The history of Great Britaine under the conquests of ye Romans, Saxons, Danes and Normans Their originals, manners, warres, coines & seales: with ye successions, lives, acts & issues of the English monarchs from Iulius Cæsar, to our most gracious soueraigne King Iames. by Iohn Speed.

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The history of Great Britaine under the conquests of ye Romans, Saxons, Danes and Normans Their originals, manners, warres, coines & seales: with ye successions, lives, acts & issues of the English monarchs from Iulius Cæsar, to our most gracious soueraigne King Iames. by Iohn Speed.
Author
Speed, John, 1552?-1629.
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Imprinted at London :: [by William Hall and John Beale] anno cum privilegio 1611 and are to be solde by Iohn Sudbury & Georg Humble, in Popes-head alley at ye signe of ye white Horse,
[1611]
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Great Britain -- History -- Early works to 1800.
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http://name.umdl.umich.edu/A12738.0001.001
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"The history of Great Britaine under the conquests of ye Romans, Saxons, Danes and Normans Their originals, manners, warres, coines & seales: with ye successions, lives, acts & issues of the English monarchs from Iulius Cæsar, to our most gracious soueraigne King Iames. by Iohn Speed." In the digital collection Early English Books Online. https://name.umdl.umich.edu/A12738.0001.001. University of Michigan Library Digital Collections. Accessed June 2, 2024.

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CESARS SECOND EXPEDI∣TION INTO BRITAINE. CHAPTER II.

[illustration]

CAESAR expecting the per∣formance of Couenants a∣greed vpon in the treaty of peace with the Britaines, receiued hostages from two of their Cities onely, and no more: the rest * 1.1 drawing backe, refused his subiection: whereupon in∣tending not to lose so rich a prey, nor to suffer that Sunne to bee eclipsed, whose glory thus farre in his Horizon had as•…•…nded, hee ap∣peased some troubles in Gallia, and in the winter sea∣son began his preparation to that enterprise. And hauing had experience of his former wants, he furni∣shed himselfe accordingly, and the next spring fol∣lowing drew his forces towards Calis, the shortest cut * 1.2 into Britaine. There committing the charge of Gallia to T. Labienus his Lieutenant, himselfe with fiue Le∣gions of souldiers, 2000. horsemen, and 800. ships, about going downe of the Sunne loosed from the shoare, and with a soft Southerne gale were carried

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into the streame. But about midnight the winde fai∣ling, and their sailes becalmed, the tide diuerted their course: so that in the dawning he well perceiued his intended place for landing to be passed.

(2) Therefore falling againe with the change of * 1.3 tide, and indeuours of their Oares, about noone the same day hee recouered the shoare, euen in the same place (and that without any shew of resistance) where he had found best landing the Summer before. There in conuenient manner he encamped his host, and by certaine Fugitiues got notice of the power and place of the enemie.

(3) And lest delay should afford them aduantage, he committed the gouernment of his ships at anchor to Qu. Atrius, and his campe on land to the guard of ten Cohorts, besides the strength of three hundred horsemen; and himselfe with the rest about the third watch of the night tooke their march towards the e∣nemie, proceeding with such celeritie, that by the day dawning they were entred twelue miles higher into the Continent: where seeking to passe a riuer, which is supposed to be the water Stower, the Britaines with * 1.4 their darts and chariots began in most terrible man∣ner to assault the Romanes. But being at length by them repulsed, tooke into a wood strongly fortified both by nature and mans industrie. For in the time of their owne dissensions they had formerly made this place one of their strongest fortresses, and had cut down many trees, which ouerthwart the waies of en∣trance they had bestowed.

(4) In this they secretly kept, and where they saw aduantage, would by companies sallie out vpon the enemie to their no little annoiance. Whereupon Caesar commanded the seuenth Legion to raise a banke, and to build a Testudo of boards, couered with * 1.5 raw hides, by which meanes the place without much adoe was won, and the Britaines forced to forsake the woods. Whose chase Caesar forbade both in regard the day was neere spent, as also that the countrey was altogether vnknowen to the Romanes. But the next day the pursuit being begun, sudden newes was brought from Q. Atrius, that most of his ships the night before by a violent tempest were cast on Land, * 1.6 their bulks shaken, their cables broken, and anchours lost. Caesars experience in like mishaps the Summer before, made him so much more ready to preuent the worst. And therefore recalling his forces, in all haste returned to his Campe, finding the relation too true in their wracke, wherein forty of his ships were quite lost. Wherefore he wrote to Labienus his Lieutenant in Gallia for supply of ships, thence to bee sent in all haste. Then gathering his shipwrights out of the le∣gions, with the ruines of the bruised bulkes, he repai∣red the whole; and now hauing twice felt the dangers of these seas, caused his whole fleet (a strange attempt) to be drawn on land, euen into the midst of the forti∣fications * 1.7 of his campe, so to secure them from the like mishap, and that one strength might defend both.

