The historie of Xenophon containing the ascent of Cyrus into the higher countries. VVherein is described the admirable iourney of ten thousand Grecians from Asia the Lesse into the territories of Babylon, and their retrait from thence into Greece, notwithstanding the opposition of all their enemies. Whereunto is added a comparison of the Roman manner of warres with this of our time, out of Iustus Lipsius. Translated by Ioh. Bingham.

THE FIFTH BOOKE OF THE HISTORIE OF XENOPHON, TOVCHING THE Ascent of CYRVS the younger, out of Asia the Lesse, into the Higher COVNTREYS. (Book 5)

IT is formerly discoursed, what the Grecians did in ascending with Cyrus vp to the higher Countries, and in their returne as farre as the Euxine Sea, and how they came downe to Trapezond a Grecian Citie, and sacrificed (according to their Vowes made for their safe returne) as soone as they came to a Countrey that was friend. Afterward meeting together, they consulted about the remnant of their march homeward. Antileon the Thurian was the first that stood vp, and he spake in this man∣ner:

I, my companions, haue hitherto wearied my selfe in trussing vp baggage, in going and running and bearing Armes, and keeping order in marching, in guarding, and in fighting. Now, seeing we are come to the Sea, my desire is, laying these trauels aside, to saile forth the rem∣nant of my iourney, and as Vlysses did, lying downe, and stretching my lims out at full length, to sleepe till we come into Greece.* 1.1

The Souldiers hearing his words gaue an applause, as if he had spoken well; and after∣wards another, and almost all, that were present, repeated the same words in generall. Then Cherisophus stood vp and said:

Anaxibius, that hath the command of the Nauie, is my very good friend. Wherefore,* 1.2 if you send me to him, I shall returne, as I conceiue, with Gallies and Ships sufficient for your transportation; your selues, since you are resolued to goe by Sea, stay here, till you heare of me againe. I will returne as soone as I can. The Souldiers hearing this, were exceeding ioyfull, and decreed that he should presently take his iourney. After him Xenophon stood vp, and spoke to this effect: Cherisophus is sent away, and we must

remaine here till he returneth. I will therefore aduise with you, what will be our best course,* 1.3 till he returnes. For neither is our market plen∣tifull enough, nor yet haue we wherewith to buy, excepting only a few, and the Countrey is enemy, and we in danger to lose many Souldiers, if to bring in prouision, we straggle out of our Campe carelesly, and with∣out guard. Therefore mine opinion is, that it will be expedient for vs to make incursions into the Countrey, to the end to furnish our selues with things needfull, but not to wander abroad negligently, left you come in danger; and these things I would haue left vnto our care. It was so decreed. You may, if you please, heare besides, what I am further to say: Some of you, no doubt, will goe out to bring in prey. I hold it therefore best,* 1.4 that whosoeuer is disposed to issue forth, signifie so much vnto vs, and withall whither he purposeth to goe, that we may see both how many issue out, and how many remaine at home, & also make our selues readie for all euents, and that if it be needfull to giue aide, we may know, whither to addresse our selues. And that if any, that haue no great experience, vndertake an enterprise, the matter be referred to our deliberation, to the end we may enquire, of what power and strength they are,* 1.5 against whom the enterprise is intended. These things also were so decreed. I pray thinke vpon this likewise, quoth he, that because we haue taken away the enemies riches, they also will do, what they can, to prey vpon vs, and vpon any fit occasion lie in wait, and seeke to en∣trap vs;* 1.6 I thinke it therefore meet to put out Sentinells round about our Campe. For if we diuide our selues into small parties, and so guard and scout, it will not be so easie for them to hunt vs. Furthermore, conside∣ration must be had of this: If we were assured, that Cherisophus would returne, bringing sufficient shipping with him, it would be needlesse to speake that, which I am about to speake; but seeing his returne is vn∣certaine, I am of opinion, that we ought here also to make prouision of shipping.* 1.7 For if he returne, and there chance here to be more ships, than we need, we shall saile away with greater ease. But if he bring none, then may we vse them, which we haue prouided here. For I see ships often times passing by. If then requesting long ships of the Trapezuntines, we take these passengers, and keepe them, laying aside their Ruthers, till the number arise great enough for our purpose, it may be, we shall not faile of such a transportation, as we desire. These things were also decreed. You may be pleased also to consider, whether it be not reason vpon common cost to maintaine such, as we shall finde in the ships, so long, as they shall remaine here through our occasion, and to giue them wages, that as they profit vs, so also they may profit themselues by vs. This was in like manner decreed. I conceiue further, quoth he, if shipping sufficient faile, it will be expedient for vs, to command the Cities of the Sea-coast to make the wayes, by which we are to passe, plaine and euen, (for they are reported to be rough,* 1.8 and hard to march in) and I make no question, but they will easily assent, both because they are in feare, as also because they would gladly be rid of vs.

Here the Souldiers cried out,

that there was no cause to speake of preparing the wayes. Xenophon mar∣king their indiscretion, made no decree hereof, but perswaded the neigh∣bour Cities to make the passages readie, alledging they would sooner be gone, if the waies were prepared. They had also a ship of fiftie owers from the Trapezuntians, ouer which they appointed Captaine Dexippus, who dwelt not farre from Lacedemon.* 1.9 He not much regarding the pro∣uision of shipping, sailed away, and fled out of Pontus with the ship. Af∣terward, notwithstanding he suffered iust punishment, being put to death by Nicander the Lacedemonian, for seeking to raise a commotion in Thrace against Seuthes. They had besides a ship of thirtie owers ouer which they made Captaine Polycrates the Athenian. Who when he tooke any ships, brought them to the Campe, where the merchandise was ta∣ken out, and keepers set to preserue it safe for the owners. The ships themselues were retained for the iourney. Whilest these things were do∣ing, the Grecians went abroad to seeke the prey of the Countrey, and some of them sped, other some missed of their purpose.* 1.10 Cle••netus lea∣ding forth his owne and another Company to a place rough and dange∣rous, was slaine himselfe, and many other with him. When there was no more prouision to be got within such a distance, as that the Souldiers going out a foraging, might returne to the Campe the same day, Xeno∣phon taking guides from the Trapezuntians, led out halfe the army, into the Countrey of the Drylans, the other halfe he left to guard the Campe.* 1.11 For the Colchans, being driuen from their owne houses, were many in number, and sat downe on the top of the hills. The Trapez••••tians gui∣ded them not to the place, where prouision might easily be made, be∣cause that part of the Country was their friends; but against the Drylans, from whom they had suffered hostility, against a mountainous country, & hard to passe thorow, the inhabitants whereof are accounted the most warlike people of all, that liue in Pontus. After the Grecians were come into the high countrey, the Drylans setting afire all the holds, that see∣med easie to be forced, went their waies; neither was any thing found in the country, but a hog, or an oxe, or some such other cattel, as escaped the fire. There was a Fort, that was called their mother Citie, or Metropolis,* 1.12 whither they all fled. Round about it was a hollow bottome strongly deepe, and the accesse to the Fort was hard. The Peltasts speeding on some fiue or six furlongs before the armed, passing the bottome, and espying there many sheepe and other riches, went on against the Fort; and were seconded by many Speare-men,* 1.13 that followed to make proui∣sion for the Campe; So that the number of those that passed ouer the bottome, was more, than two thousand men. When they could not force the place (for there was a deepe di••ch cast about it, and sharpe stakes fixed on the ascent of the rampier, and many woodden Towers raised) they began to make their retreat, and the enemy fell out vpon them. Now when they could not well retire (for the descent from the Fort to the bottome,* 1.14 was capable of no more than of one man at once) they sent to Xenophon, who led the Targetiers. The messenger said, that the

