The historie of Xenophon containing the ascent of Cyrus into the higher countries. VVherein is described the admirable iourney of ten thousand Grecians from Asia the Lesse into the territories of Babylon, and their retrait from thence into Greece, notwithstanding the opposition of all their enemies. Whereunto is added a comparison of the Roman manner of warres with this of our time, out of Iustus Lipsius. Translated by Ioh. Bingham.

THE SIXTH BOOKE OF THE HISTORIE OF XENOPHON, TOVCHING THE Ascent of CYRVS the younger, out of Asia the Lesse, into the Higher COVNTREYS. (Book 6)

FRom hence-forth during their aboad there, some eat and liued of things, that were brought to the Market, other of the spoile they purchased out of Paphlagonia. The Paphlagonians likewise sought tricks and ad∣uantages against the straglers, and by night attempted to entrappe and molest them, who lodged any distance from the Campe. By reason whereof they grew into greater enmitie one against another. But Corylas, who at that time had the rule of Paphlagonia sent to the Grecians Embassadors, who were furnished with faire Horse and braue apparell. They deliuered, that Corylas nei∣ther desired to wrong the Grecians, nor yet to be wronged by them. The Coronels answered, they would propound the matter to the assem∣bly, but they feasted them, and inuited such as they thought fit to beare them companie; and sacrificing some of the Oxen taken in prey, and other beasts, they made them a plentifull banket sitting vpon Carpets, and drinking out of horne-Cups, which they found in the Countrey. After the healths were drunke and the Paean sung, the Thracians first arose and danced in Armes to the Flute, and capred aloft & nimbly,* 1.1 and vsed Swords. At the last one strooke another in such sort, that one of them fell, and euerie man conceiued, that he was deadly wounded. But the stroke was artificially giuen, at which notwithstanding the Paphlagonians cried out, as men are wont to doe in feare. After he that strooke the other taking the spoile of his Armes, departed singing a Thracian Song, which they call Sitalca. Other Thracians taking the body of him, that fell, caried it out, as if he had beene dead, whereas indeed he had no

manner of harme.* 1.2 Next after them the Aenians and Magnetians arose and danced the dance, commonly called the Seed-dance, in their armes. The manner of the dance is this: One of them laying by his armes sow∣eth the land, and driueth on his Oxen in the plow, looking often backe, as though he were afraid. The theefe approacheth. The other as soone as he seeth him, snatcheth vp his armes, and fighteth with him before the Plow. All this is performed in measure to the Flute. At the last the theefe bindeth the Plow-man, and driueth away the Oxen; and some∣time the Plow-man bindeth the theefe and fastneth him to the Oxen, his hands tied behinde him,* 1.3 and so driueth away. After this a Mysian came in, bearing in each hand a Target, and sometimes he danced, making semblance, as if he opposed against two, sometime he vsed the Targets, as it were against one man, sometimes he whirled about in a circle, and tumbled ouer his head, holding the Targets still in his hands: So that it was a pleasant sight to behold him. Lastly, he danced the Persian dance, clapping his Targets together one against another;* 1.4 and kneeled downe, and straightwayes stood vp againe; and all this he did by measure to the sound of the Flute.* 1.5 Then the Mantinaeans, and some other Arcadians stood vp armed as seemingly, as they could, and moued in measure, the Flute sounding a point of warre, and sung the Paean, and danced, as the manner is in supplications to the gods. The Paphlagonians seeing this, wondred that all dances were performed in armes: The Mysian, to in∣crease their wonder, after hee had gotten the assent of an Arcadian, that had a dancing woman, in his possession, brought her in, arming her as gorgeously, as he might, with a light Target in her hand. She danced the dance called Pyrrhice with great agilitie and nimblenesse. Hereupon there arose a great clapping of hands,* 1.6 and the Paphlagonians asked whe∣ther women also were their companions in fight. To whom answer was made, that the women were they, who beat the King of Persia out of the Grecian Campe. This was the end of that nights sport. The next day they brought the Ambassadours to the Army: and the Souldiers de∣creed, that the Paphlagonians should doe them no wrong, nor they any to the Paphlagonians: So the Ambassadours departed. The Grecians, when they imagined they had sufficient store of shipping gathered toge∣ther,* 1.7 went aboord, and sailing forward that day and night with a faire gale, they left Paphlagonia on their left hand, and the next day they came as farre as Sinope, and cast anchor before Harmene, a Port of the Sinopae∣ans.* 1.8 The Sinopaeans inhabite a part of Paphlagania, and are a Colonie of Milesians. They sent hospitall gifts to the Grecians, 3000 Medimnes of meale,* 1.9 of wine 1500 Amphores. Thither came Cherisophus with some gallies, which he had prouided. The Souldiers expected him, and were in hope, that when he came, he would bring them some good ••i∣dings. He brought them only newes, that Anaxibius the Admirall, and the rest commended them much, and that Anaxibius promised they should haue ready pay, if they would come out of Pontus. The army re∣mained at Harmene fiue dayes. The neerer they seemed to come to

Greece, the more carefull they were to get, and to furnish themselues with something before they came home. They were of opinion therefore, that if they did chuse one Generall,* 1.10 that that one should haue a more vniforme, and a more absolute command ouer the Army, both by night and by day, than if the command were in many hands. And if any thing were to be kept secret, it might be better concealed; if to be preuented, it should receiue the lesse hindrance. For there needed no conference, and the resolution of one might quickly be put in execution, whereas heretofore all things passed by pluralitie of voices of the Coro∣nels. Being in this conceit, they turned to Xenophon,* 1.11 and the Captaines comming to him, told what the affection of the Army was, and euery of them, out of their loue, perswaded him to take vpon him the command. Xenophon himselfe was desirous of the place, thinking that both his ho∣nour might hereby grow greater, and his name more esteemed both with his friends, and Citie; and it might fall out that he might be occasi∣on of some good to the Army. These thoughts lifted him vp to desire the Generall-ship. But when he weighed in his minde, that no man fore-knew the euent of things to come, and that hereby he might hazard his former reputation, he began to be in doubt; and being not able to re∣solue, it seemed best to counsell with the gods. He called therefore to him two Priests, and sacrificed to Iupiter, the King of gods,* 1.12 who by the Oracle of Delphos was appointed his Councellour in matters to come; and hee beleeued that the dreame, which he saw, when hee first was chosen Coronell of the Army, proceeded from Iupiter. And he remem∣bred, that when he went out of Ephesus to follow Cyrus,* 1.13 an Eagle croa∣ked at his right hand sitting on the ground, which the sooth-sayer, that accompanied him at that time, said to be a great augury portending more, than the estate of a priuate man, and that it was illustrious, but yet notwithstanding laborious. For birds vse not to molest the Eagle by fal∣ling vpon her, saue onely when she sitteth on the ground. Further, that no great profit was signified by the token; because the Eagle taketh her prey rather, when she is on wing. The god therefore, when he sacrifi∣ced, foretold apparantly, that he was neither to seeke after the Generalls place, nor yet to accept of it, if it were offered him. This was the issue of that businesse. Now the Army being assembled, it was the opinion of all, that one Generall was to be chosen, and their choice inclined to Xe∣nophon; who when he saw, if they went to the election, their resolution would be to giue him the place, he stood vp, and spake thus:* 1.14

