Thabridgment of the histories of Trogus Pompeius, collected and wrytten in the Laten tonge, by the famous historiographer Iustine, and translated into English by Arthur Goldyng: a worke conteynyng brieflie great plentie of moste delectable hystories, and notable examples, worthie not onelie to be read but also to be embraced and followed of all menne

THE SCEOND BOOKE of Iustine. (Book 2)

EOr asmuche as we be come to the re∣hersall of the actes of the Scithians, whyche were both great and honoura∣ble: I htynke it good to entreate euen of theyr very originall begynny•…•…g.

For their first begynnyng was no lesse famous, than was the whole processe of their Empire, neyther were the more renowmed through the chiualrye of theyr menne, then through the prowesse of their women. For where as their men were the founders of the Parthians, and Bactrians, theyr women founded the kyngdom of the Amazons, so that yf a man consider and wey indifferently the doynges of the men and the doynges of the women together, he shall not be able to iudge, whe∣ther of them were worthier of renowne and honour. The Scithian nacion hath euer bene counted of gretest antiqui∣tye.* 1.1 Aowbeit betwene theym and the Egiptians hath bene great strife a longe time as concernynge the auncientnesse of them both. The Egiptians alledging that in the first be∣gynnyng of thinges, whereas some countreyes dyd so bor∣ne through the feruente heat of the Sonne, and othersome to fryse through the excessiuenesse of the could, that not one∣ly they were not able to engender men, but also not able to receiue and kepe men that came out of other countreyes, before that garmentes were inuented to defende the bodye from heate or colde, or that the faultes of the places were eased with remedies founde out by cunnynge and practise:* 1.2 Egypte was alwayes so temperate, that neyther the could in the wynther, nor the heate of the sonne in the sommer, greued the inhabitauntes therof, the soyle of the ground so fruiteful, that there is no lande vnder the sonne that brin∣geth mo thynges necessary and meete for mannes vse. And

that therefore of ryght men ought to be bred fyrste there, where with moste ease they myght be best brought vp. On* 1.3 thother side, the Scithians denyed that the temperatenesse of the ayre made any thing to the proofe of antiquity, foras∣muche as nature as soone as it had geuen to eche countrey of heate or colde as much as seemed good, forthewith also engendred liuing creatures, able to endure in those places and thereunto sundrye sortes of trees and fruites, in theyr kyndes accordyng as the estate of the countrey required.

And looke howe much the weather was harder in Scithia then in Egypt, so much were the Scithians harder of body and of nature than the Egiptians. But if the world which is nowe deuided in partes, were sometyme al one, whether water at the first beginning ouerwhelmed all the earthe, or els fyre possessed all thynges, whereof also the worlde it selfe was made, the Scithians in both of theym must nedes be the auncienter. For if fyre fyrst possessed all, the whyche by litle and litle beyng quenched, gaue place to the earthe, no parte was sooner separated from the fyre by the colde∣nesse of the winter, then the North: insomuch that at thys presente daye, there is no parte that feeleth more excessine colde: where as Egipt and all the East, wer a longer season ere they coulde come to anye temperatnesse, whyche well appeareth by thē euen yet in that the vnmeasurable heate of the sonne skorcheth them at this day. But yf so be it that all the worlde were sometime drowned with the sea, vn∣doubted it must nedes folow, that the higher that any place is the sooner it must be discouered: forasmuche as the wa∣ters withdrawe theymselues from thence into the lower groundes, and there remaine a great while. And the soner that any place was dryed vp, the sonner it began to engen∣der liuing creatures. Furthermore Scithia is so much big∣ger than al other countreyes, that al the riuers that spryng there, do fall into the sea Maeotis, and from thence into the sea of Pontus, and so into the Aegiptian sea. But as for Ae∣gipte

it selfe, (which beinge by the costes and charges of so many kynges, so manye hundred yeares, with so huge and stronge dammes and bankes agaynste the vyolence of the waters renning thereinto, strengthened and fortifyed, cut, and deuided with so many diches and trenches, to thentent that the waters beyng in the one receyued, might by the o∣ther be kept of from going any further, could nathe rather be inhabited, except the riuer Nilus were excluded) can not seeme to be auncienter than all other countreyes, but ra∣ther what for the great costes that the kynges haue besto∣wed therupon, and what for the gret heapes of mudde that the riuer Nilus leaues behynde hym, may seme the last in∣habited of all countreyes. The Egiptiās beyng vanquished* 1.4 by these argumentes, y^• Scithians were euer counted most aūcient. Scithia stretcheth into the East, and is enclosed on thone side with Pontus, on thother sid with the mountains* 1.5 Rhiphael, on the backe with Asia, and the riuer Tanais, & it is very long and very wyde. The people of that countrey haue no boundes betwene man and man. For they occupy no tillage, neyther haue they anye house or home to resorte to, or any certayne dwellyng place.

As they feede and graze theyr catell, wanderyng through the desertes and wylde forestes, they carrye theyr wyues and children with them in wagons and chariotes couered wyth hides, to kepe out the wynde and weather, the which they occupye instede of houses.

They vse 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and equyte of a naturall •…•…ysposycyon, and not for feare of anye lawe. No offence is counted so heynous among theym as stealynge. For consyderynge they haue no houses. nor anye place of safegarde, and that all theyr ryches consisteth in cattell, what shoulde they ha∣ue in safetye, if it were lawefull for them to steale?

Golde and syluer they do asmuch despyse, as other nacions do couet and desyre it.

They lyne by Milke and Honny, they know not what to d•…•… with woll, nor howe to make them selues garmentes ther∣of. And although they be vexed wit continuall colde, yet ha∣ue they nothyng to clothe them selues with, but the skyn∣nes of wilde beastes, and of myce. This temperance cau∣seth them to be so vpryght in theyr lyuing, and is an occasi∣on, that they couet not other mens goodes. For where as ryches be: there also is couetousnesse. I woulde to God that all other men could vfe the lyke temperance and abstinent frō other mens goodes. Certes then shoulde there not bee* 1.6 so much warre and manslaughter of so longe continuaunce as there is in all landes. Neyther shoulde there dye moe of the sworde than of naturall destynye. It ys a wonderfull thyng, that they shoulde haue that thing g•…•…uen them of na∣ture, which the Grekes by thenstructions of their wise mē and the preceptes of their Philosophers so longe time toge∣ther, conld neuer attayne vnto, and that the fyne ciuile ma∣ners* 1.7 of the Grekes should be to no pupose at all, in compa∣rison of the rude and barbarous Scithians. So much more profited in these the ignoraunce of vice, than in the other the knowledge of vertue. Thryse the Scithians gat the em* 1.8 pire of Asye they them selues remayning all the while, ey∣ther vntouched, or at the least vnsubdewed of any for reyne power. Thei put Darius king of Persia to shameful flight, and draue him out of theyr countrey. The slewe Cyrus and* 1.9 all his armye. After the same forte they vtterlye destroyed zopyron one of great Alexaunders chiefetaynes with al his hoste. As for the warres of the Romaynes, they hearde of them, but they neuer felt them. Within a whyle they foun∣ded* 1.10 thempires of the Parthians & Bactrians: people geuen to endure labour, and •…•…out men of warre, of strength of bo dye wonderfull, desiring not to win the thiug they thought they could not kepe, and in their conquestes seking nothing but honour. The first y^• euer offred warre vnto the Scithi∣ans, was Uexores king of Egipt, who sent his ambassadors before to offer them peace, condicionally that thay woulde

