Speculum mundi· Or A glasse representing the face of the world shewing both that it did begin, and must also end: the manner how, and time when, being largely examined. Whereunto is joyned an hexameron, or a serious discourse of the causes, continuance, and qualities of things in nature; occasioned as matter pertinent to the work done in the six dayes of the worlds creation.

Parag. 4. Of such fierie Meteors as are impurely mixt.

Article 1. Of Comets.

NOw follow those which are Ignita mixta, and lesse* 1.1 pure; coming so to passe when the Exhalation, through the admixtion of some vapour, is more slimie, grosse, and impure: For those Meteors already described were meerly Fumes without the admixture of Vapours; unlesse it might be some little in one of a glutinous na∣ture or composition. Now these Ignita mixta are usu∣ally divided into two sorts: for they are either such as continue long; or else such as are but for a little while.

Those that continue long, are Comets or blazing starres.

And a Comet is a fierie Meteor, whose matter is an* 1.2 Exhalation hot and drie, fat and clammie, drawn by ver∣tue of the heavenly bodies into the highest part of the aire (and sometimes into the starrie Region) where it is closely conglutinated into a great lump, by reason of sup∣ply that it hath from below, so long as there is a working to exhale it: and being thus compacted and exhaled, it is set on fire in convenient time by the excessive heat of the place where it resteth. Sometimes it continues burning

long; sometimes but a little while: seven dayes is the least time; whereas some have been seen * 1.3 six moneths: all which cometh to passe by reason, either of the paucitie, or plentie of the matter whereof it consisteth. That last Comet which was seen of us, viz. Anno Domini 1618, was perspicuous by the space of one moneth; namely from the 18 day of November untill the 16 day of December next following; and was farre above the highest Region of the aire, overlooking even the moon her self, as Longomontanus proveth in a book of his, where he treateth of new starres, and such appearances as have been seen in the heavens, since the yeare of our Lord God 1572.

But in a Comet two things especially are considera∣ble: the one the colour; the other the fashion: both which arise out of the diverse disposing of the matter.

Their colours are principally three. 1. If the matter* 1.4 be thin, then the colour is white. 2. If meanly thick, then the colour is ruddie, looking like fire. 3. If very thick, then their colour is like the burning of brimstone, or of a blew appearance.

Yet know that they are not alwayes exactly of these three colours without any difference, but as neare them as the disposing of their matter will suffer: as in stead of white we sometimes have them of a yellowish colour; in stead of blew, of a watchet or greenish colour, and the like.

Concerning their fashions (if we stand upon a curious* 1.5 examination of them) they may be manifold: and yet, as Aristotle accounteth, they are principally but two, all their other shapes being dependant on these two. For first either they seem round, having beams round about them; which cometh to passe when the matter is thin on the edge•…•…, and thick every where else: or secondly, they seem as it were with a beard or tail; which cometh to

passe when it is but meanly thick towards some one side or other, and rather long then round. But some would have these two fashions to be three, because the tail sometimes hangs downward as well as sidelong: and so there is by this means stella crinita, stella caudata, and stella barbata; concerning which I am not much solici∣tous.

That therefore which in these things I do much more* 1.6 wonder at, is the strange and admired multitude of ef∣fects which are produced by them; as not onely change of aire, but change of heirs also, proceeding from the disturbance of states, translation of kingdomes, bloudy warres, and death of Potentates. Histories have carefully recorded these things, and left them to the considerati∣on of after-times.

First therefore let it be observed, that when the kingdome of the Macedonians came to an end, in the last yeare of Perseus, which was about the yeare 584 or 585 of the building of Rome, a a 1.7 Comet appeared, as if it came to point out the last period of that kingdome.

Secondly, when the Emperour Iovian attained to the empire, succeeding the Apostata Iulian, under whom the Church suffered much persecution; when (I say) the said Iovian was Emperour, and that under him both Church and Commonwealth were like to have had a b 1.8 flourishing time (had he not been taken away by sud∣den death) then also c 1.9 appeared a Comet, shewing that further trouble was yet to be expected.

Thirdly also, when a certain captain of the Goths, an Arian, named Cajan, had raised sedition against the Em∣perour Arcadius, God shewed by manifest wonders that both Arcadius and his citie should be well protected: but before this tumult (saith d 1.10 Carion) a strange Comet was seen, great and terrible, casting flames down to the very earth; the like whereunto no man had ever seen be∣fore.

4 And again, other authours make mention of a strange Comet seen in the yeare of Christ 410, being like unto a two-edged sword, which portended many mischiefs. For Rome was taken about the same time by Alaricus King of the Goths. Sundry calamities happened both in the East and West; and so great slaughters of men were about those dayes, as no age ever afforded the like. All Europe was in a manner undone, no small part of Asia was affrighted; and Africa also was not void of those evils. Warre, Famine, Drought, and Pestilence, all of them strove (as it were) to trouble the whole world.

5. Also in these yeares, viz. 1400, 1401, e 1.11 1402, 1403, Comets appeared, and great calamities followed; sundry and unheard-of diseases were felt, rivers dried up, and plagues were increased. Tamerlain, K. of the Scythians and Parthians, with an innumerable host invadeth Asia, calling himself the WRATH OF GOD, and DESOLA∣TION OF THE EARTH; as did Attilas, of whom it is written, that he named himself THE SCOURGE OF GOD.

6. Also in the yeare 1529 appeared f 1.12 foure Comets: and in the g 1.13 yeares 1530, 1531, 1532, and 1533, were seen in each yeare one: (* 1.14 Lanquet saith that there were three within the space of two yeares) upon which, these and the like changes and calamities followed; (viz.) A great sweating sicknesse in England, which took away whole Myriads of people. The h 1.15 Turk, in the quarrell of Iohn Uvavoyda, who laid claim to the crown of Hunga∣ry, entred the said kingdome with two hundred and fif∣tie thousand fighting souldiers; committing against the inhabitants thereof most harsh and unspeakable murders, rapes, villanies, and cruelties. A great famine and dearth was also in Venice and the countrey thereabout, which swept away many for lack of sustenance. The sweating

sicknes* 1.16 also vexed Brabant, and a great part of Germanie, and especially the citie Antwerp, where it consumed five hundred persons in the space of three dayes. Great warres concerning the Dukedome of Millain between the Emperour Charles the fifth, and Francis the French King. All Lusitania or Portugall was struck with an Earth-quake; insomuch that at Ulisippo or Lisbon, ah 1.17 thou∣sand and fifty houses were thrown down, and 600 so shaken that they were ready to fall, which made the people forsake the citie and runne into the fields: and as for their churches, they lay upon the ground like heaps of stones. Upon this followed a great pestilence in those parts. But a little before, viz. in the yeare 1530, was a great deluge in Brabant, Holland, Zeland, and the sea-coasts of Flanders; as also an overflowing of the river Tyber at Rome, occasioned by unseasonable tem∣pests of winde. Upon the neck of which troubles the Turk comes again into Hungarie and Austria; but he was beaten back, and a great company of his men slain and taken. Unto which may be added how the sect of the Anabaptists, not long after, brought new tumults in∣to Germanie.

