The historie of Xenophon containing the ascent of Cyrus into the higher countries. VVherein is described the admirable iourney of ten thousand Grecians from Asia the Lesse into the territories of Babylon, and their retrait from thence into Greece, notwithstanding the opposition of all their enemies. Whereunto is added a comparison of the Roman manner of warres with this of our time, out of Iustus Lipsius. Translated by Ioh. Bingham.

THE SECOND BOOKE OF THE HISTORIE OF XENOPHON, TOVCHING THE Ascent of CYRVS the younger, out of Asia the Lesse, into the Higher COVNTREYS. (Book 2)

IN the booke next before-going, is declared how Cyrus at such time, as he warred against his brother Artaxerxes, leuied his forces out of Greece, and what happened in the iourney, and how the battell was fought, and after what manner Cyrus ended his life, and how the Greekes thinking themselues masters of the field, and Cyrus to be aliue, returned to their campe, and tooke themselues to rest. As soone as it was day, the chiefe Comman∣ders gathering together, maruelled that Cyrus neither sent vnto them, nor came himselfe to giue direction, what was to be done. Therefore they thought good to trusse vp their baggage, that was left, and to put them∣selues in armes, and march forward, and ioyne their forces with Cyrus. Whilest they were busie herein, by sun-rising came Procles,* 1.1 sometimes gouernour of Teuthrania, a man of the posteritie of Demaratus the Lace∣demonian, and Glus the sonne of Tamon. They brought word of the death of Cyrus, and that Ariaeus, with the other Barbarians, being put to flight in the battell, were retired to the campe, from whence they dis∣lodged the day before: and said further, that Ariaeus would stay for them that whole day, if they thought good to come vnto him, and the next day set forward toward Ionia,* 1.2 from whence they first began their iour∣ney. The chiefe Commanders, and the rest of the Greekes hearing this newes, were much perplexed. Clearchus hereupon said:

Would God Cy∣rus had liued. But seeing he is dead, carry word to Ariaeus, that we haue vanquished the King, and that no man, as your selues are eye-witnesses, fighteth or lifteth vp his hand against vs; and had you not come, we were euen at this instant marching against the King. But say to Ariaeus, if hee please to come & ioyne with vs, we will install him in the Kings throne.* 1.3

For they, that are conquerors, haue also power to dispose of the gouern∣ment of the Kingdome.

Hauing spoken thus much, he sent away the messengers, and with them Cherisophus the La••edemonian, and Menon the Thessalian: For Menon himselfe, being a friend and guest to Ariaeus, desired to goe. So these men departed, leauing Clearchus behinde with the army. The army in the meanetime victualled it selfe, in the best man∣ner it could,* 1.4 with the carriage-beasts, cutting the throats of Oxen and Asses. And going a little further to the ground, where the battell was fought, they gathered vp arrowes, which were many in number (which also they compelled the run-awayes from the King to pull out of the ground) & wicker targets, & woodden Aegyptian targets for fire-wood. There remained also in the campe a multitude of targets and emptie waines, with which they sod their meat, and so fed that day. By this time was the market-place replenished with people, when messengers came from the King, and from Tissaphernes. The other were Barbarians; amongst them was one Phalinus a Greeke, who followed Tissaphernes, and liued in good account with him. For he professed skill of embattelling an army, and of the vse of armes. These comming neere, and calling for the Grecian Coronels, said, that the King hauing gained the victory, and slaine Cyrus,* 1.5 commanded the Grecians to deliuer vp their armes, and to repaire to the Kings gate, and submit themselues to his mercy. This was the effect of the message. The Grecians tooke the message in euill part. Notwithstanding Clearchus answered,

that it was not the manner for conquerours to deliuer vp their armes. But you the Coronels, said he, giue answer to these men, as you shall thinke best, and most fitting our affaires: I will streightwaies returne to you. For he had at that present a sacrifice in hand, and one of the Serieants came for him, to the end he might looke vpon the intrailes of the beast.* 1.6 Then Cleanor the Ar∣cadian, the eldest Coronell spake, and said, he had rather die, than deliuer vp his armes; and the next after him Proxenus the Theban replied: I won∣der, quoth he, whether the King require our armes as a conquerour, or by way of friendship, and as a gift. If he would haue them as a con∣querour, why doth he rather aske them, than take them by force; If by way of perswasion, let him tell vs, what we, that are Souldiers, shall haue left, after we haue gratified him herein. Hereunto Phalinus answered: The King thinkes himselfe master of the field,* 1.7 because he hath slaine Cy∣rus; and who is he, that now contendeth with him about the kingdome? He thinkes also, that you are his, for that he hath you in the middest of his territory inclosed with vnpassable riuers, and is able to bring such a multitude against you, as you shall not be able to put to the sword, though they were by him deliuered into your hands. Then said Xeno∣phon the Athenian: Phalinus, you see we haue nothing left vs, besides our armes and valour. As long as we keepe our armes, wee shall haue vse of our valour; deliuering them vp, wee imagine, wee shall not long be owners of our bodies or liues. Thinke not then, Pha∣linus,* 1.8 that wee are so vnaduised, as to yeeld vp our onely riches,

by the helpe whereof we purpose to make triall▪ if we can possesse your riches also. Phalinus hearing this▪ f••ll into a great laughter, and said: Young man you looke like a Philosopher, and speake not vnplea∣singly. Know notwithstanding, wise man, as you are, that your va∣lour will not ouermatch the Kings power.

The report is, that some other spake to c••rrie fauour: namely, that as they had been faith∣full to Cyrus, so would they doe the King good seruice, if he plea∣sed to be their friend: For whether he were disposed to employ them otherwise, or else in the warres against Aegypt, they would vndertake to bring it vnder his subiection. By this time came Clearchus, & asked, whe∣ther they had yet giuen answer to the messengers, or no, Phalinus told him that the Coronels answered one one, another another thing. But I pray, said he, let vs heare your answer.

