The historie of Xenophon containing the ascent of Cyrus into the higher countries. VVherein is described the admirable iourney of ten thousand Grecians from Asia the Lesse into the territories of Babylon, and their retrait from thence into Greece, notwithstanding the opposition of all their enemies. Whereunto is added a comparison of the Roman manner of warres with this of our time, out of Iustus Lipsius. Translated by Ioh. Bingham.

THE THIRD BOOKE OF THE HISTORIE OF XENOPHON, TOVCHING THE Ascent of CYRVS the younger, out of Asia the Lesse, into the Higher COVNTREYS. (Book 3)

WHat was done by the Grecians in their Ascent with Cyrus, vntill the battell fought, and what befell them after the death of Cyrus returning homeward in the companie of Tissaphernes according to the truce, is declared in the for∣mer discourse. After the Coronels were ap∣prehended, and as many of the Captaines and Souldiers, as followed them, slaine, the Grecians were forced into great streights and perpiexitie, especially when they considered, that they were at the Kings Gates, and round about them both Nations and Cities enemie, and from thenceforward no man would store them with prouision, and that their distance from Greece was more than 10000 Furlongs,* 1.1 that they had no guide of the way, that their returne was shut vp betwixt vnpassable Ri∣uers, and were betraied also by those Barbarians, that ascended vp with Cyrus, and left alone, hauing not so much as a Hors-man on their side, so that it was manifest, that albeit they gained the victorie, they should not be able to slay an enemie; in case they were beaten, no one of them should remaine aliue; weighing these things in their mindes,* 1.2 and thereby being full of griefe, few of them tasted Food that euening, few kindled Fires, and not many tooke Armes the whole night; and euerie man laid himselfe downe to rest, there, where he chanced to stand, being vnable to sleepe for sorrow, and for desire of his Countrey, Parents, Wife, and Children, which he made account neuer to see againe. In this distresse they reposed themselues.* 1.3 There was in the Armie one Xenophon an Athenian, who followed the Campe, being neither Coronell, nor Cap∣taine, nor Souldier, but was sent for from home by Proxenus,* 1.4 that was his

guest of old. He promised Xenophon, if he would take the paines to come, to make Cyrus his friend, who as he esteemed would be more to be prised of him, than his owne Countrey. Xenophon reading the Letter conferred with Socrates the Athenian about the iourney;* 1.5 and Socrates misdoub∣ting, that to be Cyrus his friend, would turne him to displeasure with the Citie (because Cyrus seemed to ioine willingly in warre with the Lacede∣monians against Athens) aduised Xenophon to repaire to Delphos and aske counsell of the god concerning his iourney.* 1.6 Xenophon therefore going thither, demanded of Apollo, to which of the gods he should offer praiers and sacrifice, that thereby he might prosper, and doe well, and be preser∣ued from all dangers in the iourney which he conceiued in his minde. Apollo answered, he should sacrifice to the gods, to whom he ought to sa∣crifice.* 1.7 After his returne to Athens, he communicated the Oracle with Socrates: who, when he heard it, blamed Xenophon, because he demanded not, whether it should be better for him to trauell or to stay at home, but (as though he had alreadie resolued to goe) demanded, how he might best accomplish his iourney. But seeing you haue propounded your question in this forme, quoth Socrates, you are to doe that, which the god commandeth you. Xenophon therefore sacrificing, as the god had commanded, tooke shipping and sailed away, and found Proxenus and Cyrus at Sardes (who were now readie to take their iourney vpward) and was forthwith presented to Cyrus. Proxenus earnestly requested him to stay; and Cyrus did the like; but added, that as soone as the Armie was dissolued, he would immediately giue him leaue to depart. The iourney was noised abroad to be against the Pisidians. Xenophon there∣fore followed the warre being thus deceiued not by Proxenus (for nei∣ther he, nor any other of the Grecians, except Clearchus, knew of Cyrus his intent against the King) but when the Armie came into Cilicia, there was no man so simple, but he easily perceiued, that they were led against the King. And albeit they feared the length of the way, and were vnwilling to proceed further, yet the most part in regard of mutuall respect one to another, and of the loue they bore to Cyrus, continued on the iourney: amongst whom Xenophon was one.* 1.8 And being now in this distresse, he was sorrowfull with the rest, but yet taking a little nap he fell into a dreame. It seemed to him, that in a thunder the bolt fell vpon his Fathers House,* 1.9 and that the whole House was therewith set on fire. Being af∣frighted, he started out of his sleepe, iudging that the dreame was good in part, because being in trauell and danger he saw a great light proceed from Iupiter: In part he feared it, because it seemed to come from Iupiter being a King, and to shine in a circle; imagining he should not be able to get out of the Kings Countrey, but be inuironed on all sides with some one distresse or other. Now what the signification and effect of such a dreame was, might be easily perceiued by the sequell. For it fell out, that, straight after that he awaked,* 1.10 he entred into this cogitation with himselfe: Why lie I here? The night passeth away; and it is likely that the enemie will fall vpon vs, as soone as the day appeareth. If we come into the

Kings hands, what shall hinder, that hauing first seene with our eyes all manner of scornes, and next felt all kinde of torments, we die not after∣wards a shamefull and villanous death? Now no man maketh prepa∣ration for defence, nor so much as once thinketh vpon it: but we lie still, as though we were in securitie. What Commander therefore doe I ex∣pect out of any other Citie to direct vs? Or what age doe I looke to attaine vnto? If to day I betray my selfe to the enemie, I shall neuer be an houre elder. Hereupon he presently arose,* 1.11 and first called together the Captaines of Proxenus his Regiment. Then he spake thus:

