The historie of the Councel of Trent Conteining eight bookes. In which (besides the ordinarie actes of the Councell) are declared many notable occurrences, which happened in Christendome, during the space of fourtie yeeres and more. And, particularly, the practises of the Court of Rome, to hinder the reformation of their errors, and to maintaine their greatnesse. Written in Italian by Pietro Soaue Polano, and faithfully translated into English by Nathanael Brent.

THE FIFT BOOKE OF THE HISTORY OF THE COVNCELL OF TRENT. (Book 5)

THe Pope, now freed from many cares, by the dissolution of the Councell, thought fit to preuent all occasions of relapse, and propo∣sed in Consistory the necessity to reforme the * 1.1 Church. He said he had reduced the Councel to Trent for this end, which hauing not succee∣ded according to his desire, in regard of diuers accidents of warre, first in Italy, then in Ger∣many, it was meete to doe that in Rome, which in Trent could not be done. Hee appointed therefore a great congregation of Cardinals and Prelates, to consider of the businesse. Hee sayd, hee elected many, that resolutions might bee more mature, and haue greater reputation; though his ende was thought to bee, that, by reason of the multitude, more impediments might arise, and so all might come to nothing. And the euent was iudge. For the Reformation was handled in the beginning with great heate; after∣wards it went on, for the space of many moneths, very coldly; and, at the last, was buried in silence. And the suspension of the Councell, in * 1.2 stead of two yeeres, did continue tenne; verifying the maxime of the Phi∣losophers, that the causes ceasing, the effects doe cease also. The causes of the Councell were first the great instances of Germanie, and the hope, conceiued by the world, that it would cure all the diseases of Christen∣dome. But the effects that were seene vnder Paul the third did extinguish * 1.3 the hope, and shew to Germanie that it was impossible to haue such a Councell as they desired. Of the second reduction of the Synode there was another cause; which was the great desire of Charles the Emperour to put Germanie vnder his yoke, by meanes of Religion, and to make the Empire hereditarie, by causing his sonne to succeede him, and so to e∣rect a Monarchie, greater then any since the Roman, euen then that of

Charles the great. For this, the victories hee had obtained was not sufficient, * 1.4 neither did hee thinke hee could supply what was wanting by new forces onely: but supecting the people vnto him by Religion, and the Princes by treaties, hee had conceiued a vast hope to immortallize his name. This was the cause why hee was so earnest with Iul〈…〉〈…〉 for the second Conuoca∣tion of the Councell, and of his effectuall pers••asions (not to call them vi∣olent) * 1.5 to the three Electors to goe thither, and to the Protestents, with whom hee had power, to send their Druines. But while the Councell was celebra∣ted, Charles, hauing put all Christian Princes in iealousie, found the first en∣counters in his owne house. For Ferdinand, though hee seemed formerly to haue consented to make the Empire common to them both (as it was to Marcus and Lucius, with equall authority, an example followed by Dioclesian, and many others afterwards) and then to labour that Philip should bee cho∣sen King of the Romanes to succeed them, (wherein Charles had employed * 1.6 his sister, the Queene of Hungary, to perswade him to it, for the aduancement of their house) yet, better aduised by his sonne Maximilian, hee began to change his opinion. To effect this businesse, already set on foote, Philip was called by his father, that hee might bee knowen to the Electors, in the Diet of Ausburg in the yere 1551. which made Ferdinand retire himselfe, & the foresaid Queene to goe thither, to make peace betweene the brothers. But Maximi∣lian, fearing that his father out of his good nature, would yeeld, leauing the gouernment of the Kingdomes of Spaine, which the Emperour had giuen him, in the hands of his wife, the Emperours daughter, returned suddenly into Germanie by whose perswasions Ferdinand remained constant in his pur∣pose, and Charles had nothing from the Electors but good words. By this opposition the Emperours edge was abated, who sent his sonne backe into Spaine, without hope euer to obtaine the consent of Maximilian. And after∣wards being compelled, by the foresaid warre, to make an agreement, despai∣ring of his sonnes succession, he layd aside all thought of restoring the anci∣ent Religion in Germany, and, by consequence, all care of the Councel, though he continued many yeeres after in the Empire. And the Court did care for it as little, because none did desire it. But diuers accidents then happened, * 1.7 which though they seemed to make the suspension perpetuall, yet, in the se∣cret prouidence of God, did minister causes for the third Conuocation, which the continuation of the story requireth should not bee passed ouer in silence, in regard the knowledge of the causes doeth helpe much to penetrate the ef∣fects, which happened after that the Councell was resumed.

The Pope, seeing that the people of his obedience did not so much esteem him, by reason of the alienation of Germany, did imitate Eugenius the fourth, * 1.8 who maintained the reputation which the Councell of Basill tooke from * 1.9 him, by a shew of Grecians, and a shadow of Armenians; and the late exam∣ple of his predecessour Paulus 3. who, when the contentions were ho••e, be∣tweene him and the Emperour, for the translation of the Councell to Bolo∣nia, for which the people also did distaste him, receiued, with many ceremo∣nies, on Steuen, by the name of Patriarke of Armenia the greater, with one Archbishop, and 2. Bishops, who came to knowledge him for the Vicar of CHRIST, and generall commander of the Church, and to render him obe∣dience.

According to these examples, Iulius did receiue with much pub∣like solemnitie one Simon Sul••akam, elect Patriarke of all the people which are betweene Euphrates and India sent from those Churches to be confirmed by the Pope, successour of Peter, and Vicar of CHRIST. Hee ordained him Bishop, and gaue him the Patriarchall Robe with his owne hands, in the Consistory; and sent him backe to his home, that the Churches might not suffer in his absence, accompanied with some religious men, who vnder∣stood the Syriaque tongue. All the discourse was, not onely in Rome, but throughout all Italie, of the immense number of the Christians in those parts; and how much the lists of the Apostolique Sea were enlarged. And particularly they spake of the great number of Churches in the Citie Muzal, which, they sayd, was the old Assur, vpon the riuer Tigris, from which Ni∣niue, renowmed for the preaching of Ionas, was not farre distant, situated be∣yond the riuer. Vnder this iurisdiction they put Babylon, Tauris, and Arbela, famous for the battaile betweene Darius and Alexander, with many Coun∣treys of Assyria and Persia. They found also the ancient Cities named in the Scripture, and Ecbatan, which the stories doe call Seleucia and Nisibi. They sayd that this man, elected by all the Bishops, was sent to the Pope for con∣firmation, accompanied with seuenty persons, as farre as Ierusalem, and from thence by three, of whom one died, and another remained sicke in the iour∣ney, and the third, called Calefi, came with him to Rome. All these things were printed, and very curiously read. The Pope receiued another also, na∣med Marderius, a Iacobite of Assyria, sent by the Patriarch of Antioch, to ac∣knowledge the Apostolique Sea, and giue it obedience, and make profession of the Romane faith. But the world beeing satiated with the former, did not care for this second.

After these shadowes of obedience, which the Sea of Rome gained, there succeeded one reall, and of great importance, which did abundantly recom∣pence * 1.10 whatsoeuer was lost in Germanie. The sixt of Iuly 1553, Edward King of England died, of the age of sixteene yeeres. Fifteene dayes before, he made a Will, with approbation of his Councell, wherein hauing declared that it did belong to him to name the Successour, according to the lawes of the King∣dome, he excluded his sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, because their legitimation was doubted of, and all the posterity of Margaret, his fathers elder sister, as strangers, not borne in the kingdome, and named her Queene who followed in order, that is, Iane of Suffolke, grand-childe to Mary, formerly Q. of France, and younger sister to his father Henry 8. by her daughter, notwithstanding that the sayd Henry had, in his last Will, substituted Mary and Elizabeth, which substitution hee sayd was pupillary, and did not binde him now hee was of age. Iane was proclaimed Queene in London, and Mary, retiring her selfe in∣to * 1.11 Norfolke, that shee might commodiously passe into France, if there were occasion, named her selfe Queene also, and was finally accepted by all the kingdome, alleadging in her fauour the Testament of Henry, and that of a Matrimony contracted bona fide, though there bee a nullity in it, the issue is legitimate. Iane and her adherents were imprisoned, and Mary entred into * 1.12 London, and was receiued with a generall applause, and proclaimed Queene of England and France, and had the title of Head of the Church. Shee pre∣sently

set the prisoners at liberty, which her father had put into the Tower, * 1.13 partly for Religion, and partly for other causes. A little after her entry there arose a sedition in London, by occasion of one who tooke the boldnesse to preach Popery, and of another who did celebrate the Masse. To appease this trouble, which was very considerable, the Queene caused an Edict to be pu∣blished, that she would liue in the Religion of her Ancestors, and therefore would not permit that any thing should bee preached to the people, but that which formerly had been. Afterwards, the eleuenth of October shee was crowned with the vsuall ceremonies. The Pope aduertized hereof, consi∣dering that shee was brought vp in the Catholique Religion, interrested in the respects of her mother, and cousin by blood vnto the Emperour, ho∣ped he might make some entrie into the Kingdome, and therefore did make Cardinall Poole his Legate, thinking, because hee was of the blood royall, and * 1.14 of an exemplary life, he was the onely instrument to reduce that Kingdome to the Church of Rome. The Cardinall, who had been banished by pub∣lique Decree, and depriued of his honour, thought it not fit to begin the enterprise, before he fully vnderstood the state of things, beeing assured that the maior part was still deuoted to the memory of Henry. Hee therefore sent into England secretly, Giouanni Francesco Comendone, to enforme him, and wrote a Letter to the Queene: in which, commending her perseuerance in Religion in the times of her troubles, hee exhorted her to continue in the times of her happinesse, recommended vnto her the saluation of the soules of those people, and the restitution of the true worship of GOD. Comendone hauing obserued euery particular, and found meanes to speake with the Queene though compassed and garded on euery side, perceiued shee had ne∣uer beene auerse from the Romane faith, and had promise from her that shee would labour to restore it into the whole Kingdome, which the Cardinall vnderstanding, put himselfe into the voyage.

In England, after the Coronation, a Parliament was held, in which the * 1.15 diuorce of the Queenes mother, Katherine of Aragon, was declared to be vn∣lawfull, the marriage good, and the issue legitimate; which was obliquely to restore the Popes supremacie, in regard it could not be good, without the validitie of the dispensation of Iulius the second, and by consequence, not without the supremacie of the Sea of Rome. It was ordained also, that all the constitutions in matter of religion made by Edward should be abrogated, and * 1.16 that religion obserued which was in vse at the death of Henry. In this Parlia∣ment, they treated of marrying the Queene, though shee were aboue fourty yeeres of age: and three were named: Poole, who had not taken holy Orders, * 1.17 though he was a Cardinall; and Courtney, both of the blood Royall, and first Cousins of Henry the eight, in an equall degree, this of the white Rose, grand child of Edward the fourth, by his daughter, and that of the red Rose, Nephew to Henry the seuenth by his sister; both acceptable to the Nobilitie of England; Poole for wisedome, and sanctifie of life, and Courtney for his lo∣uing behauiour, and carriage. But the Queene preferred Philip Prince of Spaine before these, aswell for the treaties made by her cousin Charles the Em∣perour, (her affection also inclining much more to the mothers side then to the fathers) as because shee thought shee might better secure her owne and

the Kingdomes peace with that marriage. The Emperour, who did much * 1.18 desire to effect it, fearing that Poole might disturbe it, by his presence in England, knowing hee was departed Legate, made meanes by Cardinall Dandinus, the Popes Minister with himselfe, that hee should not part out of Italie so soone, saying, that as yet an Apostolique Legate could not goe into England with honour. But the Letter of Dandinus not ta∣king effect, and Poole beeing in his iourney as farre as the Palatinate, hee sent Diego Mendoza to stop him by authoritie. It seemed strange to the Cardinall, and hee complayned that the Popes Legation was hindered with the damage of Christianitie, and of the Kingdome of England, and ioy of Germanie. Therefore the Emperour, not to giue so much matter of talke, made him goe to Bruxels, and entertayned him in Brabant, vntill the marriage was ended, and all things accommodated as hee would; and, for colour, imployed him to treate a peace betweene himselfe and the French King.

In the beginning of the yeere 1554. the Emperour sent Ambassadours * 1.19 into England to make the conclusion: and the Queene proceeding to fauour the olde Religion, did the fourth of March publish other Lawes, restoring the Latine tongue into the Churches, forbidding married men to exercise holy Functions, and giuing order to the Bishops not to make them sweare, who were to bee receiued into the Clergie, as Henrie had ap∣pointed, that the King was supreme Head of the Church of England, and that the Pope had no superioritie there, but was Bishop onely of the Citie of Rome. Shee ordayned also that the forme of Prayer, instituted by Hen∣rie, where, amongst other things, God is prayed to deliuer that Kingdome from sedition, conspiracie, and tyrannie of the Pope, should be razed out of all the Bookes of Rites, and forbid to bee printed. In April another Par∣liament was held, in which consent was giuen to the contract of marriage: where the Queene proposed the restitution of the Popes supremacie; which shee could not obtaine, because the Nobilitie did resist, who con∣sidered not that they did vainely denie this demaund, which was vertually contayned in their assent to the marriage. Philip, Prince of Spaine, ar∣riued * 1.20 in England the eighteenth of Iuly, and on Saint Iames day the Nuptials were celebrated, and hee receiued the title of the King of Naples, and did consummate the Matrimonie. In Nouember there was a new Parliament, in which Cardinall Poole was restored to his Honour and Coun∣trey, and two were sent to inuite and accompany him; with whom hee passed into the Island, and arriued at London the three and twentieth of * 1.21 Nouember, with a siluer Crosse carryed before him. At his first entrie into the Parliament, hee made a discourse in English before the King, Queene, and Orders of the Kingdome. Hee thanked them very much that hee was restored to his Countrey, saying, that in exchange, he was come to restore them to the Countrey and Court of Heauen▪ of which they were depriued, by departing from the Church. Hee exh〈…〉〈…〉 them to acknowledge the errour, and receiue the benefit which God, by his Ʋicar, had sent them. The discourse was very long and artificiall▪ and the conclusion was, that hee had the Keyes to bring them into the Church,

which they had shutte, by making Lawes against the Apostolique Sea: which when they did reuoke, hee would open the doores vnto them. The Cardinals person was well accepted, and an apparant assent was giuen to his Proposition, though the Maior part did secretly abhorre the qualitie of a Popes Minister, and were grieued to come vnder, the yoke againe. But they had suffered themselues to bee carried so farre, that they knew not how to returne.

The next day the re-vnion with the Church of Rome was decreed in * 1.22 Parliament; and the manner was thus set downe. That a Supplication should bee made in the Parliaments name, wherein it should bee declared that they were very sorrie for hauing denyed obedience to the Apostolique Sea, and for hauing consented to the Decrees made against it, promising to endeuour heereafter that all those Lawes and Decrees should bee abo∣lished, and beseeching the King and Queene to intercede for them, that they may bee absolued from the crimes and censures, and receiued, as peni∣tent children, into the bosome of the Church, to serue God, in obedience of the Pope and Sea of Rome. The last of Nouember, Saint Andrewes day, their Maiestics, the Cardinall, and whole Parliament beeing assembled, the Chancellour asked the generalitie whether they were pleased that par∣don should bee demanded of the Legate, and whether they would returne to the vnitie of the Church, and obedience of the Pope, supreme Head there∣of; and some saying yea, and the others holding their peace, a Supplica∣tion was presented to their Maiesties in the name of the Parliament; which beeing publiquely read, they rose to desire the Legate, who mette them, and shewed himselfe willing to giue them satisfaction; and causing the authoritie giuen him by the Pope to bee read, hee discoursed how accepta∣ble to God the repentance of a sinner was, and how the Angels did then reioyce for the conuersion of that Kingdome: and all being on their knees, imploring the mercie of God, hee absolued them; which beeing done, hee went to the Church with all the multitude, to giue thankes to God. The next day an Ambassage was destinated to the Pope, to render him obe∣dience; * 1.23 for which were named Anthony Browne, Vicount Mountacute, Thomas Thirlby, Bishoppe of Ely, and Edward Cerne, who had formerly beene Ambassadour in Rome for Henrie the eight, and was now to bee resident there againe in that charge. Aduice heereof came to Rome * 1.24 quickly, for which many Processions were made; not onely in that Citie, but thorow out all Italic, to giue thankes to God. The Pope approoued what his Legate had done, and sent a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the foure and twentieth of December, alleadging in the ••••ll for a cause, that, like the Father of the familie, hauing recouered his prodigall sonne, it was mee••e that hee should not onely-shew ••othesticall ioy, but generally inuite all to the same Iubi∣lie; and hee praysed and extolled the action of the King, Queene, and peo∣ple of England. The Parliament continued vntill the midst of Ianuarie 〈◊〉〈◊〉. and to the ancient Edicts of the Kings to punish heretickes, and of the Iurisdiction of Bishops were renewed, the Primacie, and all prehe∣rtinences of the Pop restored, all contrary Decrees made within twen∣tie yeeres last past, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 would Henrie as by Edward, abolished, the penall:

Lawes against heretickes reuiued, and many were burned, especially Bi∣shops, who would perseuere in the reformation abolished. It is certaine that one hundred seuentie and sixe persons of qualitie were burned that yeere, for Religion, besides many of the common sort, which gaue but little content to that people, who also were displeased that Martin Bucer, and Paulus Fagius, dead foure yeeres before, were cited and condemned, as if * 1.25 they had beene liuing, and their bodies digged vp, and burned; an action, commended by some as a reuenge of what Henrie the eight had done a∣gainst S. Thomas, by others compared to that which the Popes, Stephanus the sixth, and Sergius the third, did against the Corps of Pope Formosus.

Many also were at the same time burned in France for Religion: not * 1.26 without the indignation of honest men, who knew that the diligence vsed against those poore people, was not for pietie, or Religion, but to satiate * 1.27 the couetousnesse of Diana Ʋalentina, the Kings Mistris, to whom he had giuen all the confiscations of goods made in the Kingdome for cause of Heresie. It was wondred also that those of the new reformation, should meddle with blood, for cause of Religion. For Michael Seruetus of Tarra∣gona, made a Diuine of a Physician, renewing the old opinion of Paulus Samosatenus, and Marcellus Anciranus, that the word of God was not a thing subsisting, and therefore that Christ was a pure man, was put to death for * 1.28 it in Geneua, by Counsell of the Ministers of Zuric, Berne, and Schiaffusa: and Iohn Caluin, who was blamed for it by many, wrote a Booke, defen∣ding that the Magistrate may punish Heretickes with losse of life: which Doctrine being drawen to diuers sences, as it is vnderstood more strictly or more largely, or as the name of Hereticke is taken diuersly, may some∣time doe hurt to him, whom another time it hath helped.

At that time Ferdinand, King of the Romanes, published an Edict to all * 1.29 the people subiect vnto him, that in points of Religion, and Rites, they should not innouate, but follow the ancient customes; and particularly that, in the holy Communion, they should bee content to receiue the Sa∣crament of bread onely. Wherein though many persons of note, the Nobilitie, and many of the Cities made Supplication vnto him, that, at the least the Cup might bee granted them, saying that the institution was of Christ, which might not bee altered by men, and that it was the vse of the old Church, as was confessed by the Councell of Constance, promising all submission and obedience in all other things, praying him not to burthen their consciences, but to accommodate his commandement to the orders set downe by the Apostles, and of the Primitiue Church, yet Fer∣dinand perseuered in his resolution, and answered them, that his comman∣dement was not new, but an ancient institution, vsed by his Ancestors, Emperours, Kings, and Dukes of Austria: and that the vse of the Cup was a nouitie, brought in by curiositie, or pride, against the Law of the Church, and consent of the Prince. Yet hee moderated the rigour of the answere, saying, that the question being of a point that concerneth salua∣tion, hee would thinke of it more diligently, and answere them in fit time, but that, in the meane while, hee expected from them obedience, and ob∣seruation of the Edict. Hee published also a Catechisme the fourteenth of * 1.30

August, made, by his authoritie, by some learned and pious Diuines, * 1.31 commaunding all the Magistrates of those Countries, not to suffer any Schoolemasters to reade any but that, either in publique or in priuate, be∣cause, by diuers Pamphlets which went about, Religion was much corrup∣ted in those Countryes. This constitution distasted the Court of Rome, because it was not sent to the Pope, to bee approoued by his authoritie, nor came foorth in the name of the Bishop of the Countrey, the secular Prince assuming the office; to cause to bee composed, and to Authorize Bookes in matter of Religion, especially by name of Catechisme, to shew that it belon∣ged to the secular power, to determine what Religion the people should fol∣low, and what refuse.

The two yeeres of the suspension of the Councell being expired, they treated in the Consistorie what was fit to bee done. For although the con∣dition in the Decree was, that the Councell should be of force againe when the impediments were remooued, which did still continue, by reason of the warres of Siena, Piemont, and others, betweene the Emperour and the French King, yet it seemed that any man of an vnquiet Spirit might say that those impediments were not sufficient, and that it was vnderstood that the Councell was on foote againe; so that, to free themselues from those dangers, it might be good to make a new declaration. But wiser men * 1.32 gaue counsell not to mooue the euill while it was quiet, while the world was silent, while neither Prince nor People demaunded the Councell, lest by shewing they were afraid, they might excite others to require it. This aduice preuayled, and made the Pope resolue neuer to speake more of it.

In the yeere 1555. there was a Diet in Ausburg, which the Empe∣rour * 1.33 had intimated, principally to compose the controuersies of religion, in regard this was the fountaine of all the troubles, and calamities of Germanie, with the losse not onely of the liues of many thousands of men, but of their soules also. Ferdinand began the Diet, in the Emperours name, the fifth of Februarie; where hee shewed at large, the lamentable spectacle of Germanie, in which men of the same Baptisme, Language, * 1.34 and Empire, were distracted by so various a profession of Faith, there ari∣sing new Sects euery day: which did shew not onely small reuerence to∣wards God, and great perturbations of mens mindes, but was cause also that the multitude knew not what to beleeue, and that many of the prin∣cipall Nobilitie and others were without all faith, and honestie, making no conscience of their actions, which tooke away all commerce: so that now it could not bee sayd that the Germanes were better then the Turkes, and other barbarous people; for which causes God hath afflicted it with so great calamities. Therefore it was necessarie to take in hand the bu∣sinesse of religion. Hee sayd a generall, free, and pious Councell was for∣merly thought the onely remedie. For the cause of Faith beeing common to all Christians, it ought to bee handled by all: and the Emperour im∣ploying all his forces heerein, did cause it to bee assembled, more then once. But there was no neede to say why no fruit came by it, it beeing well knowen to all that were present. Now if they desired to prooue the same

remedie againe, it was necessary to remooue the impediments, which did * 1.35 hinder them from attaining the wished end. But if, by reason of the acci∣dents that occurre, they thought fit to deferre this vntill another time, they might treate of vsing other meanes. They knew not how to make vse of a Nationall Councell, because the maner, forme, and name of them were disused. The Colloquies, whereof they had often made proofe, did no * 1.36 good, because both parties aymed more at priuate gaine, then publique pietie and vtilitie. Yet hee sayd they were not to be despised now, if they would lay aside the obstinacie of their priuate affections; and counsel∣led them to trye them once more, if the Diet did not propose a better way.