7. And for that last Comet, in the yeare 1618, saith a Germane writer, Praesagium ipsius jam •…•…heu est in manibus nostris; meaning that they felt by dolefull experience the i 1.18 sad events which followed after it.

Wherefore seeing these and the like accidents have been attendant upon the appearing of Comets, it may well be said that although they have their causes in na∣ture, yet Nunquam futilibus excanduit ignibus aether; The skie never burnt with such fires in vain. For (as one saith) Loquitur cum hominibus Deus, non modò linguâ humanâ, per Prophetas, Apostolos, & Pastores; sed nonnunquam etiam ipsis Elementis in formas & imagines diversas compositis▪ That is, God speaketh with men, not onely with the tongues

of men, by Prophets, Apostles, and Teachers; but sometimes also by the very Elements composed or wrought into divers forms and shapes; there being a Theologicall end of send∣ing Comets, as also a Naturall and Politicall end.

But first (before I come to that) I think it not amisse to* 1.19 speak something concerning these their events and acci∣dents; namely whether it can be shewed why they should be wrought either so or so.

To which it is answered, that in some sort we may give reasons for this, and shew the causes of their signi∣fications. For being Comets they consist of many hot and drie Exhalations: And hot and drie Exhalations do not onely stirre up heat, drie and parch the aire, which may cause drought (especially when much of the earths fat∣nesse is drawn away with the Exhalation) and drought bring barrennesse: but also the bodies of living creatures upon the distemper of the aire are mainly hurt, suffering detriment in the consumption of their radicall moisture, and suffocation, through the poysonous breathings which the bellows of the bodie suck in, and receive: in∣somuch that there cannot but be sicknesses, plagues, and much mortalitie.

Besides which, that they should usher in warres, se∣ditions, changes of kingdomes, and the like, may also pro∣ceed from the same cause: For when the Aire is distem∣perately heated, then it is very apt so to disorder and dry up the bloud in humane bodies, that thereby great store of red and adust choler may be purchased; and this stirreth up to anger with the thought of many furious and violent actions; and so by consequent to warre: and from warre cometh victorie, from victorie proceedeth change of commonwealths, and translations of king∣domes, with change of Laws and Religion: for, Novus Rex, nova Lex; New Lords, new Laws. Unto which also may be added, that because great personages live more

delicately then other men, and feed more daintily, ha∣ving as many new fashions in their diets as in their clothes, for their boards as for their backs, that their bodies therefore are more subject to infection, and will take the poyson of an intemperate aire before more tem∣perate livers; whereupon necessity inforceth that they die sooner in such a calamitie then other people, as he once witnessed that said, Plures pereunt gulâ quàm gladio.

Besides, the death of great ones is more remarkable then when inferiour persons die, so that if but some of them be taken away in common calamities, it is as if they were onely aymed at; because they are obvious to every ones eye, as cities standing upon hills, which cannot be hid.

And now that our bodies should follow the tempera∣ture* 1.20 of the Aire, is nothing doubted, seeing every lame, aking, or bruised joynt doth witnesse it even to the ve∣ry ignorant: But that our mindes and manners should fol∣low the temperature of the bodie, is more strange and wonderfull. Yet true it is that by the mediation of hu∣mours and spirits, as also through ill disposed organs, the minde also suffereth. For the bodie is Domicilium animae, the souls house, abode and stay: so that as a Torch (saith † 1.21 one) gives a better light, and a sweeter smell, according to the matter it is made of; in like manner doth our Soul perform all her actions, better or worse, as her organs are disposed: or as wine savours of the cask where it is kept, so the soul receives a tincture from the body, through which it works. For the Understanding is so tied to, and captivated by his inferiour senses, that without their help he cannot exercise his functions; and the Will being weakened so as she is, hath but a small power to restrain those outward parts, but suffers her self to be overruled by them: of which I shall have occasion to

speak more in the † 1.22 fourth dayes work, untill when I leave it; in the mean time adding, that Comets do not alwayes, when they bring sicknesses, corrupt the aire through immoderate heat and drinesse, but sometimes also through immoderate heat and moisture; as also by immoderate windes which may bring the poyson of the Exhalation whereof the Comet consisted, unto some such place as lieth obvious unto it, and the like. Yea and up∣on the raising of windes come often showers and rains, or else overflowings of banks upon high tides and other loftie waters, which are forced over upon the violence of the windes.

Astrologers say that Comets do most hurt either unto those places to which they are verticall, or unto those countreys which are subject to the signe wherein they are (for they maintain that such and such countreys are subject to such and such signes:) but omitting part of* 1.23 that, they also tell us (which stands with good reason) that in earthie drie signes they produce barrennesse by reason of drought; in waterish signes barrennesse also by reason of too much wet; in aierie signes extraordinary winde; in signes of a fierie triplicitie, extraordinary heat, warres, fires, drought, and the like; and in all of these (seeing their operation is extraordinary) some one pe∣rilous and infectious sicknesse or other.

Besides, they also i 1.24 tell us that if a Comet be in fashion like unto a sword, it then signifieth warres and destructi∣on of cities, &c. If it be stella crinita, or blazing round about, and of divers colours; then it signifieth winde, se∣ditions, heresies, and the like: but if it be blackish, with a short tail, and no hairs; then it is a signe of barrennesse, together with long and continued warres.

But know now that although these and the like acci∣dents be produced by Comets; yet if Comets should not be, the case would be farre worse for mankinde, and more

readily would eager death seize upon him. For if that which is the matter of Comets were not taken into one place, and drawn, so as it is, up into the aire; it would kill us by being dispersed about our dwellings: such being the nature of their poisonous Fumes, as they by experience know who have seen the danger of damps whilest they played the part of Pioners under ground.

Wherefore let me adde, that the end for which Co∣mets* 1.25 are, is threefold: for either they appeare for a Po∣liticall end; for a Theologicall end; or for a Naturall end.

In respect of a Politicall end they are so to be taken* 1.26 for the Heralds of future calamities, that men being fore∣warned may be forearmed, and provided either to shun the threatned disaster, or else to endure with patience the common and inevitable misery.