become his bassalles and liege mē. But the Scithtās being aduertised before by their neighboures of the kynges com∣myng: aunswered the ambassadours in this wise. We can not but maruayle that the ruler of so welthy a people, wyll so foolishely moue warre agaynst beggars, whyche thynge was rather to haue bene mistrusted on his parte, conside∣ringe that the ende of warre is doubtfull, and no rewarde though he wanne the victory, but apparant losse if he were ouercome. Wherfore, let him not thinke that the Scythiās will wayte for his comming hyther, seyng there is in their enemye so much worthe the fetchinge, and goynge for, but they will with all their hartes go and mete him. As they had sayde, so did they in dede. When the king vnderstoode that they made towardes him with suche spede, he fled for feare, and leauing behynde him his hoste and all hys furni∣ture for the warres, he fearefullye retyred into his kynge∣dome. The Scithians coulde not pursue him into Egipt be∣cause of the fennes. As they retourned from thence they conquered al Asia, and put them to a litle tribute rather in token of their conquest, than in reward of their victorye.* 1.11

Fyftene yeares they taryed in pacifieng and setting a staye in the countreye. From whence they were called home by the importunat requestes of their wiues, whiche sent them worde, that if they hyed theym •…•…ot home the sooner, they would lye with their 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to haue fruite by them, and not suffer the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the Scith•…•…s to decay throughe* 1.12 their default. Thus was Asia tributary to them by y^• space of 1500 yeres. Ninus kyng of Thassirians made an end of paying thys trybute. But in the meane tyme amonge the Scithians, t•…•…o yong gentlemen of the bloud royall, named Plinos and Scolopythus, being through debate among the noble me•…•…, driuen out of their coūtrey, led with thē a great noumber of youth, and setled them selues in the borders of Cappadocia, about the riuer Thermodoon, and kept al the fieldes about the citie Themiscira. There, many yeares to∣gether, being wont to robbe their neyghboures, at the last.

the people prfuily conspired together and sette vpon theym vnwares, and by a trayne slewe them eueryechone. The wiues of these men, perceyuing that besides their banyshe∣ment,* 1.13 they were also made widowes, armed theym selues, and defended theyr borders: first by standing in their owne defence, and afterward by making warre vnto others. Moreouer they had no mind to marry any more with their neyghbours, calling it a bondage and not maryage. A sin∣gular example for all ages to looke vpon. They encreased theyr common wealth withoute men and defended theym selues euen in despyght of men. And to thentente some of them should not thinke them selues, in better case then the rest, they killed their husbands that were left aliue at home Furthermore, in reuengement of the deathes of their hus∣bandes, they destroyed theyr neyghbours also. Th•…•…n ha∣uing* 1.14 by warre gotten peace and tranquilitie, they sente for theyr neyghbours and companied with them. If any male children wer•…•… borne, they were killed. The women chyl∣dren were brought vp, not in ydlenesse▪ nor to spinning and* 1.15 carding, but in feates of armes, ridinge of horses, and hun∣tinge as the custome is to bringe vp men. And forbycaus•…•… theyr shooting and throwing of dartes should not be hinde∣red, theyr righte pappes were seared of while they were children, whereupon they were named Bamazons. They had two queenes, the one called Marth•…•…, the other Lampedo, the which deuiding their hoste in two partes, and growinge to* 1.16 great welth and richesse made warre by turnes, the one cir cumspectely defending the countrey at home, while the o∣ther made warre abrode, as theyr turnes came about. And o•…•… thentent to be the more renowmed in all their enterpri∣ses & affaires, they proclaymed theym selues the doughters of Mars. Wherfore hauing conquered the greater parte o•…•…* 1.17 Europe, they subdewed also manye cities of Asia. Where ha∣uing builded Ephesus and diuers other cities, parte of theyr armie being sent home with a great bootye, the rest whych taried styll to defend thempyreof Asia, were by a sodayn•…•…

•…•…ssault of the barbarous people, with their queene Marthe∣sia all slayne. In whose roome secceded in thempyre, her daughter Orithia. Who besydes her singular actiuitie in fea∣tes* 1.18 of warre, was as a myrrour to all women for preser∣uyng of her maydenhed▪ and virginitye while she lyued. Through the prowesse of her, the honour and renowne of the Amazones was so greatly auaunced, that the kyng for* 1.19 whose pleasure Hercules atchieued. xii. daungerous aduen∣tures, commaunded him as a thing impossible, to fetch him the armour of the Queene of Amazonie. Hercules therfore accompanyed with many of the yong lordes and noble mē of Greece, arriuing with nyne galleyes assayled them vn∣wares. At the same tyme the kyngdome of Thamazones was gouerned by two of the foure systers, atiope and Ori∣thia. Of the whiche Orithia was makyng warre in forreyne countreyes, by reason whereof, there was but a slender company about the queene Antyope, when Hercules arry∣ued at the shore of Amazonye, bycause there was no suche thyng mistrusted, nor any enemye thought vpon. Where∣fore it came to passe, that those fewe beyng raysed with the sodayne alarme, armed theym selues and gaue theyr ene∣mies an easie victorie. For many wer slayne and many ta∣ken, amonge whom were two of Antiopes sisters M•…•…a∣lyppe taken by Hercules, & Hippolite by Theseus. Theseus* 1.20 maried his prisoner, of whom he begate Hippolitus. But Hercules after the victory restored Menal•…•…ppe to her sister and for her raunsome tooke the queenes armoure. And so hauyng accomplyshed his charge, retourned to the kyng. Orithia hauyng knowledge that warre was made agaynst her systers, and that the prynce of Athens had ledde awaye one of them perforce, exhorteth her companye to bee re∣uenged, affirmyng, that all their conquestes in Po•…•…us and Asia were to no purpose, if they should take suche a foyle at the handes of the Greekes, as to suffer not so muche the warres, as the rauishementes of Thatheniens.

