The rogue: or The life of Guzman de Alfarache. VVritten in Spanish by Matheo Aleman, seruant to his Catholike Maiestie, and borne in Seuill

CHAPTER II.

Guzman discourseth of the vnhappinesse, greatnesse, and commendation of Ne∣cessitie and Want; And how after hee was gone from Genoa, he fell a beg∣ging. And how keeping Companie with other poore beggers, he was instructed by them, of their Statutes, and Lawes.

IFled so fast out of Genoa, that if Lots wife had but done that, which I did, she had neuer beene turned into a Pillar of Salt. I neuer offred to looke backe, my Anger spurd me on, and put me vp to the height of my speed; for when choller once * 1.1 begins to boyle, we hardly feele the wounds that are giuen vs, though they be neuer so mortall, neuer so deadly. Be∣sides, by how much the more a man re-bringeth as it were himselfe, to himselfe, and looketh home into his owne bosome, by so much the more hee comes neerer to the recognition and knowledge of his hurt.

I escaped from the ouerthrow giuen at a 1.2 Ronçes valles, como perro b 1.3 con bexiga; like a Dog, that claps his taile betweene his legs, and through too much haste to be gone as farre as his feet will carry him, growes sur-bated, and stiffe in his ioynts. There was not one firme ligament in all the whole Fabricke of my body. But I did not much feele it, till I came to rest my selfe; When I drew neere to a little Village some ten miles off from Genoa, where I sate me downe, not knowing whither to goe, being bruised in my body, na∣ked of cloathes, without money in my Purse, and blacke and blue all ouer, as if I had beene beaten with a Cudgell.

c 1.4 O Necessitie; how doest thou abate mans courage? How doest thou take off his Metall? How doest thou dis-hearten his bodie? And howbeit it be true, that thou doest sharpen the wit, and refine the vnderstanding, yet thou destroyest the faculties therof, by diminishing and taking off so much from the senses, that they are readie to bee flaw'd and crackt in pieces through too much sufferance, and that intolerable patience, whereunto they be put.

There are two sorts of d 1.5 Necessitie; The one shamelesse and impudent, which (like an vnmannerly guest) comes of it selfe, without being called. The other, which being inuited, straines a little curtsie, but comes vpon in∣treatie at the first bidding. That which vnrequested, e 1.6 bids it selfe, God deli∣uer vs from it; And this is that, of which I treat. This is like a powerfull guest in a poore mans house, who out of his greatnesse brings a thousand fol∣lowers along with him; it is that man of Warre, wherein a multitude of mischiefes, (like so many Pyrats) stand readie armed, wayting to doe hurt. It is the framer and plotter of all kinde of trecheries and villanies; hard to be indured, and worse to be corrected. It is that Lucerna Nauis Praetoriae, that Lanterne in the Admirals Ship, which all couzenages and deceits attend and follow; it is the sport of Boyes and children; a foolish dance, a ridicu∣lous Comedie, the sad and direfull Tragedie of honour and of vertue. It is fierce, foule, fantasticke, furious, fastidious, faint, facile, feeble, false: only she failes of being a Franciscan. And it is a wonder, if she afford any other fruit but infamie.

That other, which we bid & inuite, f 1.7 & comes not but when she is called, is Lady-like, liberall, rich, franke, powerfull, affable, generous, sociable, gra∣cious, acceptable, and welcome to all. She leaues vs a full and plentifull house, feeds vs at her costs, and defraies all recknings; she is a firme defence, an in∣expugnable Tower, true riches indeed, and good, without hurt; That g 1.8 Ne∣cessitie (I say) which necessitates it selfe, but is not necessitated, is the place of perpetuall rest, the house of God, and the way to heauen. It lifteth vp mens mindes, it addes strength vnto their bodies, it doth innoble their fame, it cheereth their hearts, it magnifieth their Actions, and makes their names immortall.

Let renowned Cortes, her truest Louer, sing forth her praises. Her legges and feet are of Diamonds, her body of Saphires, and her countenance of Car∣buncles, it shineth, it cheereth, and it quickneth, it is full of pleasure, lustre, and life. But that other neighbour of hers, lookes like a filthy old sluttish Laundresse, where you shall see nothing but a heape of Spittle ragges, full of matter'd stuffe, and the soiles of vlcerous sores, which no eye is able to indure, it is so loathsome to looke vpon, and therefore (with a great deale of reason) abhorred of all. Behold and view me well, for I am one of those, with whom Necessitie fell in loue, she neuer left following me, but kept me company at bed and at boord, liuing in deadly sinne, by being bound to seeke out meanes to maintaine her. And to this end, she made me studie the h 1.9 Bri•…•…iatick Art.