(5) In which admirable toile ten daies

[illustration]
and nights were altogether spent, before hee could returne to the place from whence he came; where now the Britaines through great confluence of people had increased their power, and entred againe their fortresse and wood. The chiefe command of these affaires was commit∣ted to Cassibelan, whose coine wee haue heere likewise set, a Prince of good repute for feats in warre, whose Seigniory was se∣uered from the Cities towards the Sea, by the great and famous riuer Thamisis, and extended into the land full foure∣score miles.

This Cassibelan present Gouernour of the Trinobants, had attained to the posses∣sion of their chiefest Citie by the slaugh∣ter of Imanuence their former Ruler (a man well respected, and much lamented after death) whose sonne Mandubrace, a gentleman of great hope, * 1.8 fearing the like danger, by the new established autho∣ritie of Cassibelan, had made ouer into Gallia, crauing Caesars assistance to set him in his right.

(6) Cassibelan (if among these authenticke Au∣thors * 1.9 the British Writers may bee heard) was the bro∣ther of King * Lud, and in the nonage of his nephewes * 1.10 gouerned the Trinobants, whose bounds hee sought to enlarge vpon the bordering Countries of his neigh∣bours, and in his fortunes had so borne himselfe, that he was much maligned, and more feared. But now all their dangers yoked alike in a common perill, they laid aside priuate grudges, and held him the only man to support the strength of their troubled and decli∣ning estate, and by a common consent made him Ge∣nerall of their warres. The expectation of whose pro∣ceedings he long delaied not, but with a fierce and hot encounter did assaile the Romans, and so manfully dis∣charged the parts of his place, that in the sight of the whole Campe Quintus Laberius a militarie Tribune was slain, (in memorie wherof the place as yet, though somewhat corruptly, is called Iul-laber) and Caesar * 1.11 himselfe professeth he learned many points of marti∣all policie by their braue and running kinde of en∣countring.

(7) But his next daies seruice prooued not so for∣tunate; for the Romans hauing learned their owne de∣fects by the former daies experience, laid aside their weightie armour, that with the more facilitie they might both assaile the enemies, and with like nimble∣nesse auoid their furie, they hauing now bestowed their powers dispersedly, and scattered their troupes into companies, wherby the Romans were still match∣ed with fresh supplies. A policie no doubt of no small consequence, had not destiny determined the fatall subiection of the Britaines, and Fortune now raised the Romans almost to the height of their Monarchie.

(8) For this failing, the Britaines neuer after shew∣ed * 1.12 themselues with any vnited resistance, but hauing lost the day departed, thinking it better to secure eue∣rie priuate by his owne meanes, then by a generall power to hazard all, as hopelesse any more to vphold that which the heauens (they saw) would haue down. And Cassibelan himselfe despairing of happy successe, drew into his owne territories, keeping with him not aboue 4. thousand wagons. And fearing the Romans further approch, fortified the riuer Thamisis (then pas∣sable * 1.13 onely in one place) with sharpned stakes bound about with lead, and driuen so deepe into the bot∣tome, that Beda and Asser report them so to remaine * 1.14 in their times. All which notwithstanding, the Ro∣mans passed with the repulse of their enemies, and Caesar, who grew now to the height of his honour, marched further into the Continent, and comming forward, was met by Ambassadours from the chiefest Citie of the Trinobants, which first of all the States profered submission, and promised subiection, with this * 1.15 intreatie also, that Mandubrace (who being Caesars fol∣lower, and doubtlesse the contriuer of this submis∣sion) might be Gouernour of their Citie.

(9) Caesar ready to worke vpon such aduantage, seized them at forty hostages, with sufficiencie of graine for his whole armie, which with all expedition those Suppliants performed, preferring the satisfaction of their owne discontentments before the common cause * 1.16 of their Natiue Country, thus laid open, and betraied into the enemies hands; from whose example many other States without stroke yeelded to Caesars com∣mand: yea further treacherously shewing vnto him both the power and place of Cassibelans abode, who had now retired himselfe into his owne Citie called Verolam, well fortified both with woods and marish * 1.17 grounds.

Thither Caesar came, and with little losse or la∣bour won the place, and many of the miserable Bri∣taines both taken and slaine. Cassibelan now despairing of his owne power, farre vnable to match, and much lesse to ouermatch his Enemies, instigated the Gouer∣nours * 1.18 of Kent, being foure in number, Cingetorix, Car∣uilius, Taximangulus, and Segonax, (whom Caesar ter∣meth

Page 187

Kings) to raise all their strengths, and suddenly to set vpon the Romanes Campe that guarded their ships; which enterprise was accordingly attempted, but with such successe, that the Britaines were on each side slaine, and Cingetorix taken prisoner, the rest sa∣uing themselues by flight.