For my part, quoth Clearchus,* 1.9 I am glad to see you, Phalinus, and so I thinke are the rest of vs here present. For you are a Graecian, and we being so many in number, as you behold, and in this estate, would willingly be aduised by you, what were best to be done in that, which is propounded vnto vs. Therefore we de∣sire you, for Gods cause, to declare vnto vs, what course in your opinion will be safest and most honourable for vs: which also being reported in time to come may bring you reputation: namely, that Phalinus being sent a messenger from the King vnto the Graecians, with commandement to deliuer vp their armes, gaue such and such aduice. For you know, that the counsell, which you giue vs, cannot, but be related in Greece.

Thus much insinuated Clearchus, being desirous, that Phalinus the Kings mes∣senger should aduise the Graecians not to deliuer vp their armes, that ther∣by they might gather heart, and receiue the greater encouragement. But Phalinus withdrawing himselfe a little, and streight-waies returning, spake thus contrary to Clearchus his expectation:

If amongst 10000 hopes you had but one,* 1.10 to saue your selues by bearing armes against the King, I would counsell you not to deliuer vp your armes. But seeing there is no hope to escape danger against his will, I counsell you to seeke your safety by whatsoeuer meanes, you can.

Hereunto Clearchus replied: Well then this is your opinion:

But from vs returne this answer to the King; that, if we may be thought worthy to be his friends, we shall be better friends hauing armes, than deliuering them vp to any man else; if no remedy be but warre, we shall better make warre with armes, than without, after we haue rendred them vp.

We will, quoth Phalinus, deli∣uer your answer; But we haue futher in charge from the King to say vn∣to you: That as long, as you stay where you are, you may expect truce; warre, if you march forward, or depart. Say hereunto, I pray, whether you will stay, and haue truce, or else I shall carry tidings of warre vnto the King? Clearchus answered:

Carry tidings with you, that we are of the same opinion that the King is of. What opinion is that, quoth Phalinus? To haue truce, said Clearchus, if we stay; warre, if we depart, or march forward.

But he signified not, what he meant to doe.* 1.11 So Phalinus and those in his company departed. Pr••cles and Cherisophus were by this time

returned from Ariaens, but Menon remained still with him. They brought answer from him, whereby he signified, that there were many Persians in all respects better, than he, who would neuer endure, that he should be King. But if you resolue, said they, to depart with him, he willeth you to come this night; if not, he meaneth to march away early in the morning. Clearchus said; we must doe as you aduise, if we goe vnto him. If not, we are to resolue vpon that, which shall be thought most conue∣nient for vs. But neither signified he to these men, what he purposed to doe. After this, about sunne set, he called the Coronels and Captaines together, and spake to them to this effect:

Euen now when I asked counsell of the gods by sacrifice, whether we should goe against the King or no, the intrayles assented not; and not without ca••se: For, as I now vnderstand, the Riuer Tigris, a Riuer nauigable, lieth in the mid∣way betwixt vs and the King; which Riuer we cannot passe without shipping. Shipping we haue none, and being destitute of victuall we may not remaine here. But the sacrifice was faire, and allowed of our going to the friends of Cyrus. This therefore must be our order. We must for the present away euery man to his lodging, and there sup with such as he hath. When the horne giueth signe to rest, let euery man make ready to depart. At the second signe lay your baggage vpon the carriage-beasts; at the third follow your leaders; and in our march the cariage-beasts are to be placed next the riuer, the armed without them.

The Coronels and Captaines hearing this, departed, and did so. And thence∣forward Clearchus commanded, and they obeyed him, not because he was chiefe by election, but because they saw, he onely was able to com∣mand, the rest without experience. The length of the iourney frō Ephesu•• in Ionia to the place of the battell were 93 encampings,* 1.12 535 Parasangs, 16030 furlongs. From the place, where the battell was fought, to Baby∣lon,* 1.13 were by estimation 3060 furlongs. Here Metocythes the Thracian, when it was darke, fled to the King with 40 Horsemen, which were vn∣der his command, and with 300 Thracian foot. The rest Clearchus led according to the appointment made betweene them, and the whole ar∣my at the first encamping came vp to Ariaeus and to his army about midnight,* 1.14 and laying downe their armes in order, the Coronels and Cap∣taines of the Grecians resorted to Ariaeus; and both the Grecians and Ariaeus and the chiefe men about him tooke an oath to be friends, and confederates, & not to betray one another. The Barbarians swore also to be faithfull Guides to the Grecians in their returne homeward. This oath was taken killing a Boare, a Bull, a Woolfe, and a Ram; and the Grecians dipped the point of a sword, the Barbarians of a speare in the bloud of these beasts, being powred out into the hollownesse of a Target. After they had taken mutuall assurance, Clearchus said to Ariaeus;

Ariaeus, seeing it so falleth out, that your iourney, and ours is all one, tell me, I pray, your opinion,* 1.15 whether we are to returne the same way we came, or else can you direct vs any better way. He answered: If we returne the same way we came, we shall for want of prouision all perish with hunger. For in ••7

encampings, aduācing hither, we found nothing in the country to relieue vs, and that little that was left, was consumed in our passage. We are ther∣fore resolued to returne by a way of more circuit, but able enough to fur∣nish out all manner of prouision for vs. And for our first encampings we had need to gaine in them as much ground, as we can, that the Kings army may be cast a great distance behinde vs. For if we get before him but two or three dayes iourney, he can by no possibilitie be able to ouer∣take vs: with a small army he will not dare to follow vs; with a great he can make no speed, besides that it is like to be destitute of Victuall. This is mine opinion, quoth he.