Worthy Captaines, the consideration of our estate will neither ••uffer me to sleep (which I thinke is you•• case as well as mine) nor yet to lie still and giue my selfe to rest. Our enemies, vntill they imagined they had brought their designes to a wished end, forbore to offer open hostilitie. Of vs on the other side there is no man that casteth in his minde, how we may best come to fight, and defend our selues against the enemie. For if we yeeld and subiect our selues vnto the Kings power, what hazard shall we not incur? He cut off the head and hand of Cyrus, and fastened them to the Gallowes, who was his Brother both by the same Father and Mo∣ther, and alreadie dead. We then, who haue here no kinred, who tooke vp armes against him, who sought to establish his seruant in his Throne, and to make away the King himselfe, if it lay in our power, we I say, what may not we expect to suffer? Will he not vse all meanes possible to lay vpon vs extremitie of punishment, thereby to strike a feare into other, that they presume not to warre against him? Surely we are to trie our vttermost endeuours, that we fall not into his hands. For my part I ceased not, euen while the truce endured, to be∣moane our case, and to esteeme the King, and such as followed him hap∣pie, seeing with mine eyes, how large and goodly a countrey they enioyed, what plentie of prouision, what a number of attendants, how many carriage-beasts, what quantitie of gold, and of apparell they pos∣sessed; and on the contrary side, comparing the condition of our army, that enioyed nothing of value, but what was bought with mony (which I knew but few had) & was debarred of other means of prouision, by rea∣son of their oath and agreement. Casting, I say, these things in my minde, I feared then the truce more, than I doe now the warre. And conside∣ring the enemy himselfe hath broken the truce, I thinke, that both their insolencie and our suspitions are come to an end. For now all the ad∣uantages, whereof I spake, are laid in the middest, as it were, betwixt vs both, as rewards for those, that shall behaue themselues most valiant∣ly. The gods are Iudges, and giue successe to battells, who in all reason will be on our side. Our enemies in forswearing themselues, haue bro∣ken their faith vnto them: We contrariwise, hauing many faire aduan∣tages offered vs, constantly forbore to take them for our oathes sake made to the gods. So that, me thinkes, we ought to goe forth to bat∣tell with much more courage and assurance, than they. Further, our bo∣dies are more able to endure cold, and heat, and labours, than theirs,

and, by the fauour of the gods, our mindes more noble. Besides, they will be more subiect to wounds, and death, than we, in case the gods (as they haue done heretofore) vouchsafe to giue vs victory. But it may be, that other men harbour these cogitations, as well as we. For the loue of God let vs not expect, that other come and encourage vs to be braue and resolute, but let vs begin to excite other to valiance. Shew your selues gallantest amongst Captaines and most fit to command amongst Coronels. My selfe, if you shall be pleased to leade me, will follow; if you appoint me a leader, will not excuse my selfe by want of yeares, but rather conceiue that youth may strengthen and preserue me from many mischances.* 1.12 Thus much he spake. All the Captaines hearing it, willed him to proceed, except one Apollonides, a man that clattered rudely in the Boeotian idiome. He said, they spake idlely, that sought to perswade, that there was any other hope of safetie, than in the Kings fauour, if it might be gained, and withall began to reckon vp the distresses, we were in. Xenophon in the meane time interrupting him replied: O strange man, that you are, who neither seeing know, nor hearing remember. You were present, when the King, proud of his victory, after the death of Cyrus sent vnto vs, commanding to deliuer vp our armes. When we refused, and marched forward in armes, and encamped close by him, what did he not to procure truce, sending Ambassadours, and deman∣ding cessation of hostilitie, and offering to furnish the army with proui∣sion. But after the Coronels and Captaines (as you now would haue vs) in confidence of the truce, went without armes to conferre with them; are they not now scourged, wounded, and scorned, and yet cannot die poore men, albeit, I perswade my selfe, they infinitely desire it? All this you see, and say notwithstanding, they speake idlely, that aduise to stand vpon our defence; and would haue vs to sue to the King anew to obtaine his fauour. For my part (Companions) I hold this fellow not on∣ly vnfit henceforward to be admitted into our societie, but also worthy to lose his Captaines place, and no otherwise to be employed, than as a carriage-beast; because in bearing this base minde, he both shames his countrey, and besides disparages the whole Grecian nation. Hereupon Agasias the Stymphalian replied: This fellow hath nothing in him at all, that sauours of Boeotia, or Greece. For I haue seene both his eares, which are boared thorow, like as are the Lydian slaues.

And indeed they were so.* 1.13 Therefore they droue him away. The rest going about the campe, where they found a Coronell aliue, called forth the Coronell, where he wanted, the Lieutenant Coronell, and where a Captaine was aliue, the Captaine. When all were assembled, they set downe before the place of Armes, and the Coronels and Captaines, that came together, were about a hundred in number.* 1.14 This fell out almost at midnight. Then Ierome the Elaean, the eldest Captaine of Pro••cenus his Regiment, began to speake after this sort:

We (worthy Coronels and Captaines) seeing the desperate estate of our present affaires, haue thought good, both to meet here our selues, and to call you together, to the end to aduise vpon some

good course of proceeding.

Xenophon, quoth he, I pray relate to the as∣sembly the things, which you deliuered vnto vs.* 1.15 Xenophon hereupon be∣gan thus:

We all know, that the King, and Tissaphernes haue laied hands vpon as many of vs, as they could, and that they lie in wait for the rest to cut them off. Therefore mine opinion is, that we leaue nothing vndone to auoid the snares of the Barbarians, nay rather to become their ma∣sters, if it be possible. And you cannot be ignorant likewise, that being so many, as you are here assembled, your demeanour will bring forth effects of great consequence. The eies of the whole army are cast vpon you. If they perceiue, that you faint in courage, you must expect the like from them. But if you appeare resolute against the enemy, and stirre vp the rest, and hearten them, you know well, they will follow, and en∣deuour to imitate your example. And doubtlesse it is reason, you should carrie brauer mindes than they; you are their Coronels,* 1.16 you their Taxiarchs, and Captaines. In time of peace, you enioy more wealth and honour, than they; and now in time of warre it behoueth you to sur∣mount the multitude, and as need shall require, to goe before them in counsell, and paines taking. For the present, first I thinke, you will much aduantage the Army, in making choice of new Coronels and Captaines in stead of them, that are lost. For without rulers nothing that is good or profitable can be administred (in a word) any where, but especially in matters of warre. For as good order seemeth to preserue, so disorder hath ouerthrowne and vndone many. After you haue appointed so ma∣ny Commanders, as are needfull, if then you call the Souldiers toge∣ther, and confirme their mindes, you shall not doe it out of season, as J thinke. Now you perceiue as well, as I, how heauily, and drowsily they goe to Armes, how drowsily to the Watch; In which case, as long, as they remaine, I know not, what vse may be had of them night or day. But if a man stirre vp their mindes, and represent, not only what they are to suffer, but to doe also, it will greatly enhance their courage. For you know, that it is neither multitude, nor strength, that giueth victory in warre, but which side soeuer goe (by the fauour of the gods) into the field with brauer and gallanter resolutions, they for the most part preuaile. It commeth besides into my minde, that whatsoeuer he be, that seeketh by all meanes he can to saue his life in warres, he commonly dies a vile and dishonourable death. But they which know, that death is common and vnavoidable to all men, and that striue to die with ho∣nour, I see them much sooner reach to old yeares, and spend the remain∣der of their life in happinesse. Which we should doe well to consider, especially in this hard time, and both our selues be couragious, and also excite other to valour, and forwardnesse. So much he spake, and held his peace. After him Cherisophus spake and said:* 1.17 Heretofore I knew you (Xenophon) thus farre, that you were reported to be an Athenian. Now I commend both your speech and actions, and could wish, we had many such, as you are. It would be a common good to all. It remaineth, that we slug not at this instant, but depart euery man to his quarter; and you

that want, choose your Commanders. When they are chosen, come and bring them into the middest of the campe, and present them vnto vs. Then will we assemble the rest of the Souldiers. And let Tolmides the Crier come likewise vnto vs.