And thereupon she sent for succour vnto Sagillus kyng o•…•… Scithia. Alledging that she & her people wer by discent Scithi∣ans* 1.21 borne, declaringe furthermore the losse of their husban∣des, whereby they were constrayned to take armoure vpō them, and what was the cause of the warres whyche they nowe tooke in hande, sayeng, that through theyr prowesse they had brought to passe, that the Scithians myghte seme, to haue as valiaunt women as men. The kyng beyng moued with the honour of his house, sente to her ayde hys sonne* 1.22 Penaxagoras with a greatbande of horsemen. But before the battell, beyng by meanes of dissention sodaynly fallen betwene them, forsaken of their succoures, and so lefte de∣stitute of thelpe and ayde of them, the Atheniens put them to the worser. Neuerthelesse the campe of the Scythians was a refuge vnto theym, •…•…y whose helpe they retourned into their countrey vntouched of other nacions. After Ori∣thia,* 1.23 Penthesilea obtayned the soueraynetye, Who lefte be∣hynde her a noble remembraunce of her worthie actes, in that famous assemble of valiaunt men, in the defence of the Troianes against the Greekes. Finally Penthesilea beyng slayne, and her armye wasted, those sewe that remayned, with muche a doe scarcely defendyng them selues agaynste theyr neyghbours, continued vnto the tyme of great Ale∣xander. Whose Queene Minothea, otherwyse called Tha∣lestris after she had obteined the company of Alexander by the space of. xiiii. dayes to thentente to haue yssue by hym, retourned into her kyngdome, and within a whole after de* 1.24 ceased, with whom the name of the Amazones vtterly de∣cayed. The Scithians in their thyrd viage into Asia, when they had bene a seuen yeares from their wy•…•…es and chyl∣dren,* 1.25 were welcomed home with warre by theyr owne ser∣uauntes. For theyr wyues beyng weryed wyth longe tari∣eng for theyr husbandes, supposynge that they were not so long deteyned with warres, but rather all slayne maryed themselues to theyr slaues whom theyr maysters had lefte •…•…t home to looke to their cattell The whyche hearynge o•…•…

their masters returne with conquest, met them in order of battell well appoynted and harnessed, to kepe them out of their country as if they had bene straungers. The Scithians* 1.26 perceiuing that by battell they lost as much as they won, aduised them selues to vse another kinde of fight, remem∣bring that they hadde not to doo with their ennemies but with their slaues, who ought to be ouercom not by the law of armes, but by the law of masters, against whom it was more mete to bring whippes into the field then weapons, and laying a side swordes, euery man to furnishe him selfe with rods and whips, and suche other kind of stuffe, wher of slaues and bondmen are wont to be afraid. This coun∣sell was well alowed, and therfore euery man being furni∣shed as was before appoynted, whē they aproched to their enemies, sodenly they shoke their whippes at them, wher∣with they so amased them, that whome they coulde not o∣uercome by battell, they ouercame with fear of beating & made them run away, not like enemies ouercome by bat∣tell, but like runnagate slaues. As many of them as were taken were hanged vp. The women also that knew them selues gilty of the matter, partly by wepon, partly by han∣ging, wilfully dispatched them selues. After this the Scithi∣ans* 1.27 liued in peace, vntill the time of Lanthine their kinge, to whome Darius king of Persie (as is before mentioned,) be∣cause he woulde not geue him his Daughter in mariage,) made warre: and with seuen hundred thousand men in ar∣mor, entring into Scithia, when he saw his enemies would* 1.28 not come and geue him battel, fearing that if the bridge o∣uer the riuer of Danow shuld chaunce to be broken, he shuld be enclosed. From retourning home againe, fearfully reti∣red ouer the water with the los of four skore and x. M. mē. The which neuerthelesse was counted as no losse, for the exceding great nombre of mē that he had in his host. After∣ward* 1.29 he conquered Asia and Macedonie, and vanquished the Iomans vpon the sea. Finally vnderstanding that the A∣theniens had aided the Ionians against him, he tourned the

whole brunt of the warre vpon them. Now forasmuche as we be come to the warres of the Atheniens, whiche were* 1.30 done in such wise, not only as a mā could not well haue ho∣ped for. But also farre otherwise then a man wold almost beleue them to haue bene done. And forasmuche as the de∣des of the Atheniens were greater in effecte then coulde haue beene wished before they came to passe: I thincke it conuenient to speake sōwhat euen of their originall begin∣ning, because they did not encrease from a base and vile be ginning, to the highest estate that could be, like as al other* 1.31 nations haue done. For they alone may make their vaūt, as wel of their verye first beginninge, as of their good suc∣cesse and increasement. For it was not straungers, nor a sort of raskals gathered here & there together, that foūded that city, but they were bred in the same soyle where they inhabite, and the place of their dwellinge, is the place of* 1.32 their beginning. They first taught the vse of Woll, Oyle, and wine. And wheras men in times paste were wonte to liue by eating of Acorns, they taught how to plow y^• groūd and to sow corn. And certenly as for lerning, eloquens and all ciuill pollicy, and order of gouernaunce, may worthelye take Athens for their Temple. Before the time of Denca∣lion, they had a king called Cecrops, who according to the re* 1.33 port of all the auncient fables, hadde two faces, because he fyrst ioyned man and woman together in marriage. After him succeded Crands, whose daughter Atthis gaue the name vnto the country. Next him raigned Amphitrion which first consecrated the City to Minerua, and called it by the name of Athens. In his time a floud of water drowned the grea* 1.34 ter part of Grece: only such eskaped, as coulde recouer the tops of the mountaines, or elsse such as could get ships and sail vnto Dencalion king of Thessalie. Who by reson therof is reported to haue repaired & made mankind. Afterward by order of succession the kingdō descended to Ericthens vnder* 1.35 whom the sowing of corn was found out at Elensis by Tripto lemus. In reward of the whiche deede, the nighte sacrifices