Which suggestion of his serued for no other purpose but for a speedy shifting and running away. But fortune after∣ward was a better guide for vs. As soone as it was day, all set forward, hauing the sunne on the right hand, imagining that by sun-set they should reach to Villages of the Babylonian Territorie. Neither were they deceiued in their imagination. About euening they thought they saw the enemies Horse; and both the Grecians, which were out of order, ranne to their places, and Ariaeus (for he rode on a Waggon, because of his wound receiued in the battell) alighted and put on his cu∣race, as did the rest likewise, that were in his Company. But while they were arming, the scouts brought tydings, that they were no Horse, but onely carriage-beasts at pasture, and streightwaies euery man easily coniectured, that the Kings Campe was some where not farre of. How∣beit Clearchus led not against the enemy, both because our Souldiers courages began to fall, and also because they had beene fasting that whole day, and now it grew something late. Yet turned not out of the way, left hee might seeme to flie, but holding on right forth, by sunne-set he reached to the villages with the Vant-guard, and there quartered. The tymber of the houses of some of the villages was bro∣ken downe, and carried away by the Souldiers of the Kings armie. Therefore they, that came first, lodged themselues reasonably well; the last being benighted, euery one tooke vp his lodging, as fell out; and calling one vpon another made a great noise; so that the Kings army heard it. Whereby came to passe, that the enemy next at hand fled out of their tents. This appeared the next day For neither was there car∣riage-beast, nor campe, nor smoake at hand to be seene. The King also (as it should seeme) was terrified with the accesse of our armie, which he de∣clared by the next dayes worke. Yet in the processe of the night a feare seised vpon the Grecians themselues, and the tumult and hurlibur∣ley was such, as is wont, when men are possessed with feare.* 1.16 Clear∣chus in this distresse called Tolmides the Elean (whom hee had with him, the best Cryer of those times) and after silence enioyned willed him to make proclamation, that the Coronells signified, whosoeuer in generall could bring forth the author of this tumult, should haue a talent of siluer for his reward. By the proclamation the Souldiers perceiued, that their feare was vaine, and their commanders in safetie. As soone as it was day, Clearchus commanded the Grecians to

fall into the same order, they held, when the battell was fought. And where I before wrote, that the King was put into a feare by our accesse, it hereby appeared to be so, because the day before he sent an Imperious commandement to deliuer vp our armes,* 1.17 and now this day he imploied messengers about a truce. They after they came to our out-guards asked for the Coronels. The out-guards aduertised Clearchus hereof, who was then viewing the order of our embatteling, and he willed them to say to the messengers, that they should stay, where they were, till his further leasure. After he had so ordered the Armie, that the whole Phalange ap∣peared in a faire thicknesse, well compacted together, and no vnarmed man in sight, he called for the messengers; and both himselfe taking with him some of the best armed and gallantest Souldiers of the Troopes, and willing the other Coronels to do the like, he aduanced to meet them. Meeting together, he demanded the cause of their comming. They said, they came about a ••••uce, and had full power to deliuer the Kings plea∣sure vnto them, and to returne their answer to the King. Clearchus an∣swered: Tell the King now from me, that there is no other way, but first to fight. For we haue no dinner, neither dares any man speake a word to the Grecians about Truce without offering them meat to eat. The mes∣sengers hearing this, posted away, and returned presently. Whereby also appeared that the king was at hand, or at least some other man, that had authoritie about this negotiation. They said, the King allowed the mo∣tion, and, if the Truce were concluded, would send guides to conduct them to sufficient prouision. Clearchus asked whether the Truce should stretch to all in generall, or to those only, which were to goe betweene. They answered, to all, till your propositions be related to the king. After these things spoken, Clearchus fell to counsell with the Coronels. It see∣med good to all to embrace a Truce forthwith, and quietly to goe to the place, where the prouision was, and there to take it. I am of your minde, quoth Clearchus; but I would not signifie so much to the messengers, but linger a little to put them in feare of our refusall of Truce; and I thinke our Souldiers are in the like feare.* 1.18 When he iudged it time, he told the messengers, he accepted the Truce, and willed them to leade imme∣diatly to the place, where prouision might be found: which they did. Clearchus, albeit he purposed to accept Truce, yet marched on with his Armie in order of battell himselfe following in the Reare. He chanced vpon Ditches and draines full of water, which were not passable without Bridges. Yet framed they a passage with Palme trees, of which some were alreadie fallen to the ground, othersome they felled themselues. A man might hereby perceiue the sufficiencie of Clearchus his command,* 1.19 who carying in the left hand a Pike, in the right a Trunchion, in case any man appointed to worke seemed to slacke, chusing a fit man in his place, he chastised and put him off, and withall thrusting into the dirt himselfe, set his hand to the worke. So that it seemed a shame to all, that had the worke in hand, not to make haste, and be earnest in it. The worke was by him laid vpon the Souldiers of 30 yeeres of age. But the elder

sort vndertooke it also, when they saw Clearchus so busie about it. And he hasted the more, suspecting, that the Ditches were not at all times so full of water (for it was no time of the yeere to water the Plaine) but that the King had let the water in, to the end that the difficulties of the iourney might seeme to the Grecians greater and more in shew, than they were in deed. Marching on, they came to the villages, in which the guides assigned their prouision. There was much Wheat,* 1.20 and Wine of Palme to be found, and Vineger boiled out of Palme nuts. Those Nuts of Palme, such as are not to be seene in Greece, were reserued for the Ser∣uants; but the Masters had other chosen out from the rest, of wonder∣full beautie and greatnesse: The colour of them nothing differeth from Amber, and being dried some of them were vsually set vpon the Table for dainties. The Wine is pleasant, but raising paine in the head. This was the place,* 1.21 where the Souldiers first fed vpon the Marrow of the Nuts of Palme, and many wondred at the kinde and propertie of pleasantnesse of them. This also bred extraordinarie paine in the head. The Palme, when the head is taken out, waxeth wholly dry. Here they rested three daies; and hither Tissaphernes and the Kings Wiues Brother, and three other Persians with many attendants, came from the great King. When the Coronels of the Grecians met them,* 1.22 Tissaphernes by an Interpreter began thus:

I (ô Grecians) haue my habitation neere Greece, and seeing the dangers & misaduentures, which you are fallen into, to be without issue, I besought the King▪ that he would be pleased to giue me some meanes, whereby, if possibly I could, I might deliuer you into Greece in safetie. For I imagine the doing hereof would be acceptable to you, and to all Greece beside. In this minde I made suit to the King, alleaging he had good cause to be gracious in my suit, for that I first brought newes, that Cyrus raised an Armie against him, and withall brought him aid, and alone of all, that were ordered in battell against the Grecia••s, fled not, but brake thorow them, and ioined with him in their Campe whither the King came, after he had slaine Cyrus; and with those, that are now in my company (who are most faithfull to the King) followed the chace vpon the Barbarians, that serued Cyrus. Whereupon he promised mee to aduise. But he commanded me to goe to you, and demand the rea∣son, why you tooke vp armes against him. I would counsell you there∣fore to make a milde answer, that I may more easily compasse the good, which shall lie in my power to doe for you.

