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FIgurarum Grammaticarum partem alteram in verbis coniunctis positam esse diximus, quae Syntaxis Grecis dicitur. Ea est ratio coniungen∣dorum verborum, secūdum artis regulas, vt per∣fecta inde conficiatur oratio. De eo, Grammatici plurima dederunt precepta. A duersus quae, viti∣um qui commit•…•…t, in Soloec•…•…smum incidit. Ve∣rum quia non temere, s•…•…d certis de causis, ex∣imij authores, a regulis illis declinant, pr•…•…
•…•…tio figura est appellata.
Est itaque figura Constructionis, cum a com∣muni ratione loquendi, breuitatis, aut alicu∣ius commoditatis gratia, non nihil deflectimus. Eius species sunt.
Eclypsis, cum ad legitimam constructionem, dictio necessaria deest, quae tamen vel consuetu∣dine authorum subaudiri solet, vel quia ex cete∣ris verbis precedentibus est certa, vt.
In his omnibus verba in margine posita sun•…•… intelligenda.
Aposiopesis, cum aliquid sermonis integritati deest, vel affectu aliquo, vel trāsit{us} causa ad aliud
Affectu sic. Sepius te huius errati admonui ve rū •…•…isi caues. Hic per irā abscinditur •…•…ententia.
Noui quando, & quo in loco, tis. Hic pudor•…•… mpeditur sermo. Trāsitu sic, Quos ego Sed motos restat componere fluctus.
Zeugma est, quum in similibus clausulis com∣•…•…unc aliquid in vna positum, in aliis non mu∣atum, desideratur, Fitque multis modis.
Quod detrahitur, aut ipsum est verbum, aut a∣liquid quod verbum vel precedit, vel sequitur. Et verbum quidem sic.
Non locus virum honestat, sed vir locum. In se∣cunda clausula omittitur (honestat.)
Quod verbum precedit sic.
Probus non solum presentes amicos colit, sed eti∣am absentes amicos obserant. Iterum supplend•…•… (Probus.)
Quod verbum sequitur sic.
Vt probus absentes amicos tuetur, it•…•… improbue •…•…istituit. Subaudi amicos.
Variatur Zeugma & a loco vbi illud commu∣ne ponitur. Nam si in priore clausula sit, vocatur Prozeugnia. Si in media. Mesozeugma. Si in vl∣tima, vocatur Hypozeugma. Hoc modo.
Vicit pudorem libido, timorem audacia, ratio∣nem amen•…•…ia.
Forma & etate deflorescit, & morbo.
Forma, morbo, dolore, atque aetate deflorescit.
Diazeugma, cum vnaquaeque clausula suum•…•… habet verbum, sic, Auaritia corpus ledit, anim•…•… corrumpit.
Prolepsis, quum generale praecedens, diuiditur in partes, in quibus subauditur coniunctio, ve•…•… copulatiua, vel discretiua. Vt, Aquilae volant, haec ab oriente, illa ab occidente, pro, & hec volat ab o∣riente et illa ab occidente. Cepere captiuos, partim integros, partim sa ucios: pro, & partim cepere integros, & partim cepere saucios. Mire faciunt be duae figure ad breuitatem, tum loquendo, tum scribendo.
Appositio, duorum aut plurium substātiuorum ad eandem rem spectantium, quorum alterum declarat alterum, immediate facta coniuncti•…•… vt Fluuius Tamesis in mare, influit.
Apposition is an immediate ioyning together of two nownes substantiues or moe, the one declaring the other. As, The floude Temmes floweth into the Sea.
Diuer sum ab his genus est, quod excessu con∣stat. Pleonasmus generatim appellari solet. Acci∣dit autem cum vna plures ve dictiones ad legiti∣mā constructionem non necessariae, in oratione re∣dundant, sic.