wer i•…•…tituted in the honor of Ceres. aegeus also the father of Theseus raigned in Athens, from whome Medea being di∣uorsed* 1.36 because her sonne in law Theseus was mangrowne, departed to Col•…•…hos with her sonne medus whom she had by aegeus. After aegeus, Theseus enioyed the kingdō, and next to him his sonne Demophoon, which aided the Grekes against the Troyans. Ther was betwene thatheniens & the Doriēs an old grudge & displeasure, the which the Dorienses enten∣ding to reuenge by battel, asked coūsel of the Oracles. An∣swer was made that they shuld haue the vpper hād, so they killed not the kinge of Athens. When they came into the field, great charge was geuen to all the Souldiers in anye wise not to hurt the king. At the same time, king of Athēs* 1.37 was Cadrus, who hauing vnderstāding both of thanswer of Appollo, & of the charge that was geuen among his enne∣mies, laid a side his robes & princely apparell, and in a rag∣ged cote with a bundle of vineshreds in his necke, entred into his ennemies campe. There in a throng that stode a∣bout him, he was slain by a souldier whom he of pretensed purpose had wounded with a hoke that he had in his hād. The Dorienses when they knew it was the kinge that laye there slain, departed without any stroke striking. By this meanes the Atheniens through the prowesse of their cap∣tain yelding him self to death for the safegarde of his coun∣trye were deliuered from warre. After Codrus was neuer* 1.38 king more in Athēs, the which was attributed to his high renown and remembrans of his name. The gouernans of the common welth was appoynted to yerely officers. But the Citye at that time had no lawes, because that hitherto the commaundement of their kinges was accompted as a law. Therfore was chosen one Solon a man of meruailous vprightnesse, which should as it were make a new citye by* 1.39 his lawes. Who vsed suche an indifferency, and bare hym self so euen betwene the people and the Senate (where as if he made any thīg for thone estate, he was like to displese the other) that he gate like fauor at bothe theyr handes.

Amongst the noble actes of this man whiche were many, this is in especially worthy to be remembred. The Athe∣niens and Megarenses had fought together for the chalen ging of the Ile of Salamine, almost to their vtter destructiō. After many great slaughters, it begā to be taken for a hei∣nous matter among the Atheniens, if any man shuld go a∣bout to make any claim or title to the Iland. Solon therfore* 1.40 being sorowful, least by holdinge his peace he should not so greatly further the common wealth as he ought to doo, or by putting forth his counsell bring him self in daunger, so∣denly fained himself mad: vnder pretens wherof he might not only say, but also doo thinges forbidden. He ran abrode in a foles cote like a disard, and in a great company of men that gathered aboute him, the more to cloke his pretensed purpose, in rimes and meters to him vnaccustomed, he be∣gā to moue the people to that thing which was vnlawful, wherin he so perswaded them all, that forthwith they pro∣claimed warre against the Megarenses, in the which they vā quished their enemies, and reduced the Iland vnder theyr subiection. In the meane season the Megarenses being mind∣ful of the warres that the Atheniens made against them, and b•…•…ing lothe to leaue without some gain, toke shipping of purpose to take the noble women and matrones of A∣thens, as they wer celebrating the sacri•…•…ces vnto Ceres, in the night time at Elensis. The which thing beinge knowen Pisistratus captain of the Atheniens laid bushments of men in places conuenient, commaundinge the women to cele∣brate their ceremonies, with like noise and hurly burly, as they were wont to doo, euen when their ennemies came, to thentent they should not suspecte that their commynge was heard of. When the Megarenses were come out of their shippes, he sodainly brake vpon them and •…•…ue them euery* 1.41 one, and forthwith entring into their ships, (the whiche he entermedled with women, to make a show, as though thei had bene the matrones taken prisoners) he went straighte to Megara. The townes men seing their owne shippes and

the women in them (whiche they supposed to be the •…•…ootye that they soughte for) wente forthe to the hauen to meete them, the whiche company Pysistratus •…•…ue, and missed but little of winninge the City. So by their owne pollicye, the Megarenses gaue their ennemies the victory. But Pysistratus* 1.42 as though he had won to his owne behoofe, and not to the behoofe of his Country, by craft and pollicy made him selfe king. For at home at his owne house, when he hadde of set purpose caused his body to be rent and māgled with scour∣ging and whipping, he came abrode, and ther sommoning the people together, shewed them his woundes, makynge exclamation of the crueltye of the Noble menne, at whose hands he surmised himself to haue suffered this hurte. As he spake he wept, and with his spiteful wordes set the light people on fire, assuringe them that for the loue he bare to them, he was hated of the Senate, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 hervpon he obtained a garde of menne for the safetye of his personne, by whose meanes he vsurped the Luperioritye, and raigned xxxiiii. yeares. After his deathe Diocles one of his Sonnes as he* 1.43 rauished a maiden perforce, was by the brother of the same maide slaine. His other sonne named Hyppias possessynge his fathers kingdome, commaunded him that slue his bro∣ther to be apprehended, who being compelled by tormēts* 1.44 to appeale such as were necessarye to the murder, named all the Tyrannes frendes, whiche being put to deathe, and the Tyran demaunding if there were yet anye moo a Coun∣sell or preuye to the deede, there is no moo (quod he) aliue whome I would gladly see die, sauing the Tyran hym selfe: by whiche sayinge he declared him selfe bothe to haue the vpper hand of the Tyran, and also to haue reuenged the cha stity of his sister. The city through his stoutnesse being put in remembraunce of their liberty, at length deposed Hyppi∣as from his kingdom, and banished him their coūtry. Who taking his iourny into Persie, offred him self to Darius, ma∣king warre againste the Atheniens, (as is before specified) as a captain against his own country.

Wherfore the Atheniens hearing of Darius approche, sent* 1.45 for aid to the Lacedemonians who at that time were in leage with them. But perceiuing that they were busied aboute matters of religion for the space of iiii. daies, they thought not good to tary the cōming of their succors, but with x. M well apoynted of their own citizens, and one thousād of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 which came to their aid, they went forth to battell, against vi. C. M. of their enemies in the plains of Marathon. Melciades was Captain of this war, & counseller not to tary* 1.46 〈◊〉〈◊〉 their succors. Who was of such corage, that he thought ther was 〈◊〉〈◊〉 aduantage in spedy settinge forward, then in lingering for succor. Therfore they ran into the battell with wonderful cherefulnesse. In so muche that when the* 1.47 ii. armies wer a mile a sondre, they hasted forwarde as fast as they could •…•…un, to ioyn with their ennemies before they mighte discharge their arowes. Neither wanted this bold∣nesse good successe. For the battell was fought wyth suche corage, that a man wold haue thought the one side to haue ben men, and thother to haue ben beasts. The Persians be* 1.48 ing vanquished fled to their ships, wherof many wer drow ned and many wer taken. In that battel the prowesse and manhode of euery man was so great, that it were harde to iudge who deserued most to be praised. How be it amongst all other, brast forth the glory of a yonge man called Themi∣stocles, in whom euen then appered such towardnesse, as it* 1.49 was like he should for his valiauntnesse hereafter be made their chiefe captain & gouernor. The glory of one Cynaegirus also a souldior of Athens, is highly commended & set for the with great praises among wryters, who after innumera∣ble* 1.50 slaughter in the battel, when he had pursued his enne∣mies to their shippes, as they fled, he caught holde of a ship that was laden with his right hand, and would not let goo his holde till he had loste his hande. His righte hand being cutte of, he laid holde on it with his left hande, the whyche also beinge loste in likewise, at the laste he held the shyppe with his teethe.