In respect of a Theologicall end, they are either a* 1.27 signe of calamities, or else the efficient cause of calami∣ties. If they be a signe, then their end is this, viz. that they may be monitours, instigatours, and admonishers to repentance; and to desire and expect either the turn∣ing away, or mitigation of those publick punishments. But if they be the efficient causes of miserie, then their Theologicall end is, that they are sent as the instruments of punishing some such enormous malice and contuma∣cie of mankinde as would not be kept under or restrain∣ed by any humane law or discipline.

And lastly in respect of a Naturall end, it is that those* 1.28 pestiferous windes, spirits, or breathings, which are ga∣thered from metallique liquours and the like in the earth, should be taken up farre into the aire from the common seat of men, that thereby we may partake the lesse of their malice: for being burnt out and consumed there, they can lesse hurt us, then if they were below. If they should remain in the earth, they then (as they of∣ten do) would rend and shake it: or should they remain

below in the neare neighbouring aire, they would poi∣son us k 1.29 sooner then above; because if the aire be infect∣ed when they are on high and a great way from us, much more would it be infected should they be below and round about us.

But of Comets I have said enough. And now me∣thinks I am led from them to a consideration of such ap∣pearances as are called New starres; such as were in the yeares l 1.30 1572, 1596, 1600, 1602, 1604, and 1612.

Artic. 2. Of New starres, and especially of that which was in the Constellation of Cassiopea, Anno Dom. 1572.

NOw here I must confesse that I know not what to write: for how they are generated, or what they signifie, is a matter of most intricate question.

Noble Tycho, that Phenix of Astronomie, and after him Longomontanus, with certain others, have been per∣swaded that they were more then Comets, and genera∣ted farre otherwise, or of other matter then fierie Mete∣ors are; being first set a work so to think by the sight of that strange and admirable New starre which was seen in the constellation of Cassiopea; seen from the ninth of November in the yeare 1572, untill the last of March in the yeare 1574.

Which starre was indeed truely admirable, and (as I may say) attended with a sad event; I mean that cun∣ningly plotted Massacre of Protestants in France, at the solemnization of a marriage between Henry of Navarre chief of the Protestants partie; and lady Margaret, sister to the French King Charles the ninth, then reigning, and chief authour of the foresaid Massacre: at which wed∣ding there was not so much wine drunk as bloud shed; thirtie thousand Protestants and upwards, of the best and most potent, being sent through this Red sea to the land of Canaan.

Or if this New starre were not attended with that particular accident, because thea 1.31 Massacre was in Au∣gust, and the starre appeared not untill b 1.32 two moneths after; yet we may hope, that rising after such a butche∣rie, and so soon after it as it did, that therefore it came to animate distressed Christians, shining at the first with a cheerfull countenance, but at the last turning into a martiall and bloudie hue: as if in so doing, he which sent it would have the world take notice that his righteous servants should see truths enemies (be they where or whom they will) confounded at last by martiall disci∣pline; and that those who had made havock of others should be troden down at last themselves, although for a time they fairly bore it out.

But by what instruments the execution of these pro∣jects should be performed, we cannot tell. Yet this I ve∣rily think may be said, that those late, blessed, and admi∣red proceedings of the prosperous and successefull GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS King of Sweden, whose manifold and sudden conquests made him a spe∣ctacle to the astonished world, that those (I say) do point us to him above all men, as being the man appoint∣ed to shew the first effects of that strange starre; and that it was to have an operation farre surpassing the saddest consequents of former threatning Comets.

To which purpose I finde, that learned Tycho hath added a kinde of propheticall conclusion to that book of his which he wrote concerning this New starre; wherein he declareth (according to his modest and harm∣lesse rules of art, proceeding in them not like a doting heathenish starre-gazer) that the effects were to be de∣clared by c 1.33 succeeding events: which as they shall not begin (saith he) untill some yeares after the apparition, so they shall continue for a long time afterward. The be∣ginning of the effect, or some part of it, was to fall out

after the third septenarie of yeares from the first appear∣ing of the starre (as he also writeth) which was afte•…•… one and twentie yeares; about which time I plainly finde that the foresaid d 1.34 King was born: For the time of his birth falleth into the yeare 1594, which is the very next yeare after the one and twentieth yeare from the starres first rising; so that the yeare of his conception falleth in∣to the very one and twentieth yeare it self: or, if you ac∣count inclusively from the yeare of the starres vanishing, unto the yeare of the King of Swedens appearing, or en∣trance into the world, then not his conception, but his birth, falleth into the said one and twentieth yeare. Which thing is also somewhat agreeable to Tycho his own meaning, where he telleth us (although he nameth no particular person) that those noble Heroes which shall happen to be born at the first rising of this starre, are ordained to be the authours and atchievers of such great mutations as should then be, when the men ordain∣ed for them came to be fit, and of ripe age to work them. Thus he; the difference between us being, that he apply∣eth it to the birth of such eminent men as were to be born when the starre first appeared; and I to that time when (according to his conjectures) the operation of it first began: which, albeit he casteth it into the yeare 1592, must not be untill the yeare after, being the one and twentieth yeare from the starres first rising, and the very yeare of the King of Swedens conception: For he was born on the last day of November in the yeare 1594; being also (as hath been said, both terms included) the very one and twentieth yeare from the starres first va∣nishing.

Neither doth the time of his birth fall out thus fit∣ly,* 1.35 but the place likewise, which was to be the ominous nest concerning the occasion, or bringing forth of one, for the authour or beginning of the intended alterations, is

pointed at by the heavens to be such a place as hath for its latitude about 62 degrees from the Equator north∣wards; for in that parallel the starre moved day by day, and was verticall once every day to Norvegia, Swedia, Finlandia, Livonia, Moscovia, and Tartaria, with all such places as lie under the same parallel.

Now though the starre in his daily motion was in this manner verticall to more places successively then to the King of Swedens dominions; yet at the time of the next new Moon (which Tycho maketh a rule concerning the place, from whence either the occasion, or authours of the great changes should proceed) it was just over the Meridian of Finland, being verticall to that countrey: And who but the foresaid GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS King of Sweden hath the countrey of Finland as a part of his dominions? For he is not onely King of the Sweds, Gothes and Vandals; but also great Prince of Finland.

Tycho, I confesse, doth not directly name the countrey of Finland, but chose rather to expresse the place by callng it Moscovia, or Russia, bordering upon Finland: wherein I finde (according to the observations of a learned and great Divine) that he was something mis∣taken. For in a book lately set forth, and intituled The new starre of the North, the said Authour, having made some observations from Tycho's writings concerning that starre, and applied them unto these times, doth ma∣nifestly prove that it ought rather to be Finland border∣ing upon Russia, then Russia or Moscovia upon Finland: withall, amongst other reasons which should make Ty∣cho choose that place, rendring this for one, that perhaps he was loth to bring the prediction too neare home, seeing there often happened divers distastes and quar∣rels between his Soveraigne the King of Denmark, and the neighbouring King of Sweden: Which, upon

this ground may the better be granted, viz. because Ty∣cho was once fain to hide his head for denoting in too di∣rect terms a prediction too neare his own home, although it afterwards proved true. But I referre you to the book, and proceed.