This proposition was made by Ferdinand, with others, concerning the peace and warre with the Turkes, that it might passe through Germanie, and serue to inuite men to the Diet, to which very few were come. But it was ill expounded, in regard of his former Edict, published in his States, much contrarie to this proposition, and more, in regard of the execution of it, hauing chased more then two hundred Preachers out of Bohemia. And it went to Rome also; where the Pope, cursing, as hee vsually did, the * 1.37 Colloquies, and inuentors of them, complayned that there was no end of these difficulties, and that hee was to haue a Councell, a Colloquie, or a Diet alwayes on his backe. Hee blamed those times for beeing so full of trou∣bles, praysing former ages when the Popes might liue quietly, not beeing in feare of their authoritie. Yet hee was comforted by the perfect subiecti∣on of England to his obedience, by the decrees made in his fauour, by the * 1.38 Letters of thankes which hee receiued, and with the promise that a solemne Ambassage would come ere long, to thanke him personally for his father∣ly clemencie and benignitie, and to promise him obedience. Wherewith beeing well pleased, hee could not choose but iest, and sayd, that hee did en∣ioy some part of happinesse, in that hee was thanked by those vnto whom he owed thankes.

But though the Pope had little hope of Germanie, yet, not to neglect it, nor any ouerture that might bee made, in proposing meanes to reduce to the Church those that wandred, hee sent Cardinall Morone. for his Legate, * 1.39 to the Imperiall Diet, with instructions euer to lay before them the example of England, and, by that, to exhort Germanie to know their disease, and re∣ceiue the same cure; and, aboue all, to diuert all Colloquies, and treaties of religion. The Cardinall was no sooner arriued in Ausburg, but Pope Iu∣lius died, whereof hee receiued aduise eight dayes after. He therefore depar∣ted * 1.40 the last of March, together with the Cardinall of Ausburg, to assist at the election of the new Pope.

Before they came, Marcellus Ceruinus, Cardinall de Santa Croce, was * 1.41 elected Pope in Rome, the ninth of April; a man graue, and seuere by nature, and of a constant minde, which he was willing to demonstrate in the first action of his Papacie, by retaining the same name, shewing the world that his dignitie had not changed him; contrarie to that which so many of his predecessors had done. For after the changing of the names began, because Dutch men were made Popes, to whose names Romane

eares were not accustomed, all that followed obserued the same vse, sig∣nifying thereby that they had changed their priuate affections into pub∣lique and diuine cares. But this Pope, to shew that in his priuate estate hee had thoughts worthy of the Popedome, would, by retaining the same name, shew his immutabilitie. Another action of his also was like to this. For the capitulations made in the Conclaue beeing presented to him, that hee might sweare to them, hee answered it was the same thing which hee had sworne a few dayes before, and that he would obserue it by deedes and not by promises. The holy weeke which then was celebrated, and Easter holy dayes approching, put the Pope, by the assiduitie of Eccle∣siasticall ceremonies into an indisposition. Yet his thoughts were still fixed on the things hee had disseigned with many Cardinals, before his Pope∣dome, to which hee did euer thinke hee should ascend; and particularly hee imparted his purpose to the Cardinall of Mantua, to compose the dif∣ferences of Religion by a Councell, which hee sayd did not formerly suc∣ceede well, because a good course was not taken. That it was necessary * 1.42 first to make an intire reformation, by which the reall differences would bee accorded; which beeing done, the verball would partly cease of them∣selues, and partly would be composed with some small paines of the Coun∣cell. That his Predecessors for fiue successions, abhorred the name of re∣formation, not for any bad end, but because they were perswaded that it was set on foote, to pull downe the Papall authoritie. But his opinion was contrary, and that nothing could more preserue it then that; yea, that it would bee a meanes to enlarge it. For obseruing things past, euery one might see, that onely those Popes who haue made reformations, haue aduanced and inlarged their authoritie. That the reformation did not al∣ter any thing but that which was for shew and vanitie, not onely of no moment, but of charge and burthen; as ryots, pomps, great traines of Pre∣lates, excessiue, superfluous, and vnprofitable charges, which doe not make the Papacie venerable, but rather contemned; which vanities being cut off, the true power, reputation, and credit with the world will increase, together with the reuenue and other sinewes of gouernement, and aboue all, the pro∣tection of God, which euery one may assure himselfe doth worke in confor∣mitie of ones proper duetie.

These dissignes, published in Court, were, by his wel-willers, adorned * 1.43 with the titles of Pietie, loue of Peace, and Religion; but some, that were emulous, sayd the end was not good; that the Pope did ground him∣selfe vpon Astrologicall predictions (following his fathers steps, who became great by that profession) which, as some times, either by chance or otherwise, they succeede, so, for the most part, they are occasions of the fall of many. Amongst the Popes particular dissignes, one was, to * 1.44 institute a Religion of an hundred persons, like vnto a Caualarie: of which himselfe would be Head, and make the election, taking them out of any other Religion, or state of persons; euery one of which should haue yeerely fiue hundred crownes out of the Chamber, should take a very solemne and strict Oath of fidelitie to the Pope, should not bee assumed to any other degree, nor haue any more reuenue, except, for their deserts,

they were created Cardinals, in which case they were not to forsake the compunie. These onely hee would imploy for Nuncij, and ministers of businesses, Gouernours of Cities, Legates, and in all other occasi∣ons of the Apostolique Sea. And many learned men, Inhabitants of Rome, whom himselfe did know, were named, and others put themselues forward to receiue this honour. The Court was full of the expectation * 1.45 of many nouities; which were all buried in silence, because Marcelius, first weakened by the paines he tooke in the long great ceremonies, as hath bin said, afterwards taken with an apoplexie, dyed the last day of the month, the other astrologicall predictions of his father and his owhe, which were extended a yeere after that time, being not verefied.

The Cardinals being assembled againe in the Conclaue, hee of Ausburg, assisted by Morene, made great instance, that among the capitulations which the Cardinals were to sweare vnto, one should bee, that the future Pope should, by counsell of the Colledge, call an other Synod, within * 1.46 two yeeres, to finish the reformation begun, to determine the controuer∣sies of Religion that remained, and to finde a meanes to cause the Coun∣cell of Trent to bee receiued in Germany. And the Colledge of the Car∣dinals beeing full, it was capitulated that the Pope should not create more then foure within two yeeres. The three and twentieth day of the next Moneth, Iohn Peter Caraffa, who called himselfe Paulus Quar∣tus, was created, the Imperialists resistng as much as they could. For he was thought not to be the Emperours friend, in regard of the old distastes which he receiued in the King of Spaine his Court, where he serued eight yeares, in the life time of the Catholique King Ferdinand, and because the possession of the Archbishoprique of Naples was denyed him, a few yeares before, by the common inclination of the Barons of that King∣dome. Whereunto was added the seueritio of his manners, which made * 1.47 the Court fad, and put it in geater feare of reformation, then it formerly had in the treaties of the Councell. The strictnesse of his life, concerning his person and familie, he laid aside immediately after his creation. For be∣ing demaunded by his Steward what diet hee would haue prouided for him, hee answered such as befitteth a Prince: and would be crowned with greater pompe then was vsuall, affecting, in all his actions, to keepe his de∣gree with magnificence, and to appeare stately and sumptuous. To his Nephewes and kinsmen hee was as indulgent as any of his Predecessors. He affected to hide his seueritie towards others, by shewing the greatest humanitie, but within a short time hee returned to his owne naturall dis∣position.

Hee tooke it for a great glory that the three English. Ambassadours, * 1.48 dispatched in the time of Iulius, entred Rome the firstday of his Papa∣cie: and the first consistorie after the Coronation, was publique. The Ambassadours, were brought into it, who prostrating themselues at the Popes feete, did, in the name of the Kingdome, acknowledge the faults committed, relating them all in particular (for so the Pope would haue it) confessing they had beene vngratefull for so many benefits receiued from the Church, and humbly crauing pardon for it. The Pope did par∣don

them, tooke them vp from the ground, and imbraced them: and, to honour their Maiesties who sent them, gaue the title of a Kingdome to Ireland, graunting them this dignitie by the authoritie which the Pope hath from God, being placed ouer all Kingdomes, to supplant those that are contumacious, and to build new. Men of iudgement, who then knew not the true cause of that action, thought it a vanitie, not seeing * 1.49 what profit, either of authoritie or honour, it might bring to a King, to haue many titles in the Countrey which hee possesseth, considering that the most Christian King is more honoured by the onely title of King of France, then if his State were diuided into as many Kingly titles as hee hath Prouinces. Neither did it then seeme a fitte time to say, hee had power from God to build vp, and ouerthrow Kingdomes. But those that knew the true cause, did not thinke it vaine, but a secret, vsually pra∣ctised a long time. Henrie the Eight, after his separation from the Pope, made Ireland a kingdome, and called himselfe, King of England, France, and Ireland; which title, continued by Edward, was assumed by Marie, and her Husband. The Pope so soone as hee was created, en∣tred into a resolution that the title of Ireland should not bee vsed by those Princes, affirming constantly that it belonged onely to him, to * 1.50 giue the name of a King. But it seemed hard to enduce England to quit that which two Kings had vsed, and the Queene, not thinking much of it, had continued. Therefore hee found a temper; that is, to dissemble the knowledge of what Henry had done, and himselfe to crect the Island into a Kingdome, that so the world might beleeue that the Queene * 1.51 had vsed the Title as giuen by the Pope, not as decreed by her Father. And the Popes haue often giuen that which they could not take from the possessors, and to auoyd contentions, some haue receiued their owne goods as gifts, and some haue dissembled the knowledge of the gift, or of the pretence of the giuer. In the priuate discourses betweene the Pope and the Ambassadours, hee found fault that the Church goods were not wholly restored, saying that by no meanes it was to bee tolerated, and that it was necessarie to render all, euen to afarthing; because the things that belong to God can neuer bee applyed to humane vses, and hee that withholdeth the least part of them, is in continuall state of damnati∣on. That if hee had power to grant them, hee would doe it most readily, * 1.52 for his Fatherly affection which hee beareth to them, and for the experi∣ence hee hath of their filiall obedience, but his authoritie was not so large, as that hee might prophane the things dedicated to GOD, and let England bee assured that this would bee an Anathema, and an contagion, which, by the iust reuenge of God, would alwayes hold the Kingdome of England in perpetuall infelicitie. He charged the Ambassadours to write thereof immediatly, and was not content to speake of it once, but repea∣ted it as often as there was occasion. Hee said also plainely, that the Peter∣perce ought to be payd, as soone as might bee, and that, according to the * 1.53 custome hee would send a Collector for that purpose; that himselfe had exercised that charge three yeeres, hauing beene sent into England for that end, wherein hee was much edified, by seeing the forwardnesse of

the people to contribute, especially of those of the meaner sort; and told them often that they could not hope that Saint Peter would open heauen vnto them, so long as they vsurped his goods vpon earth. This relation made vn∣to the Queene, with many other treaties, continued succeesliuely from Rome, caused her to imploy all her spirits herein; but nothing could be done, be∣cause many of the Nobilitie, and of the Grandies had incorporated many of * 1.54 these reuenewes into their houses. For herselfe shee restored the tenths, and all other Ecclesiasticalligoods annexed to the Crowne, by her brother, and her Father. The Ambassadours parted from Rome, with much praise, and fauour from the Pope, for their submission, a meanes by which his good will is easily gained.

Immediately after the Creation of the new Pope, tho Imperialists and French men, did vie who should gaine him. But the Cardinall of Loraine, who well knew his humour, confirmed his affection towards the French, telling him in Consistorie, and in many priuate Treaties besides, that the King did know that the Church of France had neede of reformation, and was ready to assist his Holinesse, either by sending Prelates to the Councell, if hee thought fit, or by any other meanes that should seeme good vnto him.

In the meane space the Diet of Germany was prosecuted, not without * 1.55 contentions, which would haue beene greater if Cardinall Morone had remayned there, as well for the negotiations hee would haue made, as for the suspicions conceiued by the Protestants, that hee was sent onely to oppose their commodities. And it was alreadie published euery where that Rome was full of hope, that Germany would quickely come vnder the yoke, as England had done. After the Cardinals departure, the first dif∣ficultie was; whether the points of Religion should bee discussed first of all; which though the Ecclesiastiques did contradict in the beginning, yet it was finally resolued, by common consent to beginne there. Wherein there were two contrary Propositions; One to treat of the meanes to re∣forme it; the other to leaue euery one to his libertie: about which point there was very great controuersie. But in the ende, all inclined to the se∣cond proposition, not knowing how to roote out the euill which did still moue, onely hoping that when the humours were quiet, and the diffe∣rences and suspitions remooued, many easie and commodious wayes might bee found out. For this, it was necessary to establish a peace, that for cause of Religion there might bee no more warre, and that it might bee lawfull for all the Princes and States of the Empire to follow and cause to bee obserued in their Dominions what Religion pleased them best. Which resolution, when it came to bee established raised greater contro∣uersies. For those of the Augustan Confession did pretend, that it was law∣full for all to accept their Doctrine, retaining the honours, States, and De∣grees which they possessed. On the contrary, the Catholiques would not haue it permitted to the Ecclesiastiques to change their Religion, and keepe their degree, but that if a Bishop or an Abbot did embrace the other Religion, he should loose his dignitie. Neither would they haue it permit∣ted to the Cities, which seuen yeares since had receiued the decree of the

Interim made in Ausburg, to returne to the Augustan Confession.

Writings passed on both sides concerning this, and, at the last, the ri∣gour * 1.56 of either partie was abated. The Catholiques were content that the Cities should doe as they pleased, and the Protestants gaue ouer their pretence concerning the Ecclesiastiques. And the fiue and twentieth of September the Recesse was made, that a Generall or Nationall Councell (nei∣ther of which could bee assembled in regard of many difficulties) beeing necessarie to determine lawfully the causes of Religion, vntill a way might bee opened vnto a friendly agreement thoughout all Germanie, the Em∣perour Ferdinand, the Catholique Princes and States, should not force the Princes, Orders and States of the Augustan Confession to forsake their Re∣ligion and Ceremonies alreadie instituted, orto bee instituted in their Do∣minions, nor should doe any thing in contempt thereof, nor hinder them in the free vse of that Religion: and those of the Augustan Confession ought to behaue themselues in the same sort towards Caesar, Ferdinand, and the other Princes and States of the old Religion, as well Ecclesiasticall as Se∣cular, euery one hauing power to establish in his owne State what Reli∣gion hee will, and to forbid the other. And if any Ecclesiastique shall abandon the old Religion, it shall bee no infamie vnto him but hee shall pre∣sently loose his Benefices, which shall bee conferred vpon others by the Pa∣tron; and the Benefices, which the Protestants haue already annexed to Schooles and Ministeries of the Church shall remayne in the same state. That Ecclesiasticall iurisdiction shall bee exercised no more against those of the Augustan Confession; but, otherwise, shall bee exercised according to the ancient custome. The Recesse being made, another difficultie arose, for the remoouing of which, Ferdinand, vsing the absolute Imperiall au∣thoritie of his brother, did declare with consent ofthe Ecclesiasticall Order, that the Titulars, Cities, and Communities, subiect to Ecclesiasticall Prin∣ces, who haue adhered many yeeres to the Augustan Confession, and recei∣ued long since the Rites and Ceremonies thereof, and doe obserue them still, may not bee compelled by their Princes to change them, but may continue in them vntill a generall concord in Religion, which shall be con∣cluded.

Pope Paul vnderstanding of this Recesse of Ausburg, was exceeding * 1.57 angry; Hee complained thereof to the Emperours Ambassadour, and to the Cardinall of Ausburg, reprehending Ferdinand for suffering a treaty in matters of Religion, without the knowledge of the Apostolique Sea, and threatning that in due time hee would make the Emperour and that King know to their griefe, how they had offended him: hee exhorted them to preuent it, by reuoking and dissallowing the things graunted, that hee might haue no occasion to proceed, as hee meant to doe, not onely, a∣gainst the Lutherans, but euen against them also, as Abettors: offering to assist them, in case they should doe it by authoritie and armes, and to command all Christian Princes, vpon paynes and censures, to aide them with all their forces. He was not satisfied with the Ambassadours answere, who alleaged the strength of the Protestants, the warre against Caesar, in which hee was like to bee prisoner in Ispruc, and the Oathes taken. For the

Oathes, hee answered that hee freed and absolued them, yea, comman∣ded not to obserue them. To the rest hee sayd, that in Gods cause, one must not proceed according to humane respects. That the Emperour was in danger by Gods permission, because he did not what hee could and ought to doe, to reduce Germanie to the obedience of the Apostolicall Sea: that this is but a token of Gods anger, and that hee must expect greater pu∣nishment if hee take not warning by it: but carrying himselfe as a Soul∣dier of Christ vndauntedly, and without worldly respects, he shall obtaine all manner of victorie, as the examples of the times past doe demon∣strate.

The fame was that the Pope was mooued to say so, not onely by his owne inclination, but by the perswasion of the Cardinall of Ausburg, who was displeased with the libertie granted to the Confessionists. It is certaine that Paul, being of an high spirit and vast thoughts, did assure himselfe that he could redresse all the disorders, by his Papall authoritie onely, nor had need of any Prince herein. Therefore hee neuer spake with Ambassadours but * 1.58 hee thundred in their eares, that hee was aboue all Princes, that he would not that any of them should bee too domesticall with him, that hee could change Kingdomes, that hee was successor of him who hath deposed Kings and Emperours, and did often repeate, for a beginning of authoritie ex∣ercised by him, that hee had made Ireland a Kingdome, and went on so farre, that, in Consistorie, and at his Table publiquely, in the presence of many, hee said, he would not haue any Prince for his Companion, but all subiects vnder his foote (so hee sayd, striking it against the ground) as it is fit, and as it is his will who hath built the Church, and hath placed them in this degree. And sometimes he would say, that, rather then we would doe any thing basely, we would die, ouerthrow all, and set the whole world on fire.

Paul the fourth was naturally of a loftie mind and courage, and trusted much in his knowledge and good fortune, which did accompany him in all his actions: whereunto the power and fortune of the Papacie being added, hee thought euery thing was easie. But two humours did flore in him by turnes; one, which by custome to make vse of Religion in all his attempts, did induce him to imploy his Spirituall Authoritie: the other was put into him by Charles Caraffa, his Nephew, who being valiant, and exercised in warre, made Cardinall of a Souldier, did retaine his marrial spirits, and perswaded him to vse his temporall power, saying, that the one without the other is despised, but, beeing ioyned, are instruments of great matters. The circumspect old man, knew well that the Spirituall is made weaker, when it is manifested that there is neede of the Temporall. But be∣ing euer intent to make his name great, sometimes hee gaue eare to his Nephew, and sometimes hee beleeued himselfe more. In the one lice con∣cluded to vse the Temporall secretly, and the Spirituall openly, that pro∣ceeding with this, hee might adde, or omit the other, as hee should lice adui∣sed by the euents. Therefore hee treated most secretly, by his Nephew, * 1.59 with the Cardinall of Loraine, a league with the French King, 〈…〉〈…〉∣ing almost made, Loraine parted from Rome, to take away ••u••ption and

the Cardinall Torrnon went thither, with whom it was concluded, with the same secrecy. The principall captiulation whereof was, the gayning of the Kingdome of Naples for a yonger sonne of the King, with great enlargement of the bounds of the Ecclesiasticall state; whose confines were to be S. Germano, Gerigliano, and, on the further side of the Apennine, the Riuer Pescara, beyong Beneuentum: and some things besides were yeel∣ded vnto for the Popes benefit.

The Pope also that he might haue a prop to leane on in both courses, thought it necessary to make a promotion of Cardinals, dependants on himselfe, men of courage, who would not bee afrayd to prosecute hisdis∣seignes, and imploy themselues in any hard enterprise. Hee began to speake of this promotion but a few dayes before hee made it; which grie∣ued * 1.60 the Cardinals, for that hee would contradict the Capitulation which he had sworne: and the Imperialists, aboue all, considering the qualitie of the persons to be promoted, purposed to oppose. The twentieth of De∣cember, the Pope being entred into the Consistorie, sayde, so soone as hee sate downe, that he would not giue audience to any that day, because hee had greater matters to propose. Euery one vnderstanding by this that his meaning was to create new Cardinals, the Cardinall of Saint Iames went to his seate, to speake with him; and the Pope refusing, and the Cardinall not desisting, hee set his hand on his brest, and thrust him from him. All being set, the Pope began to complaine of those who reported hee could make but foure Cardinals, in regard of that which hee had sworne in the Conclaue, and said, that this was to binde the Popes authoritie, which is ab∣solute; that it is an Article of Faith that the Pope cannot bee bound, and much lesse can bind himselfe; that to say otherwise was a manifest heresie; from the guilt whereof he did absolue those that were faultie, because hee thought they did not speake obstinately: but hereafter if any shall say the same, or the like, against the authoritie giuen him by God, hee will giue order that the Inquisition shall proceed. Hee added, that hee would make Cardinals, and would not haue any contradiction, because hee wanted per∣sons for imployment, which hee could not put vpon them, because euery one had his proper faction: that it was fit to promote men of learning, and of exemplarie life, to imploy them for reformation of the Church, espe∣cially in the Councell, whereof it was high time to treate seriously, which he would propose with the first occasion. But now hee would name vnto them the persons to bee promoted to the Cardinalitie (a thing not to bee deferred any longer) that they hauing a consultiue voyce; might put to his consideration what was for the good of the Church; wherein they should bee heard; and that they should not beleeue they had a de∣cisiue voyce, because that belonged onely to him. Hee proposed seuen persons: in which number onely one was his kinsman, and another of the Theatine Congregration: the others were men of much fame, either for lear∣ning, or for the negotiations of the Court Amongst these was Iohannes Groperus, of Collen, of whom often mention hath beene made; who knowing hee would not liue long, thinking to honour his memorie much more by refusing a dignity, desired euen by great Princes, then by keeping

it a few dayes, which would giue matter of discourse to those that were emu∣lous of him, hee sent the Pope many thankes, together with his excuse, and refusing the ornaments, would neither haue the name, nor the title. The Cardinals were created the next Sunday before the league was concluded with France, which was the 15. of that moneth.

At this time Cardinall Poole, who for many respects of succession, and * 1.61 to shew hee was not so much obliged to the Papacie, would not receiue Ec∣clesiasticall Orders, these causes being ceased, went out of the number of the Deacon Cardinals, and was ordained Priest: and, foure moneths after, the Arch-bishop of Canterbury being burnt, hauing beene first degraded with many ceremonies, he was put into his place.

The people of Austria, in regard of the Recesse made in the Diet, and of Ferdinands declaration in fauour of the Cities, and Nobles subiect to Ecclesi∣asticall Princes, entred into hope that themselues also might retaine libertie * 1.62 of religion. Therefore hauing called a Diet of his Subiects, to haue a con∣tribution against the Turkes who made warre against him, they demaunded permission and freedome to liue in purity of religion, and to inioy the bene∣fit which was granted vnto the Confessionists; telling the King that the scour∣ges of the Turkes, are Gods visitations, to inuite them to amendment of life; that Armes are in vaine taken against the enemie, if the wrath of God be not first appeased, who will be honoured according to his owne prescript, and not according to the fansies of men. They beseeched him that they might not be in worse estate then other Germans, and that Ministers of the Church might teach and distribute the Sacraments, according to the Euangelicall and Apostolicall doctrine; and that the Schoole-masters should not bee ba∣nished vntill their cause were heard, according to iustice; offering, vpon these conditions, to aduenture their liues and goods, to giue him content∣ment.