Suche was his courage, that being not wearied with so manye slaughters, nor discouraged with the losse of bothe his handes, at the last being vtterly maimed, like a sauage* 1.51 beast he fought with his teethe. The Persians loste in that battell two hundred thousand menne, beside their shippes. Hyppias also the Tyran of Atbens, the author and stirrer of this warre, through the iust vengaunce of God, whyche punished him for his country sake, was there slayne.

In the meane time Darius as he was aboute to renewe the warre, died in the preparation therof, leauinge many* 1.52 sonnes behinde him, wherof some were begotten before he was king, and other some in the time of his raigne. Of the whyche Artobazanes the eldest, claimed the Crowne by pre∣rogatiue* 1.53 of hys age, alledginge that by order of lawe, by order of birthe, by order of nature, and by custome of all Countryes, he oughte to haue it. Xerxes replied and sayde, that their controuersye was not as concerninge the order of their birthe, but as concernyng the nobilitye and wor∣thinesse of theyr byrthe.

For hee graunted that Artobazanes was in deede the first that was borne vnto Darius, but Darius was then a pri∣uate person, and that he him selfe was the firste that was borne to Darius being king.

Wherfore his brothers that were borne durynge the time his father was a subiect, might lawfully claime suche priuate inheritaunce as Darius then had, but not the king∣dom, which apperteined to him being the first, whome his father begat in his kingdō. This also made for his purpose in that artobazanes was borne a priuate person, not only by the fathers side, but also by the mothers side, and also 〈◊〉〈◊〉 his graundfathers side by the mother. Wher•…•… he himself had a Queene to his mother, and he 〈◊◊〉〈◊◊〉 his father but king, and he hadde a kinge 〈◊〉〈◊〉 his grau•…•…father by the mo∣ther, namelye kinge Cyrus who was not an inheritor, but the first founder of that greate Empyre. And therfore if theyr father had left them 〈◊〉〈◊〉 like right to the 〈◊〉〈◊〉,

yet notwithstande in consideration of his Mother and hys graundfather, he oughte to be preferred. They putte thys controuersy quietly and gently with a good will, to the dis∣cretion of their vncle Artaphe•…•… as to a housholde iudge, who discussing the matter at home, preferred Xerxes. And this contention betwene them was so brotherly, that nei∣ther he that had the vpper hand vaunted him self, neyther he that was ouercome was sorye for the matter. And euen in the chiefest time of all their strife, they sente giftes and presentes one to another, aud merely banketted together, wythout mistrust of treason or deceit, and the matter was ended wythout dayes men, or without reprochful wordes betwixt them. So muche more modestly could brothers in those daies deuide the greatest kingdomes, then they can nowe deuide a small inheritaunce. Xerxes therefore by the space of fiue yeares together, made preparatyon for the warres whiche his father had begon against the Grekes.* 1.54 The which thing when Demeratus kinge of the Lacedemo∣nians, (who at that time beinge banished his Countrye, li∣ued in king Xerxes Courte,) vnderstode, being more frend∣lye to his countrye after his banishment, then to the kyng for all his benefites, to the entente they shoulde not be op∣pressed with sodaine warre, wrate all thinges in tables of wode to the Magistrates of Sparta, and couered the letters ouer with ware, least that ether the wryting without a co∣uer might bewray it self, or the newe ware disclose hys de∣uise. Whē they wer finished, he toke thē to a trnsty seruāt, commaunding him to deliuer to the magistrats of the Spar∣tanes. When they were brought to Lacedemon, the matter hong long in question what it shoulde meane, because they saw no wryting, & again they thought the tables were not sent for nothing, & the closer the thinge was, so muche they iudged it to be of greater importaunce. Whiles the menne with sondrye op•…•…nions slacke in the matter, the Syster of L•…•…oindas the kynge founde out the intent and meanynge of the wryter. The ware therfore being skraped of, it appea∣red was wrought against them.

By this time had Xerxes armed seuen hundred thousand of his owne kingdome, and hired thre hundred thousand Mer∣cenaries.* 1.55 So that it hath not without good cause bene repor∣ted, that his army dronke the riuers dry, and that al Grece was skarse able to receiue his hooste. It is also said that he had ten hundred thousand shippes. To this huge host wan* 1.56 ted a mete Captaine. For if ye haue respect vnto the king, ye may praise his riches, but not his good guidans or know ledge requisite in a Captain, of which there was so greate aboundaunce in his realme, that when riuers were not a∣ble to finde his huge multitude drinke, yet had he treasure more then could be spent. He would be sure to be the laste that shoulde come to encounter, and the firste that shoulde run away. In danger he was fearful, out of daunger proud and ful of bosting. Finally before he should come to the tri∣all of battell, he gloried so much in his owne strength, that as if he had beene euen a Lord ouer nature, and had beene able to rule it at his pleasure, he broughte mountaynes to plaine ground, and filled vp the valleis, made bridges ouer the sea, and cut through the main land to make nerer way for his shippes to passe. Whose comming into Grece as it was terrible, so his departure was as shameful and disho∣norable. For when that Leonides kinge of the Sartanes wyth four thousand men, had taken the strengthe of Thermopyle, Xerxes in disdaine of his small noumber, commaunded that none shoulde assaile them, but they whose kinsfolke were slain at the battel of Marathon: the which while they soughte to reuenge the deathes of their frends, wer the beginning of the slaughter that ensued.