Huc spectat Epanalepsis, qua, post aliquam •…•…ulta interposita resumimus quod in principio •…•…ollocauimus, cum alioqui sine •…•…o, constructio suo∣•…•…umeros ha•…•…eret. Resumimus autem, vel verbis •…•…sdem, vel diuersis, aut potestate paribus, vel ma is generalibus, Eisdem sic. C•…•…ue existimes 〈◊〉〈◊〉 (quanquam non est necesse illud ad te scribere) •…•…aue putes probitate, constantia, cura Reip, quic∣quam illi esse simile. Potestate paribus sic. Confir∣•…•…nato illo, de quo, si verum dicit Philosophus. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 non possumus: hoc inquam stabilito, & fixo •…•…llud excutiendum, quid sit dolore carere. Magis generalibus sic. Verum animum vincere, irra∣•…•…undiam cohibere, victoriam temperare: Haec qui faciat, non ego eum summis viris comp•…•…o, sed 〈◊〉〈◊〉 milimum deo iudico.
Restant configurationes, quae non verborum 〈◊〉〈◊〉 superiores, sed ordinis Grammatici, quasi pertur∣bationem habent, cumque 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 hoc est, transeunt. Quo sit, vt apud Grecos generale no men & tanquā caput ad quod ipsae referuntur, ha beant Hyperbaton: quia ordo legitimus diction•…•…, clausularumue immutatur. Eius •…•…ecies sūt hae.
Histerologia, cum preposuio nō casui cui serui sed verbo, quasi cum eo compositum sit, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 qui adueneris vrbem Ft, atque rot summas leuibus, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 labitur vnaas.
Hysteron proteron, hoc 〈◊〉〈◊〉 a precedent quod illic, vocabulorum & e•…•…rum tractationi•…•… bic autem rerum ipsarum est transpositio. Cu•…•…, quod secundo loco fit, priorem in or ati•…•… onis ordine locum possidet, Virg.
Postera Phaebea lustrabat lampade terras.
Humentemque aurora polo dimouerat vm∣bram.
Tmesis. Cum composita •…•…oce diuisa, dicti aliqua eius partibus interponitur. Terentius Qaeu meo cunque animo libitum est facere, fec•…•… Cicero: Quam rem procul inquit dubio dixisset
Interposito, Sensus quispiam sermom, an•…•… tequam absoluatur interiectus: qui quanquam eius viribus aliquid confert, tamen sublatus legitimum s•…•…onem relinquit. Horat. Cetera de genere h•…•…c (adeo sunt multa) loqucem delassare valent Fabium.
Of Grammatical figures we sayde
〈◊〉〈◊〉 other to be put in wordes, whā they 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ioyned together, which in Greke is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 construction. That is, a maner 〈◊〉〈◊〉 way to set them together after the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the Arte, that of them maye be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 a perfecte and full oration. Of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Grammarians haue geuen 〈◊〉〈◊〉 preceptes. The faulte thereof in generall woorde is called Incongruite. But because this is openlye vsed of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 authours, not at al aduētures, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 for certayn causes, in stede of fault it is called a figure.
So then the figure of Construction is, when we somewhat turne away frō the common and vulgare maner of speaking, because of briefues or some cō moditie. The kindes be these.
Eclypsis, when to the iuste Con∣struction a necessarye woorde lacketh, whiche yet is wont to be vnderstande eyther by the custome of authours, or because it is certayne by other wordes that go before: as.
In all whiche must be vnderstand the wordes put in the margent.
Aposiopesis is, when any thing lac∣keth to the perfect•…•…es of speache, ey∣ther for some affection, or for p•…•…ssing to an other thing, yt standeth vs more vpō.
For affecc•…•…on thus. Often haue I war ned thee of this faul•…•…e, but except tho•…•… beware. Here the sentence is cut of for anger.
I know whan, and in what place thou∣here is a stoppe, through shame. And thou also, if thou remember. But I say no more. Here for passing to an other matter, we breake of the tale.
Zeugma is, when in like clauses, some
common woorde or thyng, putte in one clawse, and not chaunged in the other, is yet left out, and vnderstand, and that many wayes.
That that is taken away, eyther is ye verbe it selfe, or somewhat that goeth before the verbe, or somewhat that fo∣loweth. The verbe thus.
Not the place honesteth the manne, but the manne the place. In the seconde clawse is left out (honesteth.) That go∣eth before the verbe thus.
A good mā loueth not only his frēdes presente, but maketh muche also of hys frendes absent. Here must be supplyed this worde (good man.) That foloweth the verbe thus,
As a good man defendeth frendes ab∣sent, so an euill man forsaketh: vnder∣•…•…tande (frendes.)