And now we shall see, that not onely the time of his birth and place pointed at by the heavens, but the chief time also when the starres influence should be most per∣ceived, doth point at him. For Tycho witnesseth that about the yeare 1632 (if not also a few yeares after) the chiefest force and influence of this strange starre should shew it self, the greatest significations depending upon the Trigonall revolution and transmutation of the Pla∣nets: which force and influence, why he referreth it to those times, I leave to the admired perfection of his art, wherein he was a kinde of Phenix, and scarce hath left his parallel. For will you heare King JAMES of bles∣sed memorie, and our late learned Soveraigne speak for him? his commendations then will surely be no lesse. For in certain verses (as being able to judge both of him and his treatises) he approves his labours, and commends his skill as superexcellent. The like also he doth in an Epistle which he wrote unto him: some of which verses, as I finde them englished, are to this effect,

Great Tycho's labours also do fore-show Events, which shall befall on earth below; And by disasterous or fair Aspects, What destinies on kingdomes God directs.

Now then, if the chief effects shall demonstrate them∣selves about the yeare 1632; questionlesse the King of Sweden must not be baulked in his late proceedings, but taken as a prime man upon whom the beams of this New star hath shined: for his great famous victories, and never enough admired conquests in Germanie (that Sedes belli) atchieved in so short a time, have witnessed as much.

Nay, when I heare himself speak to his souldiers, and those citizens where he conquered, I am confirmed. For speaking to the men of Norimberg, thus he saith; Truely God hath marvelously preserved you, as he hath also pleased to call me to this work. For I had rather thought that the last day of judgement should come, then that I should come into Norimberg, and (as you said your selves) leave so farre behinde me mine own dominions, good subjects, and what else there is loving and deare unto me; and to bring along with me so many brave worthies, to expose their lives (as I do mine own) for the restitution, safetie, and preservation of the common Evangelicall cause, and liber∣ty of Germanie. And again, to those of his Court before Ingolstadt, amongst other things, he addeth this; I know (saith he) that the good successe which it hath pleased God to afford me in my enterprises, hath made some to be en∣vious, who labour to perswade the simple that I endeavour nothing more then mine own gain, and the robbing and spoil∣ing of others. But I call to witnesse in this case the Prin∣ces who were thus spoiled, which I have again established in their own right and estates; as also the creditours of whom I have borrowed such extraordinary summes of mo∣ney, both at Frankford and elsewhere, and the dangers which I do daily expose my self unto: I call all these to witnesse, whether I have left mine own kingdome, and the dearest I have in the world, to any other end, and with other intention, but onely to destroy the tyranny of the house of Austria, and to obtain a profound and setled peace un∣to all.

These words of his shew nothing lesse then that he was extraordinarily set on work to undergo such for∣tunes as the eyes of all the world have bravely seen him struggle with: and God knows who shall end that which his coming into Germanie hath begun. It was his own saying, that if he himself should not survive so long

as to bring to passe so great a work, that then in his stead some other might succeed and go on, untill a full point and period were put unto the warre. For upon the occa∣sion of his deliverance from a cannon shot, he utters these words; saying, that he was not onely mortall, but subject also unto the very same accidents that the poorest and meanest souldier is subject unto. It is a generall law, (l 1.36 saith he) from which my crown, my birth, my victories, are not able to rescue and exempt me. There remaineth no∣thing else therefore, but that I must resigne my self to the pro∣vidence of the Almighty, who (if it please him to call me out of this world) will neverthelesse not abandon and leave a cause so just as that which I have undertaken; but will doubt∣lesse raise up some other, more wise, more couragious and valiant then my self, who shall put a period to this warre.

And again, it was but three dayes before his death, that at Naumbourg he uttered these words; Our affairs (m 1.37 saith he) answer our desires; but I doubt God will punish me for the folly of the people, who attribute too much unto me, and esteem me as it were their God: and therefore he will make them shortly know and see I am but a man. He be my witnesse, it is a thing distastfull unto me: And what ever befall me, I shall receive it as proceeding from his di∣vine will. Onely in this I rest fully satisfied, that he will not leave this great enterprise of mine imperfect.

Great King of Hearts, in arms transcending fame!* 1.38 Eternall praise shall blazo•…•… forth thy name. Soul of thy friends thou wert; But terrour, scourge of foes. Canst thou then die, though death Thine eyes in spight may close? No no: For times unborn shall yet repeat What deeds were done by thee a King so great. And this doth •…•…lso raise thy just renown, That in thy fall thine enemies fell down.

Thine was that day: thy men undaunted fought Untill their foes the field were driven out: For as it were from forth their Kings last bloud The palm and bay sprung up, and conqu'ring stood. Great deeds thou diddest soon: hot Mars his sphere In Germanie thee mov'd a double yeare: From whence at last above the spheres he caught thee, And to a place of peace eternall brought thee: Where thou shalt rest, how e're the rest proceed With those fierce warres which heav'n hath thus decreed

But let me now return again to this New starre, and shew you that in the dayes of Hipparchus, * 1.39 who lived to∣wards the end of the Grecian Monarchie, there appeared one much like it: and so m 1.40 Plinie telleth us. But since that time we reade of no other untill this in the yeare 1572, excepting that which appeared at our Saviours birth, which indeed was no such starre: for it had three properties n 1.41 never seen in any else; moving first from the North to the South; secondly, it was seated in the lowest Region of the aire; thirdly, it was nothing hindred by the light of the sunne, &c. Yet in later times, following the said yeare 1572, some smaller ones have been: as in the yeare 1596; this was seated in the Whale. And in the yeare 1600, or thereabouts, another was seen in the constellation of Cygnus. Kepler makes mention of one in the yeare 1602 in the constellation of Pisces; soon after which upon the death of Q. Elisabeth, and coming in of K. Iames, was that great plague at London. Some say that Andromeda's girdle and the constellation of Antoni∣nous afforded each of them one, in the yeare 1612. But the yeare 1604 must not be forgotten; for in the o 1.42 16 de∣gree and 40 minute of Sagittarius toward the Southwest a remarkable one appeared, having 2 degrees and 15 minutes of North latitude, and was seated in the constel∣lation of Ophiucus: this at the first shined as bright as

Venus; and in the very next yeare that damnable pow∣der plot of the Papists was discovered.

But now, though these and more were reckoned up, yet that in Cassiopea would be the chief, the elder bro∣ther, and captain of them all; because both in height, bignesse, and lustre, they were lesse remarkable.