In their places succeded stil mo and mo, to the great en∣crease of their owne slaughter. Three daies the Persians fought there to their greate anguish, displesure and sorow, The fourth daye when it was tolde Leonides that twentye thousande of his ennemies had taken the toppe of the hill, then he began to exhort his partakers to depart, and to re∣serue them selues till some better time might come, wher∣in

they might do seruice to their country, for he & hys Spartanes wold stād to thaduēture of fortune, saying that he set not so much by his life, as by his country, & that the resi due ought to be spared for the defice of Grece, whē the kin ges plesure was published, the rest departed all sauing the Lacedemonians which taried stil with him. In the beginning of this war, whé counsel was asked of apollo at Delphos, an∣swer was geuē that either the king of thes partanes must be slain, or els the city be destroid. And therfore whē the king Leonides shuld go forth to the war, he had so encoraged his souldiers, that euery man went with a willing hart to dye* 1.57 with their maister. He tooke the straites for this purpose, that with his small nōber, he might either win with more honor, or die with les domage to the cōmō welth: wherfore when he had dismissed his partakers, he exhorted the Spar tanes to remēber thē selues, that how so euer they fought they must be slaine, warning them to take hede, that they gaue no cause to baue it reported of them hereafter, that their harts serued them better to tary, then to fight, saying that it was not for thē to stand stil til their enemies should enclose them about, but assone as night shoulde serue their turn, to set vpō their enemies, making mery without care in their tēts. For conquerors could no where die more ho∣norably, then in the camp of their enemies. It was no hard matter to perswade thē that wer al redy bent to die. Forth with they armed them selues, & being but vi. C. men in all,* 1.58 brake into the cāp of v. C. M. and forthwith went vnto the kings pauilion, of purpose either to die with him, or elsse if they wer ouerlaid, to die in especialli in his tent. Al the cāp was on a rore. The Lacedemonians when they could not find the king, ranged through all the camp like cōquerors, slaying & throwing down al things, as men that knew that they fought not in hope of victory, but to reuēge their own death. The battel was prolonged frō the beginning of the nighte, vntill the more parte of the next day was spent. At the last not vanquished, but wery of vanquishing they fell

down dead amōg the heapes of their dead ennemies. Xerxes hauing receiued two iosses in battell on the land, entended to try his fortune. But Themistocles the captain of the Athe∣niens, when he vnderstode that the Ion•…•…s, in whose quarel the king of Persie made all this war, wer come to the aid of* 1.59 the Persians with a nauy of shippes, he entended to draw thē to his part if he could. And because he could haue no op∣portunity to talke with the, he caused these words to be en∣graued in stones, & set at the places wher they shuld ariue. How mad are ye O ye Ionians? what mischief intend you now to do, purpose ye to make war against your first foun∣ders, & now of late your new reuengers, haue we builded your wals, to thentent they shuld destroy oures? I put the case we had not this occasion of war, firste with Darius, and now with Xerxes, seinge we forsoke you not when ye rebel∣led, why do ye not come out of that siege into this our cāp? Or if ye thinke ye may not do so without danger, when the* 1.60 battel shalbe ioyned step you aside, draw back your ships & depart out of the battel. Before they shuld encoūter vpon the sea, Xerxes had sent iiii. M. men to Delphos, to spoil the tēple of apollo: as though he had made warre not only with the Grekes, but euen with the gods immortal, which bād of men was vtterly destroid with tempest & lightnynge, to thentent he might vnderstande that the more that God is wroth & displesed with man, the lesse power or rather none at all hath man against god. After this he burned the cities of Thespie, Plate & Athens: but ther wer no men in them, & because he could not haue the men to kil in his displesure he wreked his teme vpon their houses. For the Athenies after the battel of Barathon by the counsell of Themisto∣cles, which gaue the warning that victory won of the Per∣sians was not at end, but rather a cause of greater warre,) made them a flcte of two hundred shippes. Therfore when* 1.61 Xerxes was comming toward them, they asked counsell of the Oracle at Delphos, wher it was aunswered that they must prouide for their sauegard in wodden walles.

Themistocles deming it to be spoken and ment of shippes. perswaded all the people that their Countrye was not the* 1.62 walles, but the men: and that the Citye was not the hou∣ses and buildinges, but the Citizens and inhabitauntes. Wherfore it was better for them and more for theyr safe∣gard, to betake them selues to shippes, then to abyde in the towne, whervnto God himself semed to counsel them. The counsell was well liked, and thervpon abandoning the Ci∣tye, they conueyed their wiues and children with all theyr preciousest stuffe and iewels into secrete Ilands, and there bestowed them in safety, whiche beinge doone, they armed them selues and tooke shipping. Other Cities also folowed the example of the Atheniens. Therfore when all the whole fiete of their complices and parrakers were assembled to∣gether in the narow seas by the Ile of Salamine, to thentent they mighte not be enclosed of Xerxes greate multitude, as they were consulting how to maintaine the warres vpon the sea, sodenly sprang a variaunce betwene the princes of the Cities, euery man deuising how to breake vp priuely, & to steale home to defend his own. Themistocies fearing least by the departure of his Companions, his strength shoulde be abated, sent woorde vnto Xerxes by a trustye seruaunte,* 1.63 that now was the time that he myght easly take al Grece together in one place, wheras if euery man were dispersed home to his owne Citye, as they wer about to doo, it shuld be more to his paine to pursue them one by one. Thorough this pollicy he caused the king to geue a sign of battel. The Grekes also being preuented with thapproche of their ene mies, layed their power together & ioyned battell. During the time of thencounter, the king as a loker on & no medler with certaine shippes lay still at the roode. But Artemysia the Queene of Halicarnassus, whyche came to the ayde of X∣erxes,* 1.64 foughte fierslye euen amonge the formest Captayne in the battell. So that as in Xerxes was to be sene a kinde of femine fearfulnesse, so in her was to be seene the kynde of manlye couragiousnesse. In the whottest of the battell,

the Ionians according to the commaundement of Themistocles began by litle and litle to withdraw them selues out of the prease. Whose departure discouraged al the rest. The Per* 1.65 sians loking about which way to eskape, were put out of a ray, & sone after being vanquished were put to open flight. In the whiche discomfiture manye shippes were drowned and many were taken. But mo fearing more the kinges cruelty then their ennemy, stale away and went home.

The king Xerxes beinge striken in great feare, by reason of* 1.66 this slaughter, and knowing not what to do, Mardonius cam vnto him counselling him to depart into his kingdōe with as muche spede as might be, least the brute of the discom∣fiture might cause any insurrection or he cam there, which commonly is wont to make more of thinges then they be in dede. Leauing him; 0000. thousand of the tallest men & picked souldiers of all his host, with the which company he promised either to his great honour to subdue al Grece, or if it were his misfortune to be ouercome, he woulde wyth∣out infamy or dishonor to his Maiesty geue place to his en∣nemies. The counsel of Mardonius was well allowed.