After this the Grecians with∣drew themselues to consult and giue answer: and Clearchus in the name of the rest said:

Wee neither assembled our selues to make warre,* 1.23 nor did we take this iourney in hand against the King. Cyrus found many pretences, as you very well know, to ingage vs and bring vs hither. When we saw him in distresse, we were ashamed, before gods and men, to betray him, hauing in former times addicted our selues to his seruice. Now Cyrus is dead, we neither oppose against the Kings gouernment, nor is there cause for vs to infest his Countries, or to seeke his death, but we would without offence of any man returne to our countrey. If wrong

be offered vs, we will by the helpe of God defend our selues, as well as we can.

If on the other side any man shew vs fauour, we will not, to our power, be behinde in kindnesse. Thus much Clearchus; which Tissa∣phernes hearing,* 1.24 said:

I will report these things to the King, and to you againe, what the Kings pleasure is. Let the truce continue, till I come. We will exhibite you a market. The next day he came not, so that the Grecians were in a perplexitie, and knew not, what to thinke. The third day he came, and said, he had obtained power of the King to preserue the Grecians, albeit many gainesaid, and vrged, that it stood not with the Kings honour to suffer those, that had made warre against him, to de∣part quietly. He added at last, you may now take assurance of vs, if you will, to make the countrey your friend, and that without fraud we shall lead you into Greece, exhibiting all the way a market of things necessa∣rie for you, and that where you haue it not, you may lawfully take pro∣uision of the countrey, as you finde it. You on the contrary side must sweare that you will passe thorow the countrey peaceably, taking onely meat and drinke where you haue no market; where you haue, buying and paying for such things, as you stand in need of.

These points were concluded, and Tissaphernes, and the Kings wiues brother gaue their oathes and right hands,* 1.25 to the Coronels and Captaines of the Grecians, and tooke the like of them. Afterward Tissaphernes said, I must for the present depart to the King. When I haue my dispatch, I will come with my baggage readie both to guide you into Greece, & also to return to my gouernment. The Grecians and Ariaeus encamping neere together, wai∣ted for Tissaphernes more than twentie daies. In the meane space Ariaeus his brother, and many other of his friends came to him, and to the Per∣sians with him, some encouraging them, other some bringing the Kings right hand,* 1.26 and assurance, that he would forget, that they had serued Cy∣rus in his warre, and all things else, that were past: after which it might easily be perceiued, that Ariaeus and his armie made small account of the Grecians, in comparison of that, they did before; so that this also was not greatly pleasing to the most part of the Grecians, who came to Clear∣chus,* 1.27 and the other Coronels, saying:

Why stay we here? know we not, that the King would giue any thing to haue vs destroied, to the end that other Grecians may hereafter be put in feare of bearing armes against him? And now he keepeth vs here, because his armie is dispersed, which being againe assembled, he will in all likelihood set vpon vs. It may be also, hee is intrenching or raising a wall somewhere to blocke vp our way. For he would not willingly haue vs returne into Greece, and re∣port, that being so few in number, we haue vanquished his forces, euen before his owne gates, and now depart homeward in scorne and derision of him.* 1.28 Clearchus answered them, that so discoursed; The things, you speake, are likewise in my minde. But I conceiue withall, that if we now depart, we shall seeme to depart as men, that seeke warre, and besides doe against the truce. Furthermore, no man will furnish vs with a mar∣ket, nor shall we haue corne in any place. Then who shall be our guide?

Further I know not, whether we haue any other Riuer to passe. For it is impossible to passe ouer Euphrates, the enemie opposing against vs. And if we chance to fight, we haue no Horse, whereas the enemies Horse are many▪ and much esteemed: so that albeit we get the victorie, whom shall we kill? If we be beaten, not a man of vs can escape. If therefore the King should harbour so much as a thought to make vs away, I cannot see why in so many aduantages he should sweare, giue his right hand, & adiure the gods, and so eleuate his bands of assurance both with the Gre∣cians and with the Barbarians.

He spoke many other things to this pur∣pose. About this time came Tissaphernes with his owne Forces, making semblance to march homeward, and with him Orontes and his Forces, which last led with him the Kings daughter, whom he had lately maried. From thence the Grecians proceeded in their iourney, Tissaphernes being their guide, and exhibiting a market of all things needfull. Ariaeus also hauing with him the Armie of Barbarians that serued Cyrus,* 1.29 marched with Tissaphernes and Orontes, and lodged in the same Campe. The Gre∣cians being iealous hereof, marched alone by themselues with their guides. They euer encamped a Parasang or little lesse one from another,* 1.30 and they obserued and watched one another, as enemies are wont, which straightway bred a suspicion betweene them. Sometime going for wood to the same place, and gathering fodder and such like, they fel to blowes, which also set them at further ods. After three dayes encamping they came to the Wall of Media.* 1.31 It was built of Bricke mortered with asphalt, being in thicknesse 20, in height 100 Foot. The length was said to be 20 Parasangs. It was not far distant from Babylon. From hence they marched eight Parasangs in two encampings, and passed ouer two great Draines, one vpon a Bridge, the other vpon Ships ioyned together. These Draines came out of the Riuer Tygris, and from them were sewers deriued to water the Countrey, being at the first greater, then lesse, lastly little Draines, such as they vse in Greece when Panick seed is sowen. From thence they came to the Riuer Tygris, neere to which stood a great Citie well peopled, named Sitaca, being distant from the Riuer 15 Furlongs. The Grecians encamped by the Citie neere a faire and large Parke,* 1.32 where∣in grew plentie of all manner of Trees. The Barbarians passed ouer the Riuer, and were out of sight. After supper Proxenus and Xenophon chan∣ced to walke before the place of Armes, when there came one and asked the out-watch, where he might finde Proxenus or Clearchus.* 1.33 He sought not for Menon, albeit he came from Ariaeus Menons guest. When Proxenus told him, he was the man, whom he sought; Ariaeus and Artaosus,* 1.34 quoth he, that were faithfull to Cyrus, while he liued, and are now your friends, haue sent me vnto you, and aduise you by me to keepe good watch to night, lest the Barbarians assault your Campe.* 1.35 There is a great army in the Parke. Besides they counsell you to put a good guard vpon the Riuer Tygris, because Tissaphernes is determined this night to breake the Bridge, if he can, to the end to hinder your passage, and to inclose you betwixt the Bridge and the Draine. After they heard this, they led the man to

Clearchus,* 1.36 and imparted the message vnto him. Clearchus was much trou∣bled and in extreme feare with the newes. But a young man then pre∣sent, after he had well ruminated the matter, said:

It hangs not together, that Tissaphernes should goe about to charge vs, and to breake downe the Bridge. For it is euident, that charging vs he must either ouercome, or be beaten. If he ouercome, what need the Bridge be broken? For ad∣mit, there were many Bridges, yet should we haue no where to saue our selues by flight. If he be beaten, whither shall his Armie fly, the Bridge being broken, and most of the Armie being beyond the Riuer, how shall they succour one another, but by the Bridge?