Tycho, upon the sight of this New starre, laboureth to* 1.43 prove that the heavens, and not the earth, afford mat∣ter to such as these are; thinking that it differeth not from the matter of other starres, unlesse in this, viz. that it is not exalted to such a perfection and solid composi∣tion of the parts as in the first continuing and created starres; the main and principall reason being taken from the magnitude of them, together with their extraordina∣ry height. As for example; * 1.44 Tycho affirmeth concerning that New starre in Cassiopea (being as it were the elder brother of all the other after it) that it was 300 times * 1.45 bigger then the earth. Which being so, it is with small probabilitie affirmed that it should have matter from that which is so much lesse then it; and indeed a thing impossible. The heavens are large enough to afford mat∣ter, although the earth be not: and no part of the heaven can be imagined to be more fit for such a purpose then the via lactea, or milkie way; for that place alwayes shews it self, even to the eye, so as if there were much indi∣gested matter in it, reserved onely to work such won∣ders.

Yet neverthelesse I suppose it may be also granted, that an earthly Exhalation may have recourse sometimes unto the battlements of heaven, and in some sort and in part concurre towards the composition of these New starres (as they are called) and of such Comets as have been above the Moon. What should we think of that last, in the yeare 1618? it * 1.46 was (as I have already said) amongst the wandring starres themselves; and yet it was

no other then such a starre as we call a Comet or a bla∣zing starre. Now then, if this had matter from the earth, and spent it amongst the Planets, rather then below the Moon; why might not those which we call New starres obtain the like freedome to have the like matter ascend a little higher? What should hinder this conjecture I do not easily see: for questionlesse the same power remains still in the starres to exhale the matter as well after it comes into the highest Region of the aire, as before it came there; neither need we then imagine an abatement of their exhaling vertue.

Object. 1. But perhaps it may be thought that the na∣ture of the place above the Moon doth sufficiently denie the ascent of any terrene Exhalation so high; there be∣ing too great a difference between the one and the other; between the matter ascending, and the matter of that place whither it ascendeth.

Answ. To which I may partly answer as before, in the 4. Chapter and 3. Section, that seeing the out-spread Firmament in the creation was taken from that masse of matter which lay here below, and separated from it rather then created of any newer matter, that therefore (I say) there cannot be so great a difference as to bring in such an Antipathie as will not at all suffer any terrene Exhalation to scale those flammantia moenia mundi, or battlements of heaven; but rather, that without relu∣ctancie, or any great striving, the one may admit of the other, and entertain it as a guest neare of kin unto it self, or unto the nature of that place where the continuing starres have ever had their residence.

For, if I urge it further, it may well be proved even by* 1.47 opticall demonstration, that the great vast space from the earth, as high as the fixed starres themselves, is not of a diverse nature from the Aire; for if it were, then there would be a multitude of Mediums between the sight and

the thing visible: but there is no multitude of Mediums: For where there is a multitude of Mediums, there the beams which come to the sight from the thing visible would beget a multiplicitie of refraction in the said raies or beams; but it is manifest that there is onely one refra∣ction found in the beams of the starres, and that but onely when they are neare to the edge of the Horizon, at which time the ascending vapours are between our sight and them: And therefore there is but one kinde of Me∣dium by which the starres offer themselves to our sight: And being but one Medium, there cannot be such diver∣sitie of natures between the heavens and things com∣pounded of the elements. Whereupon it may be con∣cluded, that an Exhalation may ascend into the territo∣ries of the starry heaven, and so by consequent have a mutuall concurrence with such matter as the hea∣vens do naturally afford towards the generating of supralunary Comets, or new admired starres.

Indeed I must confesse that were I of Pythagoras his opinion, I then would cry out with Auditus in the p 1.48 Co∣medie—Heark, heark, list, list now, &c. What, are you deaf? do you not perceive the wondrous sound and the celestiall musick the heavenly orbs do make with their continuall motion? Or I would imagine firm spheres or solid orbs, and so set an undoubted stoppage, and hinder the passage of any Meteor above the Moon: But seeing that tenent is made the fit subject of laughter, I therefore passe it over.

Object. 2. But may not the Element of Fire stand in the way, and so consume such matter as ascendeth, be∣fore it come beyond the Moon?

Answ. To which it is answered, that the chiefest cause why men have been perswaded to think that Fire is ge∣nerated immediately under q 1.49 the spheres, and that with∣in the concave of the Moons orb, the said Fire, as it is

there generated, hath there its place of residence, is for no other reason but because of an imagined attrition of the spheres and orbs: Which seeing they are taken a∣way, and that all is filled with Aire, the Elementarie fire is not hindred from ascending, but may have a more loftie station. For questionlesse, this kinde of fire, as* 1.50 it is not visible to the sight, so neither may it be thought any other thing then the more subtill, light, and hot part of the Aire; in which regard it must needs be both in and of that part, which is nearest to the highest hea∣vens: For both the motion of the heavens is there most swift; and also, there is the greatest neighbourhood to that infinite number of starres fixed in the heavens.

An earthly Exhalation may therefore climbe above the Moon, and yet not runne through a fiery purgatory, or be consumed by the way.

M^r. Lydiat our countreyman, his opinion is, that if we consider of this Element, not as it is absolutely pure, then the greatest part of it is in the starres (of which see more in the fourth dayes work) and some also is un∣der ground, as being there a great cause of generating metals; occasioning the burning and breaking out of sun∣dry sulfurous hills, and the like.

But of this enough. And in the consideration of it I have made way (you see) for the admittance of terrene Exha∣lations to joyn their forces towards the effecting of su∣pralunarie Comets, or new and strange admired starres. This, I say, I have proved as a thing both possible, and not unlike. But that they do alwayes therefore thus con∣curre, I am not certain; neither will I stand curiously to decide it.

Let therefore learned Tycho his tenent go for currant concerning Cassiopea's starre, that the heavens onely were the materiall parents of it, and especially the Gala∣xia, or white milkie way; unto the edge of which place

(whilest it appeared) it was situated, and continued vi∣sible in the same, for the space of 19 moneths, or thereabouts.

And thus I conclude, adding herewithall concerning other Comets whose station hath been supralunarie, and time of continuance any thing long, that if in them there could be any right to challenge a portion out of the same storehouse, then questionlesse they were tyed to rest beholding both to the heavens, and also to the earth, for the matter of their composure. But for ordinary Co∣mets the case must needs be otherwise, seeing their place and small continuing time confirm it.