Hauing thus said, he arose, because he would not hinder the dispatch of things needfull to be do••e. Then were the Coronels chosen:* 1.18 Timasion the Dardanian, in stead of Clearchus; in stead of Socrates, Xanticles the Achaean; Cleanor the Orchomenian, for Agias the Arcadian; Philesius the Achaean for Menon; and for Proxe∣nus,* 1.19 Xenophon the Athenian. The day almost appeared before the election ended, and the Commanders came to the middest of the Campe,* 1.20 and it was decreed, that a watch should be set before the Campe, and the Souldiers of the whole Armie called to the assem∣bly. When the rest of the Souldiers were come together, Cherisophus the Lacedemonian arose,* 1.21 and spake to this effect:

My companions in Armes, we are fallen into great straights, being bereaued of such Coro∣nels,* 1.22 Captaines, and Souldiers. Besides, the Armie of Ariaeus, which be∣fore were our confederates, hath betraied vs. Notwithstanding it be∣commeth valiant Souldiers to lift vp their heads, and to make way tho∣row these euils, and not to faint, but endeuour, as much as in vs lieth, to saue our selues by obtaining a noble victorie against the enemie, and if we faile thereof, to die an honorable death, and not to come aliue into their hands, lest we suffer such things, as, I pray God to turne vpon their owne heads. Next Cleanor the Orchomenian stood vp and said: You see (fellow Souldiers) the periurie and impietie of the King,* 1.23 you see like∣wise the falsenesse of Tissaphernes, who pretending he was a Neighbour to Greece, and that he would at any price be a meanes of our safetie, and hereupon himselfe giuing his Oath, himselfe his right hand, deceiuing vs himselfe, hath apprehended the Coronels, and not fearing Iupiter the protector of guests,* 1.24 inuiting Clearchus to his Table, and thereby circum∣uenting the rest, hath put them all to death. As for Ariaeus, whom we would haue made King of Persia, to whom we gaue, and from whom we tooke assurance by oath, not to betray one another, he also neither fearing gods, nor men, nor reuerencing Cyrus, that is dead (being most of all other, whilest he liued, respected and honoured by him) reuolting to his greatest enemies, goeth about to worke vs mischiefe, who were Cyrus his friends. But the gods will reuenge our wrongs vpon such men. It behoueth vs, hauing these things before our eyes, to be no more ouerreached by them, but with our Swords in hand, and fighting valiant∣ly, to expect, whatsoeuer it shall please the gods to lay vpon vs.

Then Xenophon stood vp, hauing apparelled himselfe as brauely, as he could, for the warre; conceiuing, if God gaue victorie, that the fairest furniture was most befitting victorie; if he should be slaine, it would not be amisse to end his daies in his best ornaments. He spake in this manner:

Cleanor hath discouered vnto you the periurie and faithlesnesse of the Barbarians,* 1.25 which, I thinke, is also well knowne to your selues. If therefore we pur∣pose againe to treate with them by way of friendship, we must needs

doe it with great distrust, setting before our sight the miserable case of the Coronels, who vpon trust permitted themselues to their hands. But if we seeke reuenge by Armes for that, wherein they haue wronged vs, and hereafter prosecute all manner of warre against them, we haue, by the fauour of the gods, many and faire hopes of safetie. Whilest he was speaking these words, one of the Souldiers neesed:* 1.26 which when the rest heard, all of them at one instant worshipped god: and Xenophon said; Seeing whilest we were speaking of safetie, a good foretoken of Iupiter the sauiour presented it selfe vnto vs, I hold it fit to make a vow to that god, that when we come into a Country, that is friend, we offer a health-offring vnto him; and sacrifice withall to other gods according to our abilitie. You, that are of the same minde, hold vp your hands. They held vp their hands euerie man, and made a vow, and sung the Paean. After all things appertaining to the worship of the gods were duly en∣ded, he thus began againe: I was euen now saying,* 1.27 that many and faire hopes of safetie presented themselues vnto vs. For first we haue perfor∣med our Oath••s, which we made before the gods, whereas our enemies, as periured persons, haue broken both the Truce and their Oathes. Which being so, there is no question but we shall finde the gods (who are of power sufficient both to humble the mightie, and on the suddaine to preserue the lowly, in what danger soeuer they be) aduersaries to our enemies, and assistants to vs. Next I will put you in remembrance of the noble acts of your ancestors, that you may know,* 1.28 it behooueth you by their example to be valiant, and that valiant men are by the gods preser∣ued from all dangers and distresse. For when the Persians and their alies came with a mightie Armie to destroy Athens, the Athenians being not afraid to meet them, fought with them and had the victorie. And ma∣king a vow to Diana, to offer vnto her so many Goats, as they killed enemies, when there were not so many to be found, they made a Decree to offer yeerely 500, which number they offer also at this present. Afterward when Xerxes, raising an Host without number, came against Greece, euen then also our Ancestors ouercame their Ancestors both by Sea and Land, whereof the Trophees erected are tokens. But the greatest testimonie is the freedome of the Cities, in which you were borne and bred. For you worship no man as Lord, but the gods alone, of such Ancestors are you descended. I speake not this, as though you degene∣rated from them. For many daies are not past, since ordering your selues in battell in the Field against these their posteritie, by the fauour of the gods you ouercame them being many more in number than your selues. And at that time you shewed your selues valiant to the end to make Cy∣rus King. Now when the fight is for your owne safetie,* 1.29 you ought to be much more forward and resolute. Besides you ought to be more con∣fident now than at that time; for then hauing had no triall of them, albeit you saw their number infinite, yet you durst charge them with braue Grecian mindes; now finding by experience that, though their number were neuer so great, yet they had not the heart to abide you;* 1.30