Ferdinand answered, that hee could not grant their demand, not for want * 1.63 of will to gratifie them, but because hee was bound to obey the Church, and that himselfe and Caesar had euer detested the discords in religion; for remedy whereof they had institured many Colloquies, and finally procured the Councell of Trent; which if it had not a happy successe, it was not to bee imputed vnto them, in regard it is knowen with what counsels and artifices it hath been hindered by others; that afterwards an Edict was made in fauour of the Augustan Confession, in which themselues were partakers, because it was said therein, that euery Prince, not Ecclesiasticall, might choose which of the two religions he would, and the people follow the religion of the Prince, with which if any bee not content, hee hath liberty to sell his goods, and to goe whither hee will; that therefore their duety was to continue in the old Catholique Religion, which himselfe professeth: but to yeeld to their desires as much as he could, hee was content to suspend that part of the Edict which concerneth the Communion of the Cup, yet with condition that they should change nothing in the rites and ceremonies of the Church, vntill the Decree of the future diet. And they, desiring nothing else, were content to contri∣bute readily against the Enemie.

The Bauarians also desired of their Duke, libertie of religion, demaunding

a free preaching of the Gospel, mariage of Priests, the Communion Sub v∣traque, * 1.64 and to eate flesh euery day, protesting that, otherwise, they would not pay the heauie Subsidies, and contributions against the Turkes. The Duke, seeing that Ferdinand (his wiues father) had graunted his peo∣ple the Communion of the Cuppe, to obtaine contributions of them, did likewise grant them that Communion, and leaue to eate flesh, if there were necessity, on fasting dayes, vntill the causes of Religion were composed by publique authority, the Edicts made by him in matter of Religion stil remai∣ning in force; protesting, in many and copious termes, that hee would not depart from the Church, and religion of his ancestors, nor change ought in the ceremonies, without consent of the Pope, and the Emperour, promi∣sing to procure that his Metropolitan and Bishops should approoue this grant, and not molest any for these things. The whole Palatinate did imbrace * 1.65 the Augustan Confession, because, the Elector beeing dead, his Nephew succee∣ded, who had declared himselfe to be of that Confession many yeeres before; for which he had suffered many persecutions. And, now being made Prince, hee presently forbade the Masses, and Roman ceremonies throughout all his Principality.

But the Pope hauing layd the foundations before rehearsed, applying himselfe to spirituall matters, thought it necessary to gaine credit with the world; which could not bee done, if it did not appeare by deedes, not by words onely, that the Court of Rome was reformed. Therefore, beeing wholly bent to this, in the end of Ianuary 1556. he erected a Congregation, * 1.66 in which were foure and twenty Cardinals, and fiue and fourty Prelates and other persons, the most learned of the Court, to the number of 150. and di∣uide them into three rankes, in each of which were eight Cardinals, fifteene Prelates; and others to the number of fifty. To these hee committed the discussion of all the doubts in matter of Simonie: which hee printed, and sent copies of them to all Princes, and said hee had published them, that they might come to the knowledge of the Ʋniuersities, of generall Studies, and of euery learned man, that all might haue occasion to make knowen their opi∣nions, which he would not openly desire, because it was not honourable for that Sea, which is mistris of all, to goe about and beg them. Hee sayd, that, for himselfe he had no neede of the instruction of any, because he knew what CHRIST did command; but that he had erected the Congregation, that, in a matter wherein all are interested, it might not bee sayd that hee had pro∣ceeded of his owne head. Hee added that, hauing purged himselfe and his Court, it could not bee sayd to him, Physician cure thy selfe, and that he would make Princes know, that there is greater Simonie in their Courts, which hee would take away, beeing superiour aswell to Princes, as Pre∣lates.

In the first Congregation of the first ranke, held the 26. of March, be∣fore * 1.67 Cardinall Bellai, Deane of the Colledge, twelue persons did speake, and there were three opinions. One of the Bishop of Feltre, who defended that for the vse of the Spiritual power it is not inconuenient to take money, when it is not for a price, but for other respects: another of the Bishop of Sessa, that this was by no meanes lawfull, and vpon no condition, and that it was

absolutely detestable Simonie, as well to giue as to receiue, nor could bee excused with any pretence: the third of the Bishop of Sinigaglia, in the middle betweene these two, that it might bee lawfull; but in some certaine time one∣ly, and with certaine conditions. The voyces of that ranke being all giuen, and brought to the Pope after Easter holy dayes, hee, seeing the diuersitie of the opinions, did almost resolue to publish a Bul according to his owne sence, * 1.68 that it was not lawfull to take a reward, present, or almes, not onely deman∣ded, but voluntarily offered, for any spirituall grace whatsoeuer, that hee would grant no more matrimoniall dispensations, and was in a minde to re∣dresse those that were already granted, as much as he could without scandall. But there were so many delayes and impediments interposed by diuers, that hee could not come to a resolution.

Some told him that it was necessary to handle such a thing in a generall Councell, which he heard with great indignation, and said hee had no neede of a Councell, himselfe beeing aboue all. And Cardinall Bellai saying, that a Councell was necessary, not to adde authority to the Pope, but to finde a meanes for execution, which cannot bee vniforme in all places, hee conclu∣ded, that, if a Councell were necessary, it should bee held in Rome, and that it was not needfull to goe elsewhere; that he neuer consented that the Coun∣cell * 1.69 should be held in Trent; as was knowen to them all, because it was in the middest of the Lutheranes, that the Councell is to consist of Bishops onely; that other persons might bee admitted for counsell, yet onely Ca∣tholikes, otherwise the Turke also ought to bee admitted; that it was a great vanitie to send into the mountaines threescore Bishops, of the least able, and fourtie Doctours of the most vnsufficient, as was twice done already, and to beleeue that, by those, the world could be better regulated, then by the Vicar of CHRIST, with the Colledge of all the Cardinals, who are the pil∣lars of all Christendome, elected for the most excellent of all Christian Nati∣ons, and by the counsell of the Prelates and Doctors which are in Rome, who are the most learned persons in the world, and more in number then, by any diligence, can bee brought to Trent.

But when newes came to Rome of the grant of the Cuppe, made by the * 1.70 Duke of Bauaria to his subiects, hee entred into a great rage against him: and hee put this amongst other things, for which hee desseigned to make prouision at once, beeing full of hope that euery thing would bee easie vn∣to him, if the Court were reformed, and was not troubled though hee saw the number of abuses to increase. For a few dayes after the Ambassadour of Polonia, comming expresly to congratulate his Holinesse for his assump∣tion to the Popedome, made fiue demands in the name of the King and the Kingdome. To celebrate the Masse in the Polonian tongue. To vse the * 1.71 Communion Sub vtraque specie. The mariage of Priests. That the paiment of Annates might bee taken away. And that they might call a Nationall Councell to reforme the proper abuses of the Kingdome, and to reconcile the variety of opinions. Hee heard these demands with vnspeakable impa∣tience, and set himselfe to detest them most bitterly, speaking against them, one after another, with infinite vehemencie. And, for conclusion hee sayd, that a generall Councell in Rome would cause the heresies and bad opinions

of many to bee knowen, alluding to what was done in Germany, Austria, and Bauaria. And beeing for these reasons almost resolute in himselfe, (or at the least, willing to seeme so) that it was necessary to call a Councell, hee told all the Ambassadours that they should signifie to their Princes his purpose to make a Lateran Councell, like vnto that which is so famous. And hee sent Nuncij to the Emperour and the French King, to exhort them to peace, * 1.72 though in France hee had a more secret negotiation. Hee gaue commission also to treate with them of the Councell; and sayd in the Consistory, in a long discourse, (as he was very copious) that it was necessary to celebrate it quickly, seeing that besides Bohemia, Prussia, and Germanie, which were much infected (for those were his words) Polonia also was in danger. That in France and Spaine they were well affected in Religion, but the Clergie was * 1.73 badly vsed. That which hee principally reprehended in France, was the ex∣action of the Tenths, which the King made the Clergie ordinarily pay. But hee was more incited against Spaine. For Paul the third, and Iulius, hauing * 1.74 granted the Emperour Charles the halfe and quarter fruits, for a Subsidie of the warre of Germany, and hee hauing reuoked the grant, because he was not satisfied with the Recesse of Ausburg, yet they perseuered in Spaine, and forced the Clergie to pay, by seques••rations and imprisonments.

Hee did not forbeare to say, that the Emperour was an heretike; that in the beginning hee fauoured the innouators of Germanie, to depresse that holy Sea, and to make himselfe Lord of Rome, and of all Italie; that hee held Paul the third in perpetuall trouble, and that he should not doe the like to him. Hee added, that although hee might remedie all these inconueni∣ences by his owne authority, yet, not to lay so great a burden vpon him∣selfe alone, hee would not doe it without a Councell; that hee had called it in Rome, and named it the Lateran; that hee had giuen Commission to sig∣nifie it to the Emperour and French King in courtesie, but not to haue their consent or counsell, because his will was they should obey; that he was assured it would please neither of them, because it is not for their purpose, li∣uing as they doe, and that they will say many things against it, to disturbe it. But hee will call it whether they will or no, and make knowen what that Sea can doe, when it hath a Pope of courage. The 26. of May, the anniuersa∣rie of his Coronation, all the Cardinals and Ambassadours dining with him, according to custome, hee began, after dinner, to discourse of the Councel, and that his resolution was to celebrate it by all meanes in Rome, and that in courtesie, hee gaue notice thereof to the Princes, and that the high wayes may be made secure for the Prelates. But if no Prelates would come thither, yet hee would hold it with those onely who are in Court, because hee well knew what authority he had.

While the Pope was busie about the reformation, newes came to Rome, that a truce was concluded the fifth of February betweene the Emperour * 1.75 and French King, by the mediation of Cardinall Poole, who did interpose in the name of the Queene of England: which made the Pope amazed, and the Cardinall Caraffa much more, hauing beene treated, and concluded without them. The Pope was displeased, principally for the losse of repu∣tation, and for the danger which it brought, if those two Princes were

ioyned▪ at 〈…〉〈…〉cretion hee must needes stand. To the Cardinall, im∣patient of 〈◊〉〈◊〉, it seemed that fiue yeeres, in the decrepit age of his Vncle, did quite take from him all occasions to chase the Spaniard out of the King∣dome of Naples, whom he so much hated. Yet the Pope, not loosing cou¦rage, made shew of ioy for the truce, but said hee was not fully satisfied with it, because a peace was necessary, in regard of the Councel, which hee pur∣posed to celebrate, which he was resolued to treat, and, for that end, to send Legates to those Princes, beeing assured to conclude it, because hee would imploy his authority. For hee would not bee hindered in the gouernment of the Church, committed to him by CHRIST. To the Emperour hee sent * 1.76 Scipio Rebiba, Cardinall of Pisa, and to the French King, Cardinall Caraffa, his nephew. This went with all speede, and to the other order was giuen to goe slowly. Rebiba had instruction to exhort the Emperour to amend Germany, which was not doen vntill then, because none had proceeded a▪ right in that enterprise. Hee knew the detects of his predecessors, who, to stop the reformation of the Court, did hinder the good progresse of the Councel. But contrarily he was resolued to promote the reformation, and to celebrate a Councel in his owne presence, and to begin with this poynt; assuring himselfe that when they should see the abuses taken away, for which they haue separated themselues from the Church, and remaine con∣tumacious still, they will desire, and runne to receiue the decrees and con∣stitutions which the Councell will make; where shall be reformed, not ver∣bally, but really, the Head, members, Clergie, Laitie, Princes, and people. To doe so good a worke, a truce of fiue yeeres is not sufficient, because there are no lesse suspicions in truces then in warre; and one must euer bee ready to prouide against the time when they end; that a perpetuall peace is necessary▪ to remooue all malice and suspicions, that all may bend themselues ioyntly, without worldly respects, to that which concerneth the vnion, and reformation of the Church. He gaue the like instruction to Caraffa, and was content it should be published, by giuing out some copies of it.

The Court did generally thinke that the Pope spake so often and so ear∣nestly of the Councel, that no man else might propose it vnto him, and did threaten the Princes, and all the world with it, to make them abhorre it. But afterwards it was knowen that he deseigned to free himselfe by another way, from the trouble giuen to his predecessours. For when the reformation onely of the Pope, of the Court, of the exempted and priuiledged persons, dependants of the Popedome, was proposed, euery Prince, people and pri∣uate man, in regard nothing was to bee handled that concerned them, was forward to sollicite the Councell; but hee proposing the reformation of the Clergie, Laitie, and especially of the Princes, with a most seuere Inquisition, which he deseigned to institute, he made them all equall so that himselfe was not in question onely, but other likewise▪ And this was a secret by which hee meant to hold all men in feare, and himselfe in reputation of integrity, and worth. And, concerning the Councel, hee meant to gouerne himselfe according to the coniunctures, yet euer holding this point constantly, to ce∣lebrate it in Rome.

But, to returne to the Legates, hee gaue his nephew a large instruction,

to trie the Kings minde, and, if hee saw him resolute to obserue the truce, to thunder into his eares the same lesson of the Councel: and to Rebiba he gaue order to gouerne himselfe as hee should receiue aduice from his nephew. Caraffa caried to the King, the Sword and Hat, which the Pope had blessed on Christmas day at night, according to the custome. Of the Peace hee made no mention, but represented to the King, that howsoeuer the league was not violated by the truce of fiue yeeres, yet it was made of no force, to the great danger of his Vncle and of his family, and that they had already some taste thereof, by that which the Spaniards had done. Hee recommen∣ded to him, in most effectuall termes Religion, and the Papacie, to which his predecessours gaue singular protection, and the Pope himselfe and his family, much deuoted to his Maiestie. The King was not auerse, but re∣mayned doubtfull, considering the Popes age, who might die when hee should haue most neede of him. Caraffa perceiued this, and found a reme∣die, * 1.77 promising that the Pope should create so many Cardinals, partiall for France, and enemies to Spaine, that hee should euer haue a Pope on his side. The Cardinals perswasions, and the promise of the promotion, and the ab∣solution from the oath of the truce, which he gaue in the Popes name, toge∣ther with the negotiation of the Cardinall of Loraine and his brother, made the King resolue to mooue warre, though the Princes of the Blood, and all the Grandies of the Court abhorred the infamie of breaking the truce, and re∣ceiuing absolution from the oath. The conclusion beeing made, Caraffa recalled the Legate sent to the Emperour, who was arriued at Mastric, and caused him to come into France, though he was but two dayes iourney distant from Caesar: which made the Emperour, and the King his sonne beleeue, that in France, some thing was concluded against them.

The Popes distasts, against the Emperor, and his sonne, did dayly increase. * 1.78 He made a most seuere processe against Ascanius Colonna, and Marcus Antonius his sonne, for many offences, which hee pretended to bee done against the Apostolique Sea, so long since, as when Clement was besieged, and after∣wards against Paul the third, and Iulius, and by Marcus Antonius against him∣selfe, and the State of the Church: and, relating in Consistorie all the in∣iuries done of old, by the Colonnesi, against the Apostolique Sea, did ex∣communicate Ascanius and Marcus Antonius, depriue them of all dignitie and fee, with censures against those that gaue them assistance, or fauour, and did confiscate all their possessions within the State of the Church, and gaue them to the Count Montorius, his Nephew, with the title of Duke of Pagliano. Marcus Antonius, retiring into the Kingdome, was receiued, and sometimes * 1.79 made excursions vpon his owne lands, with some few Souldiers, which much prouoked the Pope; who thinking his nods were commandements vnto all, able to terrifie euery one, hee could not endure to bee so little estee∣med at Naples, his Countrey, where hee would haue beene thought to bee omnipotent. Hee thought in the beginning, by talking lauishly of the Em∣peror, and of the King, to make them desist from fauouring the Colonnesi, and therefore spake very often disgracefully of them, in the presence of all sorts of persons, but most willingly when any Spanish Cardinall was pre∣sent, and, at last, commanded it should be written vnto them.

None of these proofes taking effect, hee proceeded further, and the three and twentieth day of Iuly made the Fiscal, and Siluester Aldobrandinus, the Consistoriall Aduocate, appeare in the Consistory, who declared that his Holinesse hauing excommunicated, and depriued Marcus Antonius Colonna, and prohibited vnder the same censures, all sorts of persons to assist or fa∣uour him, and it being notorious that the Emperour, and King Philip, his * 1.80 sonne, had furnished him with horse, foote, and money, they were fallen into the punishments of the same sentence, and had lost their Territories, which they held in Fee. Therefore they desired that his Holinesse would proceed to a declaratory sentence, and giue order for execution. The Pope answered that he would aduise of it, by the counsell of the Cardinals, and giuing them leaue to depart, he proposed in Consistory what was fit to bee done, in a case of so great importance. The French Cardinals spake with much honour of the Emperour, and King Philip, but so that the Pope was more prouoked. The Imperialists vsed words of an ambiguous sence, fit to gaine time. The Theatini, the Popes owne Cardinals, spake magnificently of the Papall authoritie, and of the worth and wisedome of his Holinesse, who onely knew how to finde a remedy for that maladie, praising all that he had done, and referring themselues vnto him for all the rest. The Consi∣story being dismissed without a resolution, the Pope knew that either hee must yeeld, or come to a warre; from which beeing not auerse, in regard of his naturall disposition, full of courage and hopes, aduice came fitly to him from his Nephew, of what was concluded in France. So that the discourses of reformation and Councels were turned into parleys of money, Souldiers, and intelligences; of which things, as not pertaining to my purpose, I will onely say as much as may shew what the Popes minde was, and how much he was addicted to a true, or, at least to a colourable reformation of the * 1.81 Church. The Pope armed the Citizens, and inhabitants of Rome, for the most part, artisans, and strangers, to the number of 5000, distributing them vnder the Heads of the Rioni, for so they were called: hee caused many of his Cities to bee fortified, and put garisons in them; and the French King sent * 1.82 him, at his instance, 3000. Gascons, by sea, that hee might subsist while the royall Army was prepared.

In these negotiations, and preparations for warre, the Pope imprisoned * 1.83 many Cardinals, Barons, and others, vpon suspicion: as also Carsillasso di Ve∣ga, Ambassadour of Philip King of England, and Ioannes Antonius Tassis, the Emperours Post-master. And to the Duke of Alua, who sent to protest a∣gainst him, for maintaining in Rome the fugitiues of the kingdome of Na∣ples, for laying hands on, and keeping in prison publique persons, without reason, for hauing opened the Kings letters (all which things hee had done) adding that the King, for preseruation of his honour, and of the right of his people, could not choose, in case his Holinesse did perseuere in such offen∣siue actions, but seeke reuenge for the iniurie, he sent backe an answere, that * 1.84 hee was a free Prince, and superiour to all others, not bound to giue any ac∣count, but to demaund it of any whosoeuer; that hee might entertaine any persons, and open any letters, which hee thought to bee written against the Church: that if Carcillasso had done the office of an Ambassadour, nothing

should haue been done against him; but hauing made treaties, mooued se∣ditions, * 1.85 plotted against the Prince, to whom he was sent, he had offended as a priuate man, and as such should bee punished; that no danger should make him bee wanting to the dignity of the Church, and defence of that Sea, re∣ferring all to GOD, by whom hee was made shepheard of the flocke of CHRIST. And the Pope still continuing to make prouision, the Duke of Alua being resolued that it was better to assault then to bee assaulted, sent an∣other protestation against him, that, the King hauing endured so many in∣iuries, knowing that the intention of his Holinesse was to dispossesse him of the kingdome of Naples, and beeing assured, that, to this end, hee had, made a league with his enemies, could not continue in those termes: and therefore in regard his Holinesse did desire warre, hee did denounce it against him, and would begin it quickly, protesting that the calamities thereof could not be imputed to him, and laying the blame vpon the Pope. But if he desired peace, he did offer it likewise vnto him, with all readinesse. The Pope ma∣king a shew to desire peace, but answering onely in generall termes, to gaine time, the Duke began to make warre the fourth of September, and in the yeere 1556. possessed himselfe of almost all Campania, holding it in the * 1.86 name of the next Pope, and came so neere to Rome, that he put all the Citie in feare, and made them strengthen and fortifie it. And the Pope, to teach the Gouernours of strong places what they ought to doe in such cases, com∣pelled all the religious persons, of what state or qualitie soeuer, to carry earth with a dosser on their shoulders, to raise the bulwarkes. Amongst other places which had need of Rampards, one was neere the gate of the people, at the end of the way called Flaminia, where there is a Church of our Ladie, * 1.87 of much deuotion; which the Pope purposing to pull downe, the Duke sent to pray him to let it stand, giuing his word and oath that he would make no vse of the opportunitie of that place. But the greatnesse of the Citie, and o∣ther respects and dangers, counselled him, not assayling Rome, to vndertake smaller enterprises.

It gaue much matter of discourse, that, this yeere, Charles the Emperor * 1.88 parted from Flanders, and passed into Spaine, to betake himselfe to a priuate life in a solitary place; so that they made a comparison betweene a Prince, trained vp, from his infancie, in the negotiations and affaires of the world, who at the age of little more then fifty yeeres, had resolued to quit the world and onely to serue God, changed from a mighty Prince, to a meane religious person, and one, who had formerly abandoned the Eiscopal charge, to retire into a Monastery, and now, being at the age of 80. yeeres, and made Pope, did wholly addict himselfe to pomp and pride, and endeauoured to set all Europe on fire with warre.

In the beginning of the yeere 1557. the Duke of Guise passed into Italy, * 1.89 with his armie, in fauour of the Pope, who, to obserue the promise of his nephew made to the French King, made a promotion of 10. Cardinals; which not beeing according to the meaning, and the end agreed on, neither for the number, nor qualitie of the persons, his excuse was, that hee was so * 1.90 neerely conioyned with his Maiestie, that his dependants would bee as ser∣uiceable to the King, as the Frenchmen themselues, and that he might assure

himselfe that they were all for him; and that he could not then make a grea∣ter promotion, seeing the number was so great already, arriuing to 70. which would quickely bee diminished, by remoouing some rebels, and putting ho∣nest men in their roomes; which hee meant of those who were already in the Castle, and others against whom he had a desseigne, as well for matter of State, as of Religion. For hee was not so intent to the warre, as that he did * 1.91 abandon the businesse of the Inquisition, which he said was the principall se∣cret and mysterie of the Papacie. He had some information against Cardi∣nall Morone, that he held intelligence in Germanie, and did imprison him in the Castle, deputing foure Cardinals to examine him seuerely, and Egidius Foscararus, Bishop of Modena, as confederate with him.