Whervpon the said nomber of men wer to him deliuered, and the remnaunt of his hoste the king him selfe purposed to conuey home again. But the Grekes hearing of the kin∣ges flight consulted together to breake the bridge whyche he as Lord of the sea had made at Abydus, to the entent that his passage being cut of, he might either with his army be vtterlye destroyed, or elsse be brought to suche an exigent, that as clerely ouercome he should be compelled to desyre peace at their handes. But Themistocles fearing least his e∣nemies being stopped of their passage, should tourn theyr despair into hardines, and (seing none other remedy) make them selues way with their swordes, told them that there were enemies ynough and to many all ready in Grece, the* 1.67 nomber wherof ought not to be encreased by keping them against their wils. •…•…ut when he perceiued his counsel pre uailed not, be sent the same seruaunt againe vnto Xerxes,

aduertising him of their entent & purpose, and willing hym to get him away with spede if he entended to eskape. The king being striken in fear with this message, deliuered his* 1.68 souldiers to be conueied home by their captains, & he with a few went toward abydos: wher finding the bridge broken with the tēpests of the winter, he feried ouer fearfully in a fishers bote. It was a thing worth the beholding, and as in consideration and valewing of mannes •…•…ckle welth & pros∣perity, a thing to be wondred at, to beholde him now lur∣king* 1.69 in a litle boat, whome lately before, skarse all the Sea was able to receiue, and to se him destitute of all attendās & seruice, whose army by reson of the huge multitude ther∣of, was euen a burden to the earth. Neither had the army whom he had assigned to captains, any luckier or more for tunate iournying by land. For besides their daily trauell, (as surely there is no rest to such as be in fear) they were al* 1.70 so afflicted with hunger. Furthermore the •…•…ant of victels brought vpon them the pestilence, by meanes wherof they died so thicke, that the waies were couered with their dead carkasses, in so muche that the beastes and foules allured with desire of pray, followed the hoste. In the meane tyme Mardonius toke Olynthus in Grece by assault. Also he entre∣ted with the Atheniens to sue to the kinge for peace and frendship, promising to build vp their city which he hadde* 1.71 burnt, larger and fairer then euer it was before. When he saw they wold not sel their liberty for any worldly good, he set on fire that which they had begō to build again, & from thence he passed with his army into Bo•…•…, thither folowed also the host of the Grekes, which was a hundred M. men, & there was a battel fought. But the chaunging of the cap∣tain* 1.72 chaunged not the kinges fortune. For Mardonius be∣ing ouercōe, eskaped with a few as it wer out of shipwrak. His •…•…entes replenished withall kinde of richesse, after the princeliest sort that could be, wer taken & riffled. Whervp* 1.73 on first of al among the Grekes, when they had parted the

gold of the Parsians among them grew excesse and riot. By chaunce the same day that Mardonius host was destroy∣ed, there was another battell fought vpon the sea against* 1.74 the Persians in Asia, hard by the mountaine Mycale. Ther before the encounter, as the two fleetes stoode in order of battaile one againste another, a fame came vnto bothe the armies, that the Greekes had gotten the vpper hande, and vtterly slaine all Mardonius host. So great was the swift∣nesse of fame, that the battel being foughte in Boetia in the mornynge, by noone tidinges was broughte of the victorye into Asia ouer so many seas, and ouer so muche grounde in so short a moment of time.

When the warres were fynished, and that consultation was had how euery Citye shoulde be rewarded, by iudge∣ment of them all, the Atheniens were demed to haue don mooste valiantlye. Amonge the Captaines also Themisto∣cles was by the verdite of all the Cities iudged chefe and soueraigne, to the great renowne of his countrye. The A∣theniens therfore beinge increased as well in richesse as in honor began to builde their City new oute of the grounde. When the Lacedemonians heard how they had enlarged the walles of their Citye, and sette them further out then they were before, they beganne to haue them in a gelow∣sye, wiselye forecastinge what they were like to growe vn∣to, hauinge ones made their Citye stronge and defensyble, whiche by the decaye of their Citye had gotten so much as they hadde. Wherefore they sent Ambassadoures, admo∣nishynge them not to buylde Fortresses for theyr enne∣myes, and holdes for the Warres that were lyke to ensue hereafter.

Themistocles perceiuing them to grudge and to repine* 1.75 at the raising of his city, thinking that it stode him in hand to beware that he did nothing vnaduisedly, answeared the ambassadors that there shuld certain go with them to La∣•…•…mon, fully authorised to entreat and conclude with thē, as concerning that matter.

So when he had dispatched the ambassadours of Sparta, he exhorted his Citezens to make spede in their work, and he him selfe within a while after went of ambassade. In the which iourny what by faining him self sicke, and what by putting fault in the slacknesse of suche as were in commis∣sion with him, without whome he saide he was able to doo nothing, by vertue of his commissyon, he draue of still from day to day, and all to thentent that they might haue leisure to furnish their woorke. During which time it was repor∣ted at Lacedemon, that the woorke went f•…•…r warde a pace at Athens: Wherevpon they sente Ambassadoures agayne to see if it were so or no. Then Themistocles by a Ser∣uaunte of hys sente a letter to the hyghe Magystrates of* 1.76 Athens, willing them to hold the Spartane ambassadours in safe keping as pledges, least otherwise then wel might be doon or committed against him at Lacedemon. Then he wēt boldly before the Lacedemonians, declaring that Athens was now throughly fortified, and that it was able to withstand the force of enemies, not only by the sword, but also by the strengthe of their walles, and if they entreated him other∣wise then wel for the matter, their ambassadors were kept as pledges for the same purpose at Athens. Then he gaue them a great rebuke, in that they soughte to make them selues strong, and to obtain seueraignty, not by their own power, but by the weaknesse of their fellowes. So beinge* 1.77 dismissed, in manner triumphing ouer the Lacedemonians, he was ioyfully receiued o•…•… his own Citezens. After thys the Spartanes least their strength shuld decay through idlenesse, and to reuenge them selues vppon the Persians, whyche* 1.78 twise before hadde made warre vpon the Grekes, of theyr owne accord in•…•…aded the borders of their Empire. They chose for captaine bothe of their owne army and of the ar∣my of the adherents, one Pansanias, who beinge not content with the Captainship, but coueting in stede therof to make him self king of all Grece, priuely conspired with Xerxes. In reward wherof he should haue the kinges daughter in

mariage, and because the king should haue the more confi∣dens in him, he sent home the prisoners skot free without raunsome. Moreouer he wrote vnto Xerxes, that what mes∣sengers so euer he sent vnto him, he shoulde putte them to death, to the entent their purpose should not by talk be be∣wrayed. But Aristides the captain of the Atheniens, elected* 1.79 his fellow in the warre, what by working againste his en∣terprises, and what foreseing wiselye what was like to en∣sue, disclosed the entent and purpose of his treason. Wher∣vpon ere it was long after, Pansanias was arrained and con∣demned. Xerxes therfore when he perceiued that his secrete* 1.80 conspiracies were disclosed, determined to proclaime open warre againe. The Grecians also appoynted for their cap∣taine, Cymo of Athens the sonne of Milciades their graund∣captaine* 1.81 at the battell of Marathon, a noble yong gentleman whose naturall and godly disposition, declared before hand what great honor he was like to come vnto. For when his father being cast in prison for robbing of the common tre∣sure,* 1.82 was there departed and could not be buried, he by ta∣king his fathers irons vppon him, redeamed his body and buried it. Neither wer they any thing at all deceiued, that chose him to be their soueraign Captain. For being a man of no lesse prowesse then was his father, he vanquished X∣erxes* 1.83 both vpon the sea and vppon the land, and compelled him fearfully to retire into his own kingdome.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Contentio•…•… as concernin•…•… antiquitie.
• * 1.2

