The booke of falconrie or havvking for the onely delight and pleasure of all noblemen and gentlemen : collected out of the best authors, aswell Italians as Frenchmen, and some English practises withall concerning falconrie / heretofore published by George Turbervile, Gentleman.

Of the stone, and how, and whereof it commeth.

YOu must vnderstād y^t ther are 3. sorts of diseases in hawks called by the name of the stone, & scarsly doth the one come without the other. The one kéepeth beneath in their tuels, and the other in their bowels & panels: & they may be cured both together. Some cal this disease y^e Cray. And M. Amè Cassian sayth that the stone or Cray cōmeth by the eating of filthy flesh & by mean of soule féeding. For it burneth and drieth in their

bowels (as I said heretofore in the diseases of the head) becaus y^e filth which they haue gathered in their panels inflameth their liuer, which doth so drie vp the substance of the guts, that they cānot mute, but must néeds die of it if they be not cured. Som say that this disease cōmeth of giuing thē washt meat hote be∣fore it be throughly cold, & that is like inough, for a hawk likes not of water & bloud both together at once. The stone in the fundament cōmeth of the filth which the hawke should mute, which thickneth and lies bakte at the tuel: by means whereof she becomes so poor that she cannot mute or stise frō her, and so must néeds die. Yet notwithstanding I haue oftē seen that whē a Falcon is hie & lusty, shée wilstise it out wel inough by mean of her strength. And ye may perceiue when shée hath the stone by that shee muteth with paine & by drops, which is a signe y^t she néedeth to scowre that matter wherof the stone doth grow. And when shée muteth at twice, & a third time after that, it is a token that the stone is throughly confirmed in her guts and panel. Moreouer, when ye see that her tuel is chafed, & but litle drops from her, and that the feathers of her train are much fi∣led with her muting, and that she is euermore picking with her beak about her tuel, be ye sure she hath y^e stone in her tuel, which we cal y^e stone Cray. Again, when she muteth & maketh as though she would iouke vpō your fist, & in her cies is more troubled thā of ordinary: doubt not but that she hath the stone cray. And because she cannot rid it, she is in danger, if she bée not lookt too in time. The remedy therof by the iudgement of M. Amé Cassian is this: take a slice of lard (or a pellet of sope, wet in salet oyle) of the bignesse of a goose quill, and an ynch long, and put thereon the powder of Aloes Cicotrine: which done, cast your hawk hansomly, & conuey it into her tuell as ye would giue a man a suppository, & if the lard be too tender and soft to handle, sticke it vpon a hens feather, so as the fea∣ther appeare not through the Lard, (for so may ye do her great harme with the feather,) and so conuey it vppe into her tuell drawing away the feather gently, and leauing the Larde be∣hind, and haue snayles in a readinesse to giue her immediately

after yée haue applyed the said deuise. And for lacke of snayles, giue her the forementioned pyll of lard, mingled with marow and sugar, and set her in the Sun, or by a fire, without féeding of her til one howre after noone. And if thée endure wel to be by the fire, or in the Sun, let her alone, for the heat is very good for her. After this, giue her somwhat more than half a gorge of a yong pullet, or if yee can come by any myce or rats, nothing is better. But let her not stand in the ayre or in the wind ex∣cept the weather be fayre & warm. At night when she hath in∣dewed well, giue her foure or fiue cloues of mace broken, and lapped vp in a little cotton, or in the skinne of a henne: and do so three or four dayes, sauing the suppository or pellet afore∣said, for it will serue twice well inough. And thus shall you skoure your hawk throughly. Looke well to it that shée cast not vp y^e cloues of mace, for they be singular good for hawks in all respects, specially for all humors that surcharge their heads and generally for all Filanders and worms. And if you mind to rid a falcon clean out of the cray, and of the said disease: giue her meat steeped in Goats milke, or in other milke, and doe so foure or fiue dayes together: for the said milke is very good a∣gainst the cray. In the booke of the Prince, there is another re∣ceit for this disease of the cray or stone. That is to wit: Take the gall of a pigge of thrée weeks old, and conuey it into your hawkes beake, so as shée may take it and swallow it downe whole without breaking, and take héed that she cast vp none of it againe. Afterwardes, giue her a little péece of the Pigges flesh, of the bignes of a Beane, and let her stand empty pan∣neld vpon the same vntill night, setting her in the Sun, or by the fire. This medicine is very good for all birds of prey that are encombred with the Cray or Stone. Neuertheles, if a Goshawke or a Sparowhawke haue that disease (so it bée not too sore) giue it her no more but once. But as for other hawkes that are of stronger mettall, yée may giue it them thrice. And when euening is come, féed your hawke with a pullet or with mutton, or with small birds, and the next morning stéepe her meat in Goats milke, or womans milke, féeding her so three