(10) Cassibelan beholding these vnfortunate pro∣ceedings, feared the end of vnhappie successe, for hee saw his Country wasted, his owne designes defeated, and himselfe forsaken by the traiterous reuolt of ma∣ny Cities and States on euery side. Therefore as bootlesse to bandy against fortune, he sought to hold * 1.19 his owne with others, and sent Comius King of the Attrebatij to be his meane to Caesar for peace, which was the willinglier heard and granted, for that he de∣termined to winter in Gallia, his affaires so requi∣ring it.

(11) The conditions were hard, but necessitie must be obeied: for Caesar imposed a grieuous Tri∣bute * 1.20 to be taxed of the Britaines, of no lesse then three thousand pounds yeerely to be paid, and moreouer in∣cluded * 1.21 the safety of Mandubrace, with his Trinobantes taken into friendship, and protection of the Romans; & lastly, that these Couenants should be faithfully ob∣serued, he cōmanded hostages for assurance forthwith to be deliuered. These things thus compounded, he tooke the Seas, about the second watch of the night, which then began to equalize the day in length, and safely arriued in the Continent of Gallia; Hauing ra∣ther shewed the place to posterities, then deliuered to * 1.22 the Romans the possession thereof, as Tacitus saith, supposing it his glory sufficient to vndergoe a matter so rare and difficult, and at his comming to Rome, to haue presented his British Captiues; whose strangenesse for attire and behauiour filled the peoples eies both with wonder and delight. He offred also in the Temple * 1.23 of Venus genitrix, a Surcoat made all of British pearles, as a Trophey and Spoile of the Ocean. And now his for∣tunes comming to the highest, the title of perpetuall Dictator (then which the State of Rome could affoord nothing greater) sufficed him not, but a King hee will * 1.24 be, and sole gouernour ouer all, though contrarie to the Law and liking of the Romanes; whereof in short time grew such heart-burning and hatred, that seuenty prin∣cipall men conspired his death, and after his many dan∣gers * 1.25 of enemies in battles abroad, was in the Senate-house amongst his supposed friends, and in peace (if treacherie may be called peace) cruelly murdered, re∣ceiuing in his body three and twenty wounds, whereof he died, after he had sate Emperour only fiue moneths.

(12) I am not ignorant that the British Writers doe varie from Caesar in relating these his procee∣dings, * 1.26 and speake more honourably of their owne re∣sistance then himselfe hath set downe, namely, that by the valour of Cassibelan their King, in his first at∣tempts hee was twice driuen backe without his pur∣pose, * 1.27 and forced to take the Seas, to the great hazard of his ships and men, yea and with the losse of his owne sword, which with great prowesse was wonne from him in a single encounter by Nenion Cassibelans brother. And surely howsoeuer Polydore accounteth * 1.28 their Story new, and Caesar carrieth himselfe glorious∣lie in his owne affaires; yet by sundry other renow∣ned writers it seemeth, that the currant of his Conquest went nothing so smooth and vntroubled, or with so * 1.29 little losse of the Romans, nor the Britaines liberties forgone by so easie resistance: which may be collected euen out of some couert passages of Caesars own words, where it appeareth, that hee durst not at sundry times giue the Britaines battle, though they were only harnes∣sed in leather, and his Souldiers were all old Legionaries of long seruice, called for their huge armour, Milites grauis armaturae, as hauing a helmet, corslet and boots, all of massy brasse or iron, with a large target, a strong two-edged sword, and a great staffe or clubbe hea∣ded with an iron pike; which oddes notwithstanding had not Cassibelan been vndermined by Mandubrace, and traiterously forsaken (which Caesar himselfe con∣fesseth) by the Princes which promised him assi∣stance, but euer mangned him, and had now a faire time of reuenge, perhaps Caesar might haue missed this parcell of his glory. Yet for all these helpes, Lucan saith expresly of him,

Territa quaesitis ostendit terga Britannis: He Britaines found, but left them soone by fright. * 1.30