  The temp•…•… tenesse of Egypt and the •…•…uitful∣nesse th•…•…eof▪
• * 1.3

  The replica∣tion of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.4

  The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Scithia.
• * 1.5

  the custome•…•… and maner•…•… of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…ns called 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.6

  The power and force of nature.
• * 1.7

  Asia tributa∣tye to the •…•…cithians.
• * 1.8

  Theyr fortu∣nate successe.
• * 1.9

  The nature of the Par∣thians and Bactrians.
• * 1.10

  Who fyrst made warre vpon the Scithians.
• * 1.11

  The Scith•…•…∣ans are reuo∣ked out of A∣sia by 〈◊〉〈◊〉 wyuce.
• * 1.12

  In this place he gre•…•…ly ex∣reth.
• * 1.13

  Example of fortitude in women.
• * 1.14

  The king∣dome of the Amazones.
• * 1.15

  The customs of the Ama∣zones.
• * 1.16

  The queenes of Amazone.
• * 1.17

  The buyl∣ding of Ephe •…•…us.
• * 1.18

  •…•… myr•…•… of virginity•…•… and prowesse.
• * 1.19

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 sedeth Her∣cules for the Queene of amazonies ar∣mour.
• * 1.20

  Hercules ex∣chaungeth Menalyppe for y^• que•…•…nes armour.
• * 1.21

  Orithia sen∣deth for ayde to the king of Scithia.
• * 1.22

  She is •…•…orsa∣ken of her 〈◊〉〈◊〉 cour and ouer come of the Atheniens.
• * 1.23

  Penthesile•…•….
• * 1.24

  The decay of •…•…hamazones
• * 1.25

  He retorneth to the storyes of the Stithi∣ans.
• * 1.26

  The strata∣geme of the Scithians a∣gainst theyr bond•…•…en.
• * 1.27

  Here ended the first bok•…•…
• * 1.28

  The shame∣ful retire of Dar•…•…us out of Scithia.
• * 1.29

  He conque∣reth the lesser Asia and M•…•… cedonie.
• * 1.30

  A •…•…igression to the acts of the •…•…heniēs.
• * 1.31

  The noble∣nes & antiqui ty of Athens.
• * 1.32

  Of what things the a•…•…heniēs wer the first inuē ters.
• * 1.33

  The first or∣dainer of ma∣riage among the heathen.
• * 1.34

  The •…•…loud of Dencalion.
• * 1.35

  Sowinge of corn •…•…uēted.
• * 1.36

  The successi∣on of the kin∣ges of Athēs.
• * 1.37

  an ex ample of greate loue toward the natiue coūtry
• * 1.38

  The alterat•…•…∣on of gouern∣ment in a∣thens.
• * 1.39

  The commē∣dat ion and do ings of solon.
• * 1.40

  The pollicye of Solon.
• * 1.41

  Deceit tour∣ned vpon the workers hed
• * 1.42

  An example of a craftye •…•… suttle dec•…•… uer.
• * 1.43

  Diocles slain for rape.
• * 1.44

  A constant and inuicible stomacke.
• * 1.45

  He returneth to the historye of Darius
• * 1.46

  The noble en terprise of Milciades.
• * 1.47

  The courage of the Atheni∣ens, and me co wardise of the Persians.
• * 1.48

  Fortune hel∣peth the coura gious.
• * 1.49

  The praise of Themistocles
• * 1.50

  The commen∣dation of Cy∣negirus.
• * 1.51

  The slaugh∣ter of the 〈◊◊〉〈◊◊〉. The vengans of God vppon tyraunts and tra•…•…oures.
• * 1.52

  The death o•…•… Darius.
• * 1.53

  A brotherly. contē•…•…n for the kingdom.
• * 1.54

  xerxes succe deth Darius in his kingdō The •…•…oue of Demaratus to his coūtry
• * 1.55

  The hnge host of xerxes
• * 1.56

  His richesse and want of good gouer naunce.
• * 1.57

  The loue of Leonidas to∣warde hys country.
• * 1.58

  The noble prowesse of Lconida and the Spartāes
• * 1.59

  A •…•…olitique prouisy on of themistocles.
• * 1.60

  Man 〈◊〉〈◊〉 power a∣gainst God. Xerxes bur∣neth Thesp•…•… and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and Athens.
• * 1.61

  Than•…•…wer of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.62

  Themisto∣cles interpre teth the same
• * 1.63

  The deuise of Themisto∣cles to make his confede∣rates abyde
• * 1.64

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 cowar∣dise of Xerxes The valiant∣nes of arte mysia.
• * 1.65

  The Persi∣ans are discō∣fyted on the sea.
• * 1.66

  The couonse•…•… of Mardoni∣us.
• * 1.67

  •…•…∣cles sendeth againe to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 erxes.
• * 1.68

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 flyeth for fear.
• * 1.69

  A worthy ex ample of the ficklenesse of fortune, and of the frail∣nes of mans estate.
• * 1.70

  The afflicti∣ons of the Persian host
• * 1.71

  Mardonius w•…•…th O∣•…•…hus.
• * 1.72

  A battel be∣tweene Mar do•…•…s and the grekes.
• * 1.73

  Excesse of ri∣chesse.
• * 1.74

  The swift nes of •…•…ame.
• * 1.75

  The wise 〈◊〉〈◊〉 menor of The•…•…o cles.
• * 1.76

  Themisto∣cles cometh vnto Lacede∣•…•…n.
• * 1.77

  The Spar∣tanes make war againste the Persians.
• * 1.78

  P•…•…ius worketh tre∣son against his country.
• * 1.79

  Aristides pre∣uenteth hys tr•…•….
• * 1.80

  Pansa•…•… 〈◊◊〉〈◊◊〉.
• * 1.81

  Cyno is ma∣de graund 〈◊〉〈◊〉 tain against the P•…•…
• * 1.82

  The natura•…•… loue of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to his fa•…•…▪
• * 1.83

  Xerxes 〈◊〉〈◊〉.