Hee depriued also Cardinall Poole of his Legation of England, and cited him to appeare in the Inquisition at Rome, hauing alreadie imprisoned his in∣ward friend, as one of his complices, Thomas S. Felice Bishop of Caua. And that hee might not pretend to stay in England, vnder colour of his Legation, and the affaires of those Churches, hee created Cardinall at Whitsuntide William Peto, Bishop of Salisbury, and made him Legate in the place of Poole. And although the Queene and King, testifying what seruice hee had done to the Catholique Faith, made earnest intercession for him, yet the Pope would neuer remit one iote of his rigour. Cardinall Poole obeyed, laying a∣side the administration and ornaments of a Legat, sending Ormaneto to Rome, to giue an account of his Legation; but himselfe parted not out of England, alledging the Queenes commandement, because neither shee, nor the King, thinking the Pope was passionate, would consent that hee should goe. In England many were scandalized for it, and aliened from the Pope, and ma∣ny * 1.92 in Rome thought it a calumnie, inuented to reuenge himselfe for the truce betweene the two Kings, treated by him being Cardinall and Legate, without imparting it to him. And the opposition which hee made against him in the Conclaue, to hinder him from being Pope, was thought to haue no better ground. The new Legat, a man of great integritie, had the same conceits, who, though hee tooke vpon him the name of Legat, not to anger the Pope, yet in nine moneths that he liued, after he had the crosse of the Le∣gation, hee did neuer exercise the Charge, but bare the same respect towards Poole, as before.

The Duke of Guise being come into Italy, made warre in Piemont, with purpose to continue it in Lumbardie, and so to diuert the armes taken vp a∣gainst the Pope: But the Popes ardent desire to assaile the Kingdome of Na∣ples, did not permit him. The Frenchmen knew the difficulties, and the Duke of Guise, with some principall Commanders, went to Rome by post, to make the Pope vnderstand, what the reasons of warre did perswade. In whose presence all being consulted on, and the Popes resolution not giuing place to any other deliberation, it was necessary to yeeld vnto him. Yet they did nothing, but assault Ciuitella, a place situated at the entry into the Pro∣uince * 1.93 of Abruzzo, where the armie had the repulse; and Guise complained much that the Caraffi had not made the prouisions which they had promi∣sed, and were necessary. In summe, the Popes armes, as well his owne, as auxiliarie, were not much fauoured by God. But in the midst of August the

army of the Duke of Alua approaching Rome, not afraid of the French, which * 1.94 was entertained in Abruzzo, and the Pope vnderstanding the surprize and sacke of Signea, the slaughter of many, and the danger in which Pagliano was, he related all in Consistorie, with many teares; adding, that he did vn∣dauntedly expect martyrdom, the Cardinals marueiling that he should paint out the cause to them, who vnderstood the trueth, as if it had bin of CHRIST, whereas it was profane, and proceeded from ambition, and say it was the principall sinew, and mystery of the Papacie.

When the Popes affaires were in the greatest straits, the French Kings Army had such a great ouerthrow neere to S. Quintin, that hee was forced to recall the Duke of Guise, and his forces, for the safety of the Kingdome; let∣ting the Pope know his ineuitable necessitie, giuing him leaue to take what counsell seemed best for him, and sending him backe the hostages. The Pope refused to let Guise returne, whereupon there beeing a great contesta∣tion * 1.95 betweene them, the Pope not able to keepe him, bid him goe, seeing hee had done little seruice to the King, lesse to the Church, and none at all to his owne honour. In the end of that moneth, the Duke of Alua approached Rome, which he had taken but for want of courage. His retreat was ascri∣bed to the basenesse of his minde, who publikely sayd, that hee feared, that if Rome had been sacked, the Armie would haue been scattered, and the King∣dome * 1.96 exposed to danger, without forces or defence. But secretly hee said, that beeing in the seruice of a King, who bare great reuerence to that place, hee refrained to doe it, because he knew not whether the action would haue been approoued. Finally, a composition was made the fourteenth of Sep∣tember betweene Alua and the Caraffi, the warre hauing continued a whole * 1.97 yeere. In the capitulations the Pope would not haue Colonna, nor any of his subiects comprehended, nor any word inserted, to shew, that hee had of∣fended in imprisoning the Emperours Ministers, but maintained most con∣stantly, that the Duke of Alua ought to come to Rome to aske pardon, and receiue absolution; saying plainely, that before hee would loose one iore of this due (for so hee called it) he would see the whole world ruined: that the question was not of his owne, but of Christs honour, which he could not preiudice, nor renounce. With this condition, and with the restitution of the cities taken, the controuersie was ended. It was esteemed a prodigie, that the very day that the Peace was concluded, there was such a great in∣undation of the riuer Tiber, that all the plaine of Rome was drowned, and a great part of the fortifications of the Castle S. Angelo was ouerthrowen. The Duke of Alua went personally to Rome to submit himselfe to the Pope, and receiue absolution in the Kings name, and his owne. So it happened, * 1.98 that the conquerour bare the indignitie, and hee that was ouercome trium∣phed more, then if hee had been victorious. And it was no small fauour that the Pope receiued him with humanity, though hee forbare not his vsuall haughtie state.

The warre was no sooner ended, but new troubles came vpon the Pope. For aduice was sent out of France, that, the fifth of September at night, in Paris, about two hundred persons were assembled in an house to celebrate the Communion; which beeing discouered by the common people, the

house was assaulted, and some fled, but the women and weaker sort were ta∣ken, * 1.99 of whom seuen were burned, and the greater part of the others reser∣ued for the same punishment, to be inflicted when the complices were found out. The Suisses made intercession for these; and the King, in regard of his warre with the King of Spaine (for so Philip was called after the resignation of his father) hauing need of their assistance, gaue order that the proceeding against them should bee moderate. The Pope was infinitely angry, and complained in Consistory, and said it was no maruell if the affaires of the * 1.100 King, did not succeed well, because he more esteemed the assistance of here∣tiques, then the fauour of God. The Pope had forgotten that, in the time of his warre, the Cardinals of the Inquisition complaining that the Protestant Grisons, brought to his pay, for the defence of Rome, vsed many scornes a∣gainst the Churches and Images, his Holinesse did reprehend them, saying they were Angels, sent by God, for the custodie of the Citie, and of his per∣son, and that hee had a strong hope that God would conuert them. So men iudge diuersly of their owne interests, and of the facts of others. The Pope tooke occasion hence, to call in minde two constitutions, which the King * 1.101 had made the same yeere, which hee said were against the liberty of the Cler∣gie, and therefore was resolute they should be abrogated. The one was pu∣blished the first of March, that Mariages made by sonnes before the age of thirty yeeres compleat, and of daughters before twenty fiue, without con∣sent of the father, or of him in whose power they were, should bee voyde. The other the first of May, that all Bishops and Curates should reside, vp∣on paine of losse of the reuenues, with an imposition of an extraordinary Subsidie, besides the ordinarie Tenths, to pay fiue thousand foote Souldiers. The Pope thought not of these things when the newes came, because hee was then in warre, and had neede of the King. But this reason ceasing, hee complained that he had medled euen with the Sacraments, and vnsupport∣ably burdened the Clergie. Hee sayd it was necessary to prouide against these disorders, by a Councell, which were greater then could bee obiected against the Clergie; that it was fit to begin the Reformation from hence; that the French Prelates durst not speake so long as they were in France, but beeing in a Councel in Italy, free from feare of the King, their complaints would soone be heard. Amongst these distastes the Pope receiued some ioy, * 1.102 that the Colloquie, begunne in Germany, to compose the differences in reli∣gion (which troubled his Holinesse and the Court, as all Colloquies had done) was resolued into nothing. The beginning, progresse, and ende whereof, I thinke necessary to recount, for the vnderstanding of the things that follow.

Ferdinand hauing, in the Diet of Ratisbon, confirmed peace in Religion * 1.103 vntill a concord were concluded, to finde a way to make it, it was resolued in the Diet the thirteenth of March, that a Colloquie should bee held in Wormes, of twelue Doctours of the old religion, and twelue Protestants, in which the differences should bee discussed, to bring the parties to an agree∣ment. Ferdinand appointed for President of the Colloquie, the Bishop of Namburg, who was so famous. The parties being met in the place the four∣teenth of August, the twelue Protestants were not absolutely of one opinion.

For some of them, desiring a perfect vnion of the Church, laboured to recon∣cile * 1.104 the doctrine of the Heluetians, which was different concerning the Eu∣charist; and, for this end, the Ministers of Geneua had made a Confession in this point, which did not displease Philip Melancthon, and sixe more of the Confession of Ausburg, but did not satisfie the other fiue. This beeing percei∣ued by the Bishop, a man wise, and factious, whose end was that the Colloquie should be dissolued without fruit, hee made the Catholiques propose, that the Colloquie being instituted onely betweene them, and the Confessionists, it was necessary to condemne all the sects of the Swinglians, and of others; be∣cause the errors being vniformely condemned, the trueth would easily ap∣peare. The fiue aforesaid, did consent it should be so. Melancthon, who per∣ceiued the cunning, which was to sow diuision betweene them, and to make them at variance with the Suisses the Prussians, and others, said that it was fit to agree vpon the truth first, and then by that rule, to condemne errors. The Bishop shewing to the fiue that they were contemned by the other seuen, perswaded them to depart from the Colloquie, and wrote the successe to Fer∣dinand, concluding that they could not proceede, in regard of the departure of these, and that those which remained would not first condemne the sects. Ferdinand answered, that his desire was they should proceede, and that the Confessionists should recall those fiue that were departed, and the Catholiques bee in the meane space content to begin and discusse the controuersed Arti∣cles. The Bishop seeing that he had lost this point, perswaded the Catholike Collocutors to write to the King, that it was not iust to begin the treatie, if all the Protestants were not vnited, because it would be necessary to treat againe with the absent, that which was concluded with the present, and so to take double paines. They all retired, without expecting any answere, and each partie blamed the other, excusing it selfe vpon the reasons aforesaid.

The Pope perceiuing that, by the warre past, hee was depriued of the cre∣dit * 1.105 with which hee thought to daunt the whole world, thought to regaine it by an heroicall action, and did, the sixe and twentieth of Ianuary, in Con∣sistory depriue Cardinall Caraffa of the Legation of Bolonia, and of all go∣uernement, and confined him to Ciuita Lauinia, and tooke from Iohn Caraffa, the Cardinals brother, the command and charge of the Armie, exiling him likewise to Galessi. Hee depriued the other Nephew of the gouernement of Borgo, and banished him to Monte-bello, commanding that their wiues, fami∣lie, and children should depart from Rome, and themselues not depart from the places to which they were banished, vpon paine of rebellion. Hee de∣priued likewise all those of their offices; to whom he had giuen them in con∣templation of these. Hee spent more then sixe houres, in complaining, and enueighing against their offences, with such furie, that hee disdained at the Cardinals who spake any good word to pacific him. To Cardinall S. Angelo, who first commending iustice, put him in minde of a saying of Paul the 3. which he often vsed, that the Pope should neuer take hope of fauour from any, hee answered, that his grand father Paul the 3. should haue done better to haue proceeded against his father, and punished his villanies. Hee insti∣tuted * 1.106 a new gouernment in Rome, and in the State of the Church, giuing the charge of all businesses to Camillus Orsinus, vnto whom hee ioyned the Car∣dinals

of Trani and Spoleto, affecting a fame of iustice in these actions, and laying the blame of all the grieuances, which the people suffered, vpon the Nephewes. Being thus disburthened of the gouernement, he applyed him∣selfe wholly to the office of the Inquisition, saying it was the true Ramme to beate downe heresie, and defend the Apostolike Sea. And, not regarding what did befit the time, hee published a new Constitution, dated the fif∣teenth of Februarie, which hee made all the Cardinals subscribe. In this he * 1.107 renewed euery censure and punishment, pronounced by his predecessors, and euery Statute of Canons, Councels, and Fathers, in what time soeuer, published against heretikes; ordaining that those that were disused, should bee brought in vse againe. Hee declared that all Prelates, and Princes, euen Kings and Emperours, fallen into heresie, should be, and should bee vnder∣stood to be depriued of all their Benefices, States, Kingdomes, and Empires, without further declaration, and vncapeable to be restored to them, euen by the Apostolike Sea: and their goods, States, Kingdomes, and Empire, shall bee vnderstood to be common, and to belong to those Catholikes who can get them. This did minister much talke, and if it had not presently been * 1.108 disesteemed by the world, it would haue kindled a fire in all Christen∣dome.

Another accident made the world know that he had not moderated the haughtinesse of his minde The Emperour Charles in the yeere 1556. by his letters written to the Electors and Princes, did absolutely giue to Ferdinand all the administration of the Empire, without reseruing any thing to him∣selfe, commanding that he should be obeyed by all. Afterwards he sent Wil∣liam, Prince of Orange, with two colleagues, to the Diet in Germanie, to trans∣fer the name, title, crowne, and dignitie vpon Ferdinand, as if himselfe had beene dead; which, not seeming fit to the Electors, was deferred vntill the yeere 1558. in which the fourth of February, the day of the Natiuitie, Coro∣nation, and other felicities of Charles, the Ceremonies of the resignation be∣ing made by his Ambassadors, in presence of the Electors, Ferdinand was in∣stalled with the vsual rites. The Pope hearing this, fell into an excessiue rage. * 1.109 He pretended that as the Popes confirmation doth make the Emperour, so the resignation cannot be put into the hands of any but himselfe; in which case it belonged to him to make what Emperour he pleased; alleadging that the Electors haue power granted them by the Popes fauour, to elect the Em∣perour in place of him that is dead, but not in case of resignation, in which it remaineth still in the power of the Apostolike Sea; as also to the disposi∣tion * 1.110 thereof are annexed all dignities resigned vnto it. Therefore the resig∣nation of Charles is voyd, and the whole authoritie to choose an Emperour is deuolued to him, and was resolued not to acknowledge the King of the Romanes for Emperour.

Ferdinand, though he knew this, sent Martin Gusman, his Ambassador, to giue him an account of his brothers resignation, and his owne assumption, to testifie vnto him the reuerence hee bare him, to promise him obedience, and to signifie vnto him that he would send a solemne Ambassage, to treate of his Coronation. The Pope refused to heare him, and referred the discus∣sion * 1.111 of the matter to the Cardinals: who related (for the Popes wil was they

should doe so) that the Ambassador could not be admitted, before it did ap∣peare whether the resignation of Charles were lawfull, and the succession of Ferdinand iust. For he being elected King of the Romans, and the election confirmed by Clement, to succeed after the death of the Emperour, it was ne∣cessary the Empire should bee voide by death. Besides there was a nullitie in all the actes of Francfort, as made by heretikes, who haue lost all authoritie and power. Wherefore it was necessary that Ferdinand should send a Proctor, and renounce whatsoeuer was done in that Diet, and beseech the Pope, that hee would graciously bee pleased to make good the resignation of Charles, and his assumption to the Empire, by vertue of his plenarie power, from whom he might expect all paternall grace and fauour. The Pope resolued according to this Counsell, and so declared himselfe to Gusman, giuing him three moneths to put it in execution, beyond which time hee would heare no more speech of it, but himselfe would create a new Emperor. Neither was it possible to remoue him, though King Philip, to fauour his vncle, sent Francis Vargas expresly, and after him Iohn Figaroa, to intreate him. Ferdinand, vnderstanding this, gaue order to Gusman, that, if within three dayes after the receipt thereof, he were not admitted by the Pope, he should depart, and protest vnto him, that Ferdinand, together with the Electors, would resolue of that which should be for the honour of the Empire: Gusman desired au∣dience againe, which the Pope granted in priuate, not as vnto an Ambassa∣dour of the Emperour; and, hearing him relate what he had in his instructi∣ons, and that which was wrote vnto him from the Emperor, he answered, that the things considered by the Cardinals were very important, and that hee could not resolue on them so soone; that he would send a Nuncio to the Imperiall Maiestie of Charles the fifth, and, in the meane while, if hee had commission from his Master to depart he might doe it, and protest what he thought fit. Therefore the Ambassador, hauing made his protestation, de∣parted. * 1.112 And although Charles died the same yeere the 21. of September, yet it was impossible to remooue the Pope from this resolution.

The number of those who call themselues Reformed being now increa∣sed in France, their courage did increase also; and there being a custome a∣mongst the people of Paris, in the Summers euenings, to goe out of the Sub∣urbes of S. German in great multitudes, to take the fresco, and to folace them∣selues with diuers kindes of sportes, those of the new Religion, in stead of doing so, began to sing the Psalmes of Dauid, in French verses. The multi∣tude first laughed at the nouitie, then, leauing the sports, ioyned themselues vnto the singers. And the number of those who came to that place began to increase more then vsually. The Popes Nuncio told the King of this noui∣tie, as of a thing pernicious and dangerous, because the ministeries of religi∣on, vsually celebrated in the Church, in the Latin tongue, by religious men onely, were put into the mouth of the common people, in the vulgar lan∣guage, which was an inuention of the Lutherans; telling him that, if he did not resist the beginnings, in a short time all Paris would be Lutheran. The King gaue order that the principall authors should bee proceeded against; wherein they went not very far, hauing found Antony, king of Nauar, and his wife, in that number: But for hereafter it was forbid vpon paine of death.

The Religion in England was also much changed this yeere. The Queene * 1.113 died the seuenteenth day of Nouember, and Cardinall Poole the same day; which stirred vp many, who were not satisfied with the former gouerne∣ment, to restore the reformation of Edward, and to separate themselues whol∣ly from the Spaniards: which they did the rather, because King Philip, to hold a foote in England, had treated to marrie Elizabeth, sister and successor of Mary, to Charles his sonne: and when there was little hope of the life of Mary, hee had also cast foorth diuers words, that hee would take her for his owne wife. But the new Queene being wise, as shee shewed her selfe to bee in all her gouernement, did first secure the Kingdome by oath, that she would not marrie a stranger, and was crowned by the Bishop of Carlile, an adhe∣rent to the Church of Rome, not making any open declaration what do∣ctrine shee would follow, disseigning, so soone as shee was setled in her go∣uernement, to establish it, by the counsell of the Parliament, and of learned and godly men, and to make a constant reformation of the state of Religi∣on. Therefore shee exhorted the chiefe of the Nobilitie, who desired a change, to proceede without tumult, assuring them that shee would not en∣force any. Shee caused presently an account to bee giuen to the Pope of her assumption, with letters of credence written to Edward Cerne, who was Ambassadour to her sister, and was not departed from Rome. But the Pope, proceeding according to his vsuall rigour, answered, that that Kingdome was held in Fee of the Apostolike Sea; that shee could not succeede beeing * 1.114 illegitimate; that hee could not contradict the declarations of Clement the seuenth, and Paul the third, that it was a great boldnesse to assume the name and gouernement without him; that, for this, shee deserued not to bee heard in any thing; yet beeing desirous to shew a fatherly affection, if shee will re∣nounce her pretensions, and referre her selfe wholly to his free disposition, hee will doe whatsoeuer may bee done with the honour of the Apostolike Sea. Many did beleeue that as he spake thus by his own inclination, so he was incited by the French King, who fearing a marriage betweene her and the King of Spaine might be made by the Popes dispensation, thought fit to as∣sure himselfe by cutting off the practises in the very beginning. But the new Queene vnderstanding the Popes answere, and wondring at the mans hastie disposition, thought it not profitable, either for her, or the Kingdome, to treate any more with him. So that the cause ceasing, shee gaue the Nobilitie leaue to consult what was fit to bee done for the seruice of God, and quiet of the Kingdome. A disputation was held in Westminster, in presence of all * 1.115 the States, betweene learned men, chosen on both sides, which began the last of March, and lasted vntill the thirtieth of April: and, a Parliament being assembled to this end, all the Edicts of Religion made by Mary were abolished, those of her brother Edward restored, obedience taken away from the Pope, the title of the Head of the Church of England giuen to the Queene, the reuenues of the Monasteries confiscated; and assigned some to the Nobilitie, and some to the Crowne, the Images taken out of the Chur∣ches by the people, and the Romane Religion banished. Another accident happened also. For in the Diet of Ausburg it appearing, by the actes of the Colloquie the yeere before, dissolued without fruit, that there was no hope

to doe any good by that meanes, Ferdinand tolde them hee would procure the generall Councell to be restored, exhorting all to submit themselues to the Decrees thereof, as beeing the way to remooue differences. The pro∣testants answered, that they would consent to a Councell, called, not by the Pope, but by the Emperour, to bee held in Germanie, in which the Pope should not preside, but should submit himselfe to the iudgement thereof, and release the Bishops and Diuines of their oath; in which also the Protestants * 1.116 should haue a deciding voyce, and all should bee determined according to the holy Scripture, and whatsoeuer was concluded in Trent, should be reexa∣mined: which, if it cannot be obtained of the Pope, yet the peace of Religion should be confirmed, according to the agreement of Passau, hauing knowen, by too manifest experience, that no good can bee drawen from any Popish Councell. The Emperour knowing the difficultie to obtaine of the Pope a grant of the things proposed, and that now hee had no meanes to negotiate with him, in regard of the controuersie about the resignation of Charles, and his succession, he confirmed the accord of Passau, and the Recesses of the Di∣ets * 1.117 following.

The Pope hauing cut off all meanes to treate with the Emperour and Germanie, knew not what to say to this. Yet hee was more displeased with * 1.118 their discourse concerning the Councell, then with the libertie granted by the Recesse, beeing resolute not to call any Councell but in Rome, whatsoeuer should happen. In this respect another accident was as grieuous as the for∣mer; * 1.119 that is, the peace made at Cambray the third of Aprill, betweene the Kings of France and Spaine, which was well confirmed by the marriages of the daughter of Henry to the King of Spaine, and of his sister to the Duke of Sauoy. In which peace, amongst other capitulations, it was agreed, that both the Kings should make a faithfull promise to labour ioyntly that the Councell should bee celebrated, the Church reformed, and the differences of religion composed. The Pope considered how goodly a shew the title of reformation, and the name of a Councell did make; that England was lost, and all Germany also, partly by the Protestants, and partly by his difference with Ferdinand; that these two vnited Kings were much offended by him, the Spaniards by deedes and words, the French by words at the least, there re∣mayning none to whom he might haue refuge, that the Cardinals were wea∣rie of his gouernement, and his people not well affected, in regard of the incommodities of the warre, and the taxes layd vpon them. These cogitati∣ons did so afflict the old Pope, that hee was vnfit to rule. Hee could not holde the Consistories so often as hee was woont, and when hee did holde * 1.120 them hee spent the most part of the time in speaking of the Inquisition, and exhorting the Cardinals to fauour it, as beeing the onely way to extinguish heresies.

But the two Kings did not agree to procure the Councell for any ill will, or interests, which either of them had against the Pope, or Papacie, but to pro∣uide against the new doctrines, which did exceedingly increase, being wil∣lingly heard and receiued by all men of conscience: and, which was of more * 1.121 importance, the male-contented, and those who were desirous of innouati∣ons, put themselues on that side, and did dayly, vnder pretence of religion,

make some enterprises, as well in the Low Countries, as in France, in regard those people did loue their libertie, and had commerce with Germanie, as bor∣dering vpon it. In the beginning of the troubles some seedes were sowed, which that they might not take roote, the Emperour Charles the fifth, in the Low Countries, and the French King, in his Kingdome, made many Edicts, and commanded diuers executions, whereof wee haue spoken in their due places. But after that the number of the Protestants did increase in Germa∣nie, and the Euangeliques did multiply amongst the Suisses, and the separa∣tion was made in England, by reason of the often warres betweene the Empe∣rour and French King, either partie was forced to call Auxiliaries out of these three Nations, who publikely professing and preaching the Reformed reli∣gion in their quarters, by their example, and by other meanes, diuers of the people became of their opinion. It is certaine, that this compelled Charles the Emperour, to attempt the bringing in of the Spanish Inquisition, seeing that other remedies did not preuaile, though hee was partly forced to desist, for the causes before related. And Henry the French King, gaue the Bishops authoritie to punish heretiques; a thing neuer vsed before in that Kingdome. And although in the Low Countries, from the first Edict of Charles, vntill this time of the peace, there were hanged, beheaded, buried aliue, and bur∣ned, to the number of fifty thousand, and very many put to death in France, * 1.122 yet both places were then in worse case then euer. This made the Kings to thinke ioyntly of finding a remedie, by the great perswasion of the Car∣dinall of Loraine for the French, and of Granuel Bishop of Arras for the Spa∣niards, who being in Cambray, from October vntill Aprill, with other De∣puties of the two Kings, to treate a peace, did conferre particularly amongst themselues, how that doctrine might be rooted out; and were afterwards the chiefe instruments of whatsoeuer did happen in both States. The cause they * 1.123 alledged to be the zeale of religion, and the seruice of their Princes: but it was vniuersally beleeued, that it was rather ambition, and a deseigne to enrich themselues by the spoyles of those who were to be condemned.