This was the course I ran, I was to day in one place, and to morrow in ano∣ther, begging an almes of all that I met with.

It is fit, that we should giue euery man his due. And therefore I must con∣fesse vnto thee, that there is much charitie vsed in Italy, and indeed so much, * 1.10 that this new Trade, that I had betaken my selfe vnto, made me loth to leaue it, I found so much sweetnesse in it. For in a few daies I grew flush, and able to make wing to maintaine my flight; So that from Genoa, whence I came, till I saw Rome, where I stayd, I performed all that Voyage, without spending so much as one farthing. The money that was giuen, I kept that whole and intire, and for victuals, I had euer sufficient, and more then would serue my turne. I was yet but a Nouice, and therefore threw that away many times to the dogges, which afterwards, when I had more iudgement, I fold for mo∣ney, which brought me in no small gaines.

I had a great minde (as soone as I came thither) to put my selfe into new cloaths, that I might be some-what againe like my selfe; but this counsell of mine (me thought) was not so good; and therefore repenting my selfe of it, I said thus with my selfe; Friend Guzman; take heed, lest this other doe not proue-like that of Toledo. And if being well clad, thou shouldst not chance to meet with a Master, how wilt thou haue bread to put in thy mouth? Content thy selfe, and continue still as thou art; For, if being well apparelled, thou shalt beg an almes, they will giue thee nothing; Keepe that which thou hast, and leaue off the•…•…e thy vaine and idle humours.

This deliberation tooke place: and hauing now set vp my rest, I knit ano∣ther knot vpon my Purse-strings, and then I spake vnto my money, and said, Here rest you quiet, for I know not what need I may haue of your helpe. I be∣gan then in these my old raggs, that were not good enough to make waste Pa∣per, hanging those totterd streamers as handsomely as I could about mee, (which seemed like so many little pieces of rauell'd Flannell, so full they were of Iiggs and iaggs) to beg for my liuing.

Hauing recourse still at noone to those places, where there was either bread, or porrage to be had; and sometimes it would so fall out, that I should get as much at once, as might very well serue three more besides my selfe. I visited your Cardinals, your Embassadours, your Princes, your Bishops, and other great mens houses, not ouer-skipping any one of them. I was directed vnto them by another young Youth of that Countrie, he was my Guide, who was well skill'd in that craft, and was the first Tutor that euer read any Lectures vnto me in this kinde. Hee taught me the first grounds and Princi∣ples of this learned Science, and the different Species and formes of begging, how this man was to be sought vnto, how that; what phrase of language to be vsed towards such a sort of people, and what a differing fashion to those of another kinde. For we must not haue all one tone, for all sorts of persons, but must varie our note, alter our straine, and applie our selues to that stile, which we shall thinke will take best, and most moue and affect the partie, whose de∣uotion we craue.

Men doe not care for curious words and choyse phrases, they loue not the smoothnesse of flatterie, and as little can they abide to be beaten about the eares with loud exclamations; that which they like best, is an honest plaine kinde of begging, Por amor de Dios; Good Sir, for Gods sake, be∣stow one poore pennie vpon me.

Your women, they are wonderfully deuoted to the Virgin Mary, to our Lady del Rosario, and the like; with these you may be a little more liberall of your Language, beseeching God, that he will direct all their Actions to his holy seruice, that he would deliuer them from all deadly sinne, from the accu∣sation of false Witnesses, from the power of Traytors, and the malice of euill tongues.

This being well pronounced, and repeated ouer and ouer; with a great deale of vehemency of vvords, and a strong and earnest deliuery, makes their purses presently fly open, and happy is she who can first supply thee with an Almes. He taught me how to vvorke the rich to compassion, how to mooue the poorer sort to pitie, and how to oblige the religious deuout man, that he should not be able to get from me, before he had giuen me an Almes. He instru∣cted me so vvell in such a company of fine cunning tricks in this kinde, that I got a great deale in a little time.