Zeugma is varyed also by the place, where that common woorde is putte.
For if it be set in the foreclawse, it is called. Prozeugma. If in the myddle, Mesozeugma. In the last. Hipozeugma in this wyse.
Lechery ouer came chastitie, boldnes, feare, madnes, reason.
Beauty, by age decayeth, & by sicknes
Beautie by sickenes, by sorowe, or 〈◊〉〈◊〉 age decayeth.
Diazeugma, when of those thinges 〈◊〉〈◊〉 which we speake, either both, or ech on•…•… of them is cōcluded, with their certain verbe, thus: The people of Rome de stroyed Numāc•…•…, ouer threw Carthage cast down Corinthe, and raced Fregels Also, coue•…•…ousnes hurteth the bodye, corrupteth the mind.
Prolepsis, when the generall word•…•… going before, is diuided into partes where must be vnderstande a coniunc•…•… tion copulatiue, as.
Aegles flee, one frō the East, anothe from the west: for, & the one flieth fro•…•… the East, and the other from the West
Thei toke prisoners, partly hole, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ly wounded: for, and partlye they 〈◊〉〈◊〉 hole, and partlye they tooke wounded Merueylouslye serue these figures 〈◊〉〈◊〉 breuitie both in speakyng and writyng
Contrary to these, is that kynd 〈◊〉〈◊〉
standeth in excesse, called generallye, Pleonasmos, That happeth, whan one, or many wordes, not necessarye to the •…•…ust and lawfull construction, doo•…•… abounde thus.
Epanalepsis, whē after some thinges put betwene, we repete agayne that we set in the beginning, the constructiō ne∣uerthelesse beyng perfecte without it. And we repete it again either with the same wordes, or other yt be of like value or els more general. With thesame thus
Thinke not Brutus, how be it I haue no nede to write these thiges vnto the, that thou knowest wel ynough I think not, I say, any man like vnto him, in ver tue, constaunce and diligence. With o∣ther wordes that be of like value thus.
This thing confyrmed, of whiche if the Philosophers saye true, we cannot doubt, when in death there is no suche vtter vndoing, that not yt lest suspiciō of sense maye remayne: this then I saye
wel assured, we must discusse this, what it is to lack sorow. wt more gen•…•…ral thus
But to ouercome thy mynde, to re∣strayne thyne anger, to temper the vic∣torie. Him that doth these thynges, I doe not compare to the noblest menne, but iudge most like vnto god.
Nowe remayne those figures, which trouble the Grammaticall order: & ther fore as to ye chiefe are vnder this Greke worde, Hyperbaton, which is as muche to sa•…•…e, of woordes and construction a troubled order. His kindes be these.
Anastrophe, a preposterous orderyng or setting of woordes, as: The sea flo∣weth all Englande about. Long when they had fought.
Hysterologia when the preposicion is not put vnto the nowne where unto it serueth, but to the verbe, as though it were compound with it, thus.
He slydby with his wheles the vp∣permost of the water: wher by is ioined to the verbe that properly belonges to the nowne, thus: He slydde with hys
wheles by the ouer part of the water.
Hysteron proteron differs from the figure before, because there is but trans posiciō of the wordes: & here is a trans∣posicion of thinges: that is, when that in the order of speaking is set in ye fyrst place, that was not firste done, but se∣cond. Uirgil. Phebus lyghtned the earth with his golgē Lampe, and draue away the moyst shadow from the Pole.
Here is set in the seconde place, that whiche was fyrste done. For night was drieuen awaye before the Sunne gaue lyght vpon the earth.
Tmesis is, whē a compoūd word be∣ing diuided, some other word is put be∣twene ye partes, thus. What thinges soe uer pleased him to do, he did. Here (thin ges) diuideth this one word, whatsoeuer
Interpositio, a sense cast betwixte the speache, before the talke be al ended: which though it geue some strength, yet whē it is takē away, it leaueth the sen∣tence perfect inough. Other that be of this sort (thei be so many) are able to wery babling Fabius.
Templū.
Via.
Litterae.
Tento•…•…ū.
Febris.
Seruis.
Tempore.
Homines dictū est.
Churche.
Waye.
Letters.
His tent.
F•…•…uer.
Frēdes or seruātes.
Tyme.
Menne.
Is spoken.