I (ô Soul∣diers) if I be a man, haue cause to be glad of this honour, which you offer vnto me, and to giue you thankes, and to pray to God, that any oc∣casion may be ministred, whereby I may be able to doe you seruice. But to chuse me your Generall, a Lacedemonian being present, seemeth nei∣ther for your, nor yet for mine owne auaile; in as much as, if hereafter you shall happen to stand in need of them, you will be disappointed of your hopes that way. Besides, I thinke it not safe for my selfe to enter into that course; for I doe see, that they neuer gaue ouer the warre

against my Countrey, vntill they made the whole Citie confesse, that the Lacedemonians were also their Commanders; after which confession, they laid downe their Armes, and proceeded no further in besieging the Citie. If then these things being so, I shall seeme, as much as in me lieth, to weaken their authoritie, I cannot be ignorant, how quick∣ly I shall be brought to acknowledge mine errour. And whereas you are of opinion, that lesse sedition and disobedience will grow out of the command of one, than of many, vnderstand from me, that whomsoeuer you choose you shall not finde me discontent or disobedi∣ent. For I hold it for a generall maxime in warre, that whosoeuer he be, which behaueth himselfe seditiously against his Commander, behaueth himselfe seditiously against his owne safetie. But in case you chuse me, I shall not maruell, if a discontent arise in some mindes both against you, and against my selfe.

After Xenophon had ended his speech, many more arose, and said, that he ought not to refuse the Generals place; And A∣gasias the Stymphalian replied, that it was a thing ridiculous, that the La∣cedemonians should not as well be angry, if at a Feast another than a La∣cedemonian were by the Guests chosen for their Gouernour. For if things run in this course, quoth he, it shall be vnlawfull for vs to be Cap∣taines, because we are Arcadians. Here a murmur arose thorow the whole assembly approuing the speech of Agasias. Xenophon perceiuing, that more was to be said, added thus much:

That you may (ô Souldiers) vnderstand the depth of this businesse, I sweare vnto you by all the gods and goddesses, that after I was informed of your minds and inclinati∣on, I by sacrifice enquired, whether it would be behouefull for you to bestow vpon me, and me to accept this command, or otherwise; and the gods so answered in the sacrifice, that it might easily appeare euen to a man of small skill, that I was not to take the place vpon me.

So they chose Cherisophus. Cherisophus being chosen proceeded into the middest and spake thus:

You know (ô Souldiers) that, albeit you had chosen another, you should haue found no opposition in me. But it falleth out well for Xenophon, that he is not chosen. For Dexippus accused him not long since to Anaxibius, all he could, my selfe being present and stopping his mouth. He said, he thought, that Xenophon had rather be ioined in command with Timasion, who was a Dardanian, and one of Clearchus his Souldiers, than with him, who was a Lacedemonian. But since you haue made choise of me, quoth he, I also will endeuour to doe you all the seruice I can. And you against the morning euerie man so order his affaires, that he may be readie to saile away, if the wind be faire. Our iourney shall be to Heraclea; and being there we will aduise, what is fur∣ther to be done.

The next day they set saile with a faire wind, and ran along the Coast by the space of two daies following. In sailing they came by Iasons shore, where the Ship Argo is said to haue anchored, and by the mouthes of these Riuers;* 1.15 First of Therm••don, then of Halys, last∣ly of Parthenius, by which after they had passed, they arriued at Heraclea a Grecian Citie, and a Colonie of the Megaraeans, situate in the territorie

of the Maryande••s, and came to anchor neere the Acherousian Cherrone∣sus. There Hercules is reported to haue descended to the dog Cerberus, of which descent the markes are yet shewen, the depth of the place be∣ing more than two Furlongs.* 1.16 Hither the Heracleans sent hospitall gifts to the Grecians, to wit, 3000. Medimnes of barley meale, 2000. Amphors of wine, 20 oxen, and an hundred sheepe. The riuer called Lycus, hauing two Plethers in bredth, conueieth his streame thorow this Territo∣ry. Here the Souldiers assembled together, consulting about the remain∣der of their iourney, and whether it were better to proceed out of Pon∣tus by land or by sea; and Lycon the Achaian stood vp and said: I won∣der (ô Souldiers) at the Coronels, that they go not about to make pro∣uision of victuall for the Army. For the hospitall gifts will not serue vs aboue three daies, neither is there any place, whither we may goe out, and furnish our selues. Therefore it seemeth good to me, that you de∣mand no lesse, then 3000. Cyzicens of the Heracleans. Another said, that a monthes pay (no lesse then 10000. Cyzicens) was to be demanded,* 1.17 and that while we sate in counsell to know their answer, Ambassadours were forthwith to be dispatched to the Citie, and thereupon further aduice to be taken. Hereupon they first propounded Cherisophus for an Ambassa∣dour, because he was their Generall; some also named Xenophon. They both opposed strongly, and were of opinion, that no extortion was to be vsed to force any thing from a Grecian Citie, being also their friend. Therefore when they seemed vnwilling, the Army sent Lycon the Achae∣an, Callimachus the Parrhasian, and Agasias the Stymphaliaen, who going to the Citie deliuered the decree of the Army; and Lycon is reported to haue vsed threatning words, if things were not performed according to the desire of the Army. The Heracleans hearing the propositions, answe∣red, they would consider; and presently they gathered their goods out of the fields, and appointed a market within the Citie, and the gates were shut, and armes seene vpon the walles. The authors of these trou∣bles accused the Coronels, as though they were cause of the ill successe. Their words were,

that it was a shame, that one Athenian should haue command ouer the Peloponesians and Lacedemonians,* 1.18 especially such a one, as had brought no forces to the Army. That they had the paines, and other the profit; and euen till this present were the workers of the common safetie. For the Arcadians and Achaeans were those that bore the burthen,* 1.19 the rest of the Army was nothing (and in truth the Arcadi∣ans and Achaeans were more than halfe the Army:) If they were wise therefore, standing close to themselues, and chusing Commanders out of their owne people, they should goe forward in the iourney apart, and endeuour to inrich themselues by some meanes or other.* 1.20

This was de∣creed; and those Arcadians and Achaeans, that were vnder the command of Cherisophus, forsaking him and Xenophon, associated themselues to the rest, and they all chose ten Coronels out of their owne bodie, and de∣creed, that whatsoeuer the plurality of voices of these ten should resolue vpon, it should stand good and effectuall, and be put in execution. The