Fort was replenished with much riches, but they could neither take it, by reason of the strength thereof, nor yet come off without danger, be∣cause the enemy was fallen out, and fought with them, and the place, thorow which they were to come off, was narrow. Xenophon, when he heard this, leading on to the brinke of the hollow bottome, comman∣ded the armed to lay downe their armes:* 1.15 Himselfe passing ouer with the Captaines, aduised, whether it were better to bring off those, that were already in the Fort, or to passe ouer the armed also, which he led, to try if the Fort might be won: For the Captaines held, that the retreat could not be made without the losse of many, and that the Fort was not impregnable; to whose opinion Xenophon assented, the rather because of the sacrifice. For the soothsayers signified, that they must vndergoe a fight, but the issue would be good, and such as was to be desired. There∣fore he sent backe the Captaines to bring ouer the armed; himselfe re∣mained behinde, and gathering together the Peltasts suffered none to send a missiue weapon at the enemy. After the armed were come vp, hee willed the Captaines to order their Companies, euery one, as they thought fittest for fight. For the Captaines stood neere together, betwixt whom there was alwaies an emulation about manhood and seruice. The Captaines did accordingly; and Xenophon gaue commandement to all the Peltasts to goe with their fingers inserted into the thongs of their darts, and the Archers with their arrowes nocked, and the light-armed,* 1.16 with their leather bags full of stones, that they might be readie when a signe was giuen; and he chose out fit men to see these things exe∣cuted. When all were in readinesse, and the Captaines, and Lieutenants, and they, that accounted themselues nothing inferiour to them, had ta∣ken their places, and looked one vpon another (for it was a gallant sight, to behold the army standing so imbattelled in the field) they be∣gan the Paan, the trumpet sounded, the army gaue a shout, and the ar∣med ran on with all speed. Now the missiue weapons began to flie at all hands, darts, arrowes, bullets and stones out of slings, and many stones from hands.* 1.17 There were also that threw fire. The enemy oppressed with multitude of missiue weapons, forsooke both the Rampier and the Tow∣ers; so that Agasias the Stymphalian, and Philoxenus the Pelenian, laying downe their weapons,* 1.18 ascended the Rampier in their coats alone, and one drawing and helping vp another, and many entring the Fort seemed now to be taken, and the Peltasts and light-armed ranging vp and downe, fell a spoiling all they could. Xenophon stood at the gate keeping out the armed. For there appeared other enemies vpon some strong heights of the mountaines. Not long after a cry arose within, and the Grecians fled, some with things taken in the Fort, some being wounded, and the throng about the gate was great. Those, that ran out of the gates, being asked what the matter was, said, There was a Citadell within, and a multitude of enemies which fell out, and charged the light-armed, and Peltasts. Wherupon Xenophon proclaimed by T••lmides the crier, that who∣soeuer would haue his part in the prey of the Fort, should enter. Many

therefore entred, and beat backe those, that salied out, and again shut vp the enemy into the Citadell. The Grecians spoiled and carried away all,* 1.19 that was found without the Citadell. But the armed laid downe their armes partly by the Rampier, partly at the way that led to the Citadell. Xenophon and the Captaines in the meane time cast their eies about to re∣solue, whether the Citadell were possible to be taken, or not. For so all should be safe, otherwise the retreat must needes be full of danger. After they had viewed it, they held it impregnable.* 1.20 Thereupon they put themselues in order for retreat, and euerie man pulled vp the stakes of the Rampier as they came in his way. The vnseruiceable were sent out with the prey, and most of the Armed, euerie Captaine retaining on∣ly such, as he trusted. Assoone as they began to retreat a multitude of enemies armed with wicker Targets, and Speares, and Greeues and Paph∣lagonian head-peeces salied out of the Citadell.* 1.21 Many other climed vp on the Houses which stood on either side the street, that led to the Cita∣dell; whereby it grew dangerous to giue chace toward the Gates of the Citadell. For they threw downe mightie Timber logs from aboue, and made it vnsafe either to stand still, or goe off; and the night approching brought terror with it. Fighting in this sort, and irresolued what to doe, some God gaue a meanes of safetie. For suddainly a House on the right hand, it was vnknowne by whose kindling, burst out into a flame.* 1.22 The House no sooner fell, but the enemies, that were gotten vp to the Houses on the right hand shifted away. When Xenophon saw this worke of For∣tune, he commanded the Houses on the left hand to be likewise fired; which being made of Wood caught fire quickly, whereby the enemie forsooke the Houses on that side also, and the Armie was annoied only by those in Front, who, doubtlesse were like to fall vpon the Reare, in their retreat and departure. Here Xenophon gaue order, that all,* 1.23 who were without the reach of missiue weapons, should bring Wood, and lay it betwixt the enemie and them, and when the store was sufficient, it was set on fire. The Houses were also fired, that stood next the Rampier of the Towne ditch, that the enemie might be busied on all sides. So by the helpe of fire betwixt the enemie, and them, they made a hard retreat. With this fire were consumed the whole Citie, the Houses, Turrets, Rampier, and all things else, except the Citadell. The next day the Gre∣cians hauing gained sufficient prouision retired toward their Campe: but because they feared the way, that led toward Trapezond, as being steepe and narrow, they laid a false ambush. There was in the Campe a Mysian by nation and name,* 1.24 who taking vnto him foure or fiue Cretans remained in a wooddy plat of ground, making semblance to the enemie, as though he meant to hide himselfe. Their Targets being of Brasse cast glimmering light here and there thorow the Wood, which the enemie descrying feared as much, as if it had been a true ambush. In the meane time the Armie was descended into good ground, and the Mysian, think∣ing they had now gained way enough, gaue the word to his companions euerie man to shift away amaine, and immediatly he & his consorts fled.

The Cretans forsaking the ordinarie way (for they said the enemie might out-run them and take them prisoners) and conueying themselues into Woods, and tumbling downe thorow steepe and rough Forrests, came safe to the Armie: but the Mysian flying in the ordinarie way, cried out for succour. He was rescued & brought away wounded, and the Souldi∣ers, that rescued him, retired by little and little, casting Darts, hauing also amongst them a few Cretans, who shot at the enemie. So they came all safe to the Campe. When neither Cherisophus returned, and no more prouision was to be found for the Campe, they decreed to proceed on their iourney,* 1.25 and put on ship-board the sicke, and those that were aboue fortie yeeres of age, and children, and women, and vessels vnnecessary for the iourney; and shipping likewise Philesius and Sophonetus the eldest of the Coronels, they committed the charge of all to them. The rest went on by Land. The way was prepared and made plaine and euen; and in three daies march they reached as farre as Cerasunt a Grecian Citie standing vpon the Sea, being a Colonie of the Sinopeans situate in the Colchian Countrey. Here they remained ten dayes, and tooke a muster of Armes and of the number of their people, and found 8600 men. So many were left of the 10000 or thereabouts, that ascended with Cyrus into Persia; the rest were consumed by the enemies hand and by Snow, and some by sicknesse. Here also they diuided the money, that arose out of the sale of Captiues,* 1.26 and the Coronels tooke into their hands the tenth part, which was seuered as an offering to be made to Apollo, and Diana of Ephesus▪ euerie one keeping and preseruing a share for the gods. Neon the Asinean was appointed to receiue the portion, which should haue been deliuered to Cherisophus.* 1.27 Xenophon therefore making readie the offering for Apollo, bestowed and hallowed it in the treasurie of the Athenians at Delphos, and inscribed thereon both his owne name, and the name of Proxenus the Baeotian, who was put to death with Clear∣chus. For Proxenus was Xenophons Host. The offring for Diana of Ephe∣sus, because himselfe was like to incurre hazard at such time, as he depar∣ted out of Asia toward Baeotia with Agesila••s;* 1.28 he left with Megabyzus Dia∣naes Priest, and willed him in case himselfe escaped the danger, to make restitution to his owne hands; if he miscaried, to consecrate it to Diana, and bestow it in such sort, as in his opinion should be most acceptable to the goddesse. But af••erward, when Xenophon was banished his country, and dwelled now at Scylunt,* 1.29 which Towne was built by the Lacedemoni∣ans neere to Olympia, Megabyzus came to Olympia to see the Games, and restored to Xenophon the money left in his custodie: and Xenophon recei∣uing it bought a portion of Land for the goddesse in a place designed by Apollo, thorow which the Riuer Sellenus runneth. At Ephesus also there runneth a Riuer Sellenus hard by Dianaes Temple, and either of these Riuers nourisheth both other fish,* 1.30 & fish with shels. But in the Scyluntine portion of Land there are beasts of all sorts fit to be hunted. He built a temple also, and an altar with the consecrated mony; and from thence∣forth gathering alwaies the tenth of the fruits growing on the

