Speculum mundi· Or A glasse representing the face of the world shewing both that it did begin, and must also end: the manner how, and time when, being largely examined. Whereunto is joyned an hexameron, or a serious discourse of the causes, continuance, and qualities of things in nature; occasioned as matter pertinent to the work done in the six dayes of the worlds creation.

Artic. 3. Of the division of windes, and of their names and number.

THe Ancients (as a 1.1 Plinie witnesseth) observed one∣ly foure windes, East, West, North, and South: but the following ages added eight; making the whole num∣ber to be twelve: Foure whereof were principall, and called Cardinall windes; because they blew à quatuor mundi cardinibus, from the foure quarters of the world: The other eight they called Laterall; because they were (as it were) side companions with the former foure. The Cardi∣nall were called by these names

• 1. Solanus, Subsolanus, or the East winde.
• 2. Notus, Auster, or the South winde.
• 3. Zephyrus, Favonius, or the West winde.
• 4. Aquilo, Septentrio, or the North winde.

And again, the laterall were called by these names that follow, and thus placed from the Cardinall.

As first, the East hath on the Southern side Eurus, or

Vulturnus: and on the Northern side Coecias, or Helle∣spontus.

Secondly, the South winde hath on the East side Phoe∣nix or Euronotus: and on the West side Lybonotus, or Au∣stro-Africus; so called because it declineth from the South something towards Africa.

Thirdly, the West hath on the South side Lybs, or Africus; so called from Lybia and Africa, the Regions from whence they proceed: and on the North side there is Corus or Caurus, called also b 1.2 Iapix, and Olympias; be∣cause it bloweth from the mountain Olympus.

Fourthly, the North hath on the West side Cyrcius, called also Thraschias, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, converto, because it useth to overturn many things with it. The Spaniards call it c 1.3 Gallicus, because it is observed to blow from the coasts of new Gallicia, a Mexicanian province. And 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the East side of the North point there is blustering Bore∣as, which is a bellowing winde, blowing with a loud hollow sound; and is therefore derived by Aulus Gellius in his d 1.4 Attick nights, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. This division Aristotle also assenteth unto, making three windes in every quarter; as in the second book of his Meteors, at the sixth chapter, may be seen.

But the mariners make 20 more besides these: inso∣much* 1.5 that the whole circumference of the Horizon is divided into two and thirtie equall parts, which they call and distinguish by severall names. And now observe in this division, that there be foure Cardinall windes, as before: foure middle windes, which are just in the mid∣dest between each Cardine: eight laterall, already men∣tioned: and sixteen collaterall: making, in the whole summe, the aforesaid number of two and thirtie.

Know therefore that the Cardinall, and middle windes, are properly the principall: the other be∣ing lesse principall and subordinate: divided therefore

into laterall and collaterall; as hath been mentioned.

And as for those middle ones, they be such as we call South-west, South-east, North-west, and North-east windes. Notolybicus is the South-west winde; and Nota∣peliotes the South-east. Borrholybicus is the North-west winde; and Borrhapeliotes the North-east.

The rest, being sixteen in number, and collaterall, have their places, one between each of the other: and so the circumference is divided into 32 parts, as before I shewed. Now the names of these sixteen are borrowed from those lateralls with whom they have the greatest neighbourhood, by f 1.6 adding Meso and Upo to them. For Meso comes from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, medius; because it is in the mid∣dle between a principall and a laterall winde: and Upo comes from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, sub; because it is as it were subject to that laterall winde next unto which it is placed, and from whence it taketh the name. As for example: Eurus is a laterall winde, a little from the East towards the South: and this hath on each side of it one collaterall. That which is between Notapeliotes, or the South-east winde and it, is called Mes'eurus, being middle between a principall and a laterall. But that which is between the East and it, is called Up'eurus, as being subject unto Eurus. And by observing this order you may give names unto all the rest: for Meso and Upo will compound them.

Yet neverthelesse ordinarily the mariners name them thus. As North, North and by West, North North West, North West and by North, North West, North West and by West, West North West, West and by North, West. West and by South, West South West, South West and by West, South West, South West and by South, South South West, South and by West, South. South and by East, South South East, South East and by South, South East, South East and by East, East South East, East and by South, East. East and by North, East North East, North East and by

East, North East, North East and by North, North North East, North and by East. And then North again, as in the beginning.

Notes

• a 1.1

  Plin. Lib. 2. cap. 47.
• b 1.2

  Origan. de effect. cap. 5.
• c 1.3

  Ibid.
• d 1.4

  Lib. 2. cap. 22.
• * 1.5

  The mariners reckon 32 windes
• f 1.6

  Orig. Ephes. lib. de effect, cap. 6.