Eutropius saith, He was wearied out and quelled both with the fierce battles of the enemie, and cro•…•…es of tempests. * 1.31 Tacitus saith, Hee found out Britannie for the Romans, * 1.32 but could not winne it for them: which was the very cause why (as Dion witnesseth) for twenty yeeres after Caesars entrance, Britannie kept their owne Kings and their owne lawes, and had no forraine Prefects to com∣mand them. And Beda sheweth, that Caesar in this Land was both receiued with sharpe and sore fight, and weakened by the losse of his ships, and with the most part of his men at armes. Tacitus also, vsing the speech of Caractacus to his Souldiers, hath these words: He called (saith he) vpon the names of his Ance∣stors, * 1.33 which chased Caesar the Dictator out of the Ile, by whom and by whose valour they were deliuered from Hat∣chets and Tributes, and enioied freely their wiues and chil∣drens bodies vndefiled. Againe, in the consultations of the Britaines intending a reuolt, hee allegeth their ar∣guments, whereof one was the sudden departure of Cae∣sar out of this Iland, little better then a slight. With * 1.34 whom Dion Cassius also agreeth, affirming that Caesar * 1.35 got nothing in Britaine besides the honour and renowne of that voiage, and sight of that Country, vntill then vnknown to the Romans. And againe (saith hee) Caesar departed thence hauing done no memorable act, which caused the Britaines to be secure and carelesse to prouide themselues a∣gainst his second arriuage. Whereby is apparant (euen by Romane Writers) both the bold resistance that the Britaines made, and the deare subiection that the Ro∣mans bought. But in matters so farre past, it is hard for mee to auouch any thing resoluedly, vnlesse I could meet with that aged Britaine whom M. Aper conferred with heere in Britanny (as Quintilian wri∣teth) who auowed that hee was in the British Campe * 1.36 when they did beat Caesar from the shoare.

(13) Neither will I vrge that for truth, which Authours haue left vs in their reports, concerning the many prodigies before going, and forewarning his death: things rather to be accounted the superfluities of their owne pens, and vaine imageries, euer working vpon accidentall euents, and ascribing issued successe to a supernaturall cause. Such conceit had Caesar of himselfe, that for his fortunes hee would bee stiled a∣mongst * 1.37 the Gods: and his deitie to that credulous gene∣ration was further strengthned by the appearance of a blazing starre, which mooued (no doubt) an ouer∣large opinion of his humane power, and caused his glorie much to surmount it selfe. And therefore lest ignorance should any way blemish his immortalitie, they haue fained the manner of his dying best plea∣sing * 1.38 to himselfe, and many ominous signes to fore∣shew the same: all which he either lightly despised, or carelesly neglected, as they would haue their Readers beleeue.

(14) Such was that of Spurina his diuiner, that * 1.39 forewarned him of great danger, which should not passe the Ides of March. And Suetonius out of Corne∣lius Balbus reporteth, that in the ancient Monuments of Capuae, discouered but few moneths before, was found a Table of brasse, wherein was written the manner of his murder, and the reuenge that should follow: his owne dreames the night before, wherein he seemed to flie in the * 1.40 clouds, and to shake hands with Iupiter: as also his wiues, that thought him stabbed in her armes, and to lie all bloody * 1.41 in her bosome. Besides many other obseruances both of beasts and birds, and that in such plentie, that it yeelded sufficient matter for Ouid the Poet to furnish * 1.42 and fill vp the latter part of his last booke of Meta∣morphosis. His feature, qualities, and fortunes, are by them thus described: Of personage to be tall, strong, * 1.43 and well limmed, faire, and full faced, with blacke

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eies, and bald headed, to couer which he vsually wore the Triumphant Lawrell Garland. He was well learned, and therewithall very eloquent: and although so great a warriour, thirsting after fame, yet would he be easily reconciled to his enemies, yea and often times * 1.44 seeke the meanes first himselfe. And hee held it no lesse valour to subdue his wrath, then his enemie; as likewise in his disasters hee was of great temper and * 1.45 moderation, insomuch that Seneca writeth of him, that whiles he was in Britaine, hearing newes of his daughters death (which was lamented as a great losse to the whole State) hee conquered that sorrow as easily and as quickly as hee subdued all things where euer he came. And of his other moderatenesse, Cotas (who then held the se∣cond * 1.46 place of honour and command in the Armie) writeth, that though Caesar was then so great and glo∣rious a Commander, yet he was so farre from outward pompe, as that when he came into Britannie hee had onely three seruants to attend him.

(15) In his enterprises hee was both valiant and fortunate, and is therefore singled out for an Idea or Paterne of an absolute Generall, especially for foure mili∣taric properties very resplendent in him: first, laborious∣nesse * 1.47 in his affaires: secondly, courage in his dangers: thirdly, industrious contriuing of what he vndertooke: fourthly, quicke dispatch in accomplishing what hee had once begun: In all which he proceeded with such successe, that in fiftie seuerall battles by him fought, he al∣waies preuailed, one only excepted, as both Pliny, Solinus, and others haue recorded. Foure times hee was crea∣ted Consul, and fiue times entred Rome in triumph, bea∣ring * 1.48 still the stile of Perpetuall Dictator. And therfore with lesse dishonour did nations subiect themselues vnto him; and this of Britaine with them, whose lot being cast among the hazards of the world, was drawen with an equall chance, as the rest, and yeelded their freedomes with as hard conditions, as did Coun∣tries of more extent, and Kingdomes of greater ac∣count. But most especially the decree of God could not bee gaine-stood, who had foreshewed by his Prophets the ri∣sing * 1.49 of these Chittims, and them a meanes to make the metalline image dust.

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