The history of Great Britaine under the conquests of ye Romans, Saxons, Danes and Normans Their originals, manners, warres, coines & seales: with ye successions, lives, acts & issues of the English monarchs from Iulius Cæsar, to our most gracious soueraigne King Iames. by Iohn Speed.

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The history of Great Britaine under the conquests of ye Romans, Saxons, Danes and Normans Their originals, manners, warres, coines & seales: with ye successions, lives, acts & issues of the English monarchs from Iulius Cæsar, to our most gracious soueraigne King Iames. by Iohn Speed.
Author
Speed, John, 1552?-1629.
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Imprinted at London :: [by William Hall and John Beale] anno cum privilegio 1611 and are to be solde by Iohn Sudbury & Georg Humble, in Popes-head alley at ye signe of ye white Horse,
[1611]
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Subject terms
Great Britain -- History -- Early works to 1800.
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http://name.umdl.umich.edu/A12738.0001.001
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"The history of Great Britaine under the conquests of ye Romans, Saxons, Danes and Normans Their originals, manners, warres, coines & seales: with ye successions, lives, acts & issues of the English monarchs from Iulius Cæsar, to our most gracious soueraigne King Iames. by Iohn Speed." In the digital collection Early English Books Online. https://name.umdl.umich.edu/A12738.0001.001. University of Michigan Library Digital Collections. Accessed June 2, 2024.

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Page 213

FLAVIVS DOMITIAN. CHAPTER XIV.

[illustration]
* 1.1 * 1.2

DOmitian attaining the Em∣pire * 1.3 by the death of Titus, (wrought by himselfe) as farre differed from him in vertuous conditions, as he was linked neere him in consanguinitie of blood: His youth not spent in * 1.4 Armes, with his Father and Brother, but inertiously consumed in lasciuiousnesse and penurie.

(2) At Rome hee was in the Vitellian troubles, where, with Sabinus his Vncle, he had beene murde∣red, * 1.5 had not the Sexton of the Capitoll hid him in his house, and in the habit of a Minister vnknowen, thence escaped: which place afterwards, when hee * 1.6 came to be Emperour, he gorgeously built for a Tem∣ple to Iupiter his supposed Preseruer, and consecrated himselfe in the lap of that heathenish Idoll. Hee very speedily apprehended the hope of an Empire, for no sooner was his Father made Emperour, but that hee as∣sumed the name of Caesar, and in Rome caried himselfe with such prodigalitie, and so liberally made promi∣ses of the Imperiall Offices, that his father hearing thereof, said, he maruelled why his sonne sent not one to succeed him in his place. But to dissemble and cloake his idle conceits, he gaue himselfe to the study of Po∣esie, (although with little affection, as the end proo∣ued) for which notwithstanding both Pliny and Mar∣tial * 1.7 doe highly commend him, as it is the manner of men to admire the very shadow of a good quality in Princes and great ones: and so doth Iuuenal and Sue∣tonius praise his braue minde, for his shewes in the Amphitheater, wherein not only men, but women al∣so were brought, and forced to fight for their liues with wilde beasts: a cruell spectacle neuerthelesse, and vnbeseeming to humanity.

(3) His first entrance into state and dignitie was neither greatly applauded nor gainsaid, hee seeming to carrie an equall mixture, and his vertues to hold le∣uell with his vice. But Ambition now supported with Soueraignty, did quickly set the scale onely for the worse side. The affaires of the Empire hee altogether neglected; and impatient of labour, or affection to Armes, daily retired into a priuate chamber or Gal∣lery, wherein hee vsually applied himselfe onely to * 1.8 catch Flies, and with the point of a bodkin to pricke them thorow: whereupon one being asked what company was with the Emperour, replied, Not so much as a flie. In which princely exercise let vs a while leaue him, and returne to his better emploied Lieutenant Agricola.