land, he offered sacrifice to Diana; and all the Citizens and neere-dwel∣lers, as well men, as women, are partakers of the feast. The goddesse al∣loweth them that come, meale, bread, wine, and iunkets, and a portion of the flesh of those beasts, which are either taken from the consecrated ground, and sacrificed, or else killed in hunting. The sonnes of Xeno∣pho••, and of other Citizens exercise the hunting against the time of the feast; and other men also hunt with them, such as are desirous of the sport. There are taken partly out of the Holy-land, partly out of Phaloe, wilde Boares, Goats, and Red-deere. The place lieth in the way, as you goe from Lacedemon to Olympia, distant about twentie Furlongs from the Temple of Olympian Iupiter. There are in the consecrated ground, groues and mountaines stored with trees sufficient to nourish hogs, and goats, and sheepe, and horses; so that the carriage-beasts of such, as come to the feast, are largely prouided for. About the Temple it selfe there is a groue of fruit-trees of all kindes, that are fit to be eaten, after they wax ripe. The Temple it selfe, as much, as a little one may resemble a great, is like to the Ephesian Temple, and the Image made of Cypres, like to the golden Image at Ephesus. By the Temple is a pillar erected & inscribed with these words: The ground consecrated to Diana. He that hath the pos∣session and vse of it, let him pay the tenth of euery yeares increase, and with the ouer-plus repaire and maintaine the Temple. In case he neglect this, the goddesse will take order for her owne. From Cerasunt they, that were before shipped, held on their course by Sea, the rest made forward by land. When they were come to the borders of the Mosynecans, they sent vnto them Timosithe••s a Trapez••••t••••e (who was their guest) to de∣mand,* 1.31 whether they should passe thorow their countrey, as friends, or as enemies. They trusting to the strength of their countrey, answered; It would be all one to them, which they did. Timositheos after this answer returned, gaue the Grecians to vnderstand, that there were other Mosyne∣cans dwelling further off, that were enemies to those, whereupon it was thought good to send vnto them to see, if they would enter into fellow∣ship of warre with the Greci••••s. Timositheos being sent, returned, bringing with him the chiefe Magistrates. After their arriuall,* 1.32 they and the Grecian Coronels assembled together, & Xenophon began in this manner, Timosi∣theos being his Interpreter.

We, ô Mosynecans, because we want ship∣ping, are desirous to passe into Greece on foot. They who hinder vs, as we vnderstand, are your enemies. You haue now an opportunitie pre∣sented vnto you, if you lift to imbrace it, by entring into societie of war with vs, to be reuenged of them for all the wrong, they haue any time here••ofore done you, and to make them henceforth your vassals. If you at this present let vs passe by without taking the opportunitie, consider with your selues if euer hereafter, you are like to haue the like forces ioine with you in league. The chiefe Magistrate of the Mosyn••cans an∣swered▪ he was desirous to effect the proposition, and to ioyne in society of warre with the Greci••••••. Goe to then, quoth Xenophon, wherein will yo•• imploy vs, if we become your conf••derates? and you, what aide can

you giue vs to further our passage?

They replied, We are of strength enough to enter our common enemies countrey on the further side, and to send you shipping and men, both to assist you in the field, and to be guides of your iourney. Vpon this taking and giuing assurance they de∣parted. The next day they came with 300 boats, euery boat made of one peece of wood.* 1.33 In each boat were three men, of whom two landing laid downe their armes in order, one remained behinde in the boat; And they which remained in the boats sailed away straightwaies, the other staied behinde, and embattelled themselues in this manner: They stood a hundred deepe,* 1.34 like as the stage-dancers are wont, filing them∣selues one opposite to the other, hauing all Wicker Targets couered with white hayrie oxe-hydes, the Targets in forme like to an Iuie leafe. In the right hand each man held a dart of about six cubits long, armed with a head before, the stele being round. They had coats, that coue∣red their knees,* 1.35 & were as thicke as a hempen cord, that you binde a co∣uerlet withall. Vpō their heads they had leather head-peeces like to them, which the Paphlagonians weare,* 1.36 in the middest whereof ariseth a Cone resembling the forme of a Tyara. They bore iron hatchets besides. After this one of them beginning, all the rest sung and marched forward by measure, and passing through the rankes and armes of the Grecians, forthwith aduanced against the enemy toward a Fort, which seemed ea∣sie to be won. It lay before the Citie, which is called the Metropolis, or mother Citie, and is held in chiefe estimation amongst the Mosynecans, and for it they warred one against another. For they, who enioyed it, had their feet vpon the neckes of the other Mosynecans. They said, that the present possessours had no right nor lawfull possession, but being common to all, they had done wrong in entring & detaining it to them∣selues alone. Some of the Grecians also followed them, not by order or appointment of the Coronels, but in greedinesse of pillage. The enemy held himselfe coy a while, but when he saw them neere the Fort, he salli∣ed out, and putting them to flight killed a great number of the Barbari∣ans, and some of the Grecians, thatascended with them; and followed the chace, till he might see the army of the Grecians ready to come to reskue. Then turning about he retired; and cutting off the heads of those, that were slaine, shewed them to the Grecians, and to their enemies, and with∣all danced, singing a kinde of measure. The Grecians were much grieued, that by this action the enemy was emboldned, and that the Grecians in good number were seene to flie, which they neuer did before in all this iourney. But Xenophon calling the Souldiers together, spake vnto them in this sort:

Be not dismayed, (O Souldiers) with that, which is happe∣ned. The good of it is as great, as the euill. For first of all you now know certainly, that those, that shall be our guides, are enemies to them, vnto whom of necessitie we must be enemies. Then those Grecians, that see∣med to contemne our order▪ and thinking themselues to be able to ••o as much with the Barbarians▪ as with vs, feele the smart of their owne folly, & will hardly hereafter be brought to leaue our company. But you must

prepare your selues to shew the Barbarians your friends, that you are bet∣ter men, than they, and to let the enemy know, that they haue at this pre∣sent to do with another sort of people, than with those, who fought dis∣orderly with them of late.