The peace beeing made, the King of Spaine, to begin to giue some order, not being able to bring in the Inquisition openly, thought to doe it obliquely, * 1.124 by the Bishops. But there beeing but two Bishopricks in the Low Coun∣tries, Cambray, and Ʋtrect, and the residue of the Clergie subiect to the Bi∣shops of Germanie, and France, and those two Bishoprickes also subiect to for∣raigne Arch-bishops, to whom appeales could not be denied, so that he could not worke his will by meanes of them, hee thought fit to free all that Clergie from the subiection of Bishops, who were not his subiects, and to institute three Arch-bishoprickes in those Countries, Meclin, Cambray, and Ʋtrect, and to erect into Bishoprickes, Anwerp, Balduck, Gant, Bridges, Ipre, S. Omar, Na∣mur, Harlem, Middleburgh, Lewarden, Groninghe, Ruremond, and Dauenter; an∣nexing vnto them, for reuenewes, some rich Abbies. Hee caused the Pope to approoue all this by his Bull, dated the ninth of May the same yeere. The pretence for doing of this was, that formerly those Countries, beeing not much inhabited, did not neede a greater number of Bishops, but now the multitude of people, and dignitie of the Cities did require they should bee honoured with Ecclesiasticall titles. Yet the Nobilitie and Comminalty did

imagine it was an art to bring in the Inquisition; in which opinion they were confirmed when they saw the Popes Bull. For, according to the vse of Rome, to enlarge their power or profit in euery bargaine, he alledged, for a cause of that new institution, that that Countrey was compassed, and, as it were, besieged by Schismatiques, who did not obey him, the Head of the Church, so that the true faith was in great danger by the fraudes and insidiations of the Heretiques, if new and good Gardians were not placed ouer them. This occurrence made the Nobilitie to adhere together, and to thinke how to make resistance before there was meanes to compell them by force of armes. * 1.125 They resolued therefore not to pay tribute, vntill the Spanish Souldiers were remooued out of the Countrey, and began to incline more to the new opinion, and to fauour it: which caused the other troubles which shall bee spoken of.

But the French King, desirous to make prouision that the Lutheran sect * 1.126 should not more encrease in the Kingdome, vnderstanding that some of the Counsellors of the Parliament were infected with it, in a Mercuriall (so they call the iudicature, instituted to examine and correct the actions of the Counsellors of Parliament, and Iudges of the King) held in Paris the 15. of Iune, where they were to treate of Religion, after the Congregation was assembled, entred in person. Hee said hee had established peace in the whole world, by the marriages of his sister and daughter, that hee might prouide a∣gainst the inconueniences bred in his Kingdome about Religion, which ought to bee the principall care of Princes. Therefore vnderstanding they were to treat of this subiect, hee exhorted them to handle Gods cause with sinceritie. And hauing commaunded them to prosecute the things begun, Claude Ʋiole one of them, spake much against the manners of the Court of Rome, and the bad customes, growen to bee pernicious errours, which haue caused the new sects. Therefore it was necessary to mitigate the seuere pu∣nishments, vntill the differences of religion were remooued, and the Ecclesi∣asticall discipline amended by authority of a Generall Councell, the onely remedie for these euils, as the Councels of Constance and Basil haue iudged, commanding that one should bee celebrated euery ten yeeres. His opinion was followed by Ludouicus Faber, and some others. Anne du Bourg did adde, that many villanies were comitted, condemned by the Lawes, for punish∣ment whereof, the rope and fire were not sufficient; as frequent blasphemies against God, periuries, adulteries, not onely secret, but euen cherished with impudent licence; making himselfe to be plainely vnderstood, that hee spake not onely of the Grandies of the Court, but of the King himselfe also; ad∣ding that, while men liued thus dissolutely, diuers torments were prepared against those who were guilty of nothing, but of publishing to the world the vices of the Church of Rome, and desiring an amendment of them. In opposition of all this, Egidius Magister, the prime President spake against the new sects, concluding that there was no other remedie, but that which was formerly vsed against the Albigenses, of whom Philippus Augustus put to death sixe hundred in one day, and against the Waldenses, who were choked in the caues, whither they retired to hide themselues. When all the voyces were giuen, the King said, he had now heard with his owne eares, that which

before was told him, that the contagion of the Kingdome doth hence arise, * 1.127that there are in the Parliament who doe despise the Popes authoritie, and his, that he well knoweth they are but few, but the cause of many euils. There∣fore hee exhorted those who are good subiects to continue in doing their duety, and immediatly gaue order that Faber and du Bourg should be impriso∣ned, and afterward caused foure more to bee apprehended in their houses: which did much daunt those who embraced the new religion. For the Counsellors of Parliament in France, beeing reputed most sacred, and inuio∣lable, who notwithstanding were put into prison for deliuering their opini∣on in publike Assembly, they concluded that the King would pardon none.

But examples of great feares are alwayes ioyned with others of equall bold∣nesse. * 1.128 For at the same time, as if there had beene no danger at all, the mini∣sters of the Reformed (for so the Protestants are called in France) assem∣bled in Paris in the suburbes of Saint German, made a Synode, in which Franciscus Morellus, the chiefe man amongst them, was President, ordayning diuers constitutions, of the manner of holding Councels, of remoouing the domination in the Church, of the election and office of Ministers, of cen∣sures, of marriages, of diuorces, of degrees of consanguinitie, and affinitie, that throughout all France they might not onely haue an vniforme faith, but discipline also. And their courage did increase, because the fame of the seuerity vsed in France comming into Germanie, the three Electors, and * 1.129 other Protestant Princes sent Ambassadours to the King, praying him to proceede with pietie and Christian charitie against the professors of their Religion, guiltie of nothing but of accusing the corrupted manners, and the discipline peruerted by the Church of Rome, which had bene done more then an hundred yeeres since by other godly Doctors of France. For that Kingdome beeing now in quiet, the differences of Religion may easily bee composed, by the disputation of able men, desirous of peace, who may ex∣amine their confession by the rule of holy Scripture, and of the ancient Fa∣thers, suspending in the meane time the seueritie of the sentences; which they will receiue as a thing most gratefull, and remaine much obliged to him for it. The King gaue a courteous answere in generall wordes, promi∣sing * 1.130 to giue them satisfaction, and to send one expresly to signifie so much vnto them. Yet he remitted nothing of the seueritie, but, after the Ambas∣sadours were parted, hee deputed foure Iudges, of the body of the Parlia∣ment, in the causes of the prisoners, with the Bishop of Paris, and the In∣quisitor, Antonie de Mocares, commaunding them to proceede with all ex∣pedition.

The Pope, vnto whom all these things were knowen, as hee was much discontented with the progresse of the new doctrine in the States of both the Kings, so hee was pleased that those Princes did thinke of it, and mooued them, by his Nuncij, and by their Ambassadours residing with him, to doe so still. But hee would not haue any other meanes then that of the Inquisition, which he thought the onely remedie, as he said vpon all occasions, iudging that the Councell would doe as formerly it had done, that is, reduce all into a worse state. While he was possessed with these cogitations, and weake of body, the King of France died the second of Iuly, by a wound in the eye,

running at Tilt; for which hee seemed very sorrowfull, and was so indeede. For although hee suspected, and with reason, the intelligence betweene the * 1.131 two Kings, yet hee had still hope to separate them. But the one being dead, he saw he was at the discretion of the other alone, whom he more feared, be∣cause he was more offended by him, and was of a more close nature, hard to be sounded. Hee feared also that in France a gate would be set wide open to let in sectes, which might bee confirmed before the new King could get so much wisedome and reputation, as was necessary to oppose so great difficul∣ties. Hee liued some few dayes, afflicted with these cogitations; but now laying aside all hopes, which had vntill then kept him aliue, hee died the eigh∣teenth * 1.132 of August, recommending to the Cardinals nothing but the office of the Inquisition, the onely meanes, as he said, to preserue the Church, exhorting all to employ all their endeauours, to establish it in Italy, and wheresoeuer else they could.

The Pope being newly dead, or rather still breathing, there did arise, by reason of the great hatred conceiued by the people against him, and his whole house, such tumults in Rome, that the Cardinals were more troubled with these, as being neere and vrgent, then with those that were common to all Christendome. The Citie was all in sedition; the head of the Popes statua * 1.133 was beaten off, and drawen through the streetes; the prisons broken open, and more then foure hundred prisoners set at libertie: and going to Ripeta, where the Inquisition was, they did not onely take out the imprisoned, but burnt the place, and all the processes and writings kept there; and they had almost burned the Conuent of Minerua, where the Fryars, imployed in that office, doe dwell. The Colledge of Cardinals had recalled Caraffa in the life time of the Pope, and, in the first congregation which they held after his death, they deliuered the Cardinall Morone out of the Castle, who was rea∣die * 1.134 to bee censured for an Heretique. A great question was made, whether he could haue a voyce in the election, being opposed by those who thought him their aduersary. But at the last it was resolued on his side. The Cardi∣nals were forced to consent, that all the moueable armes and monuments of the house of Caraffa should be torne in pieces, and the immoueable de∣molished.

Being assembled in the Conclaue the fift of September, eight dayes after the iust time, because they were hindred by those inconueniences, they made capitulations, which, according to custome, were sworne to by all, that they might giue some order for the gouernement, which was wholly confu∣sed by the too great seueritie of Paul 4. Two of them did belong to the * 1.135 matter whereof we treat; one, that the difference with the Emperour, which might hazard the losse of all the residue of Germanie, should bee composed, and hee acknowledged for Emperour; the other, that for the necessitie of France and Flanders, the Councell; as the onely remedie against heresies, should be restored. The Papacie was vacant longer then the necessitie of the time did comport, not so much for the discords of the Cardinals, as for the interests of Princes, who did interpose more then they were wont. While they were locked vp in the Conclaue, King Philip going from the Low Coun∣tries into Spaine by sea, with resolution neuer to remooue thence, fell into a

storme, in which almost all the fleet was wracked, his houshold stuffe, of ve∣ry * 1.136 great valew, lost, and himselfe hardly escaped. Hee said he was deliuered, by the singular prouidence of GOD, to root out Lutheranisme, which hee presently began to doe. For the 24. of September, so soone as he was arri∣ued in Seuil, to giue an example in the beginning of his gouernment, and to leaue no hope to any, he caused Iohannes Pontius Count of Bayleno, together with a preacher, and many others of the Colledge of S. Isidore, where the new religion was entred to be burned for Lutherans; as also some Noble women, to the number of thirteene, and last of all the statue of Constantinus Pontius, Confessor to Charles the fifth, who serued him in his retyred life, and held him in his armes when he dyed. This man dyed in prison a few dayes before, where he was put immediatly after the Emperours death, for imputation of Heresie: which execution, though against an vnsensible sta∣tue, increased the feare, because euery one concluded that no conniuencie nor mercie could be hoped for from the King, who bare no respect to him, whose infamie did dishonour the memorie of the Emperour deceased. Af∣terwards he went to Ʋalidolid, where he caused twentie eight of the prime Nobilitie of the Countrey to be burned in his presence and kept Fryar Bar∣tholomew Caranza in prison, mentioned often in the first reduction of the Councell of Trent, who was Arch-bishop of Toledo, chiefe Prelate of Spaine, taking from him all the reuenewes. And it cannot be denied that these exe∣cutions, with others which daily succeeded, though not so exemplarie, kept those Countreys in quiet, while all other places were full of sedition. For al∣though the new opiniōs were sowed in the minds of many, especially of the Nobilitie, yet they were concealed within their hearts, in regard of the close nature of the Spaniards, who abhorre dangers, neuer aduenturing vpon hard enterprises, but ayming to prooceed securely.

The Kings death in France, which they reformed did ascribe to miracle in∣creased their courage; though they durst not shew themselues openly in Pa∣ris. For his sonne Francis, the new king, after he was consecrated at Rhemes, * 1.137 the twentieth of September, gaue order to prosecute the processe of the Counsellors, who were in prison, and deputed the President of S. Andreas, and the Inquisitor Antonius de Mocares, to discouer the Lutherans. The Iud∣ges, hauing gained some of the common sort, formerly professors of that religion, had notice of the places where they did secretly assemble. Therfore many, both men and women, were imprisoned, and many fled, whose goods were confiscated, after a citation by three Edicts. And by the example of Paris, the same was done in Poytou, Tholouse, and Aix of Prouence, by the insti∣gation of George Cardinall of Armignac, who, not to abandon that enter∣prise, would not goe to Rome to the election of the pope, vsing all diligence that those who were discouered might be apprehended. The professors of that religion being stirred vp hereby, and imboldened, because they knew they were many, sent about many writings, against the King and Queene, and those of Loraine (by whom the King was gouerned) authours of the persecution, intermixing some points of doctrine, which being willingly read by all, as things composed by publique libertie, did imprint the new religion in the minds of many.

In the end of the processe against the Counsellers, after along contestati∣on, all were absolued, except Anne du Burg, who was burnt the eighteenth of December, not so much by the inclination of the Iudges, as by the resolu∣tion of the Queen, prouoked against him, because the Lutherans did diuulge in many writings, & libels spread abroad, that the King had been wounded in the eye by the prouidence of God, for a punishment of his words, vsed a∣gainst * 1.138 du Bourg, that he would see him, burnt. But the death and constancie of a man so conspicuous, did make many curious to know what religion that was, for which he had so couragiously indured punishment, & made the number increase: which augmenting also euery day for other causes, those * 1.139 who were interessed in their ouerthrow, either for loue of the old Religion, or as Ecclesiastiques, and authours of the former persecutions, thought it necessarie to discouer them, before they were so many as that they could not be suppressed. To this end they caused the pictures of the blessed Vir∣gin, and of Saints, to be placed in euery corner throughout all France, and * 1.140 especially in Paris, burning candles before them, making the porters, and o∣ther vulgar persons sing the vsuall prayers of the Church, and appointing men to stand there with little boxes, to aske almes for the buying of candles: and he that did not honour the images in passing by, or did not stand with reuerence at those corners, or did not giue the almes that were asked, wree held suspected, & the least euil that did befall them, was to be abused by the people, with boxes and spurnings: But many of them were imprisoned, and put in suit. This prouoked the Reformatists, and caused the great con∣spiracie of Geffery Renaut, of whom wee will speake hereafter.

In Rome, after diuers contentions and practises to create Pope, the Car∣dinals of Mantua, Ferrara, Carpi, and Putea, finally the 24. of December at * 1.141 night, Iohn Angelo Cardinall of Medicis was created, and named himselfe Pius 4 who hauing appeased the tumults of the city, and secured the minds of all by a generall pardon of whatsoeuer was committed in time of their sedition, applyed himselfe suddenly to the execution of two capitulations, which he had sworne, concerning the most common affaires: and the thir∣tieth of the same moneth calling together 13. Cardinals, and consulting with them about the reiection of the Ambassage of Ferdinand, and the de∣termination of Paul not to acknowledge him for Emperour, the common opinion was, that he had receiued wrong. But after a long consultation how to remedie this inconuenience, many things being proposed and discussed, but no meanes found how to treat without danger of greater incounters, in case the Electors should interpose (as it was impossible to forbid them) the common opinion was, that they were to auoide all negotiation, because it would conclude with the dishonour of the Pope, and that it was better not to expect any request to be made from the Emperour. This was approued by the Pope, who thought it wisedom to giue that, which he could neither * 1.142 keepe nor sell. He therefore presently called for Franciscus della Torre, the Emperours Minister in Rome, and tolde him that he approued the resigna∣tion of Charles, A succession of Ferdinand to the Empire, promising to write vnto him with the vsual titles, and bad him send aduise hereof.

After this, he thought seriously of the Councell, being assured hee should

be importuned for it from diuers parts. Conferring with the Cardinall Mo∣rone, whom he trusted for his wisedome and friendship, he much doubted, as himselfe said, whether the Councell were good for the Apostolique Sea, or not; and if not, whether it were better to denie it absolutely, and freely oppose whosoeuer should desire it, or to make shew he was willing, and to crosse it with some impediments, besides those which the businesse it selfe * 1.143 would bring: and if it were fit to celebrate it, whether it were better to ex∣pect vntill he were requested, or to preuent and require it himselfe He cal∣led to minde the causes why Paul the 3, did dissolue it vnder colour of trans∣lation, and the hazards which Iulius did runne, if good fortune had not as∣sisted; that now there was no Emperour Charles to be feared, and that the weaker the Princes are, the BB. are the more bolde, who were the more to be looked vnto, because they cannot aduance themselues but vpon the ru∣ines of the Papacie. To oppose openly the demand of the Councell was scandalous, in regard of the glorious name thereof, and of the vaine opini∣on which the world hath, that it must needs be profitable; as also because e∣uery one is perswaded, that the Councel is refused for feare of reformation; which maketh the refusall a greater scandall. And if necessitie shal enforce to grant that which had bene absolutely denied, it will be a totall losse of reputation, and incite the world to debase him who hath opposed. In these ambiguities the Pope was assured that the Councel could not be profitable for the Church, nor for the Kingdomes diuided, and must necessarily en∣danger the Papal authoritie; yet he could not openly oppose it, because the world was vncapable of this trueth. But he was vncertaine, whether, in case the Kings or Kingdomes did require it the coiunctures of the future affaires might be such, as that the secret impediments might take effect. When hee had thought of all, he concluded to shew himselfe ready, yea, desirous, and to preuent the desires of others, that he might conceale himselfe the better in crossing them, and haue more credit in representing the contrary difficul∣ties, referring to the superiour causes that deliberation, to which humane iudgement could not reach. So much he resolued of, and no more.

The coronation was made at the Epiphany; and the eleauenth of the same moneth he held a frequent congregation of Cardinals, in which he decla∣red his minde at large, that hee would reforme the Court, and call a generall Councell, charging them all to consider what things deserued reformation, and of the place, time & other preparations of the Synod, that it might not bring foorth the same fruit that it had done twice before. And afterwards he spake of this in his priuate discourses with the Cardinals and Ambassa∣dours, vpon all occasions; yet did nothing which might manifest his inten∣tion more plainely.

Newes came to the Emperour at Ʋienna of what the Pope had intima∣ted to his Minister; who immediatly deputed an Ambassadour, and, before * 1.144 his departure, wrote to the Pope to giue him ioy of his assumption, and thankes that he had wisely, and like a father, ended the difficultie, which Paulus 4 had, against reason and equitie, set on foot, giuing him an account of the Ambassadour which he had appointed to come vnto him. This was Scipio, Count of Arco, who came to Rome the tenth of February, and

fell into a great difficulty in the very beginning. For the Emperour gaue him commission to render to the Pope reuerence onely, and the Pope was reso∣lute hee should render him obedience, shewing that the. Ambassadours of other Emperors had done so to his predecessors, and said plainly, that other∣wise, he would not admit him. The Ambassadour of Spaine, and the Car∣dinal Pacceco aduised him not to transgresse his commission, but the Car∣dinals * 1.145 Morone & Trent perswaded the contrary; whose opinion he followed, because the Emperour had giuen him charge to consult with those two Cardinals in all matters. After the ceremonie was ended in the Consistery, with satisfaction of the Pope, the Ambassadour, begin to pray him in the first priuate audience, in Caesars name, to call the Councel to compose the dissensions of Germany, was preuented by him, with the Ambassadors great contentment; who beleeuing that hee was to treat with the Pope, about an * 1.146 vnpleasing businesse, was prepared to deliuer in sugered termes, that it might be heard more willingly. The Pope told him, that the Cardinals, being in the Conclaue, consulted how they might set the Councell on foote againe, in which consultation himselfe was a very principal partie; and now being Pope, was more confirmed in the same determination. Yet he would not proceede blindely, but so as that he might auoyd the difficulties, which happened before, and would bee sure of the necessarie preparatories, that the desired fruit might succeed. Hee sayd the like to the Ambassadours of France and Spaine, and wrote to his Nuncij to impart it to their Kings: hee spake of it also with the Ambassadours of the King of Portugal, and of the Princes of Italie, which were in Rome. * 1.147

After this the Duke of Sauoy sent one expresly to desire the Pope, that by his fauour, he might make a colloquie of religion, to instruct his people of the Vallies, who were generally alienated from the old religion. These were a part of the Waldenses, who, 400, yeeres since, forsooke the Church of Rome, and in regard of the persecutions, fled into Polonia, Germany, Puglia, Prouence, and some of them into the Valleys of Mountsenis, Luserna, Angronia, Perosa, and S. Martin. These hauing alwayes continued in their separation, with certaine ministers of their owne, whom they called Pastors, when the doctrine of Zuinglius was planted in Geneua, did presently vnite themselues with those, as agreeing with them in points of doctrine, & principall rites: and when Piemont was vnder the French-men, though they were forbid vpon paine of death to exercise their religion, yet by little and little, they made it publique, so that when Countrey was restored to the Duke of Sauoy, the exercise of it was almost free. The Duke resolued to make them receiue the Catholike religion, so that many were burned, and put to death by other meanes, and more condemned to the Galleys, at the instigation of the Inquifitor, Thomaso Iacomello, a Dominican Friar. This made them consult whether it were lawfull to defend themselues with Armes; wherein their ministers did not agree. Some sayd they might not oppose their Prince, though it were to defend their own liues, but might carry away their goods and reure into the mountaines. Others said they might vse force, in so de∣sperate a case as this, especially it being not so much against the Prince, as against the Pope, who abused the autoritie of the Prince. Many of them

did follow the first opinion, and the others stood vpon their guard; so that the Duke perceiuing they had not rebellious thoughts, and that they might ea∣sily be gained by instruction, receiued the counsell which was giuen him, to institute a Colloquie to this end. But because hee would not displease the Pope, by proceeding without his knowledge, he gaue him an account here∣of, and asked his consent. The Pope beeing angry that, in Italy also, euen vn∣der * 1.148 his nose, his authority should be questioned, answered that hee would consent by no meanes; but, if those people had neede of instruction, hee would send a Legate, with authority to absolute them who would bee con∣uerted, accompanied with Diuines who might giue them instruction. But * 1.149 hee sayd hee had little hope to conuert them, because the heretikes are obsti∣nate, and whatsoeuer is done to exhort them to acknowledge their fault, they expound to bee a want of force to compell them. That it cannot bee remembred that any good was euer done by this moderation, but that ex∣perience is taught, that the sooner iustice is vsed, and force of Armes, when that other is not sufficient, so much the better the successe is. If hee would proceed thus, hee would send him assistance; but if he thought it not fit, all might bee deferred vntill a generall Councell, which he would suddenly call. * 1.150 The Duke did not like the sending of a Legat, because it would haue prouo∣ked them more, and forced him to proceed according to the interests of o∣thers, thinking it better to take Armes, which the Pope commended more, and promised assistance. Therefore there was warre in these Ʋalleys all this yeere, and part of the next, whereof we will speake in the time when it ended.