why should you be afraid of them? And let it not trouble you, that Cyrus Souldiers haue forsaken you, that before tooke your part. They are greater cowards, than the other, you haue alreadie bea∣ten. It is true, they haue left you, and are fled to them, and for my part, whosoeuer beginneth first to run, I had rather see them with the enemie, than on your side. But if any of you faint in minde, because the enemy hath many, you haue no horse, let him consi∣der,* 1.31 that ten thousand horse are no more than ten thousand men. For no man was euer slaine in battell by the biting or stroke of a horse. Men they are that performe, whatsoeuer is done in fight. As for vs, our mounting is much more firme, and stedfast, than theirs. They hang vpon their horse, and are not only in feare of vs, but to be shaken off also from their horses, and fall to the ground. We contrariwise haue sure footing, and shall be able with more assurednesse, to strike any man, that approcheth vs, & to direct our aime with more certainty. One aduantage the hors-men haue, that they may more securely run away, than we. But in case you feare not to fight, but mislike only that Tissa∣phernes will not be your guide,* 1.32 nor the King prepare a market for you, you shall doe well to consider, whether is better, to haue Tissaphernes your guide, who euery where seekes to entrap you, or to take guides of your owne choice, who if at any time they proue false, offend against their owne soules and bodies. As for prouision, whether is it better to buy a poore pittance for much mony (which now, being out of pay, will grow scant amongst vs) out of a market, which they shall furnish, or hauing the victory, to vse what measure euery man thinketh fittest for his owne turne. But if you know these things to be so, and feare notwith∣standing the passage of riuers,* 1.33 thinking it will be deceitful and dangerous for you, consider if the Barbarians haue not herein also notably plaid the fooles; For all riuers, albeit farre from their springs they haue hard passage, yet at their heads a man may go ouer without wetting his knees. But say we can neither passe the riuers nor finde guides, yet are we not to despaire. For we know the Mysians, whom we cannot esteeme bet∣ter, than our selues, inhabite many and great, and rich cities in the Kings territorie,* 1.34 and that in despight of the King. As much we know of the Pisidians. As for the Lycaonians, our selues haue seene, that hauing won many strong places in the Plaine, they doe at this day enioy the fruits of the Kings country. And I would thinke it fitting, that we also should make no semblance of returning home, but so demeane our selues, as though our purpose were to inhabite here. For I know the King would giue the Mysians many guides,* 1.35 and many hostages for assurance of their departure, and would open them a way, yea, if need were, send them away in Chariots. The like I assure my selfe, he would doe to vs most willingly, if he perceiued, we prepared our selues to seat here. But I feare, in case we once learne to liue idlely, and in plentie of all things, and grow into acquaintance with the faire and tall wiues and virgins of the Medes and Persians, left after the manner of the Lotophages, we forget

the way homeward to our owne countrey.* 1.36 Wherefore it seemeth vnto mee fit and reasonable, that we endeuour first to returne into Greece, to see our kindred and acquaintance, and to shew the Greci∣ans, that they willingly are poore, considering, they may, if they please, send the needier sort of their Citizens hither, where they may abound in all manner of riches and plentie. For whatsoeuer is good in the land it will be theirs, that win the victory. Now I will declare vnto you, how wee shall march with most securitie, and how, if need be, make our strongest fight. And first,* 1.37 I hold it necessarie to burne our Wagons, that our cariages be not our masters, and that we may haue full libertie to march, where it is fittest for the Armie. Then to burne our Tents, which it will be troublesome to carie them, and they profit nothing either to fight, or for prouision. Besides to leaue behind vs our vnnecessarie stuffe, and to take with vs only such as for warre, or for meat, or drinke we stand in need of, to the end that most of vs be in Armes, and as few, as may be, busie themselues with vnne∣cessarie cariage. For you know that they, which are ouercome, leaue all they haue to the spoile of others: being Conquerors, you must esteeme the enemies to be your cariers and purueiors. It remaineth to speake of that, which I take to be of most importance. For you see, that the ene∣mie durst not make open warre against vs, till they had laid hold vpon our Coronels, imagining, that so long as we had Coronels, and were obedient vnto them, we were able enough to goe thorow stich with the warre. After they had gotten our Coronels into their hands, they thought,* 1.38 they might easily ouerthrow vs through default of command and of order. It behoueth therefore the Commanders, that now are, to be more carefull, than the former Commanders, and the Souldiers to be more orderly and obedient, than before. And in case any man o••ey not, if you decree, that whosoeuer is present with the Commander, shall haue authoritie to cha••tise him, the enemie will be much deceiued in his hopes. For they shall see in stead of one Clearchus ten thousand, who will giue no man leaue to play the coward. But it is high time to make an end. For it may be the enemie will presently be here. Whatsoeuer then of these things, you shall allow, let it be dispatched out of hand. If any other man, albeit but a priuate Souldier, conceiue of a better course, let him speake. For we all in common stand in need of safetie. Then said Cherisophus: If ought else be needfull besides the things, that Xenophon hath mentioned, it may be done hereafter: Those things, he hath spoken of, it seemeth fit, they should be decreed. All, that are of the same opinion, let them hold vp their hands. They all held vp t••eir hands. Then Xenophon standing vp againe, proceeded further, and said: Fellow Souldiers, heare now what in mine opinion you are to expect. It is cleere that we are to march thither, where we may finde prouision. I heare there are good and plentifull Villages not aboue twentie Furlongs hence. I will not therefore maruaile, as fearfull Dogs are wont, to fol∣low and bite, if they can, such, as passe by, and to run away from those

that turne again vpon them,* 1.39 if the enemy do the like pursuing our Reare. But then I hold that our march will be the safer, if we cast our selues into a Plesium, that the baggage & loose multitude may be conueied in more securitie. If now therefore it be agreed vpon, who shall leade the Plesium and order the Front, who the Flankes, who the Reare, we shall not be driuen to consult, when the enemie approcheth, but only execute that, which is concluded. If any man can aduise vs better, let vs giue eare to him; if not, let Cherisophus haue the leading, because he is a Lacedemo∣nian, two of the eldest Coronels command the Flankes, I and Timasion, as the youngest, be in the Reare. And from hence forward, after we haue made triall of this forme, we will vpon all occasions take counsell, what is best to be done.

If any man can direct vs better, he hath libertie to speake. When no man spake against the motion, he said: They that allow of that, which is propounded, hold vp their hands. So it was de∣creed.

Now, quoth he, you are to depart, and put the decree in execu∣tion. And whosoeuer he be amongst you, that desireth to see his kins∣men and friends, let him remember to shew himselfe a man of valour. For otherwise there is no hope thereof: and he, that desireth life, let him endeuour to ouercome. The Conquerors haue power to slay, the con∣quered are to expect nought else, but death. And if he couet riches, vi∣ctorie must be the meanes to obtaine them. They that are Masters of the Field, are Masters of their owne, and of their fortunes also, whom they subdue.