These things for mine own part I think more probable then if I should affirm that the Planets afforded certain Exhalations, which by force of the Sunne are expired and exhaled from them, and being exhaled are made the matter of all kinde of Comets above the Moon; yea and New starres also (as some affirm) consist of no other cau∣ses: wherein they dissent from Tycho, thinking (con∣trary to him) that the Galaxia affords no matter toward the composure of these appearances. For (as r 1.51 Fromondus, a late writer, affirmeth) Simon Marius beheld a New starre in the yeare 1612, in Andromeda's girdle; and one Iustus Prygius beheld another in the constellation of Antoninous; Kepler, in the yeare 1602, saw one in the constellation of Pisces; and David Fabricius, in the yeare 1596, saw another in the Whale; all of them farre enough distant from the Galaxia or milkie way.

But suppose all this; must the continuing starres there∣fore needs be forced to waste their own bodies, and spend themselves in teeming such ample portions of matter as are required for glittering Comets, or New strange shining starres? Surely if they should suffer their bodies to be thus exhaled, they could not choose but fall into a deep consumption, and be visibly disproportioned

in their shapes and figures, farre otherwise then we see them: For it is a long time since the world began, and no few Comets have had their seats above the Moon, where they all cry out against an opinion so improbable, shew∣ing that the changes would be such as would be appa∣rant and visible enough to every vulgar eye.

Besides, it cannot but be granted, that for ordinary Me∣teors every starre and Planet hath an exhaling vertue as well as the Sunne: why therefore should they now desist and leave it all to him, who, if he may have this libertie, will at the last suck them all to nothing? These men may well imagine (as they do) mountains in the Moon, with woods and groves, seas and rivers; and make every planet another world: but yet 'twere good they knew that God made all but one, althoûgh the parts be two; and that Adam being cast out of Paradise was sent to till the ground and labour the earth, which he sought, not with the man in the Moon; for he knew that that was not to bud forth with fruit, bear trees, and the like, because it had another office. For Let the earth (saith the Almightie) bring forth grasse, herb, fruit, trees, &c. but let there be lights in the Firmament, the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night.

Also, if the Sunne should work thus among the starres, and that there should be vapours exhaled from their bo∣dies, how comes it to passe that we perceive no clouds in the Ethereall vault, and that we cannot see them glide between starre and starre, flying upon the wings of such windes as must necessarily upon the admittance of this tenent be generated there? Perhaps they will answer that these things may be, and we not see them, by reason of the great distance between us and them. Well, be it so; yet know, that although we could not see them, we should sometimes feel them, and perceive our mo∣ther earth to be watered with showers of rain, when we

see nothing but a cleare skie over us. But it may be they again will answer, that the starres do not frequently af∣ford such Vapours and Exhalations, but sometimes one∣ly: and then if they be not copious enough to make such a cloud as may shine like a Comet or blazing starre, they are rather dispersed into nothing, then turned into rain: for their matter is too hot and drie to make a rainie cloud. In good time. The starres do not frequently afford such Exhalations; and why so I pray? surely the sunne is never so farre distant from some one Planet or other, but that he would make this his operation appeare, if he had at all any such working, or power of exhaling matter from them; and, if not a waterie, yet a drie cloud might be visible. The starres surely are of such a nature that they be rather fed and nourished by vapours, then compelled to suffer an unwilling wasting caused by an exhaling vertue, which is improperly given onely to the Sunne, because onely to him: and from whence these Vapours come, which upon all likelihood do continually nourish the starres, shall be shewed in the fourth dayes work.

Neither do some exempt the Sunne from these eva∣porations, but affirm that day and night he also expireth vapours from him: which others again denie, because they imagine that this publick lamp of the world ought to be more immortall, lest being extinct, he should be quite without light, and afford the world nothing but black and dismall darknesse.

That therefore which before I affirmed, joyning in part with Tycho, who fetcheth matter from the Galaxia, seems to me farre more probable concerning the genera∣tion of these appearances. For first, the Galaxia doth sensibly appeare as if it were an ample storehouse, and had large portions of matter, reserved onely for such purposes; which, when there is a working in nature apt

and convenient to produce it, is liberally afforded, and sent thither where the most power is to attract it. And secondly, that an earthie Exhalation may sometimes be admitted to joyn with the abovesaid matter, this seems to me a reason, because, like other low and ordi∣nary Meteors, these also shew themselves or first begin to shine in the Autumnall season, and not in the Spring, Summer, or Winter Quarter.

Article 3. Of Thunder and Lightnings.

NOw it followeth that I speak of such fierie mixt Meteors as are of lesse continuance then Comets or blazing starres: and by their generall names they are call∣ed Thunder, and Lightnings.

Concerning the first, which is Thunder, it is not pro∣perly any kinde of Meteor, but rather an adjunct or de∣pending effect.

For Thunder is nothing else but a sound heard out of a* 1.52 thick or close compacted cloud: which sound is * 1.53 procu∣red by reason of hot and drie Exhalations shut within the cloud, which, seeking to get out, with great violence do knock and rend the cloud; from whence proceeds that rumbling noise which we call thunder. For when an Exhalation which is more hot then ordinary, meets with cold and moist vapours in the middle Region of the aire, and are inclosed all together in an hollow cloud, it cannot but be that they fall at variance; and by this strife being driven together, the Exhalation is made stronger: and either by the motion, or by an Antiperista∣sis, it is set on fire; which violently breaking the clouds whilest it seeks for libertie, gives an horrid sound. A si∣militude may be taken from a chest-nut, apple, or egge breaking in the fire; or from the cracking of moist wood, or any such like thing: for this is apparent, that when any inclosed hot winde is holden and withholden so as

it can have no vent, it will then seek it self a way by breaking the skin, shell, or case; and in the breaking, see∣ing it is with violence, it must of necessitie make a noise. And thus it is in thunder.

But observe that in thunder the noise made is not al∣wayes of a like sound: for in respect of the hollownesse, thicknesse, or thinnesse of the cloud, and small or great force of the Exhalation, the sound is altered.

A great crack is caused when the cloud is very hollow,* 1.54 his sides thick, and the Exhalation very drie and copious: which if it break the cloud all at once, then it maketh a short and terrible crack, much like the sound of a gunne. If it rend the cloud all along, breaking out by leisure, then it makes a noise like to the rending of broad cloth, or the ratling of stones out of a cart.

A small crack is caused when either the cloud or Ex∣halation* 1.55 is but weak; or the cloud strong, and the Exha∣lation of some little quantitie. And in small thunders it sometimes falleth out that when the sides of the cloud are stronger then the force of the Exhalation is able to break, that then it runneth up and down within, and sticking against the cold and moist sides, maketh a noise much like to the quenching of an hot iron in cold water, or of a squib made of wet powder: in which regard r 1.56 Plinie seemeth to averre that thunder is but the quenching of fire in a wet cloud. Also if the Exhalation be meanly strong, and the cloud of unequall thicknesse, then it breaketh out at the thinnest places, and makes a kinde of buzzing noise like to a winde blowing out of narrow holes.

