhetoricians called Gradatio. Chap. 26.
• Of diuers other kindes of captious Arguments, and first of Di∣lemma, shewing of what parts it consisteth, and how many kindes of captious Arguments it comprehendeth, which are these foure, that is, Certains or horned Arguments, Crocodelites, Assistatons, and Pseudomenons, euery one of which is here defined, and example giuen thereof. Chap. 27.
• Of an argument called Enumeratio, shewing what it is, and how it is to be confuted. Chap. 28.
• Of an argument called Simplex conclusio, shewing what it is. Chap. 29.
• Of an argument called Subiectio, shewing what it is, and that it differeth not much from Enumeratio before described, Chap. 30.
• Of an argument called Oppositio, made of parts repugnant. Chap. 31.
• Of an argument called Violatio, which is more meete to confute then to proue. Chap. 32.

THE SIXTH BOOKE. Treating of Confutation.

• COnfutation is twofold, whereof the one belongeth to the Per∣son, the other to the Matter: and that of Matter is diuided into two kindes, that is, Generall and Speciall, and the generall con∣futation is done three manner of wayes, that is, either by denying the Consequent, by making distinction, or else by instance, any of which three wayes, when it is to be vsed, is here set downe. Chap. 1.
• Of speciall confutation, shewing how it is done, and what order

• ... Aristotle obserueth in treating of speciall confutation, whose order is briefly here set downe, and first of an Elench. Chap. 2.
• Of Disputation, and sheweth how manisold it is. Chap. 3.
• Fiue markes of Soph•…•…strie, that is, Rep•…•…ehensio, Absurdum, Paradoxis, Solecismus, and Nugatio, with their examples. Chap. 4.
• There be thirteene Fallaxes, whereof sixe doe consist in Wordes, and seuen in Things, and first it treateth of the sixe Fallaxes con∣sisting in Wordes, and sheweth how to confute the same. Chap. 5.
• Of the seuen Fallaxes consisting in Things, and sh•…•…weth by ex∣amples how to confute the same. Chap. 6.