(4) Who now in the fifth yeere of his gouern∣ment * 1.9 tooke the seas, and with many prosperous con∣flicts subdued some adiacent places and people, be∣fore that time vnknowen, and furnished with forces those parts of Britaine, which lay coasted against Ire∣land: to which Countrey also hee had a minde, and * 1.10 would often say, that if the Romans were therin plan∣ted, the Libertie of the Britaines would soone be bani∣shed quite out of sight, and out of hope.

(5) Now in the sixth yeere of his Prefecture, be∣cause a general rising of al the farther Nations beyond Bodotria was feared, and passages were all beset with power of the Enemies, he manned a Fleet to search the creekes and harboroughs of the ample Region beyond it, and with his Armie marched further * 1.11 North. The Britaines heereat, especially at sight of their ships, much amazed and troubled, knowing now that the secrets of their Seas were all discouered, and no refuge left if they were ouercome, armed themselues with great preparation; and the Caledoni∣ans (a most puissant and strong Nation in those parts) * 1.12 the formost; who, as challengers, braued the Romans so boldly, and in such manner, that some counselled the Generall to retire his forces on this side Bodotria, and rather of his owne accord to depart, then to bee repelled with shame.

(6) Agricola, whose courage could not be clou∣ded with any dastardly feare, held on his intents; and hearing by prisoners taken, the manner of his Ene∣mies proceedings, ordereth his host accordingly, di∣uiding his armie into three battles, and so lay entren∣ched; the weakest whereof, containing the Ninth Le∣gion, the Britaines by Night assailed, and hauing slaine the Watch, brake into their Campe with a furious noise: to whose rescue, Agricola sent his Light horse∣men, and a Band of foot, whose Ensignes and Armour glittering in the appearance of day, so rebated the edge and further purposes of the Britaines, that they gaue backe to the gates of the Trench, where, in the straits the conflict was sharpe and cruell, till in the end they were forced to quit the field. Vpon this battle so manfully fought, and so famously won, the Romans presuming that to their prowesse all things were now easie and open, cried to lead into Caledonia, and to finde out the limits of Britaine, with a course of * 1.13 continued Conquests: and those which erewhile were so wary and wise, waxt forward and bold after the euent, and grew to speake bigly▪ such being the hard condition of Warres, that if ought fall out well, all challenge a part, misfortunes are onely imputed to one. Contrariwise, the Britaines presupposing that not valour, but skill in the Generall by vsing the occa∣sion, had carried it away, abated no whit their won∣ted courage, but armed their youth, transported their Children and Wiues into places of safety, and sought by Assemblies & Religious rites to establish an Associ∣ation of the Cities together. And so for that yeere both parties did depart, incensed to further preparations.

(7) In the beginning of the next, Agricola sen∣ding his Nauie before, which by vnexpected spoiling

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in seuerall places, should induce a greater and more vncertain terrour, followed himselfe with his Armie by Land: hauing drawne to his partie some of the va∣liantest Britaines, whom by long experience in Peace, he had found most faithfull for his Warres: and so arriued at the Mount * 1.14 Grampius, where the Britaines had lodged themselues before, and as men nothing deiected by the vnfortunate chance of the former battaile, had now prepared themselues attending on∣ly for Reuenge or Seruitude. And being taught, that common danger must be repelled with mutuall Con∣cord, by Leagues and Embassages they assembled the * 1.15 power of all their Cities together, aboue thirtie thousand armed men, as by view was taken, besides an endlesse number of youth which daily flocked vn∣to them, and many lustie Old men renowmed in the former warres, and bearing the Badges due to their honour; at what time, Galgacus, for vertue and birth, of all the Leaders the Principall man, seeing the mul∣titude * 1.16 hotly demaund the Battell, is said to haue vsed this, or the like speech.