There was not that man, but I did know, euen from the very Pope, to him * 1.11 that had ne're a Cloake: that is, from the highest to the lowest. I did runne ouer all the streetes of Rome, and that I might not bee too troublesome by beg∣ging too often in one place, or of one person, I did diuide the whole City into certaine quarters, euery vvorking-day vvalking my seuerall Station; but on Sundayes and Holy-dayes, I was wholly for your Churches, I neuer mist, but punctually kept my houres, and there I made good purchase. But that which I made most profit of, were the pieces of bread, that vvere giuen me: These I sold, and they yeelded me many a faire penny. Part vvhereof those poore men did buy, which did not goe vp and downe a begging, but * 1.12 were faire for it, being (as they say) the next doore to it, who out of their pouerty, were faine to trade vvith me, because I could affoord them a good bargaine.

And some I sold to poore Country-folkes, such as make a liuing of feeding Pigs, and fatting of Poultry. But those that vvere my best pay-masters, were your a 1.13 Turroneros, for to make their Alaxur or b 1.14 Alfaxor, as they call it in Castile. I did helpe my selfe besides, with some old hous-hold ragges, who, for that they saw I vvas young, and naked, did in pitie bestow them vpon mee, which were something vvorth to mee, though to them they were things of nothing.

Afterwards, I fell in company with some other of more ancient standing in that faculty (for they had their distinction of degrees, & prioritie of formes, as in Schooles) for the better increasing of my knowledge, & that from them I might learne how to gouerne my selfe wisely and discreetly. These Rogues had beene admitted into the Liuery long agoe, and had borne Office of Ren∣ters and Wardens, men that had held preeminence amongst them, and de∣seru'd to be Masters of their company. With these I went to some knowne Doles; there being some men that did dayly (out of meere deuotion) distri∣bute almes euery morning to the poore in their particular houses. Going once to receiue this Dole in the French Embassadors house, I might heare other poore Beggers, that were behinde me, begin to murmure, saying; This Spa∣nish vnhappy Boy, which beggeth heere now in Rome, is newly come, and a meere stranger in this place, he is not acquainted with this course of life, and for vvant of knowledge, (by that which I haue obserued in him) he is likely to beat downe the market, and if some order be not quickly taken with him, he will vndoe vs all. For hauing once fill'd his belly, in the most places where he comes, if they giue him any victuals, he refuses to take them, and tels them (God be thanked) he hath dined well inough already. He will quite o∣uerthrow the Art of begging, by giuing the world by this meanes to vn∣derstand, that we poore Rogues haue more giuen vs, then we can well tell what to doe withall. So that if he runne this course a little longer, he will hurt vs, and doe himselfe no good.

Another of their Comrags, that was there with them, Tush (quoth he) hold ye your peace, let me alone with this Lad, I will take him to taske, and yee shall see how I will worke him. I will instruct him how to vnderstand himselfe, & how he may not easily be vnderstood by others. Leauc him (I say) to me. With that, speaking softly vnto me, he called me vnto him, and we went out alone by our selues from all the rest of the Company. He was an ex∣cellent

Proficient, and a very ready and dextrous man in all that appertai∣ned to that Art.

The first thing that he did (as if he had been the Protopobre, or Prince of Beggers) was, to examine my life, asking me, Whence I was? What was my name? When, and to what end I vvas come thither? Then did he deliuer vnto me the great obligation, that Beggers had to keepe a decorum in all their actions, to hold correspondence one with another, and to linke in loue toge∣ther like sworne a 1.15 brothers, and that I should informe my selfe of certaine curiosities, and secrets, and some Principles, which I did not as yet know. For in very truth, that which I learned of my Youth afore-mentioned, and of o∣ther poore Rogues of lesse talent, and farre inferiour both in knowledge and experience, were all triuiall things, and of no esteeme, in comparison of those precepts, which I receiued from this Grand-Master of his faculty. He gaue me certaine Rules, which I shall neuer forget as long as I liue.

Amongst the which, one was, that I should vnfold three or foure leaues of my stomake, and open the booke to a plaine vomit, yet to be so well read therein, that it should not appeare to the vvorld, that it proceeded from any surfet, or that I had ouer-charged my stomake. He taught me a tricke how to turne vp my stomake in some by-corner, which wrought two good effects.