Generall-ship therefore of Cherisophus was dissolued within six or seuen daies, after he was chosen. Xenophon notwithstanding would haue pro∣ceeded in the iourney with them, thinking it more safe so to doe, than to trauell euery man by himselfe alone: But Neon vnderstanding by Cheri∣sophus, that Cleander, the Gouernour of Bizantium, was determined with his Gallies to make ouer to the Hauen of Calpe, perswaded him to keepe his owne forces by him, and to iourney apart; and further, counselled him to conceale it from the rest, to the end, that they and their Souldiers alone might be transported in the Gallies; and Cherisophus partly discontented with that, which had passed, and partly out of a hatred against the Army, gaue him liberty to doe, as he thought best. From that time forward Xenophon sought to saile away,* 1.21 and to depart from the Ar∣my. But sacrificing to Hercules the Guide, and asking of him counsell, whether it should be better for him to follow the warre with the rem∣nant of Souldiers vnder his command, or to depart, the god signified by the sacrifice, that he should continue his command, and not depart. So the Army was diuided into three parts. The Arcadians and Achaeans be∣ing more than 4500. all heauie armed; Cherisophus hauing 1300. armed, and 700. Peltasts, who were the Thracians, that followed Clearchus: Xe∣nophon 1700. armed, and 300. Peltasts, and he alone had horse amoun∣ting to the number of fortie. The Arcadians getting shipping of the He∣racleans, sailed away first, of purpose, that falling suddenly vpon the Bi∣thinians, they might preuent the rest, and make the greatest prey. They landed at the Hauen Calpe,* 1.22 which lieth in a manner in the middest of Thrace. Cherisophus marched on foot thorow the Countrey, beginning at Heraclea, and as soone as he entred into Thrace, he led along by the Sea-coast, for he was now sicke. Xenophon taking shipping, landed in the confines of Thrace, and of the Heraclean Countrey, and marched thorow the middest of the Land. Thus therefore haue we declared, in what manner the command of Cherisophus was wholy dissolued, & the army of the Grecians distracted into parcells.* 1.23 The course, that euery one held was this. The Arcadians after they had landed by night at the Hauen of Calpe, aduanced forthwith to the next villages situate about fiftie Fur∣longs from the Sea: When day-light appeared, euery Coronell led his Diuision or Regiment to a village. If the village seemed any thing great, the Coronels allotted two Diuisions to it. They agreed also vpon a hill, to which they were all to retire, and because they fell vpon the Country suddenly, they tooke many prisoners, and brought in many sheepe. The Thracians, that escaped, assembled together, and many being taken pri∣soners shifted out of the Grecians hands, because they were Peltasts, the Grecians armed; and being now gathered together in good number, they first charged the Diuision of Smicretes,* 1.24 one of the Arcadian Coro∣nels, as he was retiring to the place appointed, being heauie laden with prey. The Grecians both marched, and fought at the same time, till they came to a hollow bank't brooke, where in their passage they were put to flight by the Barbarians, Smicretes, and his whole band were slaine.

Another regiment of one of the ten Coronels, whose name was Hegesa••∣der, had but 8. only left aliue by the Barbarians, which 8. were saued, with Hegesander himselfe. The rest of the Captains came to the hill, some with much ado, some easily. The Thracians encouraged with this good hand sell, made outcries one to another, & flocked together in multitudes by night, & as soone as it was day, they ordered many horse and Pel••asts in a circle about the hill, where the Grecians encamped; and still more and more came running together, and without danger to themselues, charged the Grecian armed (for the Grecians had neither Archer, nor Darter,* 1.25 nor Horse) but the Thracians running forth, and spurring their horse close vp to the Grecians, cast darts at them, and being charged retired and easily saued themselues by flight, and some of them gaue on in one place, some in another, so that many of the Grecians were wounded, no one of the enemies hurt. Being thus not able to moue out of the place, where they stood, they were also at last debarred from water by the Thracians, and reduced to that extremitie, that they were faine to sue for composition. In the treatie all other things were easily agreed vpon, but the Thracians would giue no pledges, as the Grecians required, which was the stay of further proceeding. In this plight were the affaires of the Arcadians. Cherisophus marching forward along the Sea coast without danger,* 1.26 was by this time come to the Hauen of Calpe.* 1.27 But Xenophon held on thorow the middest of the Countrey, and as he marched his Hors-men scouting before chanced vpon Embassadors going, it was not knowen whither; who being brought to Xenophon, he asked them, whether they could tell him tidings of any Grecian Armie els-where. They related vnto him all that had hapned, and that at this instant they were assaulted,* 1.28 and hardly laid vnto vpon the hill, and that all the Thracians of the countrey had en∣compassed them round. The Ambassadors were put in safe custodie, to the end to vse them for Guides, when need required. Afterward setting out 10 Scouts, he called the Souldiers together, and thus spake vnto them:

The Arcadians (O Souldiers) are some of them slaine,* 1.29 the rest being retired to a hill, besieged and assaulted. For my part, I am of opi∣nion, if they perish, we can finde no safety, the enemy being so many, and so much incouraged with the happinesse of this successe. It is there∣fore best to giue them aid with all speed, that if they be aliue, wee may ioyne with them in fight against the enemie, and not be left to runne the danger alone. And for the present, let vs march on till supper time, and then set downe with our Campe. And while we march let Timasion with the horse scout before, casting an eye toward vs alwaies, and giuing aduertisement of all occurrence, that we be ignorant of nothing that may concerne vs.

He sent out likewise some of the best footmen of his light-armed toward the flanks of the Armie, and the tops of the hils, willing them to giue intelligence of what they saw. Hee commanded also to set fire vpon all, that was apt to take fire.

For, quoth he, we can∣not escape any way, the distance backe againe to Heraclea being great, and the march forward to Chrysopolis great, and the enemie neere at

hand. The way is shortest to the Hauen of Calpe, whither we imagine that Cherisophus is come, at least if he be in safety. And yet are we not to hope for any shipping to carry vs from thence, and resting there wee shall not finde so much as a daies prouision. Now in case those, that are besieged were lost, it would be more dangerous for vs to hazard with Cherisophus his Souldiers alone. But if they be succoured, and freed from this danger, and all of vs assembled together, we shall in common dis∣pute our safety the better. You are therefore to march on with resolu∣tion, either now honourably to die, or else to performe a most noble act, and worthy of eternall memory, namely, to saue so great a number of Grecians, that are in ieopardy to be cast away. And it may be, that God hath so disposed of this businesse, to humble these high-minded men, wise in their owne conceits, and to honour vs, who in all our actions take our beginnings from the gods. You are then to follow your Lea∣ders, and to giue heed to that which is commanded you.