(8) When I behold this present Assemblie, and consider the cause of this instant necessitie, I haue * 1.17 reason to presume, that this day, and this our agree∣ment in consent, will giue a happie beginning to our freedome, and an end of troubles vnto our I∣land. * 1.18 For, wee which inhabite these furthest Pro∣montories, know no Land beyond vs whereunto wee may flie, nor no Seas left vs now for safetie, the Romane Nauie thus (as you see) surueying our Coasts: So that combat and armes, which men of valour desire for honour, the very dastard of force must now vse for his securitie. Wee that are the * 1.19 flower of the British Nobilitie, and are seated here in the vttermost part of the Ile, saw neuer yet the borders of those Countries which serued in slaue∣rie, our eies being vnpolluted and free from all con∣tagion of Tyrannie. Our former Battailes fought with the Romanes had their euents, yet so, that re∣fuge * 1.20 and hope rested still in our hands; wee haue hitherto liued in libertie, whereas none beside vs are free; vs hitherto this Corner and secret recesse hath defended, now the Vttermost point of our Land is laid open: and things the lesse they haue beene within knowledge, the greater the glorie is to atchieue them. But what Nation is there now beyond vs? what else see we but Water and Rocks, and the Romanes within, Land-lords of all, nay ra∣ther Robbers of all, both in Land and Sea? whose * 1.21 intollerable pride by humble subiection in vaine shall wee seeke to auoid. If the Country bee rich, they seeke to winne wealth; if poore, to gaine glo∣rie: but neither East nor west, can satisfie their gree∣die affection, much lesse this cold North can set an end to their desires. To kill, to spoile, and take a∣way * 1.22 by force, that falsely they terme Empire and Gouernement: and when all is made a waste wilder∣nesse, that they call Peace. Most deare vnto man are his Children and blood; but those are pressed for their warres, and serue as their slaues, we know not where; our Goods are their tributes, our Corne their prouision; our Wiues, Sisters and Daughters, in Warre violently forced, in Peace vnder title of friends and guests, shamefully abused, and our own Bodies worne & consumed in pauing of Bogs and other seruile drudgeries, with thousands of stripes, and many indignities more. Slaues which are borne to bondage are sold but once, and after are fed at their Owners expences; but Britanie dai∣ly buyeth, daily feedeth, and is at charges with her owne Bondage. We are the last to be conquered, * 1.23 and therefore is our destruction most sought, as be∣ing the most vile in account: No Fields we haue to manure, no Mines to be digged, no Ports to trade in, and to what purpose then should they reserue vs aliue? Besides, the Manhood and fierce cou∣rage of the subiect, pleaseth not much the iealous * 1.24 Soueraigne: and this Corner being so secret, and out of the way, the more securitie it yeeldeth vs, in them it workes the greater suspition. Then, seeing all hope of sauour is past, let vs take courage to de∣fend and maintaine our owne safetie as well as our honour. The Icenians led by a Woman, fired the Colonie, forced the Castles; and if that luckie be∣ginning had not beene ended in a carelesse security, the Southerne Britaines might with ease haue shaken * 1.25 off the yoake. We as yet neuer touched, neuer sub∣dued and borne to bee free, not slaues to the Ro∣mans; wee (I say) now are to make proofe of our * 1.26 valour, and to shew in this encounter, what men Caledonia hath reserued for her selfe. And do you thinke, that the Romanes are as valiant in Warre as they are wanton in Peace? I assure you, nothing * 1.27 lesse: for not by their Vertues, but by our Iarrings, they are growne into fame: and of the enemies faults they make vse to the glory of their owne Ar∣mie, composed (we know) most of diuers Nations; and therefore as in prosperitie they hold not al∣alwaies * 1.28 together, so doubtlesse, if fortune turne a∣side, their seruices will appeare: vnlesse you sup∣pose the Gauls and Germanes, and (to our shame be it spoken) many of our owne Nation, (which now lend their liues to establish a forraine Vsurper) bee lead with hearts affection; whereas contrariwise it is apparant, that Terrour and Distrust, (weake work∣ers to conserue loue) are the onely cause; which once remoued, then those that haue made an end to feare, will soone begin to hate. All things that may incite vnto victorie are for vs: the Romanes haue no Wiues to harten them on, if they faint; no Parents to vpbraid them, if they flie; most of them * 1.29 haue no Countrie at all, or if they haue, it is by in∣trusion taken from others: A few fearefull persons stand here before vs, trembling and gazing at the strangenesse of the heauen it selfe, at the Sea, and at the Woods, whom the Gods haue deliuered, mew∣ed vp and fettered into our hands. Let not their braue shewes of glistering Gold or Siluer, any way dismay you, which of themselues neither offend nor defend. And be you well assured, amongst our enemies wee shall finde many on our side; The Britaines will agnize their owne Cause; The Gauls will remember their wonted libertie and former e∣state; And the rest of the Germanes will leaue and forsake them, as of late the Vsipians did. What then shall we feare? The Castles are emptie; the Colonies peopled with aged and impotent persons; the free Cities discontent, and in factions, whilest those * 1.30 which are vnder, obey with ill will, and they which doe gouerne, rule against right. Here you see be∣fore vs is the Generall and the Armie, on each side Tributes, Seruitudes and other miseries insepara∣ble; which whether we shall continue for euer, or cast off subiection as free-borne Britaines, it lyeth this day in this Field and your approued manhoods Wherefore I beseech you in ioyning Battell, beare in your Minds your worthy Ancestors, your Selues, and following Posterities, which if you faile, shall for euer liue in subiection and slauerie.