And so sometimes it happeneth that there may be a* 1.57 thunder-crack and yet no lightning; and sometimes lightning without thunder.

The first is caused thus; either when the cloud is so thin that it cannot keep in the Exhalation till it be kind∣led,

but suffereth it to go presently forth, making a noise like to the winde out of a pair of Smiths bellows: or else when the cloud is so thick, and the Exhalation so slender and thin, that although it stirre up and down within the cloud, yet it fireth not, but wastes it self within that prison, as not being able to get out. And thus may thunder be without lightning.

The second is caused, when either the Exhalation and* 1.58 Vapour are both thin, and the cloud also as thin: or else thus, namely when many thin, light, and hot Exhalati∣ons by immoderate heat are drawn up from the earth, and by the absence of the sunne are destitute of that force by which they should be drawn up higher; yet somewhat ascending by their own nature, (in that they be light and hot) they meet with the cold, either of the night in the lowest Region, or else of the aire in the mid∣dle Region; and so by an Antiperistasis or resistance of contraries, they are beaten back, and with the force of their motion set on fire, as in summer nights and evenings we often see after an hot parching day. Now this kinde of lightning some call Fulgetrum.* 1.59

Another sort they call Coruscatio; which indeed is no∣thing else but the shining of the lightning; the shining or glittering of it rather then the lightning it self: for in this regard we can perceive a flashing when there be no clouds above our Horizon; or if there be clouds, we see the flashing when our backs are turned from them; or else we often perceive even through a thick cloud that it lightened, when the lightning came not so low, but onely issued out of a thinner cloud which was above that thicker one, and shined through it.

A third kinde is called Fulgur: and this is accompanied with thunder, caused by the strife and reluctation which the Exhalation maketh in the cloud, shewing it self in* 1.60 the breaking of the said cloud: and although the crack

be heard long after we have seen the fire, yet they come together; the seeming difference being, because the quicknesse of our sight preventeth our hearing; which is so much the sooner done, either when the thunder is farre off and not neare unto us, or when the winde is con∣trary; which is also seen in the cleaving of wood, or any the like knocking: for let us be but in some sort distant from the partie making the noise or striking the blow, and we shall see the ax heaved up again before we heare the sound.

The next is Fulmen; and between this and the other* 1.61 is a great difference: For Fulmen is an Exhalation which in respect of its quantitie is so copious, and in respect of its qualitie is so hot and drie, and mixed with so many other vapours of a contrary nature, that when it break∣eth the cloud wherein it is inclosed, it comes with such a violence, and continues burning so long, that it falleth even to the very ground, making a more fearfull fragor or crack then ordinary: And oftentimes a great stone is blown out of the cloud with it; whose cause is also na∣turall. For when the Exhalation is drawn up with more* 1.62 then an ordinarie violence; or is so drawn up, or from such a place as it may carrie much earthie matter with it, then is the stone procured. The matter causing it at the first is thin, and like unto the finest sand that can be ima∣gined; yet neverthelesse through the moisture which it getteth in the Aire, and by the meeting with wet va∣pours in the ascent, it clottereth together, and being also it self of a kinde of clammie natu•…•…e, it disjoyneth not, but sticketh fast: and then by the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 heat which it findeth in the generall matter of the Exhalation when it is fired, it is throughly hardened, even as a brick which is burned in the fire: and being a 1.63 thus hardened and burnt, it breaketh forth with the Exhalation, and they both come tumbling down together. For the force of the Ex∣halation

shoots it out, and look whatsoever is in the way, it overthroweth, burneth and dasheth in pieces. Howbeit, when it striketh the earth, it is reported to go never above five foot deep.

All this is pertinent to that which is called Fulmen. But for that other, which is Fulgur, the case is farre otherwise. For in regard of the little plentie of the mat∣ter it never falleth to the ground, but is wasted and con∣sumed by the way.

Moreover, Philosophers make three kindes of Fulmen;* 1.64 viz. Terebrans, Discutiens, and Urens: or (as some call them) Scindentia, Infuscantia, and Urentia.

1. The first is said not to burn, but rather to pierce,* 1.65 cleave, and extirpate such things as are obvious to it. For seeing it is more subtill and pure then grosse, as also won∣drous drie, and carrieth with it great plentie of spirits, winde, or breathings, it must needs produce strange ef∣fects, and passe through the pores of any thing be they never so small; striking through with such wonderfull swiftnesse, as that it cannot possibly hurt, but where it is resisted and hindered by the close composure of that matter against which it striketh. And hereupon it comes to passe that money is sometimes melted in the purse, & the purse not hurt at all; the bones broke, and the skin sound: yea and sometimes the whole man burnt to ashes when his clothes are not consumed, with many the like strange accidents. And why it should cleave a wine vessell and the wine be so dull as not to runne out untill some 2 or 3 dayes after, this may be a reason; viz. in regard of the swift alteration and change, whereby also all the clam∣minesse of the wine is drawn to the outwardmost part, which keepeth in the wine as in a skin, not suffering it suddenly to disperse it self.

2. The second kinde burneth not to ashes, but blasteth* 1.66 or scorcheth, leaving the tincture of fire, and as it were

of smoke behinde it; for the things which it striketh do use to look black, or of a footie colour, like unto a chim∣neys stock. And this is caused in regard that this kinde of lightning is farre more full of moisture then the other; and yet in a manner as subtill, swift and pure: otherwise it would not blast but burn.

3. The third kinde is Fulmen Urens; and this is magis* 1.67 igneum quàm flammeum, more fiery then flamie; being of a grosse and earthy substance, having much slimie matter in it: which makes it therefore set such things on fire as are combustible, whensoever it meeteth with them.

And yet there are some things which (as * 1.68 it is said) the lightning hurteth not. As for example, The * 1.69 Eagle, Joves bird, is free. The laurell is not hurt: neither can the earth be wounded any more then 5 foot deep. Such places also as are covered with the skins of Seals, or Sea∣calves, are secure: wherefore of old time the tents of the Emperours were covered with them for their better safetie. Suetonius telleth us a storie of the Emperour Ca∣ligula how he was scared with Thunder; who, although he bragged and boasted of himself that he was a god, and threatned warre with Iupiter for a shower of rain that fell against his minde, was neverthelesse by and by so ter∣rified with thunder and lightning, that he thereupon runnes and hides his head under a bed.

Moreover it is said, that if lightning kill one in his sleep, it openeth his eyes: if it kill one whilest he is a∣wake▪ it shutteth them. The reason being because it wa∣keth him that sleepeth, and killeth him before he can shut his eyes again: and him that waketh it so amazeth, that winking he dieth before he can open those eyes of his which the sudden flash of the lightning caused him to close.