This day therefore they rested. The next day after they had sacrificed, and the sacrifice portended good fortune, they dined, and ordering their companies in file,* 1.37 and placing the Barbarians on the left hand, they aduanced against the enemy, hauing the Archers be∣twixt the companies▪ that were in file, somwhat more backward than the front of the armed. For some of the light-armed of the enemy ran forth, and cast stones; which quickly were repressed by our Archers & Peltasts. The rest aduanced leisurely first toward the Fort, from which the day before the Barbarians and Grecians were put to flight. For there the ene∣mie stood embattelled, and made head against the Grecians. And first they fought and made good the place against the Peltasts, but when the armed approached, immediatly they turned their backs. The Peltasts followed with speed, giuing chace vpward toward the mother City or Metropo∣lis, the armed moued forward in order. When they were come vp to the houses of the Metropolis, the enemies ioyned and fought all together, and threw darts: and hauing thicke and long pikes, such as a man could hardly weild, with those they endeuoured to defend themselues hand to hand. When the Grecians gaue no ground, but ioyntly pushed forward, the Barbarians fled, and all of them forsooke the Fort.* 1.38 Their King that was in a woodden Tower built in the Citadell (whom in common they nourish, as long as he remaineth there, and guardeth the place) sought not to escape away, nor they that were in the Fort before taken in, but were burnt together with the woodden houses. The Grecians rifling and spoyling the place,* 1.39 found in the houses treasures of bread heaped and hoorded vp, as the Mosynecans reported, the last yeare, according to the manner of the countrey. The new corne with the straw lay by it selfe, the most part whereof was eared. There was found also peeces of Dol∣phins salted, and laid vp in vessels, and also the fat of Dolphins,* 1.40 which the Mosynecans vse as the Grecians doe oyle, and many and great chestnuts in garrets, which haue no manner of cleft in them. They boyle these, and vse them in stead of bread. Wine was found likewise, which being vn∣mingled seemed sharpe by reason of the sowrenesse, being mingled it had a good sauour, and was pleasant in taste. The Grecians hauing dined here marched forward deliuering vp the City to the Mosynecans their confe∣derates. Of other Forts belonging to the enemy, which they passed by, some of the weaker sort were forsaken, other some willingly yeelded, and gaue themselues into the Grecians hands. The most part of them are of this kinde.* 1.41 They stand distant one from another 80 furlongs more or lesse. When the country people cry out one to another, they heare it from City to City by reason of the height and hollownesse of the coun∣trey. After they were come to the borders of their confederate Mosyne∣cans, they shewed them boyes (rich mens children) that were fed and fatted with sodden Chestnuts, which boyes were exceeding tender and

white, and not much lesse in bredth than in length, hauing their backs various, and all the foreparts rased and marked with diuers formes of flowers. They sought also openly to vse the whores, which the Grecians brought with them: For that is their manner. All both men and women are white of complexion.* 1.42 They that were in this iourney, held the coun∣trey more barbarous, and more differing from the Grecian rites of liuing, than all the rest they passed thorow. For they doe openly and before a multitude, that which other men doe, and dare not doe but in priuate; and being alone they demeane themselues, as if they were in company. They speake to themselues, laugh to themselues, and dance, whereso∣euer they become, as though they sought to please other mens eyes. Thorow this countrey both friend and enemy the Grecians marched in eight encampings, and came to the Chalybes. These are a people but few in number, and in subiection to the Mosynecans, and liue the most part of them vpon iron works.* 1.43 From thence they passed to the Tibarenes, whose countrey is more champaine, and hath Forts situate by the Sea side, that are not very strong. The Coronels resolued to fall vpon this countrey, to the end to gaine some riches for the Army. Therefore they tooke not the hospital gifts which the Tibarens sent, but bade them stay till they had taken counsell by the sacrifice which they offred. After they had offred many, at last all the Soothsayers told them plaine, that the gods allowed not of the warre. Therefore they accepted the gifts of hospitality, and marching as thorow a countrey, that was friend, they came to Cotyora, a Grecian Citie, a colony of the Synopaeans, situate in the Tibaren territory. Thus far the Armie marched on foot.* 1.44 The length of the descent of the way from the place in the Babylonian territory, where the battell was fought, to Cotyora, was 122 encampings, 620 Parasangs, 10820 furlongs: of the time eight moneths. They staied at Cotyora 45 dayes. During this abode they first sacrificed to the gods, and then made shewes euery one according to the manner of his countrey, and proposed games of exer∣cise, and tooke their prouision partly out of Paphlagonia, partly out of the territory of the Cotyorites. For they neither exhibited a market, nor receiued the sicke within their gates. About this time came Ambassadors from the Sinopaeans, fearing the danger that might befall the Cotyorites, both in regard of their City (for it was theirs, and paid them tribute) and of their territory, which as they heard was spoiled; and comming into the Campe,* 1.45 they spake thus by the mouth of Hecatonymus, who was their Spokesman, and reputed a good Orator.

The City of Sinopis (ô Souldiers) hath sent vs vnto you, partly commending you, that being Grecians you haue ouercome the Barbarians, partly to congratulate with you,* 1.46 that you are returned safe out of so many perils and dangers, as we are informed you haue beene in: But we that are Grecians desire of you, that are also Grecians, that your comming may bee profitable and not preiudicial vnto vs, considering to this day we neuer did you any wrong. These Cotyorites are our Colonie, and we are the men that conquered their Territory from the Barbarians, and gaue it to them to inhabite and

manure. For which cause they pay vs a tribute imposed vpon them, as doe likewise the Cerasuntians and Trapezuntians; so that what wrong soeuer you doe them, we imagine we suffer it our selues. We heare then, that entring into the City by force some of you quarter in the houses, other take what they thinke good, out of the Country against the owners wills. If you hold on this course, we shall be forced to craue aid of Cory∣las and the Paphlagonians against you, and of any else that we can make our friends.* 1.47 Here Xenophon standing vp spake thus in the behalfe of the Souldiers: We (ô Sinopaeans) are come into these quarters ioyfull and glad, that out of so many perils we haue preserued our liues and armes. For to bring away spoile enriching our selues, and withall to fight with the enemy, was impossible. And now after we came to Grecian Cities, in Trapezund, wee bought such things, as we stood in need of (for they gaue vs a Market) and whereas they honoured vs, and sent vs gifts of hospitality, we did our best to honour them, and not only abstained from the Barbarians, that were their friends, but also harried and wasted to the vttermost of our power, those Barbarians, against whom they led vs. They whom the City sent in friendship with vs, as Guides, are present here, aske them, I pray, how we behaued our selues toward them. But whithersoeuer we come, and haue no Market either in the Territorie of Barbarians or Grecians, we take things necessary, not out of insolency, but forced by necessitie. We accounted the Carduchans, Chaldeans, and Taochans enemies (albeit no Subiects to the King, and yet men to be fea∣red) because they gaue vs no Market, and we could not want needfull prouision. The Macrons, albeit Barbarians, in regard they furnished vs such a Market, as they could, we dealt friendly with, and tooke nothing from them by force. If the Cotyorites, who you say are yours, haue not the like friendship, they may thanke themselues: For they behaued them∣selues not as friends vnto vs, but shutting their gates, neither receiued vs into their City, nor yet gaue vs a Market without. The cause hereof they lay vpon your Gouernour. But where you say, that we entred, and now lodge in the City by force, the truth is, we requested them to receiue our sicke men into their houses. When they opened not the Gates, we, offe∣ring no other violence, entred there, where they would haue kept vs out. The sicke men lodge indeed in their houses, but yet they liue of their owne without charging their Hosts a penny. And wee set guards vpon the Gates, left our sicke men should haply be at the mer∣cy of your Gouernours, and not in our power to take to vs, when we are disposed. The rest of vs, as you see, are orderly encamped in the Field, readie to gratifie thos•• that deser••e well at our hands, and to defend our selues against such, a•• offer vs iniurie. But where you threatned, that you would make Corylas and the Paphlagonians your friends to ioine with you against vs, Know, that if we must needs▪ we care not to warre against you bot•• (for we haue alreadie ••ought with ••umbers farre exceeding yours) but, if we list, we can as well gaine the friendship of Corylas and the Paphlagonians, as you. For ••e are giuen to vnderstand, that he

would faine become owner of your Citie, and of the Fortresses ioining to the Sea. We can then by furthering his desire, make him our friend.