(9) This speech was so vehemently deliuered, and so cheerefully of them all receiued, that with songs and confused acclamations (after their accustomed fashion) they clustered together on heaps, and some of the boldest aduanced forward, whilest Agricola like∣wise was incouraging his men, who straightwaies ranne to their weapons, and rushed on furiously to∣ward the Enemie.

(10) The Britaines were marshelled in the high∣er ground, fitly both to the shew, and to terrifie: the first Battalion standing on the plaine, the rest on the ascent of the hill, knit and rising as it were one ouer another; the middle of the field was filled with clat∣tering and running of Chariots and horsemen. Agrico∣cola seeing their number to exceede his, drew his bat∣taile * 1.31 in length, and leauing his horse, aduanced him∣selfe before the Ensignes on foote.

(11) In the first assault before the ioyning, both sides encountred with discharge of their darts, wherin * 1.32

Page 215

the Britaines, employing both art and valour, with their great swords and little Targets, auoided the vo∣lue of the Romans, showring down withall great store of theirs vpon them, wherewith they were both gal∣led and sore wounded. Agricola seeing his men thus stoutly resisted, tooke another course: for, spying the aduantage, he commanded three a 1.33 Batauian Coherts, and two of the b 1.34 Tungrians, to presse forward, and bring the matter to handy strokes and dint of sword, a thing which (in respect of their long seruice) they were very expert in; but contrariwise to the Britaines very preiudiciall, by reason of their little Bucklers, and huge swords, being blunt pointed, and no waies fit for the close in fight. This command aduantaged the Romans much; for these with the pikes of their Bucklers, when they came to deale blowes; so man∣gled the faces of the Britaines, that they were not able to stand before them; and the rest, gathering courage vpon emulation of these, ascended the hill, bearing downe all that was in their way, so that many halfe dead, and some wholly vntouched, were ouer-passed, and left for haste of winning the field. In the meane while the Chariots mingled themselues with the bat∣tle * 1.35 of footmen, and the troopes of horsemen began for to flie: who albeit they had lately terrified others, were now distressed themselues, by the vneuennesse of the ground, and thicke rankes of the enemy, and were forced to fight standing still, and by the maine weight of horses to beare downe one another. The wandring Wagons also, and masterlesse horses, as chance or feare did guide them, ouer-bare many times their friends, and thwarted their way that met them.

(12) The other Britaines that kept the hill, and had leisure to behold the manner of fight, beganne to come downe by little and little, and sought to com∣passe the backe of the enemie; which intent Agricola soone preuented, by sending foure wings of Horsmen, retained purposely about him for sudden dispatches and chances of warre. These so fiercely assailed them, * 1.36 that a most sharpe and bloody battle ensued, wherein the Britaines on each side were beaten downe and slaine, notwithstanding many of them shewed both valour and reuenge euen to the end: the rest disban∣ded, turned their backes, and fled towards the desert; whose pursuit was followed vntill Night, and fulnesse * 1.37 of blood made an end of the chase.