Assoone, as these things were spoken, all arose and departing, set fire on the Carts, and Tents, and on the things, that might wel be spared. Some they parted with their friends, the rest they burned; and so went to break-fast. Whilest they were at break-fast, came Mithri∣dates with about thirtie Horses, and called out the Coronels to parley. He spake thus:* 1.40

I, ô Grecians, was (as you know) faithfull vnto Cyrus, as long as he liued, and now am a well-willer of yours, and therefore can∣not, but remaine in great perplexitie. If then I could see, you tooke any safe course, I would come vnto you my selfe, and bring my followers with me. Tell me then, I pray, what your purpose is, as to one, that is your friend, and wisheth you well, and resolued to proceed with you in the same iourney. The Coronels consulting together resolued vpon this answer, and Cherisophus deliuered it: Our purpose is, if we be not impeached, to returne home, and to passe thorow your Coun∣try endammaging it as little as may be: and if any man hinder vs, to open the way with our Swords.

Mithridates sought to perswade, that without the Kings will and pleasure,* 1.41 it was impossible to de∣part in safetie. Whereby wee vnderstood, there was no great trust to be reposed in him. Besides it was obserued, that one of Tissaphernes his familiar friends was in his Traine to see, what was done. And thereupon it seemed good to the Coronels to make a Decree,* 1.42 that hereafter no Messenger should be ad∣mitted from the Enemie as long, as wee were in the Coun∣trey. For with their entercourse they corrupted the Souldiers,

and corrupted one Captaine, to wit, Nicharchus an Arcadian, who in the night time fled to the enemie with about twentie men. When breakfast was ended, passing the riuer Zathe, we marched in good order,* 1.43 hauing placed the cariage, and loose multitude, in the middest of the battaile. We had not marched far, before Mithridates appeared againe, with 200 horse, and 400 archers and slingers, which were very nimble and light. He, as a friend, came close vp to the Grecians. Being neere, some of his horse and foot began vpon the sudden to shoot,* 1.44 other to sling, and so wound the Grecians. The reare of the Grecians were faine to endure all, yet could not annoy the enemy. For the Cretan bowe carieth not so farre, as the Persian; and the Cretan archers wearing no armes of defence, were glad to hide themselues within the body of the armed; and the darters were not able to reach the slingers of the enemy. Xeno∣pho•• therefore, hauing the reare,* 1.45 thought good to aduance and follow the enemy; and thereupon fell out with the armed and targetiers of the reare; but could not lay hand vpon any of them. For the Grecians had no horsemen, and their foot in so short a race could not ouertake the foot of the enemy, (which had the start so farre before) and it was not safe to giue chase farre from the body of the Phalange. Besides, the bar∣barian horsmen, as they fled, shot backward from their horse, and woun∣ded many that gaue chase. And as farre as the Grecians aduanced, so farre must they afterward retire, still maintaining the fight; so that the whole day they marched not aboue 25 furlongs, and yet by Sunne-set they came to the villages. There againe were they much discomforted, and Cherisopus and the eldest Coronels blamed Xenophon, in that he pur∣sued the enemie so farre from the Phalange, and put himselfe in danger, and yet no whit endangered the enemy. Xenophon hearing it, said, that they reprehended him not without cause, and that the action it selfe testified with them.

But I was forced, quoth he, to doe, as I did. For I saw, that standing still we were sore distressed, and not able reciprocally to offend the enemy. And when we fell out, it was, as you say. For gi∣uing chase we little hurt them, and yet retired with great difficultie. The gods be thanked therefore, that I went not out with many, but with a few. So that I did no great harme, and yet haue found out that, which we stand in need of. For now we see by triall, that the enemy shoots and slingeth further, than either the Cretans, or our Darters can reach; and when wee fall out after them,* 1.46 wee may not goe farre from the Phalange. If but a little way, let the Souldiers be neuer so nimble, he shall neuer be able to come vp to a foot-man, that is distant from him as farre, as a bowe can shoot. If therefore we will debarre them from annoying vs in our iourney, we must quickly prouide slingers and horse. I heare there are Rhodians in our Campe, of whom the most part are re∣ported to haue skill in slinging, and that their slings reach twice as farre,* 1.47 as the Persian slings. For the Persians vse stones, that fill the hand, and therefore sling not farre, the Rhodians leaden bullets. If therefore we inquire, which of them haue slings, and reward them; and deliuer to

other money to make new slings,* 1.48 and besides grant to them, that will serue in that kinde, some other immunities, it may be, we shall finde amongst them, that will be for our purpose. Besides I se•• horse in the Campe, some of mine owne, some left by Clearchus, and many, that haue beene taken from the enemy, and are now become cariage-beasts: If we make choice amongst these, and giue the owners cariage-beasts in exchange, and distribute the horse to horsemen, peraduenture they also will trouble these runners.

These things were decreed, and the same night 200 slingers, and the next day 50 horsemen were furnished out,* 1.49 to whom were giuen cassocks and curaces, and Lucius the sonne of Polystratus an Athenian was appointed their Captaine. The Grecians ta∣king their rest that day, and rising more early the next, marched forward. They were to passe a valley,* 1.50 in which they feared the enemy would charge them, and being now gotten to the other side of it, Mithridates appeared againe, leading with him 1000 horse, and 4000 archers and slingers. For being insolent, because in the former incounter he with a few came off without harme, and yet, as he imagined, very much annoy∣ed the Grecians, he required and had so many of Tissaphernes, promising, if he obtained them, to deliuer the Grecians into his hands. The Grecians were past the valley 8 furlongs or thereabout,* 1.51 when Mithridates passed likewise with his forces. The Targetiers and armed of the Grecians that were to fall out, were before hand appointed, and the horsemen had charge giuen them, not to be afraid in following the chase, because a sufficient number of foot was to second and attend them. By this time Mithridates wa•• come vp to the Grecians, and the Persian slings and bowes bestowed their flying weapons thicke amongst them, when a signe was giuen by trumpet, and immediatly the chosen foot sprung out together, and likewise the horse vpon the spurre. The enemy endu∣red not the charge, but speeded, all he could, into the valley. In this chase many of the Barbarian foot died,* 1.52 and about 18 horse were ta∣ken aliue in the valley. The Grecians without commandement mangled and dismembred the dead carcases, that the sight hereof might hence∣forward strike a greater feare into the enemie. After this conflict the enemie retired, and the Grecians marching on the rest of the day securely, came to the riuer Tygris, vpon which stood a great desolate city, the name whereof was Larissa. The Medians inhabited it of old time. The walls were 25 foot broad,* 1.53 and a hundred foot high: and the circuit of all two Parasangs. It was builded of bricke, and the foundation of stone laid beneath the wall, was 20 foot deepe. The King of Persia (when the Per∣sians gained the Empire) besieging, and assaulting it, could not winne it by any meanes. But the Sunne hiding his head in a cloud appeared not, till the inhabitants forsooke it, and so it was taken. Neere to the Citie there is a Stone-Pyramis, the bredth whereof is 600 foot, the height 1200, into which many Barbarians conueighed themselues out of the neighbour-villages. From hence in one encamping they marched six Parasangs,* 1.54 as far as a great desolate castle hard by a Citie. This Cities