After these words the fellow Embassadors of Hecatonymus declared, that they were thoroughly agrieued, with that, which Hecatonymus had spo∣ken, and one of them stepping forth said:

We come not to denounce warre, but to shew, we are your friends; and we will honour you with gifts of hospitalitie, if you please to come to the Sinopaean Citie. For the present we will enioine our people here to furnish you with what they are able, because we see, all is true, which you haue spoken.

Afte•• this the Cotyorites sent gifts of hospitalitie,* 1.48 and the Grecian Coronels entertai∣ned the Sinopaean Embassadors with feasts and bankets, and they confer∣red about many things with all friendship and good liking; and sought to informe themselues in other things, but principally in the remainder of their iourney, and in such matter, as concerned them both. This was the end of that day. The next day the Coronels called the Souldiers together,* 1.49 and it was thought expedient to consult in the presence of the Si••opaeans about the rest of the way into Greece. For if they were to set forward on foot, the Sinopaeans seemed to be good guides (for they had much experience of Paphlagonia) if by Sea, they might stand them in stead, seeming alone able to furnish out shipping enough for the whole Armie. Calling therefore the Embassadors vnto them, they consulted together and praied them being Grecians to assist them being also Grecians with their best affections, and aduice. Then Hecatonymus standing vp =excused himselfe in that, he spoke concerning the making of the Paphla∣gonian friend, and added it was not his meaning to make warre against the Grecians, but albeit it were in their power to enter into friendship with the Barbarians, yet would they in loue prefer, and much more esteeme the respect of the Grecians. When he was required to deliuer his opinion, after he had made his praier to the gods, he begun in this sort:

If I shall aduise you that, which my minde persw••deth me to be best and fittest for you, I pray the gods I may haue many good and pros∣perous fortunes: If otherwise, let the contrarie befall me. For I take this, if any other, to be of that kind of counsell, which is accounted holy: and if I shall now giue you good aduice, many of you will loue and commend me; if ill, as many will detest and curse me. This then I am assured of, if you iourney by Sea, the trouble will be ours, in regard that we must furnish you out shipping. If you hold on by Land, you your selues are the men, that must make way with your Swords. I will not∣withstanding deliuer those things, which lie in my knowledge. For I am well acquainted with the Countrey of Paphlago••ia, and w••th their For∣ces. Both this and that Countrey haue large Plaines and high Moun∣taines, and I know the way which you must of necessitie hold, and to say truth there is no other way then to passe along, where the Mountaines on both hands lift vp them••elues with huge and ex••••eding lo••tie hor••es▪ which a few men hauing taken and possessed▪ may ••••••ily maintaine, nei∣ther is there any multi••ud•• so great, that can dislodge them, or gaine the

passage. This will I make manifest to any, whomsoeuer you shall be pleased to send with me. From hence there follow large Champaignes, and the inhabitants are furnished with such a power of Horse, as the Bar∣barians themselues esteeme to be better, then all that serue the King: and albeit the King sent for them, yet they absolutely refused to goe, their Gouernour carying too loftie a minde to be vnder any other mans com∣mand. But admit you can by stealth and preuention gaine the Moun∣taines, and likewise beat their Horse and Foot, which are in number aboue twelue Myriades, yet are you to passe ouer Riuers:* 1.50 First Thermo∣d•••••• a Riuer of three Plethers in bredth,* 1.51 which I conceiue you will hardly get ouer, especially a multitude of enemies opposing against you on the further side, and many likewise pursuing you behinde. The second Iris of three Plethers of bredth likewise.* 1.52 The third Halis two Furlongs broad, which cannot be passed without shipping,* 1.53 and who will furnish you with Ships? I may say the same of Parthenius, to which you must come, after you are ouer Halis. For my part therefore, I say not, that the iourney will be hard, but I say, it will be altogether impossible. But if you take your selues to Sea, you may without difficultie saile hence to Sinope, and from thence to Heraclea. From Heraclea you may goe on easily enough either by Land or Sea. For there is sufficient shipping at Heraclea. After he had thus discoursed, some suspected, that his speech tended to gratifie and retaine the frienship of Corylas (for he was his Guest) other, that he did it in hope to gaine reward for his counsell; some other, that he so discoursed, because he feared lest the Sinopaean Countrey should sustaine losse and spoile, if the Armie continued their march by Land.

The Grecians decreed to hold on their iourney by Sea.* 1.54 This conclusion being made, Xenophon said:

You see (ô Sinopaeans) that the Armie is readie to hold the way, which you aduise them to Yet must you vnderstand thus much, that we are so determined to take Sea, if we shall finde such sufficiencie of shipping, that not one of vs shall need to be left behinde. But in case some of vs be to saile, other to re∣maine here, assure your selues, we will not goe, nor stirre a foot from he••ce. For this we all know, wheresoeuer we shall be the stron∣ger, we shall be both able to saue our selues from danger, and to command such things as shall be needfull for vs. Where we are found the weaker, our condition will be no better, then if we were Slaues.

When the Embassadours heard this, they aduised them to send Embassadours to the Sinopaean••; and they sent Call••machus the Arcadian, Aristo the Athenian, and Samolas the Achaian. So they tooke their iourney. Now at this time, when Xanophon considered 〈◊〉〈◊〉 himselfe, and saw, that there were present in Pontus many armed Grecian••, many Peltasts, many Archers and Slingers, and Horse, all of them very sufficient, by reason of their long vse in armes, and that the like power could not be raised with a small expence▪* 1.55 he esteemed it a thing honourable to adde so much territorie and power vnto Greece, by pl••••ting a Colonie there. The Colonie he imagined would be great,

when he weighed in his minde, their owne multitude, and the number of the inhabitants of Pontus round about. Hereupon calling to him Sila∣nus the Ambraciote, who had beene Cyrus his Diuiner, he asked counsell of the gods by sacrifice, before he acquainted the Souldiers with the matter. Silanus fearing the sequell hereof, and that the army might hap∣pily remaine there, spread abroad in the army, that Xenophon had in pur∣pose to stay them, and to build a Citie, and to purchase himselfe a name, and great power and gouernment. Silanus himselfe was desirous to re∣turne into Greece with all speed. For he kept by him vnspent the 3000 Daricks,* 1.56 which Cyrus gaue him, when sacrificing hee foretold the ten daies, before the end of which no battell should be offered by the King. When the Souldiers heard hereof, some were of opinion, it was good to stay, other of the contrary. Timasion the Dardanian, and Thorax the Baeo∣tian told certaine Heraclean and Sinopaean Merchants, which were in the Campe, that vnlesse they gaue pay to the Souldiers, to prouide things necessary for Nauigation, it would be danger, lest so great forces should remaine in Pontus. For this is Xenophons aduice, quoth they, and he ex∣horteth vs as soone, as shipping comes, to say to the army out of hand: We see you now (ô Souldiers) destitute both of meanes to prouide for Nauigation, and also to buy and carry with you, any thing to gratifie your friends at home. But if it please you to make choice to inhabite some part of the country, that lieth here round about in Pontus, and giue free liberty to any man, that is disposed, either to depart to his owne countrey, or to remaine here, shipping is readie now, and at your deuo∣tion, and you may on the sudden fall vpon what part you are resolued. The Merchants hearing this, made report to their Cities. Timasion the Dardanian dispatched away with them, Erimachus the Dardanian, & Tho∣rax the Boeotian, to signifie as much by word of mouth. As soone as the message was deliuered, the Sinopaeans and Heracleots sent immediately to Timasion to spare for no money, but at what price soeuer to bring to passe, that the army might ship it selfe and saile away from thence. He willingly heard their answer, and after spake thus in the assembly of the Souldiers.* 1.57