dayes together with small gorges, and she shall be sound. And if you will not or cannot vse the said receit, yée may take a little oyle Oliue, and somewhat lesse hony, and wette your hawkes meate therewith, for it is good to helpe that disease. Some put the said things into a Hennes gut lied fast at both ends, because a hawke wil take it the better: and naturally she likes not oyle with her meat.

Master Michelin sets down another medicin which is this. Take Lard, marow of béefe, Sugar clarified, and once boiled and Saffron in powder, of each a like quantity, prouided that the larde bée first stéeped in vineger four and twenty howres, and the water shifted thrée or foure times, & set abroad in the open ayre. Of the which thinges confected together, yee must make pyls of the bignesse of a beane, whereof you shall giue your hawke one or two, setting her in the sun, or by the fire, and féeding her with poultry or with muton, allowing her but reasonable gorges four or fiue dayes together, and giuing her maces as afore: for they cannot but do the hawke great pleasure in euery condition and part. Master Michelin teach∣eth another receit for this disease, specially for Goshawkes, and Sparowhawkes which I haue tryed oft.

Cut a shéepes heart in small péeces, and when yée haue let it lie stéeping all night in asses milke, goats milke, or womans milke, put a little boyld Sugar into the milke, and gorge your hawke reasonably therewith three dayes together. And assure your selfe that this medicise is very excellent for the Cray, & without danger for all maner of hawks. M. Martin saith in a∣uouchment of this matter, that when a hawke cannot well mute with her ease, it betokeneth and plainly sheweth y^t shee hath the stone Cray. For remedy whereof, take the heart of a hogge, & a quantity of his sewet minced very small, & make them into powder together, & giue it the hawke in her meate thrée dayes successiuely. Againe, I haue séene some take the whit of an egge, or the whole egge, with a little saffron in pou∣der well coyled and beatē together, which being bestowed vp∣pon the hawkes meat, hath cured her.

Mallopin sets down yet one other receit more. Put the iuyce of (water Cressyes) in a Hennes gut of one inch long, tyed at both ends, and force your hawke to receiue it. Which done, set her in the sun, or by the fire, and féede her not till noone, at which time giue her but halfe a gorge of hote meat, because of the medicine which hath set all her body out of temper. Let this be done two or thrée dayes, and if you find the medicine to haue scowred & taken much at the first of your hawke, giue her lesse & lesse, and so shall she recouer. The booke of Princes set∣teth downe yet one other remedy for the same disease, that yée might put it in vre which soeuer liked you best. Take a peny weight of Persly séed, as much of Smallage séede, a dramme of boyld sugar, a peny weight of Stauesaker, of wheaten bran one dram, and halfe the shell of an egge. Put them altogether into a good large posnet full of water, & séeth it till it be consu∣med to the one half, & then strain it through a cloth. Then take of Cassia Fistula one dramme and of Turbith one peny weight, of Hermodactils two peny weight, & of Aloes Cicotrine thrée peny weight. Beat all these into fine powder, & put them in∣to the water wherein the other mixture was boyled, & make thereof a Clister in the bladder of a Pigge.

Then take a great quill of a goose, or of some other bird, and thereof make the necke of your Clysterbagge fast tyed to the bagge that nothing may issue out of it, and so giue your hawk the Clyster as you haue séene it giuen to men at their neede. This done set your hawke in the Sun, or by the fire, and kéepe her empty till noone, at which time giue her a pullets legge, and so shee shall recouer no doubt.