There was a great conspiracie in many parts of France, into which many * 1.151 were entred, and the maior part for cause of Religion, disdaining to see poore people drawen euery day to the stake to bee burned, guilty of nothing but of zeale to worship GOD, and to saue their owne soules. To these were ioy∣ned others, who, thinking the Guisards to be the cause of all the disorders of the Kingdome, iudged it an heroike acte to deliuer it from oppression, by taking the publike administration out of their hands. There were also am∣bitious persons, desirous of change, who could not worke their will, but in the middest of troubles. Both these couered themselues with the cloake of Religion, to gaine more followers: and the better to confirme their mindes, caused the Principall Lawyers of Germany and France, and the most famous Protestant Diuines to publish in writing, that, without violating the Maiestie of the King and dignity of the lawfull Magistrate, they might oppose with Armes, the violent domination of the house of Guise, who offended true Re∣ligion, and lawfull iustice, and kept the King as it were in prison. The Con∣spirators prepared a great multitude, who should appeare before the King, without Armes, to demand that the seuerity of the iudgements might be mi∣tigated, and liberty of conscience granted, designing they should bee fol∣lowed by Gentlemen, who should make supplication against the gouerne∣ment of the Guisards. The conspiracie was discouered, and the Court reti∣red from Blois, an open place fit for the execution of such a purpose, vnto * 1.152 Amboise, a strong fortresse. This troubled the Conspiratours; who, while they were thinking of a new course, some of them, who tooke Armes, were beaten and slaine, and others taken and sentenced to die; and to appease the

tumult, pardon was granted by the Kings Edict, dated the eighteenth of March, to all, who simply moued with zeale of Religion, had entred into the conspiracie, so that they disarmed within 24. houres. Afterwards the King, by his Edict, pardoned all the reformatists, vntill they returned to the Church. Hee forbade all assemblies for Religion, and committed to the Bishops the hearing of the causes of heresie. This displeased the Chancellor; though hee consented, for feare the Spanish Inquisition would bee brought in, as the Gui∣sards desired.

The humors mooued were not quieted by the punishment of the Con∣spirators, and the pardons published, nor the hopes laid aside, which they had conceiued, to haue libertie of religion, yea, greater tumults of the people were raised in Prouence, Languedoc, and Poitou, whether the Preachers of Geneua * 1.153 were called, and came willingly: by whose Sermons the number of the Pro∣testants did increase. This generall and sudden combination made the go∣uernours of the Kingdome resolute, that there was neede of an Ecclesiasticall remedie, and that very quickly; and a Nationall Synode was proposed by the whole Councell. The Cardinall of Armignac said, that nothing was to be done without the Pope; that he alone was able to make prouision; that they should write to Rome, and expect an answere. To which opinion some few Prelats did adhere. But the Bishop of Valence said, that a sudden remedy could not be expected from the Pope, because he was farre distant, nor a fit one, be∣cause hee was not informed of the particular necessity of the Kingdome, nor a charitable one, because he was busied in making his Nephewes great; that GOD had giuen to all kingdomes, all things necessary to gouerne them; that France had Prelats of its owne to regulate the causes of religion, who better know the wants of the kingdome; that it would bee a great absurditie to see Paris burne, hauing the riuers of Some and Marne full of water, and to beleeue that water must be brought from Tiber, to quench the fire. The resolution * 1.154 of the Councell was, that, there beeing neede of a strong and sudden remedy, the Prelates of the Kingdome should assemble, to finde a way to hinder the course of these great mischiefes: and the eleuenth of Aprill the Synod was in∣timated, for the tenth of September.

But that the Pope might not take it in ill part, a Curriet was dispatched to Rome, to giue him an account of the resolution, and to enforme him of the necessity of that remedy, and to pray him not to take it amisse. The Am∣bassador represented to his Holinesse the infection of the kingdome, and the dangers, and the hope which the King had of some good remedy by a ge∣nerall Conuocation of the Prelats, without which he saw no meanes to make an effectuall pouision. Therefore hee was forced not to deferre longer, nor to expect remedies from places romote, which were vncertaine, and long in comming, and to vse that which was in his owne power: and he added that no constitution of that Synod should bee of force before it were confirmed by his Holinesse. The Pope, on the contrary, did grieuously complaine, that the King had pardoned the errours committed against religion, euen of * 1.155 those who did not aske it; wherein none had power but himselfe. And what King is there (hee sayd) who thinketh hee is able to pardon offences against GOD? That it is no maruell if, by the iust wrath of GOD, there

be so many tumults in that kingdome, where the Sacred Canons are dise∣steemed and the Popes authority vsurped. He said that the assembling of the Prelats would doe no good, yea, would cause a greater diuision▪ that he had proposed a generall Councel which was the onely remedy that the cause why it was not essembled already proceeded from them who would not haue it, that hee was resolued to celebrate it, though it were desired by none, but * 1.156 would not by any meanes consent to the assembly of the Prelates, either in France or elsewhere, that this was neuer tolerated by the Apostolique Sea▪ that if euery Prince should celebrate Councels of himselfe, a confusion and separation of the Church must needes follow. Hee complained much that the assembly was first intimated, and then his consent demanded which hee must needes thinke was done with small respect of the head of the Church▪ to whom all Ecclesiasticall affaires are to bee referred, not to giue him an ac∣count when they are done, but to receiue from him authority to doe them; that the Edicts published did inferre an Apostasie in that kingdome from the Sea of Rome; for remedie whereof hee would send an expresse Nuncio, to make his will knowen to the King.

Hee sent the Bishop of Viterbo, with instruction, to shew him that a Na∣tionall * 1.157 Councell of that Kingdome, would bee a kinde of Schisme from the vniuersall Church, giue a bad example to other nations, and make his Pre∣lates proud, assuming greater authoritie, which diminution of his owne; that it is generally knowen how earnestly they desire the restitution of the Prag∣matique, which they would first of all bring in, by which meanes the King would lose his whole collation of the regalities, and the presentation of the Bishoprickes and Abbies: whence it would follow that the Prelats, not ac∣knowledging the power of the King, would refuse to obey him. And yet, with all these inconueniences, the euils which do now presse him, would not be prouided against. For the heretikes doe professe already that they esteeme not the Prelates, so that whatsoeuer they should doe would bee opposed by the Protestant Ministers, if for no other cause, because it was done by them▪ that the true remedie was to make the Prelates, and other Curates reside and keepe their flockes, opposing the furie of the woolues, and to proceed in iu∣stice against those who are iudged to bee heretiques, by the iudges of faith, and where it cannot bee done in regard of the multitude, to vse force of armes to compell all to the performance of their duetie; before the conta∣gion doth increase, that all these things beeing done now, all differences might bee compleatly endded, by the celebration of the generall Councell, which hee would immediatly intimate, that, if the King would resolue to reduce the contumacious to obedience, before they did more increase in number and strength, hee promised to assist him with all his power, and to labour that the King of Spaine, and Princes of Italie should doe the like. But if hee would not bee perswaded to compell his Subiects by force, the Nuncio had instruction to propose vnto him, that all the mischiefe which troubleth France, and the poyson, which infecteth that Kingdome, and the neighbour places, commeth from Geneua; that the extirpation of that roote * 1.158 would take away a great nourishment of the euill; that making warre out of the Kingdome, hee should euacuate those bad humors, which did trouble it▪

Therefore he was to exhor•• the King to ioyne with him in this good worke promising that hee would ••d••ee the King of Spaine, and the Duke of Sauoy, to doe the like.

The Pope gaue the bishop Commission also to negotiate the same thing with the Duke of Sauoy, as he passed. He wrote to the King of Spaine, and ••ealt with him by his Nuncio, that he would labour to diuert his cofin from the Nationall Councell, which would be hurtfull to France, and a bad exam∣ple for Spaine, and worse for the Low Countreys. The Duke of Sauoy hear∣kened to the proposition of the warre of Geneua, promising to employ him∣selfe wholly in it, so that those two Kings would bee content to assist him, and that the warre were to bee made by him and for him. For that Citie belonging to his Dominion, it was not iust, in case it were wonne, that a∣ny should possesse it but himselfe. Therefore if his Holinesse would come to the effect, it was necessary to make a league with plaine capitulations, lest some great inconuenience might arise, if either the Kings should not agree, or himselfe should bee abandoned, after he had prouoked the Suisses against him, who would vndoubtedly defend the Citie.

For Geneua, the King of Spaine considered, that France would not permit it should bee in the hands of any but French-men, which was not good for his seruice, in regard of the vieinity of the Franche Countie. Therefore hee answered that hee thought it not a fit time to make attempt. But for the Nationall Councell of France, he was perswaded it would bee a dange∣rous example to his States. Therefore hee dispatched away Antonio di To∣ledo, Prior of Lions, to signifie to the French King, that the celebration of that Councell would bee very hurtfull, in regard of the diuision which might a∣rise, the kingdome being infected. Hee prayed him not to goe on heere∣in, * 1.159 and sayd, that nothing mooued him to make this request, but onely his loue to him, and his zeale to the glory of God. Hee left to his considera∣tion, besides the contentions which it might cause within his kingdome, the pernicious example which other Prouinces would take, and the preiudice it would bring to the Generall Councell, which was to bee held, and was the onely remedy for all the euils and diuisions of Christendome; that it would shew there was not so good intelligence betweene the Emperour and them as should bee, and would make the Protestants waxe proud, in preiudice of the publique cause. Hee added, that hee wanted not force to represse the insolencies of his Subiects, and, if hee would make vse of the forces of him the King of Spaine, hee would very willingly employ them in this case, and his owne person also, if there were neede, that his Subiects might not boast they had brought him to any indignitie: whereof he was to consider much now, in this beginning of his reigne. Hee gaue commission also to his Am∣bassadour, that, if hee could not obtaine this, hee should, for the same and o∣ther reasons, negotiate a suspension of it, for as long a time as he could, and should treate with the Cardinall of Lorayne, who, as hee vnderstood, had a great hand in this Councell, that, as a Prince of the Church, and as hauing a great part in the gouernement of that Kingdome, hee was bound to consi∣der the dammage which might redound to it, and all Christendome. He cau∣sed also the same request to be made to the Duke of Guise, the Constable, the

Queene mother, and to the Marshall Saint Andrew. Hee gaue him com∣mission also to aduise the Duchesse of Parma, and Ʋargas his Ambassadour at Rome, of whatsoeuer hee did. Likewise hee gaue the Pope aduice of the earnest request he had made by one expresly sent, and of the need that King had of assistance. To this he added the necessitie in which himselfe was, the Turkes hauing taken from him the yeere before, twenty Gallies, twenty fiue * 1.160 round Ships, and the fortresse of Gerbe; which forced him to increase his Ar∣mie▪ He therefore requested his Holinesse, to grant him a large Subsidy of the Churches, and Benefices of his Kingdomes.

The proposition of assaulting Geneua, was not well taken in France, be∣cause * 1.161 it would make the Hugonots (so the Reformatists are called) suspicious, and vnite themselues. Besides, none going to that warre but the Catho∣liques, the Kingdome would bee left open to the opposites. And to pro∣uoke the Suisses, protectors of that Citie, seemed not good, in regard of the seruice they might doe that Crowne. Therefore they answered the Nuncio onely thus, that, while so great confusion did afflict the Kingdome within, it was impossible to apply themselues to matters abroad. But, for the Na∣tionall * 1.162 Councell, the same answere was giuen to Toledo and the Nuncio, that the King was resolued to keepe himselfe and the kingdome in the Catho∣lique vnion; that hee would make a Nationall Councell to separate him∣selfe, but to vnite to the Church those that went astray; that a Generall Coun∣cell would more please, and, in likelyhood, be more profitable, if his vrgent occasions would suffer him to expect the time, which must needes be very long; that the Nationall Councell, which hee desireth, shall depend on the Apostolique Sea, and the Pope, which shall cease when the Generall shall be assembled, and shall incorporate with it. And that his deedes may answere to his words, hee desired the Pope to send a Legate into France, with power to assemble the Bishops of the Kingdome, and to settle the affaires of Re∣ligion.

The Pope cast foorth the Proposition to make warre against Geneua, not so much for the hatred hee bare to that Citie, as the Seminary of the Zuin∣glian Preachers in France, or for feare of some innouation in Italy, as to pro∣long the treatie of the Generall Councell. For if the warre had beene kin∣dled, it would haue lasted a yeere at the least, and in the meane while, the Councell would haue beene forgotten, or a good forme would haue beene found for it. But now, seeing that his proposition did not take effect, and that the French did still perseuere in their resolution for a nationall Synode, hee thought it necessary not to deferre his determination for the generall, and to stop the French-men with this, and with some grant of what they de∣sired. Hee conferred hereof with the Cardinals which were most intimate * 1.163 with him, and particularly about the place, which seemed of most impor∣tance, because, in conclusion, the Councell doth produce effect according to the minde of him that is strongest in the place where it is celebrated. Hee would faine haue proposed Bolonia, or some other of his owne Cities, pro∣mising to goe thither in person, but saw it would bee ill construed by the world. He was resolued not to accept of any Citie beyond the Mountains, no not to heare any proposition of it. The Cardinall Pacceco proposed Mi∣lan,

and he condescended, so that he might haue the Castle in his hands, du∣ring the time of the Councell; which was to referre himselfe to an impossi∣ble condition. He thought also vpon some of the Venetian Cities, but the Republique excused it selfe, lest they should make the Turkes suspicious, of whose forces they were then afraid. When hee had considered all, he found no fitter place then Trent. For the Councell hauing been held there twice be∣fore, euery one had experience of what was good, and what bad in that place, * 1.164 and therefore would more easily consent to goe thither then elsewhere. And there was also some appearance of reason for it, because the Councell, celebra∣ted by Iulius, was not finished, but suspended. Hee thought to satisfie the French men, by sending Cardinall Tornon into France, not in qualitie of a Le∣gate, but with power, when he was there and saw there neede, to assemble * 1.165 some of the Prelats of the Kingdome, such as the King and himselfe thought fit, but not all, that there might be no appearance of a Councell, and to treate with these, but to resolue of nothing.

There were also two other accidents of no lesse consideration, which thrust the Pope forward to speake more plainely of a Councell; one farre off, but imported the losse of a Kingdome; the other concerned one person onely, but was of great consequence. The Nobilitie of Scotland, who had a * 1.166 long time made warre to chase the French men out of the Kingdome, and to take the gouernment out the handes of the Queene Regent, and had euer encountred many difficulties, in regard of the great succours, sent her by her sonne in law the French King, to maintaine the kingdome for his wife; finally that they might quite free themselues, they resolued to ioyne with the English, and incite the people against the Regent. To this end they gaue way to libertie of religion, to which the people was inclined. By this meanes they brought the Frenchmen into great straits, and the old religion was lit∣tle esteemed; for which the Pope was blamed, because the world thought, that, if the Councell had beene begunne, all popular commotions would haue beene stopped. The other accident was, that the King of Bohemia had, a long time, held intelligence with the Protestant Electors, and Princes of * 1.167 Germanie, and was formerly suspected for it by Paul the fourth, so that hee could not refraine to obiect to the Emperour, in priuate discourse which hee had with Martin Gusman his Ambassadour, that his sonne was a fauourer of heresie. The same suspicion continuing in the Court after the death of Paul, the Pope caused the Count of Arco to tell him, that if he would not liue as a Catholique, hee would not confirme him King of the Romanes, yea, would depriue him of all Dominion. Notwithstanding this, aduice came afterwards to Rome, that hee entertained a Preacher, and heard him often, who had brought in the vse of the Cup in diuers places, but not in the Citie; and the King himselfe sayd, hee could not receiue it otherwise: which al∣though he put not in practise, yet those words gaue the Pope great suspicion, especially because, almost in all places of Germanie, the Communion of * 1.168 the Chalice was vsed by all that would, and none hindered the Priests to mi∣nister it. For all these former respects the Pope was resolute to make this great iumpe.

The third of Iune he called the Ambassadours of the Emperour, of Spaine,

Portugal Polonia, Venice and Florence; who appearing all before his Holinesse, except the Ambassadour of Polonia, that was sicke, hee complained first, that hee could not call the French Ambassadour for feare of some question of precedencie, which was a cause to hinder the publique benefit of con∣sulting on the common affaires of Christendome: but those two Kings be∣ing cousins, it was necessary they should resolue to accommodate the diffe∣rence, * 1.169 for the good of the Christian Common-wealth, and especially of their owne Kingdomes. Then hee said, that, the cause why hee had called them, was the celebration of the Councell, which hee was resolued to bring to ef∣fect, remoouing all difficulties, which Princes, for their owne ends, might set on foote: that the place should be Trent, which hauing pleased twice, could now be denied by none, in regard it was not a new place, and the Councell celebrated there onely suspended. Therefore taking away the suspension, the Councell is open, as before; and many good Constitutions hauing been made there, it would not be fit to call them in question, by making shew of calling a new Councell. He added that it was necessary to doe it quickly, be∣cause things grew worse euery day as appeared in France, where they treated of a Nationall Councell; which hee neither would nor could endure, because Germanie, and euery Prouince would doe the like; that hee would giue or∣der to his Nuncij with the Emperour, Kings of France and Spaine, to treate hereof with their Maiesties, and did now intimate the same to all them, that they might send their Princes word of it. For although he could both re∣solue and execute of him selfe, yet hee thought fit to doe it with their know∣ledge, that they might put him in minde of some things for the common be∣nefit, and reformation of the Church, and send Ambassadours to the Coun∣cell, and fauour it by treating with the Protestants. Hee added, that hee did beleeue that some of the Princes of Germanie would goe thither in person, and that he was sure the Marquisse of Brandeburg would.

Vargas made a long answere, relating what had been done in former Councels. He discoursed of the manner of celebrating Councels, and then descended to the place, and spake of what was done in Trent, where himselfe was present. He distinguished Generall Councels from Nationall, much condemning that which was intimated in France. The Ambassadour of Portugall commended the Popes purpose, and promised the obedience of his Master. The Venetian sayd, that, in times past, neuer any better remedie was found then Councels, and thanked GOD for inspiring his Holinesse to doe so pious a worke, which was for the preseruation of Religion, and bene∣fit of Princes, who could not hold their States in peace in change of Religi∣on. The Florentine Ambassadour spake in the same manner, offering all assi∣stance from the Duke. The Pope wrote to his Nuncio in Germany, France, * 1.170 and Spaine, in conformity of that which hee spake to the Ambassadours, Yet hee neuer talked of the Councell, but hee cast foorth some seed of a contrary herbe, which might hinder the birth of it, or choke it afterwards, being as∣sured, that, when the affaires of the world did stand so, that the life of it might doe him seruice, hee could roote out that which hee had sowed vpon it. Hee told the same Ambassadours apart, some more plainely, some in iest, that, to call the Councel with profit, it was necessary to thinke more of the end, then

of the beginning, and of the execution, then of the Conuocation, prose∣cution: that the Conuocation belonged to him alone, the prosecution to him and the Prelats, the execution to the Princes: and therefore that it was meet, that, first of all, they should binde themselues to it, and make a league, and elect a generall Captaine, to goe against the disobedient, to execute the deter∣minations of the Councell, considering that, without this, it would be fruit∣lesse, and dishonourable to the Apostolike Sea, and to those Princes who had sent Ambassadours, and afforded fauour and assistance.

The Pope did not receiue a conformable answere from his Nuncij. The * 1.171 King of Spaine commended the Councell, approoued the place of Trent, pro∣mised to send his Prelates to it, and to fauour it by all other meanes; but ad∣ded, that it was not fit to doe any thing without the good will of the Empe∣rour, and French King. The answere of this King was, that hee approoued the celebration of the Councell, but not the place of Trent, alleadging that his Prelates could not goe thither, and proposing for places more fit, Con∣stance, Triers, Spire, Wormes, or Aganoa. Hee intimated also, that they ought not to make a continuation of the things begun in Trent, but to abandon * 1.172 them quite, and make a whole new Councell. This answere troubled the Pope, who thought it did not proceede from the Kings owne motion, but from the Hugonots.

But the Emperour sent a long writing, in which hee sayd, hee could pro∣mise nothing for the Princes of Germany, before hee knew their opinion; which he could not doe without a Diet: which if hee would call, it was ne∣cessary not to name the Councell, because the Princes would not goe thi∣ther, but pretending another cause to call it, hee might afterwards speake * 1.173 of it by occasion. Hee added, that, for his patrimoniall States, hee had no hope to bring them to the Synode, without graunting them the Com∣munion of the Cuppe, and marriage of Priests, and without a good refor∣mation were made; but aboue all, that no mention ought to bee made of a continuation of the things begun in Trent. For the Lutheranes would neuer consent otherwise, yea, the very name of Trent would make them refuse. And he proposed Constance or Ratisbon. The Pope saw that the proposition of a Diet did require the time of a yeere, and perhaps of two, and was glad of it, but was sory that the occurrences of France required haste. He told euery one, to shew his forwardnesse, that he cared not for one place more then an∣other, and would take Spire, Collen, or any other Citie which pleased the Emperour, so that the Bishops might come and goe in safetie, it not being conuenient to secure those who haue no voyce in the Councell, and leaue o∣thers without securitie who certainely haue. But it was not fit to speake of reuoking what was done in Trent, saying he would spend his blood in main∣taining it, it beeing a matter of faith. Concerning that which is of humane constitution, as the Communion of the Cup, and marriage of Priestes, these prohibitions beeing made for a good end, as hee would not take them away of himselfe, which he had power to doe, so he would referre all to the Coun∣cell, howsoeuer hee saw they would neuer forsake their opinion what∣soeuer was granted them. Hee complained of the Emperours weakenesse, who feared his owne sonne no lesse then others, and then desired the Prelates

should be sent into Germanie; where hee declared he had not power to secure them, that he would goe to Constantinople, so that hee might haue securitie, which could not be expected from the Emperour, that the Germans were al∣most in Heretiques, and the King of the Romanes more potent then his father; in the ••egarded not one place more then another, so that it were in Italy, which onely is secure for the Catholiques.

Therefore he answered the French King, and the Emperour, in generall * 1.174 terme, that hee was content with any secure place, saying that the securitie of the Councel hath alwayes beene esteemed necessary, and was now as much as euer, without making particular opposition against the places na∣med by them. But, in his answere to the Catholique King, hee commended his good mind, and confirmed him in his purpose; and, for the subsidie he desired hee interposed diuers difficulties, as well to maintaine the profits of the Church, as not to offend him, and make him his opposite, in the time of the Councell.

The affaires of the Catholiques waxed euery day more difficult. For the * 1.175 Hugonots in France grew stronger, and in Scotland liberty of Religion was granted to all by publique decree, and in Flanders the humors were prepared to stirre, vpon the first occasion; which the King did appease by proceeding slowly graunting them what they would, though to his owne losse and in∣dignitie. First, they refused to contribute to the King before the Spanish soul∣diers were remooued out of the Countrey; when these were dismissed, they would pay to none but to the people of their owne Countrey, and onely for the guard of strong places, and those not to depend of the Kings Ministers. The King endured all, knowing that euery little distaste would make them set on foote the pretence of Religion, and expected vntill the heat were extin∣guished; which he did the rather, because it was discouered that the seedes of the new opinions in Spaine were not dead, but onely couered for feare, and that in Sauoy there were more heretiques besides the old Waldenses.