First, it moued the people to compassion, thinking that I was sicke: Se∣condly, though afterwards I should swallow downe two Platters of vvarme pottage, there would be roome inough still for more. And so by this meanes the infamy and misery that the poore indured, would the bettter be published and spred abroad. I knew how many bits I was to eate, and how I was to looke vpon the bread that they gaue me, how to kisse it, and how often, and vvhat kinde of countenance to cast vpon it: What fashion of behauiour I was to vse, and how to carry my selfe vpon all occasions, differing the forme, ac∣cording to the diuersitie of mens dispositions. I knew the true tone of my voice, vvhen I was to rise, and when to fall with it. I knew the set houres wherein I was to repaire to such or such a place; In what houses, I might en∣ter in euen to the bed-side, and in what, I might not presse no farther then the doore. I knew whom I might bee bold to importune, and be earnest withall in my crauing; and whom againe I ought not to sollicite or speake vnto aboue once. In conclusion, he gaue me in writing all the Statute-Lawes, and Orders, ordained by that free Common-wealth of beggers, instruct∣ing me in the obseruation of them, for the auoiding of scandall, and the bet∣ter informing of my vnderstanding And these are they that follow.

The Lawes and Ordinances, that are inuiolably to be obserued amongst Beggers.

FOrasmuch as all Nations haue their proper method of Begging, and are distinguished and knowne by their sound, and by a differing forme from all others; as are your Almanes by their singing, and going in troopes; your French-men, by their praying; your Flemmings, by their ma∣king of legges, and their low and frequent Congies; your Gypsies, by their im∣portuning; your Portugals, by their weeping; your Italians, by their long Circumlocutions; and your Spaniards, by their bigge lookes, and high lan∣guage, as if they would swagger a man out of an Almes whether he will or no; whereby they make themselues hatefull to their owne hurt, being held no bet∣ter then vaine babblers, and a kinde of insufferable proud Rogues; these there∣fore we more especially will & command, that they reform this disorder, beare themselues ciuilly, that they doe not curse, nor blaspheme, (as too commonly they vse to doe) but that they keepe good order, according to our Statutes and Ordinances in that case prouided.

Item, we vvill and command; That none of our brother Rogues, or beg∣ger vvhat-soeuer, either wounded, or lame of any of these Nations, whence, or vvhatsoeuer, shall ioyne and vnite himselfe vvith those of another Country, and that not any person or persons of all, or any one particular, shall make any Couenant, Compact, or Alliance, vvith any blind men, that goe saying their prayers, from doore to doore, nor with any Mounty-bankes, Musicians, nor Poets, nor with Slaues set at libertie, though our Lady her selfe should haue released and set them free from the power and tyranny of the Turkes, nor with old Souldiers, which being totter'd and torne, haue forsaken their co∣lours, and fled from their Captaines; nor with Mariners, that with one storme are dis-heartened, and haue no more minde to goe to Sea. For how∣beit all and euery one of them doe sute and agree well together in all kinde of cheating, and roguish tricks, and would make excellent beggers, yet the Art it selfe of Begging, and the language are much differing. And therefore we will and command euery one of th•…•…se to keepe his owne quarter, and strictly to obserue such Orders as are set downe and ordained in that case.

Item, We will and command, that the poore of euery Nation, especially in their owne Countries, haue certaine Tauernes, and knowne victualling hou∣ses, where shall ordinarily preside and gouerne, three or foure of the more ancient amongst them, hauing Staues in their hands, as Ensignes of their pre∣cedencie, and authoritie: Whom wee depute, to treat in those places of all such Accidents and other things that shall happen there, or shall otherwise be brought to their knowledge. That they shall sit in Councell, and giue their o∣pinion therevpon. And when they haue so done, they may afterwards play at Foxe mine Host, or some other drinking a 1.16 Game, at Cards or Dice for their recreation, and to wash away care. They may sit ouer the Cup, and tell old Stories: they may recount the famous Acts, done either by themselues, or others, as also of their Ancestors, and boast of those warres, wherein they haue serued, and what-soeuer else they shall thinke fit for inter∣tainment.

Item, We will and command; That euery Begger carry a good Bat or Cud∣gell in his hand, and those that are able, to put a good Pike at the end of it, that they may be armed and prouided against all casualties, that may befall either their Purse, or their Persons. Which they are to doe vpon penalty of their own hurt.