name was Mesphila; the Medians sometimes inhabited it.* 1.55 The founda∣tion was of hollow carued stone, and had 50 foot in bredth, 50 foot in heighth. Vpon it was raised a stone wall 50 foot broad, and 100 foot high. The circuit of the wall was 6 Parasangs. It is said that Media the Kings wife fled hither, when the Persians wrung the Empire out of the Medians hands; and that the Persian King could not take it, either by time or force, till Iupiter sent a madnesse amongst the inhabitants, and so it was ouercome. From thence they marched 4 Parasangs in one en∣camping. Here Tissaphernes appeared with his owne horse,* 1.56 with the forces of Orontes (who had with him ••he Kings daughter) with the Bar∣barians that ascended with Cyrus, with those, that the Kings bro∣ther brought to the Kings aide, and with as many other, as the King gaue him. So that the Armie seemed huge and mighty. When he came neere, he ordered some of his troopes against the reare of the Grecians, some against the flanks: yet durst he not charge,* 1.57 nor had in minde to hazard battell. He commanded only his Souldiers to sling and shoot. When the ••hodians, that were here and there dispersed amongst the Gre∣cians, began to sling, and the Archers after the Scythian manner to shoot, and no man missed his marke (for he could not, though he would, in such a multitude) both Tissaphernes quickly retired out of danger, and his troopes likewise. The rest of the day the Grecians marched on, and the Persians followed; but yet forbore to skirmish any more. For the Rhodians slinged further, than the Persians could sling, and further than most of their archers shot. The Persian bowes are great, so that the arrowes, that were gathered vp, serued the Cretans to good purpose; For they vsed them much, and endeuoured by raising their compasse to send them a great distance.* 1.58 In the villages thereabouts, both many Bow-strings were found, & much Lead, which they conuerted to the vse of slings. And so this day, after the Grecians had quartered in the villages, which they happened vpon, the Barbari∣ans departed hauing the worst in the skirmish. The next day they sate still, and made prouision of victuals; for there was plenty in the villages. The next day after, they marched forward thorow the Champeigne, and Tissaphernes followed skirmishing. Here they perceiued, that a Plaesium, or hollow battell with equall sides, was no good forme to march in,* 1.59 the enemy following in the reare. For in case the wings of the Plaesium thronged together, either by reason of the straight way, or compulsion of mountaines, or of a bridge, the armed foot must needs be brought out of order, and march at small ease, being partly thronged, partly forced out of the place, they held, and in this disarray there would be no great vse of them. And when the wings were againe opened, they, that were so disordered, must needes be broken asunder, and the middest of the wings emptie, & the souldiers discomforted, especially the enemy being at their heeles. And if a Bridge were to be passed, or some such straight, euery man would haste desiring to be ouer first. So that the enemy had then a faire opportunity to giue on. The Coronels perceiuing this, fra∣med

six Companies, euery one consisting of an hundred men, and ap∣pointed Captaines ouer them,* 1.60 and Penteconters, and Enomotarches. These Captaines, when the wings closed and thronged too neere in mar∣ching, staid behinde and kept without the wings for feare of disordering them.* 1.61 When the sides of the square battell opened too wide, they filled the middest, if the space were narrow, by Companies, if a little wider by fifties, if very wide by Enomoties. So that the middest was alway shut vp and full. If a bridge or other straight were to be passed, there was no disorder, because the Captaines euery one led ouer his Company apart, and when a Phalange was needfull, sleeued vp one by another. In this manner they marched foure encampings: the fifth brought them to the sight of a Palace, and of many villages about it. The way leading to it was ouer high hills, which began from a mountaine, vnder which a village was situate. The Grecians were glad to see the hills, as was rea∣son, the most part of the enemies forces being Hors-men. But when marching out of the Champeigne they had gained the first hill, and de∣scending from thence raised their battell vp against the second, the Bar∣barians were forth with at hand, and cast weapons at them downe from the higher ground, being compelled with stripes to sling, and shoot; and they wounded many, and had the better of the Grecian light armed, and shut them vp within the battell of the armed: so that this whole day the Slingers, and Archers did little or rather no seruice, being glad to hide themselues amongst the vnarmed multitude. And when the Grecian ar∣med, being hardly laid vnto, sought to fall out, they had much adoe to climbe the hill in their armour, whereas the enemy retired with ease. Againe, when they retired to the rest of the armed, their danger was as great. Whereupon the Coronels thought good not to moue the army from the third hill. Notwithstanding they led certaine Targetiers from the right flanke of the square battell toward the mountaine. After these had gotten aboue the heads of the enemy, the enemy forbore to presse vpon such, as descended, fearing to be cut off by our Souldiers, that en∣closed them on both sides. Thus marched the Grecians, the rest of the day, some by the way vpon the hills, other some right ouer against them on the side of the mountaine, till they came to the villages: where they appointed eight Physicians, because many of the Souldiers were hurt. Here they staied three daies, both to fauour the wounded, and al∣so for that much victuall was found, meale, wine, and barley, which last was laid vp for horses in abundance. All these things were stored and laid vp for the ruler of the Prouince. The fourth day they descended into the Champeigne; where when Tissaphernes had ouertaken them with his forces,* 1.62 he taught them by necessitie to encampe in the first village, they reached vnto, and to march no more fighting. For many were vn∣fit to fight by reason of their wounds, many by carrying the wounded, and no lesse they, that had the armes of both charged vpon their backes. After they had taken vp their lodging, the Barbarians comming to the village offered skirmish, in which the Grecians had a great deale the bet∣ter.