But the Court of Rome was grieued most of all, that the Pope hauing, by his nephew Marcus Altemps, who afterwards was Cardinall, perswaded the King of Bohemia to be a good Catholique, with many promises of honours and profits, intimating the succession of the Empire, which he would hardly obtaine in case he should doe otherwise, was answered by the King, that hee * 1.176 thanked his Holinesse, but that his soules health was more deare to him, then all the things of the world, which answere they sayd in Rome, was a Lutheran forme of speach, and signified an alienation from the obedience of that Sea, and they began to discourse what would happen after the Empe∣rours death. While these accidents troubled the Popes minde, newes was * 1.177 brought him, that the Hugonots his Subiects in the territory of Auignion were assembled, and disputed whether they might take Armes against the Pope their temporall Lord, and resolued they might, because his succession was not lawful, as well because that Countrey was not iustly taken from Rai∣mondus, Count of Tholouse, as also for that the Ecclesiastiques cannot, by the commandement of Christ, possesse any temporal Dominion: and resoluing to rebel, by the means of Alexander Guilotimus, a lawyer, put themselues vnder the protection of Charles de Montbrun, who was in Armes for Religion, and was

much followed in Dolphinie. Charles, entring the territory with three thou∣sand foote, made himselfe Lord of the whole Countrey, with much ioy of the inhabitants. Iames Maria, Bishop of Ʋiuiers, Vice-Legat of Auignion, made opposition, and very hardly kept the Citie. The Pope was much afflicted herewith, not so much for the losse of the Countrey, as for the cause, which, being taken for an example, would touch the very root of the Papacie. Ther∣fore hee sent Cardinall Farne••e, who was Legat, to defend the Citie. But the danger was moderated, because Cardinall Tornon (whose Neede Charles had * 1.178 married) who was then not farre from that place, as hee was going to the Court, made him desist, and goe to Geneua, by promising restitution of his goods, confiscated for rebellion, and to bee recalled shortly, with liberty of conscience, if he would goe out of France. So the Popes territory, depriued of that protection, did remaine in subiection, but full of suspicions, and rea∣dy to embrace euery nouitie.

The Protestants still increasing in France, and which was of more impor∣tance, the dissentions and suspicions betweene the Grandies, the 21. of Au∣gust 1560. the King called a very great assembly at Fountainbleau, in which ha∣uing * 1.179 briefly exhorted, to set downe what was fit for his seruice, the necessities of the Kingdome were declared by the Chancellour, which hee compared to a man sicke of an vnknowen disease. Afterwards Iasper Colignie gaue the King some petitions, which he said were deliuered to him, by a multitude of peo∣ple, when he was in Normandy, vnto whom hee could not denie this fauour, to present them to his Maiestie. The summe of them was; that the faithfull Christians, dispersed throughout the whole Kingdome, did pray his Maiesty to looke on them with a fauourable eye; that they desired nothing but a moderation of the cruell punishments, vntill their cause were heard; and that they might make publique profession of their Religion, to auoid suspicion by priuate assemblies. Then Iohn Monluc, Bishop of Valence, hauing declared the * 1.180 infirmities of the Kingdome, and commended the chastising of the fediti∣ous, sayd that the cause of the euill remained, yea still grew worse, so long as religion might bee taken for a pretence; against which, prouision had not beene formerly made, because the Popes had no other ayme, but to holde the Princes in warre; and the Princes, thinking to suppresse the euill with punishments, haue not attained the wished end, nor the Magistrates and Bi∣shops iustly performed their duetie. The principall remedie was to flie vnto GOD, to assemble godly men out of the whole Kingdome, to finde a way to roote out the vices of the Clergie, to forbid infamous and immodest songs, and in stead of them to command the singing of Psalmes, and holy hymnes, in the vulgar tongue; and if the common interpretation which goeth about be not good, to take away the errours, suffering that which is good to be v∣sed by all. Another remedie was, the Generall Councell, alwayes vsed to compose such differences; that hee could not see how the Popes conscience could be quiet one moment, in regard so many soules did perish euery day; saying, that if a Generall Councell could not bee obtained, they were to as∣semble a Nationall, by the example of Charles the Great, and Lewis the De∣boneere; that they did grieuously erre who troubled the publique quiet with armes, vpon pretence of Religion, a thing alwayes abhorred by antiquitie;

that their errour was as great, who condemned to death those that adhered * 1.181 to the new doctrine, onely for the opinion of piety; who, dying constant∣ly, and contemning the losse of their goods, stirre vp the mindes or the mul∣titude, and make them desirous to know what faith that is, for which they endure so great punishments.

Charles Marillac Bishop of Vienna, spake in the same manner; commending the Generall Councell, but adding, that it might sooner bee desired then ho∣ped for, considering the difficulties which doe vsually arise in such a busi∣nesse, wherein Charles the 5. hauing taken great paines, hath euer been de∣luded by the Popes. Besides, the disease of France is so sharpe, that there is no time to call a Physician from farre. Therefore they were to call a Natio∣nall Councell, as had been vsed from the time of Clodoue vntill Charles the Great, and afterwards vntill Charles the seuenth, sometimes of the whole kingdome, and sometimes of part: that now, the disease being vrgent, they were to expect no longer, nor to holde any esteeme of the impediments which the Pope did interpose; in the meane while that the Prelates ought to reside, and that the Italians, who haue a third part of the Benefices, were not to be suffered to enioy the fruits in their absence; to take away all Simonie, and ordaine, as was done in the Anciran Councell, that almes should not bee giuen in times of administring the Sacraments; that the Cardinals and Pre∣lates, deputed by Paul the third, gaue the same counsell, that Paul the fourth thought it necessary, though afterwards hee gaue himselfe to luxury and war, that if this were not done, there was danger to see the prophecie of Bernard verified, That CHRIST would descend from heauen to whippe the Priests out of the Temple, as hee had the Merchants. Then hee spake of the remedies for the other maladies of the Kingdome. Colignl, when it was his turne to speake, said, that requiring those who gaue him the petitions to subscribe them, hee was answered, that 5000. men would subscribe, if there were occasion.

Francis of Guise, concerning the point of Religion, said, hee referred him∣selfe to the iudgement of learned men, but protested that no Councell should haue so great authority with him, as to make him decline one iote from the old beliefe. The Cardinall of Loraine, hauing spoken of other particulars, descending to that of Religion, sayd, that the petitions presented were most proud, and that to grant the Orators publique exercise, were to approoue their doctrine; that it was a cleere case, that the greater part vsed Religion for a pretence; and therefore his opinion was, they should bee proceeded a∣gainst with more seueritie, mitigating the punishment of those who assem∣ble without Armes, onely for Religion, instructing and admonishing them; and to this purpose to cause the Prelates to reside, hoping that by these reme∣dies, all will bee prouided for, without either Generall or Nationall Coun∣cell. The voyces beeing not vniforme, a Decree was made, the 27. of that moneth, that there should bee an assembly of the States at Meaux, the tenth of December, and, if the Generall Councell shall not be called suddenly, as the Pope hath made shew, the Bishops shall assemble the 13. of Ianuary to treat * 1.182 of celebrating a Nationall: in the meane while the punishments for cause of Religion were suspended, except against those who tooke Armes.

The Pope, enformed of the resolution of the assembly of Fountainbleau,

wrote to Cardinall Tornon to hinder the meeting of the Bishops, and, if hee could not returne to Rome. And the three and twentieth of September hee called the Ambassadours, and told them the neceseitie of the sudden ce∣lebration of a generall Councell, in regard of the determination of the Frenchmen, to call a Nationall; which though he had giuen order to Car∣dinall Tornon to hinder, yet hee did not hope it could be done. But hee saw * 1.183 a necessitie to celebrate the generall Councell, that it might not bee sayd that the Nationals were called, for want of it. Therefore that hee must needes open the Councell of Trent, taking away the suspension; that the place was most fit, beeing betweene Germanie and Italie, though others propose Spire, Triers, and other places, which hee would accept if they were secure; beeing readie to goe to Constantinople, if hee might with safetie; that one could not trust those who want faith; that no Catholike could bee secure in those places, no not the Emperour himselfe; that, if they refuse Trent, they may finde places in the Dukedome of Milan, the Kingdome of Naples, in the State of Venice, of the Duke of Sauoy, or Flo∣rence. Concerning the reuocation of the things already decided, it was not to bee mentioned, that hee would neither reuoke nor confirme them, but referre all to the Councell, which, with the assistance of the holy Spi∣rit, will determine whatsoeuer it shall please God. Hee did much rumi∣nate vpon the Nationall Councell of France, saving that Germanie would follow the example, and that some stirres would bee raised in Italie, if order were not taken; that they would submit the Papacie to the Councell, and whatsoeuer belongeth to it. But his resolution was this: Pro fide & religione volumus mori: Desiring the Ambassadours to speake their opinion, the Em∣perours Ambassadour sayd, it was better to take time, in regard the Empe∣rours affaires would not permit him to consent. The Pope seeming to bee angry, the Ambassadour added, that it was good first to winne the mindes of the Princes of Germany. The Pope answered more angerly, that there * 1.184 was now no time to doe it; and the Ambassadour replying, that he feared that by this meanes the heretiques would bee incited against Italy, the Pope said aloud, that GOD would not abandon his owne cause, and that he should bee assisted by the Catholique Princes, with men and money, for his de∣fence. The Spanish Ambassadour commended the Popes purpose, and said that his King would not faile to fauour him, and that to this end hee had al∣ready sent Antonio di Toledo into France. The Ambassadours of Portugall, Ve∣nice, and others offered the fauour and assistance of their Princes, and in the ende, the Pope gaue them order to signifie his intention, and so dismissed them.

Afterwards hee receiued answere from Cardinall Tornon, that, hauing tried all meanes, hee was not able to remooue the King, nor any of his Coun∣cell, nor could hope for any better successe hereafter, yea, that hee saw all things to waxe worse. The King of Spaine, hauing sent to the Pope the fi∣nall answere giuen to Toledo, wrote withall, that the French King excused himselfe, that, without a Nationall Councell, hee could not remedie the dis∣orders of his kingdome, and that it was no maruell, if, to withstand inconue∣niences, Princes doe that alone, which they should doe together with the

Pope. This letter troubled his Holinesse thinking hee did inferre that hee might doe the same also himselfe in Flanders. It was afterwards discouered that the Popes purpose was, if hee could not absolutely auoyd the Councell, to deferre it at the least, vntill he had set in order his domesticall affaires. For, being to hold a Synod, it was necessary to giue a good example in the meane space, and spend excessiuely in maintaining poore Prelats, and officers, and * 1.185 other things, necessary for the Synode, which would consume all the reue∣newes; and the businesse it selfe also would take vp all his time, so that hee could not take care of his house. But hee resolued, though against his will, not to deferre the Conuocation any longer. Whereupon the twentieth of * 1.186 October hee held a Congregation of Cardinals, in which hee gaue them an account of the answere of the French King to Toledo, of the King of Spaine his letter to him, and of the negotiation of the Cardinall Tornon; adding a new aduertisement sent him out of France, that although the generall Coun∣cell were opened, they would not goe thither, if the Protestants did not consent to receiue it. These things put them in a great confusion, and all feared, that though the generall Councell should proceede, yet France would * 1.187 make the Nationall, whence, by consequence, an alienation from the obedi∣ence of the Apostolique Sea would arise, and an example to the residue of Christendome to doe the like, either with, or without the consent of their Princes.

Some thought much of the Protestation made to the Cardinall of Trent, that hee should not bee too liberall in offering that Citie, but remember that the Emperour is Lord of it, without whose consent hee neither can, nor ought to dispose of it in such a businesse; who had declared himselfe alrea∣die, that, by all meanes hee would first make a Diet. They were also much troubled with that which D. Antenio di Toledo wrote, that all the Grandies, yea, the Bishops themselues did fauour the new opinions, to settle and augment their owne estates. Notwithstanding all this, all the Cardinals, except the Cardinall of Ferrara, were of opinion to open the Councell, remoouing the suspension. The Pope said the Councell should begin at Saint Martins tide; and considering the imminent dangers, and the hopes to ouercome them, he * 1.188 resolued himselfe, and did comfort also the Cardinals and his other depen∣dants with it, that the losse would be great to France, and little to him. For the Apostolike Sea receiueth yeerly out of that Kingdome but fiue and twen∣tie thousand crownes, but on the other side, the Kings authority being great, granted by the Popes, to dispose of Benefices, hee would loose it all, in regard the Popes authoritie being taken away, the Pragmatike wold take place, and the Bishops would be elected by the Canons, the Abbats by the Monasteries, and the King bereaued of all this. Therefore hee was sorry for nothing but for the losse of so many soules. But if GOD would correct them for their faults and infidelity, he could not helpe it.

In the beginning of Nouember Letters came to Rome from the Emperor; * 1.189 in which he said, though in generall termes, that, concerning the Councell, hee would doe, for his owne person, whatsoeuer the Pope pleased; but ad∣ded, that, to hold a Councell out of Germanie, or to continue that of Trent, by taking away the suspension, would doe no good, but raise a greater hatred

in the Protestants, with danger that they would endeuour to hinder it with Armes; in which kinde hee had heard of diuers treaties: but, making a new Councell, there was hope to perswade them to goe thither. This caused va∣riety of opinions amongst the Cardinals, it being plaine, that, if there were not a continuation of the Councell of Trent, all the things already determi∣ned would be vaine and voide, hauing neuer beene confirmed by any Pope. This was proposed in Congregation by his Holinesse, whereof they consul∣ted * 1.190 and spake much, without giuing of voyces; which being demanded in another Congregation, Carpi shewed at large, that it was necessary to conti∣nue the Councell, remoouing the suspension onely, and was followed by Ce∣sis and Pisano. But the Cardinall of Trent, who was next, said, that in a matter where they were to treat de summa rerum, full of so many difficulties, it was better to thinke a little more on it. And this opinion was followed by all the other Cardinals. And, fitly, the next euening a Currier came in haste, to Rome out of France, with protestations from the King, that, if the generall * 1.191 Councell were not called, he could no longer deferre the Nationall: and that they were not to thinke of Trent, or any place in Italie, in regard the Councell hauing been desired so many yeeres for the necessities of Germany, and now the danger of France beeing added, it was meete to holde it in a conuenient place for both the nations: otherwise it would bee in vaine, if the Germanes and French-men went not thither, adding, that if any place in France were chosen, it should be most secure. In the end the Pope thought not fit to delay it any more, but the fifteenth of Nouember resolued in the Consi∣story to make, the next Sunday, a Procession, in sackecloth and ashes, gi∣uing * 1.192 a Iubelie, and singing the Masse of the holy Ghost, for the determinati∣on made to celebrate the Councell in Trent; concluding that if, after it was assembled, it seemed commodious to translate it to another place, hee would doe it, and goe himselfe also in person, so that it were secure. He added, that he could finde Armes to vse, if any went about to infringe the things determi∣ned, and began to consider of the tenour of the Bull. Euery day a Congrega∣tion * 1.193 was held, to resolue whether they should plainely declare the continua∣tion, taking away the suspension (as he desired) that the things determined might not be disputed on againe, or examined. The Imperialists, and French men laboured much with the Pope and the Deputies, that it might be called a new Councel, that the Dutch and French-men might go thither, saying, they might resolue in it, that the things already handled might not be handled a∣gaine, otherwise it were in vaine to speake of a Councell to reduce the Prote∣stants, giuing them occasion at the first to refuse it, and to say they could not submit themselues to those who haue condemned them before they were heard. On the contrary, the Spaniards and Duke of Florence, who was then in Rome, laboured that the suspension only might be remoued, and a continua∣tion declared. The Pope and deputies tooke a middle way hoping both par∣ties would be satisfied. A Iubelie was published and sent into all places, and the 24. day the Pope, with the Colledge of Cardinals, & all the Court, went on foote, with a solemne Procession, from S. Peters Church to Minerua, in which there was great cōfusion. For the Ambassadors who were wont to go before the Crosse, perceiuing that the BB. did follow, and after them the Duke of Flo∣rence

between 2. minor Cardinals, they would haue that place also. Wherupon there arose a disorder; for cōposing wherof, after some contestation, the Pope gaue them place betweene himselfe and the Cardinals who went before him.

The 29. day the Conuocation of the Councell was published in the Con∣sistory, the Bul wherof was intitled, of the Intimation of the Councel of Trent, the Latine word was Indictionis. And it was so printed in many places, though afterwards when the whole body of the Councell was printed, the word, Ce∣lebrationis, was vsed. The tenor of the Bull was;

That the Pope, from the beginning of his assumption, did apply his mind * 1.194 to the rooting out of heresies, extinction of diuisions, and amendment of manners; for remedie whereof he resolued to celebrate a generall Councell, that Paul the third, and Iulius had assembled it before, but could not finish it; and relating all the occurrences vnder those Popes, ascribeth the successe to diuers impediments, promoted by the enemy of mankinde, at the least, to deferre so great a benefit of the Church, which hee could not absolutely hinder; saying, that in the meane while the heresies and diuisions were mul∣tiplied. But it hauing pleased GOD to giue peace to Christian Kings and Princes, he conceiued hope to put an end to the euils of the Church, by means of the Councell, which hee would not deferre any longer, that hee-might take away schisme, and heresies, reforme manners, and preserue peace a∣mongst Christians. Therefore, by the counsell of the Cardinals, and ad∣uice of Ferdinand, Emperour elected, and other Kings and Princes, whom hee hath found ready to helpe forward the celebration, by the authoritie of GOD, and of the holy Apostles Peter and Paul, hee doth intimate a generall Councell, in the Citie of Trent, to begin at Easter, remoouing all suspension whatsoeuer, exhorting, and commanding, vnder the canonicall punish∣ments, all Patriarkes, Archbishops, Bishops, Abbats, and others, who haue a deciding voyce by law, priuiledge, or ancient custome, not beeing lawful∣ly hindered, to bee there before that day; admonishing those also in the same manner, who haue, or may haue any interest there; praying the Emperour, Kings, and Princes; to send their Proctors, if they cannot be personally pre∣sent; and to cause their Prelates to performe their duetie without excuse or delay, and to make the passage free and secure, for them and their company, as himselfe will doe within his Territories, hauing no other end in celebra∣ting the Councell, but the honour of GOD, the reducing of the dispersed sheepe; and the perpetuall peace of Christendome; ordaining that the Bull should be published in Rome: and that by vertue thereof after the end of two moneths, it shall binde all that are comprehended, as if it had been personally intimated vnto them.

The Pope thought hee had satisfied himselfe, those who would haue a * 1.195 new Councell intimated, and those who desired a continuation of the old. But as middle counsels doe vsually displease both parties, so the Pope gaue satisfaction to none, as shall be declared. Presently after the publication of the Bull the Pope sent Nicheto into France with it, with commission, if the forme did not please, to say, that they should not except against the word Continuare, because it did not hinder them to speake againe of the things al∣ready proposed. Hee sent it also to the Emperour, and King of Spaine. He

sent likewise Zacharias Delphinus, Bishop of Liesina, to the Princes of high Germany, and Ioannes Franciscus Comendone, Bishop of Zante, to those of Lowe Germany, with letters to them all, and with order, first to receiue instruction from the Emperour how to treate with them, and then to execute their am∣bassage. He sent also the Abbat Martinengo to the Queene of England, to inuite her and her Bishops to the Councell, beeing perswaded so to doe by the fore∣named Edward Cerne, who promised him that his Nuncio should be receiued * 1.196 by one halfe of the Kingdome, by the Queenes consent. And although the Pope was put in minde to send Nuncij into England, and to Princes elsewhere, who doe professe open separation from the Sea of Rome, would be a disrepu∣tation to him, yet hee answered hee would humble himselfe to heresie, in re∣gard whatsoeuer was done to gaine soules to CHRIST, did beseeme that Sea. For the same reason also he sent Canobius into Polonia, with desseigne to make him to goe into Moscouia, to inuite that Prince and Nation to the Councell, though they haue neuer acknowledged the Pope of Rome.

Afterwards he returned to speake of the Councell in Consistory, desiring to be informed of the learned men, of good life and opinion, of diuers. Pro∣uinces, fit to dispute and perswade the trueth, saying he purposed to call ma∣ny of them; promising that, after hee had vsed all possible diligence to make all Christians come thither, and to vnite them in Religion, though some, or many, refused to come, he would not forbeare to proceede. Yet he was trou∣bled, because the Protestants of Germanie, vnto whom a great part of France was vnited, would denie to come, or would demand exorbitant things, which hee could not grant them, and doubted they might bee able to disturbe the Councell with Armes. Neither did hee hope to be assisted by the Emperour against them, in regard of his small forces. Hee confessed that the dangers were great, and the remedies small, and was perplexed and troubled in mind. The Bull of the Councel going through Germany, fell into Protestants hands, assembled at the mariage of the Duke of Salzemburg, who did intimate a Diet in Namburg, to begin the twentieth of Ianuary.

Vergerius wrote a booke against this Bull, in which, after a great inuectiue * 1.197 against the pompe, luxury, and ambition of the Court, hee said, that the Coun∣cell was called by the Pope, not to establish the doctrine of CHRIST, but the seruitude and oppression of poore soules; that none were called, but those who were bound by oath to the Pope, so that not onely all were excluded who are separated from the Church of Rome, but also men of the greatest vnderstanding amongst themselues, taking away all liberty, in which onely there was hope of agreement.

At this time newes came to Rome, that the French King had imprisoned * 1.198 the Prince of Conde, and set a guard vpon the King of Nauare; which plea∣sed the Pope much, as a thing which might wholly disturbe the Nationall Councell. And his hope was the stronger that he should receiue no distaste, because aduice came that the King was very sicke, & in danger to die, which hindred the assembly of the States in Meaux. And, in the end, there was great alteration. For Francis, the French King, dying the fift of December, and Charles the ninth, of the age of ten yeeres, succeeding, in regard of his mino∣ritie, * 1.199 the gouernment fel principally vpon the King of Nauarre, as first Prince

of the Blood. The Queene in other adhered to him; to maintain calld continue * 1.200the authority which shee had taken in the life time of her other 〈◊〉〈◊〉; and Nauar was content to participate with〈…〉〈…〉, the better to maintaine his owne. He did almost openly fauour the new religion, and was wholly gouerned by the counsell of Iasper Coligni, the Admirall, who did make profession of it; so that the Protestants were more confident to obtaine liberty of religion, as they desired. They assembled almost publikely, with much discontent and indignation of the people, and danger of section. Hereupon the Kings mo∣ther, and the chiefe of the Counsell resolued to hold the States in Orliens, and began to doe it the 13. of December.