(13) Of the Romans side were slaine (if wee must credit their owne friends) onely three hundred and fortie persons, and of them, one of extraordinary note * 1.38 and account, Aulus a 1.39 Articus, Captaine of a Cohort, who vpon a youthfull heat, and fiercenesse of his horse, was carried amidst his enemies. Of the Britains fell ten thousand, and their designes so defeated and * 1.40 broken, that as desperate men, they forsake their hou∣ses, and in despight set fire on them themselues: the hurt persons they carrie and draw with them, and call them that are vnhurt, hoping to be releeued by them. One while they chuse out holes to lurke in, for their liues safetie; eftsoones in great haste forsake them, as doubting therein their owne securitie. Dispersed a∣sunder, they lament, and attend death: assembled to∣gether, expostulate of their meanes and life: one while conceiuing a glimmering of some small hope, another while deiected with vtter despaire: Some∣times at the sight of their dearest beloued, mooued to pitie; but much oftner stirred to rage, for reuenge; and many of them, euen by way of compassion; slew their dearest Wiues and Children, to rid them from their future miseries.

(14) Agricola hauing made euery where a desola∣tion and silence, withdrew his Armie towards the * 1.41 Horrestians, where taking hostages for their fidelitie, sent the Admirall of his Nauy to saile about the North Cóasts of Britaine, who with strength and store tooke * 1.42 the Seas, their terrour gone already before, himselfe with easie and gentle iournies disposed his foot and horsemen in their Wintring places, and planted Gar∣risons vpon the Borders betweene Glota and Bodo∣tria. And his Nauie with prosperous winde and suc∣cesse arriued at the Port * 1.43 Trutulensis.

(15) Thus, after many conflicts, about the space of one hundred thirty six yeeres from Iulius Caesars * 1.44 first entrance, the vtmost limits of Britannie, and the Iles of the Orcades lying on the North side of it, were by the valour and industrie of Iulius Agricola first dis∣couered, * 1.45 and made knowen vnto the Romans: and the South part of the Ile, in the fourth yeere of the raigne of Domitian, (being the yeere of our Sauiour eightie * 1.46 six) reduced into a full Prouince, the gouernment whereof was euer annexed and appropriate to the * 1.47 Roman Emperours themselues, and not at the disposi∣tion of the Senate, as other Prouinces were.

(16) This state of affaires in Britannie, Agricola * 1.48 signified by letter, without any amplifying termes to Domitian the Emperour, who (after his manner) with a cheerefull countenance and greeued heart, receiued the Newes; being inwardly pricked with feare and dis∣daine, that his late counterfet Triumph of Germanie (wherein certaine slaues bought for money, were at∣tired, and their haire dressed as Captiues of that Coun∣trey) was had in derision, and iustly skorned abroad; whereas now a true and imperiall victorie of so many thousand enemies subdued and slaine, was currant and famous in euery mans mouth: as being indeed a thing dangerous, that a priuate mans name should be exalted aboue his Prince. In vaine then had hee sup∣pressed the studie of Oratorie, and other worthy poli∣ticke Arts, thereby to keepe downe other mens re∣putation, if he should in Military glory be disseised by another. And to be a good Commander of an Army, was to be aboue priuate estate, that being a Vertue peculiar for a Prince, and therefore not lightly to be passed ouer. With these and the like incentiues his minde was tormented; yet thought he it best to dis∣semble his malice; vntill the heat of his glory, and loue of his souldiers were somewhat abated. And foorthwith he commanded for Agricola, Triumphall * 1.49 ornaments, statue, honours, and what else vsually conferred in lieu of Triumph; hee yet remaining in charge, from whence, with the like policie also, hee was shortly displaced. For Syria, by the death of Ati∣lius Rufus, lay destitute of a Lieutenant; and that place reserued for Men of great qualitie, Domitian gaue foorth was purposed for Agricola, and sent him both his Patent and Successor into Britaine; who thereupon deliuered vp the Prouince in a peaceable estate vnto Salustius Lucullus, and returned to Rome.