For it was much easier to sally, and so represse the enemy, than to march fighting with them, as they followed at their backes. When it was night, the enemy was to depart. For the Barbarians, fearing to be assailed by night,* 1.63 neuer encampe lesse than sixtie furlongs from the Gre∣cians. Their manner of encamping is dangerous also in the night. Their Horse are tied, and for the most part fettered, left being loose they might happen to run away. And if any tumult arise, a Persian must saddle, and bridle, and put on his Curace, and so get vpon his Horse. All which are hard to be done in the night, especially in a tumult. When the Grecians perceiued, that the enemy purposed to depart, and had giuen open no∣tice thereof, they proclaimed in the hearing of the enemy, that the army should make readie to march. The Barbarians hereupon staid awhile; but the night beginning to draw on, they went their waies. For they hold it not expedient to march, and come to their quarter by night. Af∣ter the Grecians saw plainly, that they were departed, they also trussing vp their baggage, began to march, and iourneied sixtie furlongs;* 1.64 and the space between the armies was so great, that neither the next, nor the third day the enemy could come vp to vs. The fourth day the Barbarians ad∣uancing forward by night, seised vpon a high place, by which the Greci∣ans must passe of necessitie; namely, vpon a mountaine, vnder which the way lay, which led into Champeigne.* 1.65 When Cherisophus saw the height of the mountaine possessed by the enemy, he called for Xenophon from the Reare, willing him to bring his Targetiers with him, and come to the Front. Xenophon brought not the Targetiers with him (for he saw Tissa∣phernes and his whole Armie appeare at their backes) but himselfe speeding came, and asked Cherisophus, why he sent for him. You may see, quoth he. The hill hanging ouer our way, is before hand taken by the enemy; and we cannot continue our march, vnlesse he be beaten from thence. But why brought you not your Targetiers with you? Because I thought it not good, quoth he, to leaue the Reare vnguarded, especially the enemy being in sight. But it is time, quoth Cherisophus, to aduise, how we shall driue these folks from the hill.* 1.66 Here Xenophon marked, that the top of the mountaine was ouer the head of our Armie; and that from thence a way led to the hill, where the enemy stood, and said: Me thinks, Cherisophus, it should be best for vs with all speed to gaine the top of the mountaine; which if we once haue, they cannot keepe their ground ouer the way. I will goe, if you please to stay with the Armie; if you please to goe, I will stay here. I giue you the choice, quoth Cherisophus. And I because I am the younger, quoth Xenophon, will choose to goe. Onely he required,* 1.67 that he might haue Souldiers of the Front to accompanie him; for it was too long to wait for any from the Reare. Cherisophus sent with him the Targetiers of the Front, and those, that were in the middle of the hollow square battell; he willed also the chosen 300 men, which he had about him in the Front, to follow Xenophon. Then they hasted, all they could, to get vp the Mountaine. The enemie vpon the Hill perceiuing that their intent and proceeding

was to possesse the height of the Mountaine, began in emulation forth∣with to post thither. There was a great cry in the Grecian Armie, a great cry in the Armie of Tissaphernes, each inciting and animating those of their owne side. Xenophon riding from one to another, exhorted the Soul∣diers:

Now Companions you striue for Greece, now for your wiues and children, now taking a little paines, we shall cleere the rest of our iourney from fight.

Soteridas the Sicyonian answered: You and I, Xenophon, stand not vpon like termes of marching. You ride, I am on foot, & by reason of the weight of this Target, haue much adoe to get vp the Hill. Xenophon hearing this, alighted from his Horse, and taking from him his Target, thrust him out of his Ranke, and marched on with all speed possible. He had on at that time a hors-mans Curasse, w••erwith he was heauily laden, yet proceeding, he exhorted the formost to mend their pace, and those in the Reare (who had much adoe to march) to hasten after. The other Souldiers beat and threw at, & reuiled Soteridas, till they compelled him to take his Target againe, and to march on. Xenophon mounting againe to Horse, rid as farre, as the ground would giue him leaue. When it began to be rough, and not passable for a Horse, he hasted forward on foot. By this time they had gained the top,* 1.68 and preuented the enemie, who vpon sight thereof, forsooke their ground, and fled euerie man, as he could. The Gre∣cians made good the top. Then the Armie of Tissaphernes and Ariaeus de∣parting diuerted another way, but Cherisophus descending into the Plain, quartered in a Village, that had plentie of good prouision in it. In this Plaine were many other rich Villages situate by the Riuer Tygris. When it was now night the enemie suddenly shewed himselfe in the P••aine,* 1.69 and cut in peeces some Grecians, that were dispersed here and there ••unting after prey. For many Herds of Cattell, transported ouer the Riuer, were here intercepted. Tissaphernes, and they that were with him, di•• all they could to fire the villages; and many of the Grecians were muc•• discom∣forted therewith, conceiuing they should hardly recouer victuall, if the villages were thus burnt and destroied. Cherisophus had sent out some of his people to succour their companions against the enemy, who retur∣ned, as Xenophon descended from the Mountaine. With these Xenophon meeting, rid from ranke to ranke, & said: You see, fellow Souldiers, that the enemy confesseth the Country is none of theirs. For in the truce they capitulated with vs to preserue the Kings Country from burning, now they burne it themselues, as if it were not their owne. But doe, what they list, if they haue victuall for themselues in any part, they shall soone see vs there for our portions. But Cherisophus, quoth he, me thinkes, we should doe well to giue aid, as to our owne Country, against these burners. I am not of that aduice, quoth Cherisophus, but rather I would burne for com∣pany to make them the sooner giue ouer. When they came to the campe, the rest busied themselues about prouision,* 1.70 the Coronels and Captaines assembled together in counsell. Here was disputing & aduising, what to doe. On the one side were high Mountaines, on the other a riuer so deep, that the water couered the ends of Pikes, wherewith the bottome was

sounded. While they were in consultation a Rhodian came vnto them, and said: I will vndertake to carie you ouer by 4000 at once,* 1.71 if you fur∣nish me with such things, as I want, & giue me a Talent for reward. Being asked, what things he wanted; I want, said he, 2000 water-budgets, and I see here many Sheepe, Goats, Kine, and Asses, whose skins being flead,* 1.72 and blowen, will easily giue vs meanes of transportation. I shall need also the bands, which you vse about your cariage-beasts. With these I will binde your water-budgets, and fit them one to another, and hang stones vpon them, and let them downe like ankers, & laying them vpon the wa∣ter, and fastening them on both sides, I wil throw Rise vpon them, & then earth; and that you shall not sinke, you will easily perceiue, in that euerie budget will be able to beare vp two men; and the Rise & earth wil keepe the budgets from tottering, and make them lie firme & stable. When the Coronels heard this, the inuention seemed witty, but the thing it selfe not possible to be performed, by reason there were many hors-men on the o∣ther side of the riuer, who would hinder the formost, & not suffer them to proceed in their worke. Therefore they retired the next day in the way, they came (which led to Babylon) to the vnburnt villages, setting afire the villages, where they last quartered, so that the enemie offered not to charge, but became lookers on, wondring what way the Grecians meant to take, & what their purpose was. The Coronels & captaines assembled again, & calling together the captiues, enquired of the countries round a∣bout, what they were, & of their nature & qualitie. They reported that to∣ward the South the way led to Babylon & to Media, and was the way by which they came;* 1.73 toward the East to Susa & Ecbatana where the king was said to passe the summer & spring; ouer the riuer to Lydia and Ionia; ouer the mountaines & towards the north to the Carduchans; who, they said, inhabited the mountaines, & were a warlike people, and refused to obey the king; and that the king somtimes sent against them an army of 12 My∣riades of men,* 1.74 of whom none escaped & returned back by reason of the roughnesse of the countrie, & that since the Satrapa, or ruler, of the next Prouince, made truce with them, they had free entercourse of trade one with another. The Coronels hearing this, set apart by themselues those, that tooke vpon them seuerall knowledge of these things, not declaring what way, they meant to hold. But their resolution was to passe ouer the mountaines against the Carduchans. For the captiues said, after they were come beyond the mountaines, they should enter into Armenia, a large, and rich countrey, of which Orontes was ruler, and from thence finde the way open & readie to goe, whither a man would. This conclusion being had, they sacrificed to the gods, that they might haue no impeachment, when it was fit to set forward (for they feared the tops of the mountaines might be anticipated) and commanded, assoone as supper was past, that euerie man should haue his things in a readinesse, and giue himselfe to rest, and after follow in the iourney according to direction.