After Clearchus heard this, he asked, what quantitie of Land lay betwixt Tygris and the Draine? He answered, that the territorie was large & had many villages & great cities in it. Here-hence they perceiued, that the Barbarians sent the man vnder∣hand, fearing that the Grecians would not passe the Bridge, but remaine in the Island hauing for their Fortification the Riuer Tygris on the one side, and the Draine on the other, taking their prouision out of the Countrey, where it was both plenteous and verie good, in which also many Labourers inhabited. Besides the place would be fit for retreat, in case they were disposed to make inroades vpon the Kings dominions. After this they gaue themselues to rest, and yet were not vnmindfull to send a Guard to the Bridge. But neither did any man assault the Greekish Campe, nor yet, as the Guard brought newes, did any of the enemie come to the Bridge. Assoone as it was day they passed the Bridge in as good order, as was possible; which Bridge was laid ouer the Riuer vpon 37 Ships.* 1.37 Some of the Grecians in Tissaphernes Campe gaue in∣telligence, they should be charged in their passage ouer. But nothing of this was true. During the time of their passage Glus and others were seene to obserue, whether they passed ouer or no: and when they saw them passing, they spurred away with all speed. From Tygris they mar∣ched 20 Parasangs in foure encampings as farre as the Riuer Fyscus.* 1.38 It hath a Bridge vpon it, and neere it a great Citie inhabited, the name wher∣of is Opis, hard by which the bastard-Brother of Cyrus and of Artax∣erxes, leading a great Armie from Sufae and Ecbatana to the Kings aid, met the Grecians, and causing his owne Armie to stay, beheld the Grecians in their march. Clearchus led his men two in a ranke, and oftentimes made Alt in his going on.* 1.39 As long as the Front of the Armie stood still, so long the whole Armie stood also still; so that both the Grecians held it a great Armie, and the Persian was astonied at the sight thereof. From hence they marched in six encampings 30 Parasangs in the Wildernesse thorow Media euen vp to the Villages, which appertained to Parisatis Mother of Cyrus and of the King. These did Tissaphernes permit the Grecians in derision of Cyrus to ransacke, and take out of them, what they list (excepting only the bodies of men.) Much Corne, and many Sheep, and other goods were found there. From thence in fiue encampings in the Wildernesse they marched 20 Parasangs leauing the Riuer Tygris on the left hand.* 1.40 In the first encamping beyond the Riuer was a great

and rich Citie called Caenae,* 1.41 out of which the Barbarians transported Bread, Cheese, and Wine vpon flote-Boates made of Skins. After this they came to the Riuer Zabatus, which was foure Plethers broad, and there remained three daies,* 1.42 and still they increased their iea∣lousies, but no manifest deceit or lying in wait of one against the other was perceiued. Therefore Clearchus thought it best to conferre with Tis∣saphernes, to allay, if he could, these distrusts, before they broke out into open hostilitie. And hee sent a speciall messenger vnto him to signifie, that hee desired to speake with him, who readily answered, hee might come, when he pleased. At their meeting Clearchus begun, and said:

I know well, Tissaphernes,* 1.43 that we haue sworne and giuen mutuall right hands not to infest, or annoy, one another. I see notwithstanding, you keepe narrow watch vpon vs, as vpon enemies, and we perceiuing it doe as much vpon you; But when, according to my poore vnderstanding,* 1.44 I looked into the matter, and could not finde, you sought to wrong vs, and knew for certain, that to wrong you was furthest from our thoughts, I desired conference, that thereby we might, as much as was possible, take each from other this diffidence. For I am not ignorant, that men fearing one another, whether out of sinister delations, or of iealousie, to the end rather to preuent, than to suffer, bring remedilesse euills vpon them, that neither seeke, nor thinke the harme, which they imagine is in∣tended. Conceiuing therefore, that such errours are easily laid asleepe by familiar conference, I come to you to signifie that you distrust vs without cause. For first and chiefly, our oathes forbid vs to be enemies, which whosoeuer neglecteth, I cannot account him happy, in what estate soeuer he flourish; considering that neither speed, nor darknesse, nor strength of place, can assure a man from the vengeance of the gods. All things are subiect to them, and nothing exempted from their power. This is mine opinion concerning the gods, and the oath, to which wee haue mutually bound our selues. Now for you, I hold you, for the pre∣sent, of all mortall things our greatest good. For with your helpe all wayes are open, all riuers passable, nor can we be destitute of prouision; without you all waies full of darknesse (for we know no foot of them) all riuers shut vp, all gathering of people together fearefull; and solitari∣nesse most of all, because it is full of difficulties. And say, we were so mad to seeke your life, what should wee thereby else doe, than by kil∣ling a man of such desert toward vs, bring the forces of the great King vpon vs, who would be your reuenger? Besides, for mine owne particu∣lar, I will in a word declare of how many, and how great hopes I should depriue my selfe, if I should goe about to wrong you. J sought the friendship of Cyrus in imagination, that he, of all that liued, had the grea∣test abilitie to doe good, to whom he pleased. Now I see the authoritie and countrey of Cyrus in your hands, ouer and aboue that, which you had before, and the Kings forces, which Cyrus vsed for warre deuol∣ued to you alone. This being so, who would be so senselesse not to de∣sire your friendship? I will adde the things, which put me in hope, you

will not refuse, nay rather endeuour to be our friend. I know the My∣sians are troublesome vnto you, whom with the forces, I haue, I make no question to humble at your feet. The like I know of the Pisidians. Be∣sides I heare, that many other nations are alwaies malicious and repi∣ning at your felicitie. As for the Aegyptians, whom you principally beare vpon the spleene, I see not with what aides you can better reuenge your selues vpon, then with the army vnder my command. Your neighbours, if you please to befriend any, you are of abilitie to doe it munificently of your selfe; in case they molest you, you may chastise them, as a ma∣ster, and that much the rather by our seruice, who will follow you not for pay alone, but more for thankfulnesse, in regard you haue preserued and brought vs home safe to our country. When I consider these things, it seemeth so wonderfull vnto me, that we should be distrusted, that I would faine heare his name, who is so powerfull in speech, as to per∣swade, that we lie in await for you.