There is no reason (fellow Souldiers) to harken to any stay here, nor to preferre any thing before your returne into Greece. I vnder∣stand, there are some, that aske counsell of the gods about this businesse, and yet neuer make you acquainted with it. But if you will heare me, and after the new Moone be pleased to saile away from hence, I promise to giue euery one of you a Cyzicene the moneth, and will bring you to Tro∣as,* 1.58 from whence I am banished; and my countrey will, no question, giue you good entertainment, being glad of my returne; and I will bring you thither, where you shall haue good store of spoile; For I know Ae••is, and Phrigia, and Troas, and all Pharnabazus his gouernment; the last, be∣cause it is the place of my birth; the other, because I haue serued there vnder Clearchus and Dorcyllidas. Then Thorax the Baotian (who euer con∣tended with Xenophon about the Coronels place) stood vp presently, and said: That if they were disposed to goe out of Pontu••, they might 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in

Chero••esus, a faire and rich countrey; in which he that would,* 1.59 might stay and inhabit, he that was otherwise minded might returne home. But it was ridiculous, seeing there was land enough and plentifull to be had in Greece, to seeke to nestle and plant themselues amongst the Barbarians. And in the meane time, while you come there, I, quoth he, as Timasion hath done, doe promise you pay.

Thus he spake, not being ignorant, what had passed betwixt Timasion and the Heracleots and Sino∣p••ans concerning taking ship, and sayling out of the Countrey. All this while Xenophon held his peace. Then two Achaeans, Philesius and Lyc•• standing vp, said:

It was not to be suffered, that Xenophon had both pri∣uately perswaded the army to stay there,* 1.60 and without their knowledge asked counsell of the gods about their stay, and now, when the matter came in publike question, was mute, and would say nothing. Hereupon Xenophon was enforced to stand vp, and speake thus;* 1.61 I for my part (O Souldiers) as you see, aske counsell of the gods as often, as I can, both concerning you, and concerning my selfe, that I may speake, aduise, and doe that, which may be most for your and mine owne honour and pro∣fit. And now I haue sacrificed about this very businesse, to know, whe∣ther it would proue better for me to speake to you, and to enter into it, or altogether to forbeare, and not meddle withall. Silanus the sooth∣sayer answered me, that the inwards, which is the matter of most impor∣tance, were faire (for he knew, that by reason of my continuall vsance to be at sacrifice, I my selfe was not vnskilfull therein:) But he added, that a deceit and ambush against me, might well be discouered in the sa∣crifice: for he knew very well his owne resolution to accuse me to you. And hee gaue out in the Campe, that I aduised with my selfe to effect these things without your consent. For my part, if I saw you in want, the scope of my thoughts should be, to bring to passe, that after you had ta∣ken one Citie or other, he that was disposed might presently saile away, he that was otherwise minded might remaine here, till he had prouided some matter of profit for his friends. But now since the Heracleots & Si∣nopaeans will both send you shipping, & there are, that haue promised you pay after the new Moone, I hold it a thing of no small moment, that you haue meanes to bring you in safety to the place you desire, and withall to receiue pay for your iourney. And not onely I my selfe desist from my former opinion, but also tell them, who come to me otherwise-minded, it will be better, if they also change theirs. For being many to∣gether, as now we are, you will be both honoured and esteemed of all, and besides want no furniture of things needfull; because in your strength will be included power also of possessing the riches of him, that is weaker than your selues. But if you diuide your selues, you will neither be able to make prouision of victuall, nor yet depart hence in the safety you desire. So that I am of your opinion to continue our iourney toward Greece. And in case any man remaine behinde, or forsake the Armie before it be wholly in safety, I hold him worthy to be punished as an offender. Whosoeuer is of this opinion, let him lift vp his hand.

All held vp their hands. Silanus hereupon cried out, and went about to perswade, that euery man of right ought to haue liberty to depart at his pleasure. But the Souldiers would not heare him, nay they threatned, if he were taken shifting away, he should pay for it soundly. Afterward, when the Heracleots vnderstood that the Armie was resolued to saile away, and that Xenophon had agreed thereto, they sent shipping, but the money that they promised to Timasion and Thorax for pay, they sent not. From that time forward, they who promised this money, were much perplexed, and began to stand in feare of the Armie. And taking to them the other Coronels, in the number of whom were all, but Neo the Asinite, Cherisophus his Lieutenant (for Cherisophus was absent) and communi∣cating with them, what they had negotiated, they came to Xenophon, and told him they repented of their former opinion, and now they thought it best for the Armie to saile to Phasis, and to take into their hands the Phasian territorie. The sonne of Aeetas reigned ouer the Phasians at that time. Xenophon answered, he would propound no such thing to the Ar∣mie: you, if you please, may call an assembly, and make the motion your selues. Timasion the Dardanian deliuered then his opinion, which was not to call an assembly of the Armie, but euery Coronell to deale with his Captaines, and to seeke to perswade them seuerally to be of that opi∣nion. So they parted, and laboured to put this resolution in practise. In the meane time it came to the Souldiers eares, and Neo gaue out, that Xe∣nophon hauing drawne the other Coronels to his party, plotted how to deceiue the Armie, and bring them backe againe to Phasis. The Souldi∣ers tooke it in very ill part, & gathered together, and stood in rounds, and it was to be feared, they would do as they did before to the messengers of the Cholcans, and to them that had the ouerseeing of the prouision of the Market, of whom they stoned all, that escaped not to the Sea. When Xenophon perceiued it, he thought it fit to warne a publike meeting with all speed, and not to suffer them to come together of themselues; and he commanded the Cryer to summon the assembly. No sooner heard they the Cryer, but they came together with all speed. Here Xenophon accused not the Coronels in that they came vnto him, but spake in this manner:

I heare (O Souldiers) that there is a man who accuseth me, and giueth out, that I seeke to deceiue you, and bring you backe againe to Phasis. Heare me therefore for Gods sake; and if I shall seeme to wrong you, my selfe will hold my selfe vnworthy to depart hence, be∣fore I suffer punishment for my deserts. But if you finde them, that slander me, to be in the wrong, vse them I pray you, as you shall thinke they deserue. You know, I make no question, in what quarter of heauen the Sunne ariseth, and where he setteth, and that in case a man were to goe into Greece, he is to iourney Westward; if backe againe to the Bar∣barians, toward the East. Can any man then deceiue you, as though the Sunne should arise and set in a contrary quarter of heauen? Besides, we see that the North wind carieth vs out of Pontus into Greece, the South inward toward Phasis. And it is a common speech amongst you: The

North wind bloweth, we haue now a faire passage into Greece. If then a man sought to deceiue you, he were to put you a boord, when the wind bloweth South. Yea but I meane to ship you, when it is calme. Well then, shall not I saile in one ship, you in a hundred at least? How can I then either compell you against your will, or lead you on by decei∣uing you? But say you were beguiled and bewitched by me, and so brought to Phasis. We shall then land there, and you will easily perceiue, that you are not in Greece, and I shall be but one man, that deceiued you, you neere 10000 that are deceiued, and all in Armes. How then can any one man cast himselfe into more certaine danger, then by such coun∣sell about himselfe and about you? But these are the speeches of ••oolish men, and of such as enuie me, because I am honoured by you. And yet they enuie me without cause. For which of them doe I hinder either to speake, if he can, that which is for your good, or to fight for you, if he be disposed, or to watch and be carefull for your safetie? Doe I oppose against any man in the election of Commanders? Nay, I giue way to all; on Gods name command he that will; only let him doe that which shall tend to your good. I haue spoken enough concerning these things. If any of you thinke, that either himselfe or other are deceiued by these words of mine, let him come forth, and shew wherein. Now because you haue heard enough hereof, depart not hence, I pray, till you be partakers of a matter, which I see is begun in the Armie already, and i•• it creepe fur∣ther, and shall be found such, as is reported, it will be time for vs to take aduice concerning our selues, that we seeme not the vilest and most execrable creatures that euer were, both towards the gods, and towards men, and towards our confederates, and towards our enemies, and at last grow into an vniuersall contempt of all men.