(17) Where the life of Domitian was now grown vnmeasurable vaine. The surname Germanicus he as∣sumed to himselfe, for some small seruice therein * 1.50 done. The Moneths September and October he chan∣ged into the names of Germanicus and Domitianus, be∣cause that in the one hee entred his Empire, and in the other was borne. He caused his Statue to be made in gold, and commanded, himselfe to be called GOD. His cruelty euery way matchable to his pride. The Senatours and Nobles vpon small surmises hee murde∣red: many new tortures hee inuented: Confiscations and Banishments, were fauours, not punishments. A∣mongst all which, the Christians bare a part, whose Second Persecution this Tyrant raised and began. The great Euangelist Iohn hee banished into the Ile of Pat∣mos, * 1.51 where hee receiued his Reuelations from Iesus Christ, appearing vnto him in no lesse Maiestie then Daniel before time had seene him in his Visions, and both (after a sort) in one and the same manner: their Visions alike, and almost to the like end: For as Daniel saw a Lion, Beare, Leopard, and Monster with Ten horns, persecute the Iewes Gods people, and to fall before the Stone cut without hands, which brake into powder the Image of their Tyrannicall Gouernment, to giue place to the peaceable Birth and Kingdome of Christ; so Iohn saw one Beast compacted of these foure, mou∣thed * 1.52 like a Lion, footed like a Beare, spotted as the Leopard, and horned for number and power with the Monster, retaining their Tyrannie in raising Persecuti∣ons in the Church of Christ, and clouding with Idolatry

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the brightnesse of his Word: which shall bee cast into the Lake of fire and brimstone, when Christ shall binde vp Satan, and by his appearance abolish the * 1.53 Man of Sinne.

(18) Among many others slaine by Domitian, Sa∣lustius Lucullus whom he had made Lieutenant Gene∣rall * 1.54 of Britanie was one, and the onely cause is repor∣ted to bee, that hee had deuised and made certaine Speares or Launces for seruice, which hee caused to be called Lucullians after his owne name; which was a matter held very suspitious by Domitian, who thought euerie memorable act done by another, did plucke a feather from his plume. And in these cour∣ses continued so long, that lastly hee grew odious to all, euen to his nearest friends and followers which himselfe had raised, who, together with his Wife, con∣spired his death.

(19) The chiefest in the Action was Stephen, a Procurator and Steward to Domicilla his Empresse, who faining himselfe lame of the left arme, in deliue∣ring him a scroll containing the names of the con∣spirators, * 1.55 stroke him into the bellie with his sword, & the rest comming in, with seuen wounds made an end of his life; whose death was so acceptable to the Se∣nate, that they disgracefully abused his carcase, cast * 1.56 downe his scutcheons and Images, and forbad all ma∣ner remembrance of him; albeit some of the Souldi∣ers * 1.57 asmuch stormed, seeking to reuenge his death, and canonized him for a God.

(20) Of stature he was tall, his complexion faire, * 1.58 his countenance modest, his head verie bald, his eies red, full, great and dimme, of a comely forme, onely his bellie bearing out, his legges small, and his foote somewhat short. He died the eighteenth day of Sep∣tember, * 1.59 aged forty fiue, when hee had raigned fifteene yeeres, the yeare of our Lords incarnation ninetie eight, with whom both Tacitus and Suetonius end their Historie.

[illustration]

The Resisters of the Romans proceedings in this our Iland of Britaine, in the daies of this Emperour Domitian, for these Southerne parts, was Aruiragus, as from Iuuenal wee haue said; and in the Northerne Caledonia, was Galgacus their Captaine; whose Coines, as Remaines and Monuments of their neuer∣dying fame, wee haue heere againe inserted.

[illustration]

Notes

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