Item, That no Begger may, or doe weare any new garment, or but halfe worne out, saue such as is rent and thred-bare, and full of patches, by reason of the ill example that may grow thereby, & the generall hurt that may come of it. Alwayes prouided, that if any such Coat or Cloake bee giuen by way of Almes, that then it shall bee lawfull for him to weare it that day onely wherein it was giuen him, vvithout any farther limitation of licence, but the next day following to put it off, and neuer weare it more, but forthwith to alter the propertie, vpon paine of our generall displeasure, and his owne particular hinderance.

Item, We will and command, That in the taking of their places, and their seates, they doe all and euery one of them obserue, antiquitatem possessionis, & non personae the antiquitie of possession, and not of the person; preferring the ancienter in standing, before the elder in yeeres. And that no man shall dare of presume, to vfurpe or defraud one another in this kinde.

Item, We will and command, That two sicke, or two lame persons may ioyne and goe together, and call Brothers, but with this condition, that they begge by turnes, and straine their voices as high as they can reach; the one still beginning where the other leaueth, obseruing equall time, and tune, euery one keeping his one side of the street; and not vsing any artificiall phrases, or affe∣cted forme of speeches let each of them expresse, as significantly as he can, his

particular griefe; and let them afterwards part and share the gaines betweene them, vpon paine of our Worships displeasure.

Item, we will and commaund, That no Begger carrie from the knife vp∣wards, any armes, either offensiue or defensiue. That he weare no Gloues, Pantofles, Spectacles, his hose trussed or his stockings gartered, vpon paine of forfeiting of all his temporalties.

Item, it is farther enacted, That they may weare a foule filthy clowt knit about their heads in stead of a Kerchieffe.

They may also beare about them a paire of Sizars, a knife, an Awle, Needle and thred, a Thimble, a woodden Dish, a a 1.17 Gourd, a little Hand-basket, a Scrip, a Wallet. Be it alwaies prouided, that they beare no Sacke at their backe, no basket of burthen, no b 1.18 Alforjas or Knap-sacke, which Trauel∣lers vse to put their prouision in, when they are to goe some great iourney, nor any such like kinde of things as these be. But it shall be only lawfull for them to walke with two Crutches, and a sore legge, with a long and deepe tent in it.

Item, We will and command, That all beggers beare two purses about them; one littleone, and another of a bigger size, besides certaine priuate pockets for closer conueyance, that may safely indure a search; and that they put the almes that is giuen them into their Hat. And Wee further will and command, that they neither may make, nor doe make any Pouch or Budget, in Coate, Cloake, Frocke, Gabardine, Cassocke, or Mandillion, vpon for∣feiture, it being once espi'd and found out, they may chance to lose it, and stand registred euer after for fooles vpon record.

Item, We will and command, that no man discouer the secrets and myste∣ries of our Trade, nor diuulge and publish them abroad, saue only to those that are Professors of the said Arte. And he that shall inuent or finde out any new tricke or cunning deuice for the common good, shall be bound to mani∣fest the same to the incorporation of beggers; to the end, that it may be vn∣derstood and knowne of all, for as much as such good things as these, are to be accounted as common, there being no prohibition to the contrarie; and more especially, not to be concealed from those that are our Country-men, and naturals of the same Kingdome. But for the better incouraging of o∣thers, and that notice may be taken of our good gouernment; We giue pri∣uiledge, and plenary power to the first inuentor and Author thereof, that for the space of one whole & complete yeere, he make his best benefit of the first impression, not suffring or permitting any, without his especiall and particu∣lar Licence, to vse or exercise the same, vpon paine of our heauie displeasure.

Item, We will and command, That all beggers shall manifest and make knowne to one another, all those houses, where any almes are to be had, espe∣cially those, where there is any Gaming, as also such places, where your Gal∣lants vse to meet, and court their Mistresses; for that is a certaine rent, and seldome faileth.

Item, We will and command, That no begger breed any hunting Hounds, Greyhounds, or bloud-Hounds, nor may in his owne house haue any more then one little Mungril-curre; for the which wee giue free libertie and li∣cence, and that he lead him along with him either ty'de in a string, or other∣wise fastened to his girdle.