The Souldiers hearing this, wondred what it might be, and bid him tell it out plainly. Then he began againe:

You remember that in the Barbarian mountaines there were certaine Villages allied in friendship with the Cerasuntians, from which mountains there were that descended, and sold vs beasts for sacri∣fice, and such other things as they had. I thinke some of you also went to the neerest of those Villages to buy necessaries, and afterward retur∣ned to the Campe. Clearatur•• a Captaine of ours, vnderstanding that one of the Villages was small, and vnguarded, because it was reputed to be comprehended within our League, acquainting none of vs with his p••••pose, went against it in the night, thinking to make boot of it. His resolution was, in case he surprized the Village, no more to retu••••e to the Armie, but entring the ship, in which his companions ran along the shore, and putting into it, what he had rifled, to saile away and get him out of Pontus. His companions and he, as I now vnderstand, were re∣solued vpo•• this point. Assembling therefore such, as he had brought to his lure, he led them against the Village. The day preuented his march, and the inhabitants flocking together, and sending missiue wea∣pons, & striking and wounding from the higher ground, slew Clearatus, and many other. Some of the Souldiers got to Cerasunt. These things

fell out the same day we marched hither on foot. Some of those, that came in the ship, were yet at Cerasunt, not ioyned with their compani∣ons. After this, as the Cerasuntines report, there came from the same Village three ancient men, which desired to haue accesse to vs in gene∣rall. When they found vs not there, they told the Cerasuntines, they wondred much what we meant, to come in that manner against them. The Cerasuntines answered, it was not the fact of the whole Armie. They were glad thereof, and said they would come to vs by ship, and informe vs how things were caried, and giue libertie to such as would, to burie the dead. Some of the Grecians, that saued themselues by flight, were yet at Cerasunt, and perceiuing whither the Barbarians intended to goe, were so bold, as not only to cast stones at them themselues, but incited other to doe the like. So the men died, being three in number, Ambassa∣dors stoned to death. After this fact the Cerasuntines came vnto vs, and certified vs of all that had hapned; and we the Coronels hearing it, were much grieued, and aduised with the Cerasuntines, how the dead bodies of the Grecians might be buried; and sitting without the place of Armes, we heard vpon the sudden a great vprore and cry, Strike, strike, throw, throw; and by and by we might see a great number run∣ning together, some hauing stones in their hands, other some stooping to take vp stones. The Cerasuntines, which saw what was done in their Citie, for feare fled to their ships. There were also amongst vs, which were not without feare. I went out and asked, what the matter meant. Some knew nothing, and yet had stones in their hands. At last I hit vp∣on one that knew, who told me that the Commissaries for victuall had infinitely abused the Armie. In this meane time one had spied Zelarchus, a Commissarie, going toward the Sea, and presently cast out a great cry. The other as soone as they heard it, ran against him, as if a wilde Boare, or Hart had presented himselfe. The Cerasuntines, when they saw them runne, imagining they were bent against them, tooke th••mselues to their heeles and tumbled into the Sea. Many Grecians did the like, and as many as could not swim, were drowned. Now what thinke you of these men? None of them committed any offence, but feared that a madnesse had fallen vpon vs, as it vseth vpon dogs. If therefore these things shall be so caried, see in what case our Armie will be. First, the whole body will not be Masters to make warre or peace with whom they thinke meet, but euery priuate man that will, may leade an Armie whither and against whom he list. Then in case Ambassadors come to vs for peace, or for ought else, they that will, may by killing them, debarre you from hea∣ring what message they bring. Besides, what respect can your Comman∣ders haue amongst you, when whosoeuer chooseth himselfe Coronell, and list to say, Throw▪ throw, shall be able to put to death, whom hee pleaseth, Commanders or priuate men, and that vncondemned, especi∣ally hauing followers to execute his commands, as it now came to passe? Further consider, I pray, what these Coronels of their owne choice haue done for you. Zelarchus the Commissarie, if he haue wronged

you, is by shipping escaped without punishment; if he haue not wron∣ged you, he is fled from the Armie fearing he should suffer death iniuri∣ously, and without sentence or iudgement. And the stoners of the Am∣bassadors what haue they done? Forsooth they haue brought to passe, that you alone of all Grecians can haue no safe being at Cerasunt, vnlesse you come thither by force. As for the dead bodies, which heretofore were offred to buriall by those that slew them, now we cannot safely bu∣rie them with a Herald. For who will goe as a Herald,* 1.62 that hath him∣selfe beene murderer of Ambassadors? Yet haue we desired the Cerasun∣tines to haue a care of their buriall. You your selues be Iudges, whether these things be sufferable or no, lest in the middest of these villanies euery man be driuen to prouide a guard for his owne securitie, and seeke to seat his tent in high and safe places. But if you conceiue that such facts, are the facts of wilde beasts, and not of men, take into your considera∣tion, how they may be remedied. Otherwise how shall we with a good heart sacrifice to the gods, when we commit such impieties? or fight with our enemies, when we kill our selues? or what Citie, as friend, will receiue vs, when they see such lewdnesse in our conuersation? or who dares furnish vs with prouision, when we are found in such horrible crimes? If we hope for praise, who will praise vs, that carry our selues in this manner? This I am assured of, if any other should runne into the like behauiour, you your selues would be the first, that should condemne them as wicked and detestable men.

After this all standing vp said with one consent, that the authors of these facts were to be punished, and that order was to be taken to preuent the like offences in future time, and whosoeuer committed them, was to be adiudged to death; and that the Coronels should appoint Iudges, who should haue authoritie to call in question all offences since the death of Cyrus. The Captaines were cho∣sen to be Iudges.* 1.63 The Armie also was hallowed by the admonition of Xenophon, and by the aduice of the Soothsayers. It was further decreed, that the Coronels might be called to account for the time past; and be∣ing called to account, Philesius and Xanticles were condemned, for pur∣loyning twenty pound of the money arising out o•• the custome of sh••ps: Sophenetus, because being chosen to that office, he refused to execute it, was condemned in ten pound: Some charged Xenophon that he had bea∣ten them, and brought as it were an action of iniury against him. Xenophon standing vp bid the first accuser tell, where he was beaten. He answered, there, where we almost died for cold, and where there was abundance of Snow. Xenophon said, if the Winter were such, as you affirme, and victuals ••ailed & wine was so scant, that we could not refresh our selues so much as with the smell thereof, and many fainted vnder their trauell, & the ene∣mie was at our heeles, if in such a season I iniuried you, I confesse, I was more wanton then an Asse, who, as they say, by reason of their wanton¦nesse are neuer wearie. Yet, I pray tell me, vpon what occasion were you beaten? whether did I aske you any thing, and because you gaue it not, did I beat you, or required I againe any thing of mine owne, that

you had? or fought with you about loue matters? or did I abuse you, when I was in Wine? None of all these, quoth he. Xenophon asked againe whether he were one of the Armed. No, quoth he. Are you one of the Peltasts? Neither, quoth he, but being a free-man borne, I droue a Mule by the appointment of my Camerades. Xenophon here remembred him and said: Are you he, that caried the sicke man? The same, quoth he, for you forced me to doe it, and to cast away the baggage of my Came∣rades. This casting away, quoth Xenophon, was in this manner. I gaue it to other to carie, and after to restore it to me; and receiuing it safe, as∣soone as you shewed me the sicke man, I restored it to you againe. Heare, I pray, how the matter stood, for it is worth the hearing. There was a Souldier left behind, being not able to continue his march: I knowing the man to be of our companie, compelled you to carie him, lest he should perish. For, as I remember, the enemie followed vs close; He confessed all this to be true. Therefore when I sent you before, comming vp with the Reare, did I not finde you digging of a pit, as though you meant to burie the man? and did not I commend you therefore? But when the Souldier bowed his legge in all our presences, did not all cry out, He liues? and when you spoke at your pleasure, and flatly denied to carie him, I beat you, I confesse; for it appeared, you knew, he was not dead. What then, quoth he, did he not die▪ after I shewed him to you? For we must all die, quoth Xenophon, must we therefore be throwne into a hole aliue? Here the whole assembly cried, that the man was not beaten enough. Then he desired some other to stand vp and declare the cause, why he was beaten. When no man arose, Xenophon spake thus:

I confesse (ô Souldiers) I strooke many for forsaking their Ranks. It may suffice them, that they owe their safetie to you, who alwaies marched, and when need was, fought in order. They forsooth would be in better case than you, and leauing their place run before to harrie and spoile at their pleasure. If all had done the like, we had all been lost and cast away long ere this. I must confesse, I once beat one and forced him to march, who for slouth would not stand vp, but would needs betray himselfe to the enemie. For on a time after I my selfe had in the extremitie of Win∣ter a good while set me downe on the ground▪ staying for some, that had not trussed vp their baggage, I found my selfe scarce able to rise, scarce able to stretch out my legs. Taking therefore herein experience of my selfe, I no sooner perceiued other men to squat downe, and giue them∣selues to slouth, but I forced them to arise, and to march on. For I p••••∣ceiued, that motion and manly stirring engend••ed war••••h, and nimble∣nesse in the ioints, where sitting still on the other side, and quietnesse congealed the blood, and endangered the toes to rot off, which many of you know to be true by experience in your selues. Another that res••••d on the ground and loitered behinde, and both hindered you of the V••••••, and vs of the Reare to march on, I strooke with my fist, l••••t the ene••••e should haue strooken him with his Speare. Now they are in sa••et••e they may call me to answer for any thing, wherein I haue wronged

them. But if they had fallen into the enemies hands, what remedie could they haue had of their sufferings, were they neuer so grieuous? My speech is simple. For if I haue punished any for his owne good, I desire to vndergoe the same sentence, that Fathers should for their Children, Masters for their Schollers. Physitians also both burne, and cut, for the health of their Patients. But if you conceiue, that all these things pro∣ceeded from me out of a wanton humour, consider, I pray, that, by the helpe of the gods, I dare doe more now than at that time, and that I drinke more Wine now, than I did then. For I see, you are now in faire weather; but when there is a storme, and the Sea goeth high, marke you not that the Master of the Ship in the Prowe, the steeres-man in the Poupe are angry with the passengers for the lest stirring in the world? For small errors at that time ouerthrow all. But your selues also deemed, that in beating these men, I swarued not from right. For you stood not with Beanes, but with weapons in your hands,* 1.64 and it was in you to haue succoured them, if you had thought good. But you neither succoured, nor with me punished any man for forsaking his Ranke, and by suffering them to be disobedient, you gaue the greater power to their misdemea∣nours. For I thinke, if you shall be pleased to make a true estimate, you shall finde the same men to haue been then the most disorderly, and now the most deboshed. Boiscus the Baeotian wrestler striued then, all he could, vnder pretence of sicknesse, not to carie his Target: Now, as I vnderstand, he hath robbed many of the Cotyorites. Therefore, if you be wise, you will deale with him after another manner, than they doe with Dogges. Dogges, that are curst, men vse to tie vp in the day, and let loose in the night: Him it were not amisse to let loose in the day, and to shut vp in the night. But, that which I most wonder at, is, that you remember and passe not ouer with silence any thing be it neuer so small, wherein I seeme to haue giuen you offence. If I haue succoured any man against cold, or saued him from the enemie, or releeued him in sick∣nesse, or in want, no man once remembreth it. And if I haue commen∣ded any man for a thing well done, or according to my abilitie honoured him for his valour, neither doe you remember that. And yet it is honest and iust, and holy, and pleasant, that remembrance be had rather of that which is good, than of the bad.

After this the assembly broke vp, and repeated in minde, what had passed, and all things came to a faire end.

Finis Libri Quinti.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Their resolu∣tion to goe by Sea.
• * 1.2

  The Lacedemo∣nian Admirall.
• * 1.3

  Safe forraging.
• * 1.4

  Notice whi∣ther.
• * 1.5

  In what place.
• * 1.6

  Sētinels about the Campe.
• * 1.7

  Prouision of shipping.
• * 1.8

  Reparation of Wayes.
• * 1.9

  Dexippus a run∣away.
• * 1.10

  Miscarrying of carelesse for∣ragers.
• * 1.11

  The Drylans.
• * 1.12

  A Fort of the Drylans.
• * 1.13

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.14

  Rashnesse to aduance fur∣ther than a man may well come off.
• * 1.15

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.16

  Commande∣ment is no∣thing without execution.
• * 1.17

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.18

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.19

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Act. c. 9. v. 40.
• * 1.20

  The manner of the retreat.
• * 1.21

  Fight in a street.
• * 1.22

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Fire to fauour a retreat.
• * 1.23

  A meanes to retreat.
• * 1.24

  A false ambush.
• * 1.25

  They continue their iourney by Land.
• * 1.26

  Tythes amōngst the Gentiles.
• * 1.27

  Xenophon care∣ful to discharge the trust repo∣sed in him.
• * 1.28

  For this depar∣ture, see Xenop. in vita Agesilai. 657. & Hist. Graec. lib. 4.513. B.
• * 1.29

  Scylunt.
• * 1.30

  The land con∣se••rated to Diana.
• * 1.31

  The Mosyne∣cans.
• * 1.32

  Aide against a common ene∣mie.
• * 1.33

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.34

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The order and armes of the Mosynecans.
• * 1.35

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.36

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.37

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.38

  The Fort ta∣ken.
• * 1.39

  Bread a yeare old.
• * 1.40

  Fat of Dolphins Chesnuts.
• * 1.41

  10 English mile.
• * 1.42

  The barba∣rousnesse of the Mosynaecans.
• * 1.43

  The Tibarenes.
• * 1.44

  The retreat of the Grecians was 1352 mile and a halfe to Cotyora.
• * 1.45

  Embassage of the Sinopaeans.
• * 1.46

  Accuseth the Grecians of wrong.
• * 1.47

  The defence of Xenophon.
• * 1.48

  Cotyora a City.
• * 1.49

  Consultation about the re∣mainder of then iourney.
• * 1.50

  120000.
• * 1.51

  3••0 Foot.
• * 1.52

  300 Foot.
• * 1.53

  1200 Foot.
• * 1.54

  Resolution to goe by Sea.
• * 1.55

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Intention of planting a Colonie.
• * 1.56

  A Daricke, a peece of mony with Darius image vpon it: the value of the peece 13. s. A slight of those of the contrary opi∣nion.
• * 1.57

  Timasions speech, that desired to goe to his owne countrey.
• * 1.58

  A Cyzicen•• is 18. s.
• * 1.59

  Thorax the Bo••otian.
• * 1.60

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.61

  Xenophons speech.
• * 1.62

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.63

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.64

  Beanes they vsed for voices to absolue or condemne in many Cities.