And know that it is not good to stand gazing upon the* 1.70 lightning at any time▪ for when it doth no other hurt, if

it be any thing neare us, it may dry up, or so waste the crystalline humour of the eyes that it perish the sight: or it may swell the face, making it to break out with scabbes or leprosie, caused by a kinde of poyson in the Exhalation which the pores of the face and eyes admit and receive. For this is certain that the matter of light∣ning, seeing it cometh from sulfurous and other poyson∣ous metallick substances, is much infected, and therefore hurteth where it entreth.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Why some fierie Meteors are lesse pure then others.
• * 1.2

  What Comets are.
• * 1.3

  Plinie maketh their shortest time to be seven dayes, and their longest 80 dayes, lib. 2. cap. 25. but we finde it otherwise: And therefore there is a fault; 80 be∣ing put for 180, which might come to passe by the losse of a C.
• * 1.4

  Three principall colours in a Co∣met.
• * 1.5

  Two chief fashi∣ons in a Comet.
• * 1.6

  The strange ef∣fects of Comets.
• a 1.7

  Carion, ex Se∣neca, lib. 2.
• b 1.8

  Socrat. lib. 4. cap. 22.
• c 1.9

  Carion, lib. 3.
• d 1.10

  Lib. 3. pag. 294.
• e 1.11

  Of this Comet you may reade in Carion, lib. 5. pag. 854.
• f 1.12

  Alst. Chron. 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• g 1.13

  Goclen. Phys. Lanquet. Chron. & in contin. Chron. Euseb.
• * 1.14

  So also a cer∣tain Germane in the continuation of Euseb. Chron.
• h 1.15

  Buchod. in his chron.
• * 1.16

  Idem, ibid.
• h 1.17

  In Lanq. Chron. it is 1400. Vide Ann. Dom. 1531.
• i 1.18

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 Bohemi∣cum & Germani∣cum oritu•…•…, quod hodié que affligit 〈◊〉〈◊〉 nostram Ger∣maniam. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Chron. mirab. Dei, Fuit etiam anteces∣•…•… mortis Ma•…•…hiae Imperatoris.
• * 1.19

  Why warres, deaths, famines and the like, are the effects of Comets.
• * 1.20

  Our bodies fol∣low the temper of the aire: and our mindes do somewhat sympa∣thize with the bodie.
• † 1.21

  Burton, in his Melancholy.
• † 1.22

  Chap. 7. sect. 3 parag. 2▪ art. 1.
• * 1.23

  How to guesse at the signification of Comets.
• i 1.24

  Origan•…•… de ef∣fectibus, pag. 526, ex Cardano.
• * 1.25

  The severall ends of Comets.
• * 1.26

  Politicall.
• * 1.27

  Theologicall.
• * 1.28

  Naturall.
• k 1.29

  Witnesse the great plague which was in Portugal Ann. Dom. 1531, occasioned by va∣pours which through a breach of ground in an earthquake issu∣ed forth and poi∣soned the aire. Lanq. Chron.
• l 1.30

  After which were these ap∣pearances, if not new starres, yet most of them su∣pralunary Co∣mets: as in the yeare 1577, which Sibylla Babylonica pro∣phecied of (as may be seen in Tycho) shewing that it should arise about foure yeares after the vanishing of Cassiopea's starre; which was true inclusively: and in the yeares 1580, 1585, 1590, 1593; and in the yeare 1596 (but this was a New starre) and in the yeares 1607, and 1618.
• a 1.31

  Viz. on Bar∣tholomew day. Calvis.
• b 1.32

  Viz. on the ninth of No∣vember.
• c 1.33

  And therefore he could not then name any one in particular.
• d 1.34

  The King of Sweden born at such time as the starre began its operation.
• * 1.35

  The place point∣ed at by the hea∣vens hath 62 de∣grees of North latitude.
• l 1.36

  In a speech to his court at In∣gol•…•…tadt.
• m 1.37

  Taken out of the relation of his last battel, pag. 20. transla∣ted out of French into English.
• * 1.38

  A memento for after-times.
• * 1.39

  He flourished 135 yeares before Christs birth. Helvic. Chronol.
• m 1.40

  Lib. 2.
• n 1.41

  See more in Aquinas summes.
• o 1.42

  Some say the 17 degree. Cal∣vis. ch•…•…ei.
• * 1.43

  A consideration of this New starres matter.
• * 1.44

  Lib. denova •…•…ella.
• * 1.45

  Yet the same matter, had it been crushed together, or as solidly composed as the earth, would have been as no∣thing in respect of the earth.
• * 1.46

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 de novis 〈◊◊〉〈◊◊〉.
• * 1.47

  From the earth to the highest Firmament is nothing but aire.
• p 1.48

  Called Lingua.
• q 1.49

  In 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Lun•…•… generat•…•…r ignie.
• * 1.50

  What place the Element of Fire possesseth.
• r 1.51

  Lib. 3. Met. cap. 2. Art. 7.
• * 1.52

  What thunder is.
• * 1.53

  Io•…•…nnes Bodinus putat a geniis aeris & 〈◊◊〉〈◊◊〉 fulmma jaci, & 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ill•…•…m coeli cieri.
• * 1.54

  Great cracks.
• * 1.55

  Small cracks.
• r 1.56

  Lib. 2. cap. 43.
• * 1.57

  Sometimes 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and •…•…o 〈◊◊〉〈◊◊〉 ligh•…•…ning and n•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.58

  How there may be lightning without thunder.
• * 1.59

  The kindes of lightning.
• * 1.60

  Why we see the lightning before we heare the thunder.
• * 1.61

  The worst •…•…inde of lightning.
• * 1.62

  The making of the thunder∣stone.
• a 1.63

  Or thus; Gene∣•…•… ex exhalation•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 v•…•…scosa, & 〈◊◊〉〈◊◊〉, quos 〈◊◊〉〈◊◊〉 ce∣•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉, muta∣tione 〈◊〉〈◊〉 so 〈◊◊◊◊◊〉〈◊◊◊◊◊〉 s•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 cu•…•… 〈◊◊◊◊〉〈◊◊◊◊〉 mi∣•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in 〈◊◊〉〈◊◊〉. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. lib. 2. 〈◊◊〉〈◊◊〉. 7. cap. 3.
• * 1.64

  Three kindes of Fulmen.
• * 1.65

  The first kinde is drie of qualitie.
• * 1.66

  The second kinde is something moist.
• * 1.67

  The third kinde is most grosse of the three.
• * 1.68

  Plin. lib. 2. cap. 55.
• * 1.69

  The Poets therefore write that she carries Jupiters armour▪ which is light∣ning.
• * 1.70

  Not wholesome to gaze on the lightning.