Hauing said thus much he led on. The horsemen dispersing themselues as much as was conuenient,* 1.30 put all in a flame, as they went forward: and the Pel∣••asts hauing gained the tops of the Hils, burnt all that would take fire, as did the Armie also, where they found any thing left vnburnt. So the whole countrey seemed to be on a light fire, and the Armie to be great. When it was time, they ascended vp to a hill, and quartered there. From thence they might discerne the enemies fires (for they were not distant aboue 40 furlongs) and themselues kindled as many fires as they could.* 1.31 When they had supped, the word was giuen to quench and put out all the fires, and hauing placed their guards, they gaue themselues to sleepe. By breake of day they made their prayers to the gods, and ordering their troops for fight, marched forward with all speed. Timasion and the horse∣men hauing with them the Guides, and spurring on, were, before they were aware, vpon the hill, where the Grecians were besieged, but neither saw friends nor enemies forces (whereof they aduertised Xenophon and the Armie) only they found a few old women, and men, and some sheepe and oxen left behinde. And first, that which hapned, seemed a maruell: Afterward they vnderstood from them that were left, that the Thracians departed away in the euening, the Grecians as soone as it was day;* 1.32 but whither they were gone, no man knew. Xenophon vpon these tidings dined, and trussing vp his baggage marched away with intent in all haste possible to ioyne with those that were at the Hauen of Calpe. In their march they might perceiue the tract of footing of the Arcadia••s and Achaeans in the way which led to Calpe,* 1.33 and meeting together they gladly saw one another, and saluted as brethren. The Arcadians asked Xenophons souldiers, why they put out their fires. For we thought, said they, at the first, when we saw no fires, that you marched against the enemy by night, and the enemy, as we conceiued, fearing the same, arose with their Campe. For i•• was about that time, that they departed. But when you came not forward,* 1.34 and the time was now past, we imagi∣ned, that hearing our distresse, you hasted all you could to the Sea side

for feare. We therefore thought it good not to leaue you, and thereupon came also hither. So this day they enca••ped vpon the Sea shore neere the Hauen. The place, which they call the Hauen of Calpe, lieth in that Thrace, which is in Asia.* 1.35 Thrace it selfe beginneth from the mouth of Pontus, and stretcheth to Heraclea on the right hand as a man saileth to Pontus. The distance betwixt Byz••••tium and Heraclea is as much, as a Galley can fetch vp with oares in a very long day. In the way there is no friend or Grecian City, but Thraci••ns or Bithynians alone, who, if they lay hands vpon any Grecian either cas•• ashore by shipwracke, or com∣ming thither by other occasion, are reported to vse them with all de∣spight and villany. The Hauen of Calpe lieth in the mid-way to them that saile from Heraclea to Byzantium, or contrariwise from Byzantium to Her••clea. The land beareth out into the Sea; and that part, which stret∣cheth into the Sea, is a craggy rocke, o•• the height (where it is least) of 20 fathoms. The necke of land, that ioyneth to the Continent,* 1.36 is at least foure plethers in bredth,* 1.37 and the space of land within the necke sufficient to giue habitation to 10000 men. The Hauen lieth vnder the rocke, hauing the shore trending to the West.* 1.38 Within it there is a plen∣tifull fountaine of sweet water running along the Sea, but so that the place may command it, and it bringeth forth both much other timber hard by the Sea, and besides much that is fit for the building of ships. As for the mountaine that ouershadoweth the Hauen, as it runneth 20 furlongs into the mid-land, it is pure earth without stones, but to∣ward the Sea, more than 20 furlongs,* 1.39 it is rough with many and all kinde of great trees. The rest of the Land is beautifull and large, and there are many Villages in it, and well inhabited. The countrey bringeth forth barley, and wheat, and pulse-corne of all sorts, and Bucke, and Se∣samum, and figs sufficiently, and many Vines pleasant in taste, and all other kinds of fruit, excepting only Oliues. This is the nature of the Soile. The Armie incamped by the Sea-side. In the Towne they would not quarter, being of opinion, they were fraudulently brought thither by some, that had an intention to plant a Colony there. For the most part of the Souldiers sailed out of Greece to follow this warre, not for want of meanes to liue by, but hearing of the bounty of Cyrus, some brought to his seruice men that had consumed their estates,* 1.40 some other runne away from their fathers and mothers, and some left behind them their children, as minding to inrich them at their returne. For they heard, that all that followed Cyrus gathered mountaines of wealth. Being peo∣ple of this condition, they desired to returne into Greece in safety. When the day of assembly of the Armie for this purpose was now come, Xe∣nophon sacrificed about the issuing of it out of the Campe, because they must needs be led out to make prouision. His purpose was also to bury their dead. The sacrifice being fauourable, the Arcadians also followed, and they buried the most part of the dead, euery man where he fell; for it was now the fift day since they were slaine, so that there was no possi∣bilitie to conueigh them from thence. And bringing some together

out of the high-waies, they buried them according to their meanes, as decently, as they could; and for those, they found not, they rai∣sed a great emptie monument, and kindled a Funerall fire, and laid vpon the monument Crownes of flowers. Hauing performed these Rites, they returned to the Campe, and after Supper gaue them∣selues to rest. The next day the Souldiers assembled. Captaine Agasias the Stymphalian, and Captaine Ieronymus the Elian, and other the eldest of the Arcadians were the cause of this assembly.* 1.41 They made a Decree, that if any man hereafter propounded to separate and diuide the Armie, he should be punished with death; and that the Armie should depart out of the Countrey in the manner it was wont, and that the former Coro∣nels should command.* 1.42 Cherisophus was alreadie dead by drinking a me∣dicine in his ague, and Neon the Asinite was substituted in his place. After this Xenophon stood vp and said:

It seemeth (fellow Souldiers) that the rest of our iourney is to be performed by Land, in regard we haue no shipping; and hauing likewise no prouision, necessitie forceth vs to be readie to march. We therefore the Coronels will offer sacrifice; As for you, you are, if euer heretofore, to prepare your selues to fight, inasmuch as the enemie hath gathered courage.

So the Coronels sacrifi∣ced taking to them Arexion the Arcadian Southsaier. For Silanus the Ambraciote had stollen away in a Ship of Heraclea, which he hired. They sacrificed about their departure, but the entrailes of the sacrifice were not faire. They stayed therefore that day. There were some, that durst giue out, that Xenophon intending to plant in that place, had perswaded the Southsaier to say, that the sacrifice allowed not of their departure. Hereupon Xenophon caused Proclamation to be made,* 1.43 that the next mor∣ning euerie one that list might be present at the sacrifice, and if there were any Southsaier amongst them, he commanded him to come and view the entrailes, and so sacrificed in the presence of many. When they had now thrice sacrificed about their departure, the entrailes assen∣ted not. The Souldiers were ill apaid herewith. For their prouision which they brought with them, failed, and there was no Market to be had. Hereupon, when they againe assembled, Xenophon spake thus:

The sacrifices, as your selues are eie-witnesses, are not fauourable to our de∣parture, and I see you are destitute of victuall, wherefore I hold it neces∣sarie to aske counsell by sacrifice about this matter alone.