Finis Libri Tertij.

Notes

• * 1.1

  About 1250 mile.
• * 1.2

  The distressed estate of the Grecians.
• * 1.3

  Xenophon.
• * 1.4

  Inuited to serue Cyrus.
• * 1.5

  So••rates his counsell to X••noph••n.
• * 1.6

  To the Oracle of Apollo.
• * 1.7

  Mispropound∣ing his que∣stion.
• * 1.8

  Xenophons griefe.
• * 1.9

  His dreame.
• * 1.10

  His discourse in minde.
• * 1.11

  His resolution. His speech to the Captaines of his owne Regiment.
• * 1.12

  Apollonides a harsh counsel∣ler.
• * 1.13

  Assembly of the army. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.14

  Ierome the Eleans speech.
• * 1.15

  Xenophons speech.
• * 1.16

  Taxiarchs are the Captaines of the light armed.

  Lochagi the Captaines of the armedfoot.
• * 1.17

  Cherisophus.
• * 1.18

  New Coronels.
• * 1.19

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.20

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.21

  Cherisophus his exhortation.
• * 1.22

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.23

  Cleanor.
• * 1.24

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.25

  Xenophon.
• * 1.26

  The superstiti∣on of the Gen∣tiles.
• * 1.27

  A warlike song which they v∣sed when they went to charge the enemie.
• * 1.28

  Braue exploits of ancestors, a great incite∣ment to valour. Darius the Fa∣ther of Xerxes sent his Gene∣rall Datis with a great Armie which was o∣uerthrowne by the Athenians at Marathon. The Persians were slaine to the number of 6300. Herodotus lib. 6. But Iustin reporteth that there were slaine 200000. Herodotus lib. 7.
• * 1.29

  A man is nee∣rest to himself.
• * 1.30

  Experience of an enemie.
• * 1.31

  Horse in the field.
• * 1.32

  Scarcitie of prouision.
• * 1.33

  Passage of Ri∣uers.
• * 1.34

  Seating in a strange coun∣trey.
• * 1.35

  A goldē bridge is to be made for an enemy to runne away. See Diod. Sicul. l. 1.21. and the Lexicon, in 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉: for the tree and fruit see Pliny, l. 13. c. 17. pag. 234.
• * 1.36

  The fruit is so pleasant, that they that taste it, are loth to ret••rn to their owne count••y.
• * 1.37

  Vnnecessarie cariage.
• * 1.38

  Care of the Comm••nders. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Souldiers.
• * 1.39

  A square hol∣low battell fit for a march when it is fea∣red, the enemy will charge round about. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

  Commanders of the Front, flanks & reare.
• * 1.40

  Mithridates fai∣ned speech.
• * 1.41

  He discouers himselfe by accident.
• * 1.42

  Messengers from the ene∣mie.
• * 1.43

  Zathe a riuer. Order of march in an open country.
• * 1.44

  Faire words turned into a storme of ho∣stilitie.
• * 1.45

  An errour of Xenophon.

  Aduantage of missiue wea∣pons.
• * 1.46

  Necessity mo∣ther of inuen∣tion.
• * 1.47

  The Rhodian slings.
• * 1.48

  Means to pro∣cure readinesse to serue.
• * 1.49

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.50

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.51

  A vaine pro∣mise vpon an vnsure ground. A ••ile.
• * 1.52

  Omnia repentina terren••.
• * 1.53

  Larissa a Citie. Bredth 8 yards one 25. part. Height 33 yards, one 100 part.

  Circumfe∣rence, miles seuen, & a half. 6 yards 2 foot. 200 yards. 400 yards.
• * 1.54

  22 mile and a halfe.
• * 1.55

  Mesphila a city. 16 yards, three 50 parts. 33 yards, &c. 22 miles and a halfe.
• * 1.56

  15 miles. Tissaphernes with horse.
• * 1.57

  Horse against the reare and flanks of the Plesium at once.
• * 1.58

  It is like they were heauier, than the ar∣rowes of the Cretans.
• * 1.59

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.60

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.61

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. It is to be vn∣derstood that these new Cō∣panies were led euery one in file, and be∣ing ioyned to∣gether they made sixe files. If then the breach in the Plaesium were small, they in∣serted the sixe files rank-wile to make it vp, if wider, they doubled againe the rankes of the Companies and so filled it with halfe files: if very wide, they doubled the halfe files and filled it vp with Enomoties. The remedy for light armed against forcing of the enemy. The heauie ar∣med vnfit for quicke and ni••ble seruice. The higher ground com∣••andeth the lower.

  Care of the wounded.
• * 1.62

  Experience the mistresse of alterations in matters of warre.
• * 1.63

  7 Miles and a halfe.

  The manner of the Persian en∣camping.
• * 1.64

  7 Mile and a halfe.

  The Grecians march by night.
• * 1.65

  The Persians by night seise vp∣on a passage.
• * 1.66

  Meanes to dis∣lodge the ene∣mie, that pos∣sesseth a straight.
• * 1.67

  Iuniores ad labo∣res.
• * 1.68

  The top of the Hill gained.
• * 1.69

  Carelesnesse of Souldiers in seeking prey. The enemie burneth his own countrey.
• * 1.70

  Consultation about their march.
• * 1.71

  A bridge o••red.
• * 1.72

  A bridge with∣out boats or Ships.
• * 1.73

  Two prouinces of Persia. Mountaines neere to Arme∣nia.
• * 1.74

  Euerie Myriade 10••00, the whole number 120000 men.