These were the words of Clearchus to Tissaphernes.* 1.45 Tissaphernes answered in this manner: It is a ioy to me, Clearchus, to heare your wise and discreet discourse.

For seeing you vn∣derstand these things to be so, you cannot wish me ill, without being an enemy to your selfe. But that you may learne, you cannot iustly leaue and forsake the King, heare on the contrary side. If we had any intent, to ruine you, whether doe you thinke, we wanted meanes, hauing mul∣titudes of horse, and foot, and weapons to cut you in peeces, without any danger of ours? Imagine you, we wanted fit ground to fall vpon you? Passe you not with much labour many plaines, that are friend to vs? See you not, what mountaines you are to march ouer, which if we take before hand, your passage is shut vp? How many riuers are there, where we may make choice, and, as it were, cull out that number of you, with which we list to fight? There are also amongst them some, that you can∣not passe without our friendship and assistance. But say we had the worst in all these, yet hath fire the command of all fruit, that ariseth of the earth. Which if we burne, we shall oppose hunger against you in the field, with which you shall neuer be able to fight, were you neuer so va∣liant. How then hauing so many aduantages, and all without our owne perill, should we amongst the rest chuse such a kinde alone, as is impious against the gods, abominable before men, and such a one as befitteth them, that know not what to doe, and are circumuented with distresse, and ouerwhelmed with necessitie, and which is beseeming loose per∣sons, who care not so they may effect their designes, though it be with periury against the gods, and with vnfaithfulnesse toward men. Wee, Clearchus, are not so void of sense, or destitute of reason. When we might haue cut you off, why did we not? It proceeded out of my loue, that I might shew my selfe an entire friend to the Grecians, & by my well deseruing descend into my gouernment strong with those forces, with which Cyrus ascended, being assured of them, by reason of the entertain∣ment hee gaue them. You haue declared how many waies, you may stead me. But I know my selfe the chiefe and principall. It is not law∣full

for any, but the King, to weare his Tiara vpright vpon his head; But with your presence and assistance, perhaps another man may carry it vp∣right in his heart. Hauing spoken these words,* 1.46 he seemed to Clearchus to deliuer that, he thought. Considering then, quoth Clearchus, we haue such cause to be friends, are not they worthy to taste extreme punish∣ment, who by sinister suggestions endeuour to make vs enemies? If you, quoth Tissaphernes, and the Coronels and Captaines please openly to come vnto me, I will tell you, who they are, that informed me.

By these words, and courteous entertainment, Tissaphernes preuailed to make him stay, and beare him company at supper that night. The next day Clear∣chus, after his returne to the quarter,* 1.47 declared publikely how well hee thought of Tissaphernes, and related, what he heard from him; and said, That it was fit, that they, whom Tissaphernes desired, should accompany him to Tissaphernes his campe: and likewise that they, who as traitors, and bearing no good affection to the Grecians, had slandered them with false suggestions, might haue their due punishment. He suspected Menon to be the tale-bearer, knowing he often resorted to Tissaphernes with Ariaeus, and that he opposed against him in his command, & sought to supplant him, to the end that gaining the leading of the army, he might shew himselfe a friend to Tissaphernes. For Clearchus would haue the whole army to cast their eyes vpon him alone; and sought to remoue all, that seemed discontent therewith. Some of the Souldiers spake against the sending of all the Coronels and Captaines, and said, No trust was to be giuen to Tissaphernes. But Clearchus laboured eagerly to the contrary, till hee brought to passe, that fiue Coronels and twentie Captaines were allowed to goe; two hundred Souldiers followed them,* 1.48 vnder colour to buy victuall. When they were at Tissaphernes his doore, the Coronels were called in, to wit, Proxenus the Baotian, Menon the Thessalian, Agias the Arcadian, Clearchus the Lacedemonean, and Socrates the Achaean. The Captaines staid at the doore. Not long after, at one and the same signe hands were laid vpon those within,* 1.49 and those without were cut in pee∣ces, and some of the Barbarian hors-men scouring the Plaine, killed all the Grecians, they lighted vpon, free, and bond. The Grecians perceiuing these things out of the campe, maruelled at their manner of riding vp and downe, and doubted of the sequell, till Nearchus the Arcadian came running with his entrailes in his hands after a wound receiued, and told what had happened in the campe of Tissaphernes. Hereupon all the Grecians affrighted snatched vp their armes, imagining the Persians would presently inuade their campe. But there came no more, than Ariaeus, Artoasus, and Mithridates, men of chiefest credit with Cyrus. The interpreter of the Grecians said, He saw and knew Tissaphernes his brother amongst them. About three hundred Persians followed them in Cura∣ces. These, when they came neere, willed, if there were amongst the Grecians any Coronell or Captaine, he should come forth, and heare the Kings pleasure. Thereupon after assurance giuen, Cleanor the Orcho∣menian, and Sophenetus the Stymphalian, both Grecian Coronels, issued

out; and with them Xenophon the Athenian, to learne what was become of Proxenus. Cherisophus chanced then to be absent, being gone to a cer∣taine village to make prouision. Comming within hearing, Ariaeus said:

Clearchus (ô Grecians) hauing falsified his Oath,* 1.50 and broken the truce, hath his iudgement, and is dead. Proxenus, and Menon, are in great ho∣nour, because they reuealed his treason: and the King demandeth of you your Armes. He saith they are his, because they belonged to Cyrus his Seruant. The Grecians answered hereto by the mouth of Cleanor; O Ariaeus, the most execrable of men, and all ye, that were Cyrus his friends: Blush you not before the gods and men, that hauing sworne to vs to haue the same friends and enemies, you now seeke to betray vs with Tissaphernes a most godlesse and faithlesse man? and after you haue made away them, to whom you gaue your Oath, you goe about to de∣stroy the rest, and come with our enemies against vs. Ariaeus answered, Clearchus sought first to entrap Tissaphernes, and Orontes, and all of vs, that were with them.* 1.51 Hereunto Xenophon replied: If Clearchus haue against his Oath broken the truce, he hath his iudgement. For it is iust to punish periured men. But Proxenus and Menon hauing behaued them∣selues towards you as friends, being our Coronels, let them be restored vnto vs.