Then one of them arising, said: It is not without cause, that the sacrifice crosseth our departure. For, as I heard of one, that by chance came by Ship hither yesterday, Cleander the Gouernour of Byzantium, is about to crosse ouer to vs with Ships and Gallies. Hereupon it seemed good to all to remaine in the place. But yet they were forced by necessitie to fall out into the Countrey for victuall and prouision for the Campe, and sacrifice was of∣fered hereabout three times, which notwithstanding opposed their go∣ing out. They came then to the Tent of Xenophon and told him of their wants. I may not, quoth he, leade you out, vnlesse the sacrifice be fa∣uourable. The next day they sacrificed againe, and because they were

perplexed, and the businesse touched all, well-nigh the whole Armie encircled the sacrifice. And now there was no more sacrifice left. The Coronels therefore, albeit they led not out the Armie, yet did they call an assembly; and Xenophon said: It may be the enemie is gathered to∣gether, and we shall be driuen to fight by necessitie. If therefore leauing our baggage in this place of strength, we issue out prepared for fight, and then offer sacrifice, perhaps the sacrifice will giue better allowance. The Souldiers hearing this cried out, that there was no need of leading them out, but willed them to renew the sacrifice with all speed. There were now no Sheepe to be had, and they were faine to buy Oxen out of the Waine to offer in sacrifice. And Xenophon desired Cleanor the Arcadian to gather vp his spirits and be in a readinesse, if the sacrifice portended any good: but this sacrifice was also crosse. Neon was Coronell of that part of the Armie, which Cherisophus commanded. He, when he saw the Souldiers discontented with their wants, desirous to gratifie them, finding an Heraclean, who affirmed that he knew Villages at hand, from whence prouision might be had, made proclamation, that euerie one, that would, might goe abroad for prouision,* 1.44 & proffered himselfe to be their Leader. There issued therefore out of the Campe to the number of two thousand, with Darts, Bladders, Bags, and other Vessels. After they came into the Villages, and were dispersed in rifling,* 1.45 the Hors-men of Pharnabazus fell vpon them (for they gaue aid to the Bithynians,* 1.46 desi∣rous with the Bithynians to hinder the Grecians from entring into Phrygia, if they could) These Hors-men killed no lesse, than fiue hundred Gre∣cians, the rest fled vp into a Mountaine, and one of them, that fled, brought newes hereof to the Campe. Xenophon because the sacrifice was not agreeable that day, taking an Oxe out of the Waine (for there was no other to kill) offered it, and went to the rescous,* 1.47 taking with him all the Souldiers vnder fiftie yeeres of age; and bringing those off, that were left aliue, returned to the Campe about Sun-set, and sat downe to Supper, being full of griefe and sorrow for that, which had happened. Vpon the suddaine some of the Bithynians,* 1.48 thorow the thickets falling vpon the out-Guards, killed a few of the Grecians, and chaced the rest to the Campe, and a great cry being raised, the whole Armie ran to Armes. It seemed not safe to pursue the enemie, or to moue the Armie by night, the Countrey being full of thickets. They watched therefore that night in Armes, putting forth Guards sufficient to fight with the enemie, if need were. So was the night spent. In the morning the Coronels led into a stronger place, and the Souldiers followed with their Armes and baggage, and before it was Dinner time they cast a Trench all along the Face of the Campe, which led into the Countrey,* 1.49 and strengthened all the Rampier with Palizadoes, leauing only three Gates to passe in and out the Campe. In the meane time came a Ship from Heraclea fraughted with Barley-meale, and with beasts for sacrifice, & with Wine. Xenophon rising early in the morning, sacrificed about issuing out of the Campe, and the entrailes of the first beast offered were faire. The sacrifice being

ended, Arexion the Parrhasian southsaier espied an eagle of good fortune, and willed Xenophon to lead out the army; and the Coronels pass••ng ouer the trench,* 1.50 laid downe their Armes, and made Proclamation, that the Souldiers should first dine, and then issue out of the campe with their Armes, leauing the many, and the Captiues behinde. All the rest issued,* 1.51 except Neon. For it was thought best to leaue him Commander of those, that remained in the Campe. His Regiment being left behinde by the Coronels and Captaines, were ashamed to stay, seeing the rest marched out, and putting the guard of the Campe into the hands of the Souldiers, that were 45 yeeres of age, they followed after the Army. So these remaining behinde, the other marched forward. They had not gone 15 Furlongs, when they happened vpon the dead, lately slaine vn∣der the command of Neon,* 1.52 and staying the Reare of their Wing by the first dead, that they lighted vpō, they buried all, that lay next by the wing. When they had buried the first, they moued forward, and staying againe the Reare against the first, that were vnburied, they after the same sort buried as many, as the Army had lying by it. But after they came to the way,* 1.53 that led from the villages, where they lay in heapes, they gathered them together, & so buried them. And being now past mid-day, they ad∣uanced and tooke what prouision euery man saw without the villages, and conueied it within the Phalange; when suddenly they might dis∣cerne the enemy, being many Horse and Foot vpon the moun∣taines ouer against the Army,* 1.54 ordered in a Phalange. For Spithridates and Rathines were come thither with forces sent from Pharnabazus. When the enemy espied the Grecians,* 1.55 they made Alt about 15 Furlongs off: Hereupon Arexion the soothsayer of the Grecians sacrificed, and the entrailes were faire at the very first. Then said Xenophon: I thinke it best (ô Coronels) to chuse out certaine Companies, and to order them in the Reare of the Phalange for seconds,* 1.56 that, if need be, there may be some to giue aid to the Phalange, and that the enemy being disordered, may fall vpon them standing in order, and readie for fight. All yeelded to this opinion. You then, quoth he, lead on against the enemy, that we make no stay after we see, and are seene of them. If you thinke good, I will go & take some of the Reare Companies, and separate them for this seruice.* 1.57 Hereupon they marched on leasurely: But Xenophon taking three Companies of 200. apeece from the Reare, sent one to follow the Pha∣lange on the right hand, about a Plethers distance, Samolas the Ach•••••• was the leader thereof, another he separated to follow in the middest, the command whereof Pyrias the Arcadian had, the third on the left hand, vnder the command of Phrasias the Athenian. As they marched, they chanced vpon a great Forrest and hardly passable,* 1.58 where they made Alt, being ignorant, whether they might get thorow it or no; and the word was giuen for the Coronels and Captaines to come vp to the Front. Xenophon maruelling at the s••ay of the march, and hearing the word, that was giuen, galloped vp to the Front with all speed. When they were come together, Sopho••etus, the eldest of the Coronels said,

he thought not fit, that such a Forrest as that should be trauersed thorow. Xenophon quickly answering him, spake thus:

My cōpanions, you know,* 1.59 as I thinke, that I neuer willingly brought you into any danger. For I see, that you need no glory, that may be purchased with valour, but rather stand in need of safetie alone. The case now standeth thus, that we can∣not depart hence without fight. For if we goe not against the enemy, he will follow and charge vs in our retreat. Consider then, which of the two is the better, to goe against them with armes in our hands, or facing about, to see them fall vpon our Reare. You cannot be ignorant, that to dismarch from an enemy, was euer held dishonourable by a man of va∣lour; as contrariwise, that to pursue, giueth courage euen to a coward. For my part, I had rather follow with halfe the number, we haue, than dismarch with twice so many. I know also, that there is none of you fea∣reth, they will stand our first charge, if we seeke them: Whereas no man is ignorant, that they dare and will be readie to follow vpon vs, if we re∣tire. If any man conceiue it a matter of danger, to haue the Forrest be∣hinde vs in our fight, I hold it rather an aduantage to be sought for. To the enemies I could wish, that all places might seeme easie to shift away, that they may haue occasion to turne their backes. For you, you ought to learne of the place it selfe, that there is no sa••etie, but in victory. But I should not a little maruell, if any of you could once imagine, that this Forrest is more fearefull for vs to trauerse, than other places, which wee haue alreadie passed. For how could we haue gone thorow the plaine countrey, if we had not ouercome the enemies Horse; or ouer the mountaines, if so many Peltasts had pressed vs? Admit now we come safe to the Sea, how g••eat a Forrest is the Sea? Where if we remaine, we shall finde neither shipping to transport vs, nor victuall to nourish vs. And we shall no sooner arriue there, but we must immediately issue out of our Campe to seeke prouision. Is it not therefore better to fight with the enemy now we haue dined, than to morrow fasting? The sacrifice is faire, and the presage of the euent fortunate, and the entrailes of the beasts portend good lucke. Let vs march against them, and since we are come into their sight, let vs not giue them leaue either to sup with con∣tent, or to sleepe, where themselues are disposed.

Hereupon the Cap∣taines willed him to lead on, and no man gainsaid it. Leading on,* 1.60 hee gaue the word, that euery man should passe the Forrest in the very place, where he was. For he conceiued, that the Army should more easily passe singling themselues, as the way fell out, than if they clustr••d and thronged at a Bridge, which might be in the Forrest. When all were thorow, hee rid along the Phalange, and said:

Remember (ô Souldiers) what battels you haue, by the helpe of the gods, gained together against your enemies, and what they haue suffered, that fled from the enemy, and withall call to minde, that you are at the gates of Greece. Follow Hercu∣les your guide, and exhort one another by name. It will be a pleasure for him, that doth or speaketh any thing worthy of a braue minde, to leaue a memorie of his worth in any place, where hee will.

These words he spake riding in haste along the Front;* 1.61 and withall led on the Phalang••, and ordered the Peltasts on either wing thereof, and so went against the enemy. He also commanded them to carry their pikes on their right shoulders, till he gaue a signe with the trumpet; then char∣ging them to follow leisurely,* 1.62 and no man to giue chase running. Then was the word giuen, Iupiter the sauiour and Hercules the guide. The enemy kept his ground, trusting to the strength of the place. When they came neere one to another the Grecian Peltasts giuing a shout, ran forth against the enemy without command, and were encountred and put to flight by the Bithynian horse and foot. But when the Phalange of the armed marching speedily came vp, and the trumpet sounded, and they sang the Paean, and afterward gaue a shout, and char∣ged their pikes,* 1.63 the enemy forsooke the place and fled; and Timasian with his horse, which were not many in number, killed as many as he could. So the left wing of the enemy, vpon which the Grecian horsmen followed, was quickly dispersed; but the right being not so mu••h pres∣sed in the chase, stood still vpon a hill. Whom when the Grecians saw remaining in the field,* 1.64 they thought they might safely charge them, and without all danger. Singing therefore the Paean, they aduanced against them. But the enemy presently tooke themselues to their feet. The Peltasts gaue chase,* 1.65 till that wing was also scattered. Few of them were slaine, because of the multitude of the enemies horse, who put the Pel∣tasts in feare of following too farre. The horsemen of Phar••abazi•• stood yet vnited together, to whom the Bithynian horsemen gathered, and from a hill beheld, what was done in the field. Which when the Grecians saw, albeit they were sore trauelled, notwithstanding they thought it conuenient to seeke them, as they could, lest haply taking heart, they might be againe emboldned. Therefore embattelling them∣selues, they led against them. The enemy seeing them comming cast themselues downe the steepe places no otherwise, than if horsemen had followed them in chase. A Forrest receiued them that fled, which the Grecians were not acquainted with. Wherefore night drawing on, they returned, and when they came to the place where the battels first ioyned, they erected a Trophey, and so about Sunne-set retired to the Sea; for the Campe was about 60 furlongs off. Henceforward the enemies began to looke to themselues,* 1.66 and remoued as farre from thence as they could, as well the inhabitants, as their goods and sub∣stance. The Grecians lay still expecting Cleander, and the Gallies, and Ships, which they thought would come. And going forth euery day without feare, hauing with them their cariage-beasts and slaues, they brought in wheat, barley, wine, pulse-corne, bucke, and figs. For the Territorie bare all fruit plentifully, Oliues only excepted. And as long as the Armie kept within the Campe, any man might goe forth to spoile, and deteine that he found for his priuate vse. But a decree was made, that when the whole Armie went abroad, whatsoeuer was ta∣ken by any man going apart, it should be to the vse of the generalitie.