Item, We will and command, That none shall carry a dog about with him, making him to dance and leape thorow a Hoope: nor shall it be lawfull for him to haue or hold any place to begge at the doore of any Church, any stati∣on, or Iubilee, only he shall haue free leaue to begge as he passes along by the street, vpon paine of being counted contumacious and rebellious to our Lawes and Ordinances.

Item, Wee will and command, That no begger presume to come to the

Butchers shambles, or to the Fish-market, to buy either fish or flesh, saue in case of extreme necessitie, and licence of the Phisician; nor that he sing, play vpon any Instrument, leape, or dance, by reason of the scandall that may arise by so doing.

Item, We licence and permit, that such beggers as are so disposed, may rent certaine children, to the number of foure (but not aboue) their ages be∣ing first examined; and if two of them be taken for twinnes, borne of one wombe, at one and the selfe-same time, it shall not be thought amisse of, in case that the elder of the two be not aboue fiue yeere old. And if it bee a woman that goes about with these children, she shall beare one of them suck∣ing at her brest; and if a man, he shall carry one of them in his armes, and lead the other along by the hand, and not otherwise.

Item, We will and command, That those Beggers that haue any children, they make setting dogges of them, to lie watching close at your Churches, and haue still an eye vpon those that come in and out, for whom it shall be lawfull to begge an almes for their poore father or mother, that lie very sicke and keepe their beds, and haue nothing to helpe themselues withall, hauing foure or fiue small children, that are ready to starue for want of food. Alwaies pro∣uided, that it be so taken and vnderstood, that this Patent extends not to any that is aboue sixe yeeres of age; for if they shall once exceed and passe those yeeres, then are they to shift for themselues, and like birds that are flush, to forsake the nest, and like Hounds that are readie to be entred, nose out their owne liuing, and goe abroad, and bring home their prey at vsuall and ordina∣rie houres.

Item, We will and command, That no begger giue consent, or suffer his children to serue, to be bound Prentice to any Trade, or to waite vpon any man, whom he shall acknowledge for his Master. For their gaines will be lit∣tle, and their labour much: And therein they shall greatly offend, by not fol∣lowing the steps of their forefathers, and running a course quite contrary to that good way, wherein they haue beene borne and bred.

Item, We will and command, That by seuen of the morning in the Winter, and at fiue in the Summer, no begger be in his bed, or keepe his lodging, but by breake of day, as soone as the Sunne shall be ready to peepe forth, or some halfe houre before they goe abroad to gather honey for their hiue. And like∣wise, that some halfe an houre before the shutting in of the Euening, he by all meanes, and at all times retire himselfe, and get him home; saue only in some cases reserued, and that with our especiall leaue and licence.

Item, We permit and giue leaue, that they may breake their fast in the morning, •…•…ating a morsell of some thing or other, if they haue laboured for their liuing, and gotten any thing the same morning, and not otherwise. For therein they lose time (which is a precious thing) and spend vpon the stocke, by diminishing the principall. But with condition, that he wash and clense his mouth, that the sent thereof be not perceiued; As likewise, that he passe not vp and downe the streets, or by any mans house, playing with a cloue of Garlicke in his hand, a sliced Onion, or that his breath smell of Wine; vpon paine of being held incapable and vnfit to begge.

Item, We will and command, that no man dare to play the Impostor, or commit any grosse villanie, as to steale houshold-stuffe, or helpe to conuey it away, or exchange it for other, or to vntyle houses, or strip children of their cloathes, or to commit any the like base action, vpon paine of being excluded from our brotherhood, and put out of our incorporation, and to be remitted ouer to the secular power.

Item, Our will and pleasure is, that euery begger, when he shall be of full age; that is, (three yeeres after twelue, being fully complete and ended) hauing legally and worthily laboured in that course of life, and attained to

the true arte of this our free and noble Profession, he be held, taken, knowne, and vnderstood (be it any such manner of person or persons) to haue fulfilled the Law, and comply'd with the Statute: notwithstanding, that two other yeeres to gaine experience, and to learne how to driue the a 1.19 fish into the net, haue alwaies to this very day and present houre, beene thought very necessa∣rie and expedient; and euer after to be held as a Graduate, that hath perfor∣med his exercise, and taken Degree amongst vs. And hauing thus profest himselfe, and made proofe of his learning and manners, we farther will and command, that he haue, hold, and inioy all the Liberties, Priuiledges, and exemptions granted by vs vnder our great Seale; but with this condition, that he neither may, nor at any time doe forsake our seruice, and that hee shew his obedience vnto vs, by obseruing our Lawes and Statutes, and by submitting himselfe to our Censure, in case he shall offend against them.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Anger and it's effects.
• a 1.2