For being friends to both, no doubt they will aduise you, and vs for the best. The Barbarians hauing long conferred together, departed without giuing answer hereto: but the Coronels so caught in the snare were deliuered ouer to the King, and ended their daies, being made shor∣ter by the head.* 1.52 Of whom Clearchus by consent of all, that had ac∣quaintance with him, was held a man of martiall disposition, and ex∣tremely desirous of warre. For as long, as warre continued betwixt the Lacedemonians and Athenians, he remained at home. Peace being made, he perswaded his Citie, that the Thracians wronged the Grecians. And vsing all meanes he could, obtained of the Ephori a Commission to be General & to goe against them, and shipped himselfe with purpose to in∣uade those Thracians,* 1.53 which inhabit aboue Cherronesus and Perinthus. But after his departure the Ephori changed their mindes, and sent to call him home from Istmos; which message of theirs he obeied not, but continu∣ed his nauigation to Hellespont. Whereupon the Magistrats of Sparta condemned him, as a disobedient Subiect, vnto death. Being now a bani∣shed man, he iournied to Cyrus, whose friendship, after what sort he gain∣ed, I haue written else-where. Cyrus gaue him 10000 Daricks, which he spent not in idlenesse, but waging an Army therwith, made warre against the Thracians. And first he vanquished them in a battell, afterward har∣ried & spoiled their Countrey, and continued that warre, till Cyrus stood in need of his Armie. Then he departed with intent to follow the seruice of Cyrus. These therefore were the actions of a man that delighted in warre; who, when he might haue liued in peace without shame or dam∣mage, chose to be in warre; might haue rested in idlenesse, gaue himselfe to labour, and warre; might without danger haue enioied riches plen∣teously, bestowed them rather vpon warre. Such was his disposition to

warre, and he spent as willingly vpon warre, as if it had been vpon loue, or other pleasures. It appeared also, that he was of a warlike inclination, because he loued danger, and led his people as well by night, as by day against the enemie; and demeaned himselfe wisely and circumspectly,* 1.54 when he was in perill, as all, that followed him, confesse. Besides, he was said to be an excellent Commander according to his manner. For,* 1.55 if any man else, Clearchus knew how to make necessarie prouision for his army, and to supply the wants thereof in time of need: and how to breed an opinion in his Souldiers, that Clearchus his command was not to be diso∣beied. This he effected by his sourenesse, and austeritie,* 1.56 being sterne in visage, and harsh in voice, and alwaies vsing extremitie in punishment, and somtimes with choler, so that the time was, when he repented of his hastinesse. He chastised his Souldiers of set purpose; thinking an Armie vnpunished to be of no vse. This saying of his is also reported; That a Souldier ought rather to feare his Commander, than his Enemie, in case he were to stand well to his guard, or to abstaine from spoiling his friends, or to goe without refusall against an enemie. Therefore the Souldiers heard him willingly, and required no other Commander in time of dan∣ger. They said, that sternenesse then seemed cheerfulnesse in his counte∣nance, and sourenesse a kind of strengthening against the enemie. So that now it was no more austeritie, but, as it were, a preseruatiue. When they were out of danger, & might follow other Commanders, many forsooke him. For he had nothing in him to win fauour; but was alwaies soure and cruell, so that Souldiers affected him as children doe their Schoole∣master. Neither had he any man, that followed him for loue; but whoso∣euer were put vnder his command either by the citie, or else by necessitie and want, they were wonderfully obedient to him; & after they had ouer∣come the enemy vnder his leading, his meanes were great to make his Souldiers seruiceable. For they marched against the enemy with great assurance, and the feare of punishment kept them in good order. Such a Commander was Clearchus. It was said, he had no great desire to be vn∣der an other mans command. Hee was about fiftie yeares old,* 1.57 when he died. Proxenus the Boeotian sought euen from his childhood to become a man fit for great employments,* 1.58 and out of this desire he gaue enter∣tainment, and addicted himselfe a scholar to Gorgias the Leontine;* 1.59 and after he had conuersed with him a time, thinking himselfe now both able for gouernment, and also that being in estimation with the greatest, he should not faile of meanes to preferre himselfe, he went and ioyned with Cyrus in the same actions, imagining thereby to purchase a worthy name, and great power, and plentie of riches;* 1.60 and albeit his desires were such, notwithstanding it appeared euidently in his carriage,* 1.61 that he wi∣shed not by ill meanes, but fairely and iustly, and no otherwise to come vnto them. He was able to manage matters of importance, and worth, but yet could neither raise reuerence,* 1.62 nor feare in his Souldiers mindes toward him. Nay rather he reuerenced them, than they him; and shewed cleerely, he more feared their hatred, than not to haue them obedient to