Now was there plenty of all things. For prouision came from the ••re∣cian Cities on euery hand, and they that arriued there by ship, came willingly on shore, because they vnderstood a Citie was there planting, and that it was a good Hauen; and many of the enemies being neere borderers sent to Xenophon (for they heard that he was the planter) de∣manding vpon what conditions they might be receiued into his friend∣ship; whom Xenophon shewed to the Souldiers.* 1.67 About this time Cleander came with two Gallies, but with neuer a ship. It fell out so, that at his ar∣riuall the Army was abroad, and some gone into the plaine countrey to prey, other to the mountaines, and had gotten together many sheepe; and fearing they would be taken away, they spake to Dexippus (who stole the ship of 50 o••res from the Armie, when it lay at Trapezond) and praied him to keep them, and to retaine part for himselfe,* 1.68 and restore the rest to them. He presently beat away the Souldiers that stood there∣about, albeit they told him, that the prey pertained to the generality, and im••edia••ly went to Cleander, and informed him that they sought to steale the sheepe. Cleander commanded, that whosoeuer he was that went about to take them away, should be brought vnto him. Dexippus laid hold vpon one, and began to leade him toward Cleander,* 1.69 whom Agasias by chance comming that way, rescued, because he was one of his company. The rest of the Souldiers, that were present, cast stones at Dexippus, calling him Traitor. Many Mariners of the Gallies, be∣ing affrighted, ranne to the Sea; and Cleander himselfe shifted away.* 1.70 Xenophon and the other Coronels pacified the Souldiers, and told Cle∣ander, it was no matter of danger, and that the decree of the Armie was cause of that, that hapned. Cleander incensed by Dexippus, and of himselfe discontented, because it might be perceiued, that he was in feare, said, he would saile away, and cause proclamation to be made, that no Grecian Citie should receiue them, as being common enemies to all; for at that time the Lacedemonians commanded all Greece. This seemed a hard and dangerous thing to the Grecians, and they de∣sired him not to doe so. He said, he would relent vpon no other con∣dition, than that the caster of the first stone, and the party that made the rescous, should be deliuered into his hands.* 1.71 Agasias was the man he sought, who had beene a friend to Xenophon euen to the last; which was the cause that Dexippus accused him. The Commanders knowing not what to doe, called an assembly of the Armie. Many made small account of Cleander: Xenophon thought the businesse to be of no meane consequence, and arising spake thus: Fellow Souldiers,* 1.72 if Cleander departing hence, carry that minde toward vs, which hee professeth, I take it to be a matter not to be contemned. For now the Grecian Cities are at hand, and the Lacedemonians are rulers of Greece; and euery Lace∣demonian of power sufficient to worke any City to what he list.

If therefore he first shut vs out of Byzantium, and signifie to the rest of the Gouernours not to receiue vs into their Cities, as being disobedient to the Lacedemonians, and notto be gouerned, this rumor will come to the

eares of Anaxibius the Admirall, so that it will be hard for vs either to stay here, or to saile away. For at this time the Lacedemonians haue the Souereigntie of Greece, both by Sea and Land. It is not fit therefore, that for one or two mens sakes, we the rest be debarred from Greece, but we are rather to obey, whatsoeuer they command. For our Cities, from whence euery one of vs is, are vnder their subiection. I therefore (for I vnderstand that Dexippus informeth Cleander, that Agasias would not haue done this, vnlesse I had bid him) I, I say, cleare both you, and Agasias of this fault, if Agasias will say, that I am the cause thereof, and I condemne my selfe, and will willingly vndergoe all extremitie of pu∣nishment, if it may appeare that I were the beginner either of casting of stones, or of any other violence. I say further, if any man else be accu∣sed by Cleander, he ought, whosoeuer he be, to yeeld himselfe to Clean∣ders iudgement. So shall you be free from all fault. But as matters goe now, it will be hard, if thinking to receiue praise and honour in Greece, we in stead thereof shall not be in the case that other are, but be exclu∣ded out of all Grecian Cities.

After this Agasias stood vp and said: I (ô Souldiers) sweare by the gods and goddesses, that neither Xenophon, nor any other willed mee to take away the man; but when I saw an ho∣nest and worthy Souldier of mine led away by Dexippus, whose trai∣terous dealing toward you, you well know, I thought it a matter not to be suffered. And albeit, I confesse, that I rescued him, yet would I not, that you should deliuer me vp. I my selfe, as Xenophon aduiseth, will yeeld my selfe into the hands of Cleander, to vse me at his discretion. Neither would I for this cause haue you make warre with the Lacedemo∣nians, nor haue any man impeached to saue himselfe, where he list. Only I desire you to make choice of some of your selues to send with me to Cleander, who in case I omit any thing, may speake and doe, what they thinke auaileable in my behalfe. The Army gaue him leaue to choose whom he thought good,* 1.73 and he chose the Coronels. So Agasias and the Coronels, and the man that was rescued went together toward Cle∣ander; to whom the Coronels vsed this speech:

The Army (O Clean∣der) hath sent vs vnto you, and desire you, if you thinke them all guilty, to vse your owne iudgement in punishing all: if one or two, they are wil∣ling to put them into your hands to be iudged by you. If therefore you lay the fault vpon any of vs, we here present our selues vnto you; if vpon any man else, we desire you to name him. For no man shall be with-held from you, that will acknowledge our command. Then Agasias stepped forth and said:* 1.74 I am the man, Cleander, which tooke this Souldier from Dexippus, who was leading him away, and willed stones to be cast at Dexippus. For I knew this man to be a worthy Souldier, and that Dexip∣pus being by the Army chosen Captaine of a Galley of 50 oares, which wee craued from the Trapezuntians to gather other ships to saue our selues in, both runne away from vs, and also betrayed the Army, with which himselfe was saued.* 1.75 And by his meanes we not only defrauded the Trapezuntians of their ship, but incurred the imputation of vniust

men, and as much as lay in him we all perished. For he heard as well as we, how impossible it was marching on foot to passe ouer the riuers that lay in our way, and to come in safety into Gre••ce. He therefore being such a one, I tooke the Souldier from him. But if you, Cleander, or any about you, that was no run-away from vs, had apprehended him, you may well conceiue, I would haue forborne to doe, as I did. And I would haue you thinke, if you take away my life, you shall put an honest man to death for a cowards and a scundrels sake. Cleander hearing this said: I commend not Dexippus, if he behaued himselfe, as you haue related;* 1.76 notwithstanding admit Dexippus were neuer so vile, yet violence was not to be offred vnto him, but he was to be brought to iudgement, as you are at this time. Now therefore you the Coronels may depart, leauing this man behinde you, and when I giue you notice, returne to assist the Court in iudgement concerning these offences; and I haue neither cause to accuse the Army, nor any other man in priuate, in as much as himselfe confesseth, that it was he, that made the rescous.

Then he that was rescued, spake thus: Lest you should thinke (Cleander) that I was apprehended as an offender, I neither strooke any man, nor threw stone; I said only that the sheepe appertained to the generalitie. For it was de∣creed, that when the Armie went abroad, all boot taken in priuate should be deliuered vp to the vse of the generalitie. This was all I spake, and for this Dexippus laid hands on me, and would haue caried me away, that all mens mouthes being stopped, he might haue had his part, and preserued the rest for those, that contrary to the decree went about to deceiue the Army. Hereunto Cleander answered: Seeing you are so acute and witty, stay you here also, that we may aduise what to doe with you. So went Cleander to dinner; but Xenophon assembling the Army, counselled them to send to Cleander, and to make intercession for the prisoners. Hereupon they decreed, that the Coronels, and Captaines, and Dracontius the Lacedemonian, and other that were fit,* 1.77 should goe to Cleander, and by all meanes intreat for their deliuerie. Xenophon there∣fore being come to Cleander spake thus:

You haue (O Cleander) in safe keeping the men, you desired, and the Army hath referred vnto you, not only to dispose of the prisoners, as you please, but also of themselues in generall. Now they desire and intreat you, to bestow the men vpon them, and not to put them to death, because in former times they haue done good seruice to the Army. Obtaining this fauour at your hands, they promise in regard thereof, if it shall please you to accept the com∣mand ouer them, to make manifest, how modest they are, and how duti∣full to their Generall, and (the gods being propitious) how fearelesse of the enemy. Further they are humble suiters, that you would be pleased to come vnto them, and to make proofe of Dexippus, and of them, and of other, whether shall be most respectiue and dutifull to their Comman∣ders: Cleander hearing this, said he would streight-waies giue them an∣swer; and I release vnto you, quoth he, the men that are in durance,* 1.78 and will my selfe come vnto you, and conduct you into Greece, if the gods

permit. The reports which are spread abroad of you, are much differing from that, which I my selfe now heare, namely, that the Armie should be in minde to reuolt from the Lacedemonians.