  Ronçes valles, is a Mo∣nasterie, built by King Don San∣cho de Na∣uarra, which he indowed with great Rents; it is a Couent of Ca∣n•…•…s Regular, who beare in their brests an Azure Crosse, hauing the forme of a shepheards Crooke, or Crosier staffe. Heere was a great battell fought. The said King lies buried in this Monaste∣rie, his body be∣ing brought from Tudela, where he died.
• b 1.3

  Vexigas, are certaine Blisters, which rise vpon the flesh, through heate, or some other accident, and commonly grow on the feet of men or beasts, with ouer much trauaile. Couarruuias. Bexiga.
• c 1.4

  Necessitie and it's effects.
• d 1.5

  Two sorts of Necessitie.
• e 1.6

  Necessitie, that inuites it selfe, and the miserie thereof.
• f 1.7

  Necessitie, that comes not before shee bee inuited; and the greatnesse there∣of.
• g 1.8

  Necessitie, not necessited, and the com∣mendation there∣of.
• h 1.9

  •…•…iuion, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 fellow that will not worke•…•…, but goe from Towne to Towne, from house to house, to begge a piece of bread, and a Dish of drinke. It is a French word, Bribeur, Mendicus. Briber Mendicare. Couarruuias.
• * 1.10

  Italie, a chari∣table Countrie.
• * 1.11

  Cono•…•…ia des∣de el Papa, hasta el que estaua sin capa. Prouerb.
• * 1.12

  The Spanish word is, Tenian la bola en cl embogue.
• a 1.13

  Qui coquit & facit turro∣nes Turron. Copta Cru∣stulum. A Bisket made with Honey, Al∣monds, small Nuts, Wa•…•…uts, Kernels of Pine-Apples, &c.
• b 1.14

  Alfaxor is a Moorish word; And is a kinde of Conserue, made of Hony, Spices, and crummes of bread. Couarr. verb. Alaxu.
• a 1.15

  The Spanish word is Her∣mano de me∣sta. A certaine iurisdiction be∣longing to Heards-men and Shepheards. The Etymology there∣of is not so easie; but I will deliuer what I thinke, remitting my selfe to others bet∣ter opinion. It is termed Mesta, quasi mixta. By reason of the concurrency and mixture of di∣uers Herds and Flocks one a∣mongst another. And because they make restitution of those that are thus inter-min∣gled one with an∣other, which are knowne by some Markes branded with hot irons. Or it is said to be Mesta, of amista, because of the great con∣formitie and friendship be∣tweene these kinde of people, who are very ob∣seruant of their Lawes. This the Idiome of Aragon doth confirme, who name that, which the Spaniards call Mesta, Li∣gallo, which is as much as Liga, and Liga, is a confederation, or friendship.
• a 1.16

  The Spanish word is Ren∣tilla: The Ita∣lian, Gatta∣cieca. It is some Tosse-pols game, wherein your Ale-Knights, and idle Rogues sit ouer their Cups, and censure and deride all estates.
• a 1.17

  The Spanish word, is Cala∣baça: wherein Pilgrims and beggers carry their beuerage.
• b 1.18

  Alforjas, is a Wallet deui∣d e into two parts, that it may the more easily be borne vpon a mans beast. It is an Arabicke word, to wit, Ahfodja, of the Verbe Ahfad, which signifies to keepe: because in it Trauellers keepe their proui∣sion.
• a 1.19

  Xauega is the Span•…•…sh word, which is a Fishers net at Sea, wherewith by little and little, they goe drawing and haling the fish to the shore, where certaine Picaros and Rogues are still waiting for to pull and tugge at the c•…•…rdes of the net, whom they call Los de la Xauega. It is an Arabick word, which in it's owne termination is said to bee Xibquetum, of the Verbe Xeb∣que, which sig∣nifieth, to intrap, or bring into the Net.