him. He thought it sufficient to be, and seeme to be, to praise a well-de∣seruing souldier, not to commend him, that did amisse. The honester therefore, and better sort of Souldiers were well affected toward him; the other sought to circumuent him, as being easie to be ouertaken. He was about thirtie yeares old, when he lost his life. Menon the Thessalian made open shew,* 1.63 that he greedily coueted riches, and coueted rule there∣by to waxe worthier,* 1.64 and coueted honour to bring in gaine. He insinua∣ted himselfe into great mens fauour, to shelter his faults from punish∣ment. To forsweare, to lie, and deceiue, he held the next way to effect his desires:* 1.65 simplicitie and truth he accounted all one with dulnesse, and want of vnderstanding. It could not be perceiued, that he loued any man. To whom he made most shew of loue, him he sought to beguile. In his common discourse,* 1.66 he vsed not to deride an enemie; but scoffed al∣waies at them, with whom he conuersed. He neuer lay in wait for ene∣mies goods, because he iudged it hard to finger that, which was kept, but imagined, that he alone knew, that because the goods of friends were vnder no streight custodie, they might easily be surprised. Periured and wicked folke he feared, as men armed, and abused at his pleasure vp∣right, and well-minded men, scarce esteeming them for men. Menon no otherwise reioyced, in deceit, forging of lies, and deriding his friends, than another man would in godlinesse, truth, and iust dealing. He estee∣med him, that was no circumuenter, to be vnnurtured, and to want edu∣cation.* 1.67 In seeking great mens fauour, he thought there was no other way, than by accusing them, that stood in their speciall grace. He ende∣uoured to make his Souldiers obedient with societie of villany. He loo∣ked for respect, because in many things he had abilitie, and will to doe wrong. If any man forsooke him, he said he dealt kindly with him, for that he had not made him away. But the things concerning him, that are not so openly knowne, may seeme to be fained. Euery one knowes these, that follow. Being in the flower of his age he obtained of Aristippus the leading of the strangers in the army; and in the flower of his age he grew into the familiaritie with Ariaeus,* 1.68 who was a Barbarian, and delighted in young boyes; and hauing yet no haire on his face, he fell in loue with Tharipus, that had a beard. When the other Coronels were made away, because they bore armes with Cyrus against the King, he scaped being in that same fault.* 1.69 Yet after the death of the other Coronels was he puni∣shed and put to death by the King; not losing his head, as Clearchus and the other, (which seemeth to be the fairest and most honourable kinde of death) but he is reported to haue come to his end, as a wicked man, be∣ing put to continuall torments by the space of a whole yeare. Agias the Arcadian, and Socrates the Achaean, lost their heads at the same time, whom no man euer scorned as slacke and sluggish Souldiers, nor bla∣med as disloyall and vntrue friends. They were each of them about for∣tie yeares old.

Finis Libri Secundi.

Notes

• * 1.1

  For Demaratus see Herodot. lib. 6.175. & Pau∣sani••s in Laconi∣cis. l. 3.171.30. Ariaeus his mes∣sage to the Grecians.
• * 1.2

  A countrey of Asia the lesse.
• * 1.3

  Clearchus his answer.
• * 1.4

  Firing to dresse their meat.
• * 1.5

  The kings mes∣sage to the Gr••cians.
• * 1.6

  Answer of the Grecians.
• * 1.7

  Reply of Phalinus.
• * 1.8

  Xenophon.
• * 1.9

  Clearchus his answer.
• * 1.10

  The aduice of Phalinus.
• * 1.11

  The doubtfull answer of Cle∣archus.
• * 1.12

  2000. Miles and aboue.
• * 1.13

  382 Miles and a quarter.
• * 1.14

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.15

  Ariaeus his counsell for the way of their return.
• * 1.16

  A Panicall fear amongst the Graecians.
• * 1.17

  The King ma∣keth an ouer∣ture of Truce.
• * 1.18

  The Grecians accept the Truce.
• * 1.19

  The diligence and sufficiency of Clearchus in his command.
• * 1.20

  Palme nuts.
• * 1.21

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.22

  A dissembling speech of Tissa∣phernes.
• * 1.23

  The answer of the Grecians.
• * 1.24

  The conclu∣sion of truce, with the con∣ditions an∣nexed.
• * 1.25

  The assurāce of truce.
• * 1.26

  Ariaeus practi∣sed to returne to the Kings obeysance.
• * 1.27

  Suspition of the Grecians.
• * 1.28

  Clearchus confident in the truce.
• * 1.29

  Ariaeus ioyneth with the Kings Forces.
• * 1.30

  Three miles three quarters.
• * 1.31

  The Wall of Media.

  The height 33. yards. The bredth 6. yards and more. The length 75 miles or thereabout .30 Miles, 15 mile a day. Draine•• of Tygris.
• * 1.32

  Sitaca

  A mile & three quarters.
• * 1.33

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.34

  Ariaeus his mes∣sage.
• * 1.35

  A practice of the Barbarians.
• * 1.36

  A true conie∣cture about the message.
• * 1.37

  A Bridge vpon Ships.
• * 1.38

  75 miles, euery day 18 & more. Fyscus, a Riuer. Opis.
• * 1.39

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The ar∣my must take vp fiue mile in length, being 10000, and be∣twixt euerie ranke six foot. 112 miles, eue∣rie day 18, and more.
• * 1.40

  75 miles, euery day 15.
• * 1.41

  Caenae, a Citie. Zabatus a riuer 400. footbroad.
• * 1.42

  Distrusts be∣twixt the Gre∣cians and the Barbarians.
• * 1.43

  Conference betwixt Tis∣saphernes and Clearchus.
• * 1.44

  The speech of Clearchus.
• * 1.45

  Tissaphernes answer.
• * 1.46

  Tiara was an attire that the Persians wore on their heads.
• * 1.47

  Clearhus ouer∣reached by the cunning of Tis∣saphernes.
• * 1.48

  Fiue Coronels.
• * 1.49

  The Coronels taken prisoners by Tissaphernes.
• * 1.50

  False pre∣tences of a foule action.
• * 1.51

  The falsenesse discouered.
• * 1.52

  A description of Clearchus his naturall dispo∣sition.
• * 1.53

  The Island in Thrace borde∣ring vpon Hel∣lespont.

  A towne lying vpon the same Sea.

  The narrow Sea beside Con∣stantinople. Lacedemon.
• * 1.54

  His diligence.
• * 1.55

  His skill.
• * 1.56

  Seueritie.
• * 1.57

  Ambition.
• * 1.58

  Proxenus.
• * 1.59

  His industry being young.
• * 1.60

  His ends.
• * 1.61

  Modestie.
• * 1.62

  Remisnesse.
• * 1.63

  Menon.
• * 1.64

  His desire of wealth.
• * 1.65

  Impudencie.
• * 1.66

  Deceitfulnesse.
• * 1.67

  Calumniation.
• * 1.68

  Impudicitie.
• * 1.69

  Death.