The Coronels much extol∣led him for his bounty,* 1.79 and departed, hauing the prisoners restored vnto them. Cleander offred sacrifice about the iourney, and vsed Xenophon with all kindnesse, and contracted hospitalitie with him, and when he saw the Armie orderly doe what was commanded, he much rather desi∣red to be their Generall.* 1.80 But when he had sacrificed three dayes, and the sacrifice assented not, he called the Coronels together, and said:

The sa∣crifices allow not, that I should be your Generall. Yet be not you there∣fore out of comfort. For, as it seemeth, you are the men that are appoin∣ted to leade the Armie home. Goe forward. When you come where we haue to doe, we will entertaine you in the best manner we can.

Here∣upon the Souldiers offered him the sheepe that pertained to the genera∣litie, which he receiued and gaue backe againe. So he sailed away. But the Souldiers diuiding amongst themselues the corne, and other things, which they had gathered together, marched on thorow the countrey of Bithynia. And when they found nothing in their right way (for they held on as if the countrey had beene friend) it seemed good to returne backe a day and nights iourney. Doing this they tooke many slaues and sheepe; and the eighth day came to Chrysopolis a Citie in the country of Chalcedon, and staied there seuen dayes selling their spoile.

Finis Libri Sexti.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The Thracian daunce.
• * 1.2

  The Ae••ian and M••••netian dance. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.3

  The Mysian dance.
• * 1.4

  The Persian dance.
• * 1.5

  The Mantinaean dance.
• * 1.6

  The Pyrrhice. It was a Lace∣demonian dance in armes, in∣uented by one Pyrrhicus a La∣cedemonian. Athenaeus 630. E.
• * 1.7

  The Grecians take ship.
• * 1.8

  Sinope.
• * 1.9

  A M••dimne is about a bushel. ••mph••ra, a me••sur•• of 30 gallons, or thereabouts.
• * 1.10

  One Generall▪
• * 1.11

  The affection of the Army to Xenophon.
• * 1.12

  Iupiter.
• * 1.13

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Bird-gazers.
• * 1.14

  Iupiters answer. Xenophon refu∣seth to be Ge∣nerall.
• * 1.15

  Peninsula that is ioined to the continent with a neck of Land only.
• * 1.16

  A Medimne is about one of our bushels. Amphora was a vessel that con∣tained thirtie gallons and a halfe. 200. Foot.
• * 1.17

  A Cyzicen was in value about 18. s.
• * 1.18

  Sedition of the Arcadians and Achaeans.
• * 1.19

  Their number was 4500.
• * 1.20

  The Army di∣uided. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

  Euery one had 450 vnder his command.
• * 1.21

  Xenophons zeale without know∣ledge.
• * 1.22

  The Hauen Calpe.
• * 1.23

  The seuerall marches of the army being se∣ue••ed.

  Of the Arcadi∣ans.
• * 1.24

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.25

  The Thra••ians besiege the A••∣cadians.
• * 1.26

  Of Cherisophus.
• * 1.27

  Of Xenophon.
• * 1.28

  X••nophon hath newes of the dist••esse of the Arcadians.
• * 1.29

  His counsell for their re∣leefe.
• * 1.30

  Furning the enemies coun∣trey to make shew of a great Armie.
• * 1.31

  Fiue mile.
• * 1.32

  The siege rai∣sed.
• * 1.33

  Xenophon ouer∣taketh the Arcadians.
• * 1.34

  They ioyne in marching.
• * 1.35

  There are two Thraces, one in Europ••, the o∣ther in Asia. In European Thrace standeth Constantinople, in the other was the Hauen of Calpe.

  The barbarous cruelty of the Thra••tans.

  A description of Calpe.
• * 1.36

  40 yards.
• * 1.37

  400 foot.
• * 1.38

  The Hauen.
• * 1.39

  Two mile and a halfe.
• * 1.40

  The quality of the Grecians that followed this warre.
• * 1.41

  A decree not to separate their Forces hereafter.
• * 1.42

  The death of Cherisophus.
• * 1.43

  A meanes to still suspicion.
• * 1.44

  Neons rashnesse.
• * 1.45

  And ill successe.
• * 1.46

  Pharnabazus Lieutenant in Phrygia to the King of Persia.
• * 1.47

  A difference of age in Souldi∣ers.
• * 1.48

  The enemy beats in the Grecian guards.
• * 1.49

  Fortification of the Campe.
• * 1.50

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.51

  The Grecians issue out of the Campe.
• * 1.52

  They bury the dead. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.53

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.54

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.55

  Two mile well∣neere.
• * 1.56

  Seconds.
• * 1.57

  Ordering of the seconds. 100. Foot, that is, 20 paces Geometricall.
• * 1.58

  A doubt to en∣ter a wood.
• * 1.59

  Xenophons reso∣lution.
• * 1.60

  Passing a Wood.
• * 1.61

  The Grecians moue against the enemy.
• * 1.62

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The demea∣ning of their pikes.

  Their Peltasts repulsed.
• * 1.63

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. A charge.
• * 1.64

  A second charge.
• * 1.65

  Chace giuen by the Peltasts.
• * 1.66

  7 mile and a halfe.
• * 1.67

  Cleander Go∣uernour of Byzance, now Con∣stantinople.
• * 1.68

  Dexippus his fraud and wrong.
• * 1.69

  He laieth hold vpon a Soul∣dier.

  Rescous of the Souldier.
• * 1.70

  Cleanders feare and threat∣ning.
• * 1.71

  Agasias.
• * 1.72

  The Souldiers contemne Cle∣ander.

  Xenophons spee••h to the contrary.
• * 1.73

  The Souldier rescued, and the rescuer yeelded vp to Cleander.
• * 1.74

  Agasias in his owne defence.
• * 1.75

  Exceptions against Dexip∣pus.
• * 1.76

  Violence not to be vsed.
• * 1.77

  Intercession of the Armie for the prisoners.
• * 1.78

  Cleander relea∣seth the priso∣ners.
• * 1.79

  Accepteth the place of Gene∣rall.
• * 1.80

  The sacrifice gaine say it.