Amongst other things, there proposed for the benefit of the Kingdome, * 1.201 the Chancellor said, that religion is the most potent weapon, ouercommeth all affections, and charitie, and is the forest bond of humane society; that Kingdomes are more bounded and more diuided by Religion, then by the confines themselues; that he that is moued with Religion, contemneth wife, children, and kinred. If there be difference of religion in the same familie, the father agreeth not with his sonnes, nor the brothers among themselues, nor the husband with the wife. To remedie these disorders, there is neede of a Councell, which the Pope hath promised: but in the meane while, it is not to be tolerated, that euery one should shape out his owne religion, and bring in new Rites at his pleasure, and so trouble the publique pence. If the Councell faile by the Popes default, the King will make prouision another way: but it was necessary that euery one should amend himselfe, because a good life is a vehement orator to perswade; that the names of Lutheranes, Hugonots, and Papists, no lesse factious then those of the Guelphes and Ghibi∣lines, were to be taken away, and Armes to be taken against those who couer their auarice, ambition, and desire of innouation, with the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of religi∣on. Iohn Angelo, aduocate in the Parliament of Bourdeaux, spake for the third * 1.202 Order: he spake much against the bad manners, and discipline of the Clergy, noting their ignorance, auarice, and luxury, as causes of all the euils; and did much discourse vpon them: in the end, hee demanded that all might bee re∣dressed by a sudden celebration of the Councell. Iames, Earle of Rochfort, * 1.203 spake for the Nobilitie; who, amongst other things, said that all the euill did arise from the large donations, made by the King and other Grandies, to the Churches, especially of iurisdictions; a thing much inconuenient, that he that ought to giue himselfe wholly to prayer and preaching, should exercise power ouer the liues and goods of the Kings subiects; and that it was neces∣sary to remedie these inconueniences. And, in the end, hee gaue a petition, demaunding in the name of the Nobility, to haue publique Churches for their religion. Iacobus Quintinus a Burgundian, spake for the Clergie. He said, * 1.204 the States were assembled to prouide for the necessities of the Kingdome, not to amend the Church, which cannot erre, which is without blemish or wrinkle, and will alwayes remaine without corruption, though the disci∣pline, in some small part, may neede reformation. Therefore those are not to bee hearkened vnto, who, renewing the Sects, long since buried, demand Churches apart from the Catholiques, but are to bee punished as heretiques, and doe not deserue that the King should heare them, who ought to force all

his Subiects, to beleeue and liue according to the forme prescribed by the * 1.205 Church, that those who haue forsaken the Kingdome for Religion, ought not to be suffered to returne, that those that are infected with here••i••, ought to be proceeded against capitally; that the Ecclesiasticall discipline will easi∣ly be reformed, if the Clergie be fried from paimene of T••••lls, and elections restored to the Chapters, it being obserued, that, in the yeere 1517 wh••••••by the Concordate, the nomination of Ecclesiasticall dignities was giuen to the * 1.206 King, the heresies of Luther began, who was followed by Zainglius and others In the end, hee demanded that all immunities and priuiledges of the Clergie should be confirmed, and all grieuances remooued.

The King ordained that the Prelates should put themselues in order to goe to the Councell, which was intimated at Trent; commanded that all that * 1.207 were in prison for Religion, should be set at liberty, their Processes 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the void, their offences, committed vntill that time, pardoned, and their goods restored He constituted a capitall punishment, for those who gaue offence for matter of Religion either in words or deeds. He admonished all to follow the rites vsed in the Church, without making any innouation. The residue was de∣ferred vntill May next, when the petition presented by Rotchfort, was to bee considered of.

The Pope, vnderstanding of the death of King Francis, together with the aduice of the Cardinall Tornon, that the Queene was ioyned with Nauar, was troubled in minde, fearing the raines would be more giuen to the Prote∣stants. Therefore hee sent Lorenzo Leutio, Bishop of Eermo, and caused the King of Spaine to send Io Manriques, to condele with the Queene; for the death of her sonne, and to pray her to bee carefull of the Religion in which * 1.208 shee was borne and bred, to remember the great benefits receiued from the Apostolique Sea, by the meanes of Clement, and not to suffer schisme to arise, by too much licence, nor to seeke remedies elswhere for the euils present and imminent, but from the Church of Rome; for which end the Councell was intimated; that in the meane space, she would take care that the Kingdome should not swarue from true piety, and that no preiudice should bee done to the Councell intimated.

The yeere 1560 ended thus, leauing some seedes, from whence greater troubles did spring. The next yeere Manriques came into France, and deli∣uered * 1.209 his Ambassage: Who hauing receiued from the Queene a piou•• and fauourable answere concerning Religion and the Councell, and speaking a∣gaine of the same subiect, as occasion was offered, did continually exhort her to proceed with punishments against the Hugonots, adding threats also to his exhortations. Nauarre, contrary to all the Spanish desseignes, did op∣pose, * 1.210 in regard of his pre••ensions to the Kingdome of Nauarre. Manriques did combine with the house of Guise, and others who had the same desseigne, to make him fauour the Catholiques, the Pope, and the Councell, to propose vnto him the patronage of the Catholique Religion in France, and that he would bee diuorced from his wife, Ioan of Alibert, Queene of Nauarre, by inheritance, and would retaine right to the Kingdome by the Popes au∣thoritie, of which shee should bee depriued for heresie by his Holinesse, and would take to wife Mary Queene of Scots, by whom hee should haue

the Kingdome of England, Elizabeth being depriued by the Pope•• For effecting all this, the Guisards promised him the Popes authority, and the forces of the King of Spaine, who for Nauarre, would giue him the Kingdome of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 nia. These things they continually represented vnto him in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••ormes; euen vntill his death.

In Germanie, the Princes of the Augustan Confession, assembled 〈◊〉〈◊〉 * 1.211 especially in regard of the Councell, being ashamed that their religion should bee esteemed a confusion for the variety of doctrines amongst the•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 propose that they might first agree in one, and then resolue whether they ought refuse refuse or accept the Synode. Concerning the first 〈◊〉〈◊〉, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 said, that the difference was not essentiall, and that the Papists 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 substan∣tially differ, dissenting euen in the very foundations of Religion. They laid the Augustan Confession was to bee the ground of their doctrine; and if they differed in any point not contained therein, it would bee of small 〈◊〉〈◊〉 But there beeing diuers Copies of that Confession, which differed in regard of diuers additions made in diuers of them, some approouing one, and some another, many thought they ought to take that onely which was presented to Charles in the yeere 1530. Where vnto 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the Pulatinate did not con∣sent, except it were declared, in a Proheme made vnto it, that the other edi∣tion did agree with it. The Duke of Saxonie answered; they could not stop the eyes and eares of the world, that they should not see and heare their dif∣ferences, and that, if they would make shew of vnion, where they were at variance they should bee conuinced of vanitie and lying; and, after many contentions, they remained without agreement in that point. For the Coun∣cell, some thought fit to refuse it absolutely, and others were of opinion, to send Ambassadours to make offer that they would goe to a free and Chri∣stian Councell and to propose the exceptions, of the suspicion of the Indges, of the inconueniencie of that place, and others, often times proposed, to shew they did not refuse the authoritie of a lawfull Councell, and that the vnion of the Church was not hindered by them, but by the ambition of the Coure of Rome: which would make the Germane Catholiques more fauourable 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them. And they concluded to make petition to the Emperour in this forme.

The two Nuncij, arriuing in Austria at the same time, found the Empe∣rour * 1.212 at Vienna, who gaue them counsell to go both immediately to N••umburg, in Saxenie, where the Protestants were assembled in a Diet, and to treate as modestly with them as was possible, taking care not to exasperate or offend them. For, if they went to each of them into their owne States, they would bee posted from one to another, and would neuer haue any certaine answere, and when they had both performed this office ioyntly, they might diuide themselues, and god apart to whom they were sent. He put them in mind of the Conditions with which the Protestants did formerly condescend to the Councell, that, if mention were made thereof againe, they might bee prepa∣red to replie, in the Popes name, what they thought fit. The Emperour sent three Ambassadours of his owne to goe with them to the Assembly, and the King of Bohemia did recommend them to the Duke of Saxonie, that they might goe securely. The Emperours Ambassadours, hauing had audience

at the Diet, exhorted the Princes to assist in the Councell, and to put an end to the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Germanie. The Princes, after they had consulted together; thanked Caser, and concerning the Councell, said they would not refuse it, if the word of GOD were to beiudge, if the BB. were released of their oaths, made to the Pope and the Sea of Rome, and if the Protestant Theologi••es might have 〈◊〉〈◊〉 But seeing that the Pope admitteth no Bishops to be in the Councell but such as are sworne vnto him, against which they * 1.213 haue alwayes protested, they could hardly agree vnto it; that they were wil∣ling presently to represent so much to the Emperour with all respect, defer∣ring their absolute answere vntill the Princes, then absent, were informed. Afterwards the Popes Nuncij were brought in; who, hauing commended the Popes 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and Religion, in reuiuing the Councel, to exti••pate 〈◊〉〈◊〉, in regard there are as many Religions and Gospels, as there are Doctors, said he had sent ••••inuite them, to helpe forward so laudable an enterprise, promising that all should be handled with Christian Charitie, and that their voyces shall be free••. They presented also the Popes Briefes, written to each of them. The next day all the Briefes, sealed as before, were sent backe, and the Nuntij cal∣led * 1.214 to receiue an answere; which was to this effect: That they did not ac∣knowledge any iurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome; that there was no cause to reueale their pleasure concerning the Councell to him, who had no power either to call or hold it; that they had deliuered their minde and determinati∣on to the Emperour, their Lord; that to the Nuncij, who were nobly descen∣ded, in a Common-wealth which they loued, they offered all good office, * 1.215 and would doe more if they had not come from the Pope. Thus they did end the assembly; and did intimate another, to begin in April to finish the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of v••iting themselues together.

The Nuncio Delphinus, deliuered his Ambassage in diuers Cities as he re∣turned. * 1.216 The Senate of Noremberg answered, that they would not forsake the Augustan Confession, not accept of the Councell, as not hauing the con∣ditions required by the Protestants. The Senates of Argentine, Francfort, Aus∣burg, and Ʋlma, answered in the same manner. Comendone parting from the * 1.217 Diet, went to Lubec, from whence he sent to Frederic, King of Denmarke, to demand his Safe conduct to come to him, to deliuer to him the Popes Am∣bassage, and, inuite him to fauour the Councell. Hee answered, that neither Christian, his father, nor himselfe had euer any thing to doe with the Pope, and therefore hee cared not to receiue any Ambassage from him. Both the Nuncij had a fauourable answere from the Prelates; Princes, and Cities Ca∣tholique, with promise of deuotion to the Pope, but, concerning the Coun∣cell, they sayd they were to treate with the Emperour, it being necessary to consult together, for feare of the Lutherans. Ierolamus Martinengo, sent to * 1.218 the Queene of England for the same cause, beeing in Flanders, receiued com∣mandement from her not to passe the Sea; and although the King of Spaine and Duke of Alua did make earnest entreaty that hee might bee admitted, and heard, commending the cause of that Legation, that is, the vnion of all the Christian Church in a generall Councell, yet the Queene did perseuere in her first resolution, answering that she could not treat with the Bishop of Rome, whose authority was excluded out of England, by consent of Parliament.

Canobius, when hee had deliuered his Ambassage to the King of Polonia, by whom he was well receiued, could not goe into Moscouia, by reason of the warre betweene that Prince and the King. But going into Prussia, hee was answered by that Duke, that he was of the Augustan Confession, and could not consent to a Popish Councell. The Suisses, assembled in a Diet at Bada, heard the Popes Nuncio, and, receiuing the Briefe, one of the Burgomasters of Zu∣ric * 1.219 did kisse it. The Pope, aduertised hereof, could not choose but tell it to all the Ambassadours residing with him, with much ioy. But, hauing con∣sulted * 1.220 of the businesse concerning the Councell, the Catholiques answered, that they would send thither, and the Euangeliques that they would not ac∣cept of it.

The negotiation of the Nuncij in Neumburg beeing published in Rome, there was a whispering against the Pope, for sending Ministers to the Diet of the Protestants: wherein hee excused himselfe, that it was not by his or∣der, but by the Emperours, to whose direction he did deferre the Nuncij; for which hee did not blame him, in regard hee did not care for nice points of honour, but onely for doing of good. The Emperour, hauing consulted * 1.221 with his Diuines concerning the Bull of the Councell, wrote to the Pope, that as Ferdinand, hee could totally adhere to the will of his Holinesse, and bee content with any forme of the Bull, and endeauour that all Germanie should submit themselues to him; but as Emperour hee could say nothing, vntill he was enformed what was done by the Nuncij, and his Ambassadours, who went to the Diet of the Protestants in Neumburg. Hee was almost se∣cure, that if the Pope had not declared, that the conuocation of the Councel was not a continuation, but a new Indiction, or that the points already deci∣ded might bee reuiewed, and handled againe, the Bull would haue been ac∣cepted. The French King wrote to his Ambassadour in Rome the last of Ia∣nuary, * 1.222 that there were some things to bee reformed in the Bull before hee could receiue it. For although the word Indictio, was vsed in the title, yet in the body of it there were words which did signifie the remoouing of the suspensions of the Councell already begun, which Germanie suspecting, would vndoubtedly require an interpretation of them: which would draw the Councell in length, and not giuing the Emperour satisfaction, and them, would cause so many diuisions in Christendome, and so many difficulties, that it would be a Councell in shew onely, without fruit or profit. That, for his part he was pleased that Trent should bee the place, nor made any diffe∣rence whether it were a new Indiction, or a continuation, in regard his Ho∣linesse was willing, as hee was told by Nicheto, that the determinations al∣ready made may be disputed, and examined againe: wherein, as the reall per∣formance would giue satisfaction to all, so to take away feare, and secure eue∣ry one, it was necessary to declare so much before hand, taking care to satisfie the Emperour by all meanes, without whom no good successe of the Coun∣cell could bee hoped for. Hee sayd, that if all this were not performed, hee would, as the purpose of his brother was, call a Nationall Councell, which was the onely remedy for the necessities of his Kingdome. Hee gaue order to his Ambassadour also to complaine to his Holinesse, that his brother ha∣uing procured with such earnest entreaty, the opening of the Councell, yet

no honourable mention was particularly made of him in the Bull; the rea∣son whereof euery one knew to bee, because hee would not name the French King immediately after the Emperour. Notwithstanding all these respects, the King, to promote the businesse of Religion wrote at the same time to the Prelates of his Kingdome, to prepare themselues to goe to the Councell, and to bee there at the time of the Conuocation: of which letter he sent a copie to Rome.

The Rope was aduertised by his Nuncio, that the King spake against the * 1.223 Bull, by instigation of the Cardinall of Loraine, and, after hee heard the Ambassadours proposition, he answered, That hee maruelled that the King, who doeth not acknowledge any superiour, would subiect himselfe to the discretion of another Prince, & not referr himselfe to the Vicar of CHRIST, to whom it belongeth to moderate whatsoeuer doeth concerne Religion; saying, that his Bull was approoued by all others, and had no neede of refor∣mation, and that he was resolued it should stand as it did. That, for naming the French King, he had not thought of it, and that the Cardinals, to whome the composition of it was committed, thought it sufficient to name the Em∣perour and all Kings in generall; otherwise, naming one in particular, it would haue beene necessary to haue done the like in all the rest; that him∣selfe tooke care onely of the substance of the Bull, leauing all the rest to the Cardinals. This answere did not satisfie the Frenchmen, who thought their preeminence was not to be passed ouer in generall termes, in regard as well of their greatnesse, as of their merits towards the Apostolique Sea. In the end, the Pope gaue them contentment, saying hee could not haue his eye vp∣on all things, but would be carefull not to commit any errour hereafter. Yet he made no great account of that kingdome, seeing that, without any respect of his authoritie, they intermedled in things properly belonging to him: as in pardoning heretiques, and ordering things Ecclesiasticall, though reser∣ued * 1.224 to himselfe. For the States assembled in Orleance in Ianuary, did ordaine that the Bishops should be elected by the Clergie, with the assistance of the Iudges of the King, twelue of the Nobilitie, and as many of the people; that no money should be sent to Rome for Annats; that all Bishops and Curates should reside personally, vpon paine of loosing the fruits of their Benefices; that in euery Cathedrall Church a Prebend should bee reserued for a Reader in Diuinity, and another for a Schoolmaster, that all Abbats, Abbesses, Priors, and Prioresses should be subiect to the Bishops, notwithstanding any exemption; that nothing should bee exacted for administring the Sacra∣ments, for Burials, or other publique functions; that Prelates should not vse censures, but for publique faults and scandals; that women should not make profession to be of any religious order, before the age of twenty yeeres, nor men before the age of fiue and twenty, vntill which time they might dispose of their goods to whom they pleased, except to the Monastery; that the Ecclesiastiques should not receiue Legacies, or any thing left vnto them or giuen them by last will. And other things also were ordained, for better reformation of the Church, and of the Clergie, which though they were not then published, yet the Nuncio sent them to the Pope, and those that gouerned France, thought it sufficient to giue satisfaction in shew onely, to

those that required a reformation, not caring that any thing should be exe∣cuted.

But, on the contrary, the Kings Diuines in Spaine did not approoue the Bull, because it did not plainely say, it was a continuation of the Councell already begun, yea, they thought, though the affectation of ambiguity were manifest, that it was plainely a new intimation, and some of them held, that * 1.225 it might be drawen from the words of a cleare consequence, that the Deter∣minations made already in Trent, might be reexamined; which they said was dangerous, would embolden the Protestants, and might cause a new diuision amongst the Catholiques. The King would not publish or receiue the Bull, vpon pretence that the words were ambiguous, and that it ought to be expressed plainely, that it was a continuation of the Councell, and that the things already determined might not bee called into question: but the * 1.226 true cause was, for that the King of Nauarre, hauing sent the Bishop of Cominges to tender his obedience to the Pope, according to the custome, hee receiued him in the Kings Hall, and as Ambassadour of the King of Nauarre, thinking it preiudiciall to his possession of that Kingdome, to which hee had no title but by the excommunication of Iulius the second, and because hee gaue audience to Monsieur de Cars, who came to intreat him in the same Kings name, to be a meanes that the Kingdome might be restored to him, or satis∣faction giuen him, and had promised his paines herein. The Pope sent the Bishop of Terracina, expressely, into Spaine, to iustifie and excuse what hee * 1.227 had done in fauour of the King of Nauarre, and to expound, as it were by occasion, the meaning of the Bull. To those that were afraid, in regard of the contrary opinions of so great Princes, hee answered, that as a louing father, hee had inuited all, but that hee esteemed the Protestants as lost, and that the Catholiques of Germanie could not adhere to the Councell without making a separation from the others, and raising a warre: and if any Ca∣tholique Prince would forsake him, hee would proceede by his owne au∣thority, as did Iulius the third, without the French King. But hee told his inward friends, that he accounted all these troubles to be indifferent, in re∣gard, not knowing the issue of them, hee might as well hope for a good suc∣cesse, as feare a bad. In the meane space hee saw that hee receiued some be∣nefit by this vncertaine Councell, because it serued him as a bridle for Prince and Prelate, in attempting any nouitie, and for a colour to denie vn∣pleasing * 1.228 suits, saying that the Councell beeing opened, hee ought to proceed warily, and with respect, and not to be prodigall in bestowing graces and fauours: and when any great difficulty did arise, hee did referre it to the Councell. Onely he was afraid that the bad affection of the Protestants to∣wards the Church of Rome, might cause some excursion into Italie, which * 1.229 would bee deriued wholly vpon himselfe; and hee saw an ouerture thereof by a difference of precedence betweene the Dukes of Florence and Ferrara, who descended to vnciuill termes. Cosmo Duke of Florence, said hee held the place of the Florentine republique, which was euer preferred before the Dukes of Ferrara. Alfonso, Duke of Ferrara, pretended that the Dukedome had continued in the house of his progenitors for many successions, where∣as Cosmo was the first Duke of Florence, whose precedencie could not be main∣tained

by the right of the Republique, because it was no more in being. This Duke was fauoured by Francis, as cousin to Henry the second: and brother in law to those of the house of Guise. The other grounded himselfe vpon a sen∣tence of Charles the fifth, in his fauour. Alfonso made instance in Germanie, that the Emperour, with the Electors, would bee iudge of it in a Diet. The Pope thought it dangerous that the Diet of Germany should giue sentence concerning Italy, which did by consequence import an execution, and dan∣ger of Armes. For remedie whereof, he wrote to both the Dukes, that it be∣longed onely to the Apostolique Sea, and Vicar of CHRIST to giue sentence in such causes, commanding them both to shew him their proofes, and to ex∣pect his determination. And to be prepared for all euents, hee resolued to fortifie the Castle of Rome, and the Citie Leonina, commonly called Borgo, and other places in his State, as hee thought conuenient, and imposed a taxe, of three Iulij, vpon euery measure of corne called a Rubie, throughout his whole Territory. And not to giue cause of iealousie to Princes, he called the Ambassadours of the Emperour, Spaine, Portugal, and Ʋenice, to whom hee imparted his determination, and his reasons, commanding them to aduer∣tise their Princes of it: and sayd, that the Subsidie layd vpon his Subiects would be but small, lesse then that which was imposed by Paul 4. when hee commanded the celebration of the Chaire of Saint Peter; because by his im∣position, the poore man paid but three Iulij a yeere, but by the Feast of Paul 4. did lose fiue, and that dayes worke.

The time prefixed to begin the Councell approaching, the Pope, not to * 1.230 faile in any thing that was to bee performed by him, deputed Legate to pre∣side, Hercules Gonzaga, Cardinall of Mantua, a man eminent, in regard of the greatnesse of his house, of his brother Ferandus, and of his owne vertue. Hee vsed the Emperour to perswade him to accept, and was confident of his worth and dexteritie. To him hee ioyned Iacobus Puteus, of Nizza, an ex∣cellent Lawyer, who was exercised a long time, first in the Rota, and then in the Signature; saying that hee purposed to make three more, and that; if hee could not finde able men in the Colledge, hee would create new Cardinals, Diuines, and Lawyers, men of honesty, for this imployment. And hee cal∣led a Congregation of Cardinals and Prelates, to giue order for all things necessary for the beginning of the Councell in Trent, at the time appointed: and letters came very fitly from the French King; and, in conformity of * 1.231 them, his Ambassadour, Mounsiear of Angolesme, did declare vnto him, that he was content with the Councel vpon any tearmes, being desirous to see the effect of it, and that fruit which all Christendome did require. And he sent Mounsieur de Ramboullet expressely vnto him, to make the same request, and to represent vnto him the necessities of France, and to tell him of the in∣stance made vnto him herein, by the States assembled in Orliens; signifying vnto him, that, if this remedie were not quickly applyed, hee should bee con∣strained to receiue a medicine in his owne Kingdome, by an Assembly of his Prelates, in regard there was no meanes to compose the differences of Religion, but by a free Generall Councell, or, in defect thereof, by a Natio∣nall. The Pope answered that none did desire the Councel more then him∣selfe, the delay whereof proceeded not from him, but from the diuers opi∣nions

of Princes, for whose satisfaction he had giuen such a forme to the Bull, as seemed most fit to content them all. They changed their opinion in France, because, beeing in as bad a state as might bee, thought that euery mutation made elsewhere would better their condition.

Viterbo wrote out of Spaine that the King did approoue his propositions, and that, after some consultation with his Prelates, was finally resolued to accept the Bull, without making any difficultie, and to send his Prelates as * 1.232 soone as the season was fit for trauell, and an honourable Ambassage, to assist in the Councell. Hee sent aduice also that the Prelates of Portugall were al∣ready parted from their houses, and that the King would send an Ambassa∣dour; but that he had perceiued that some of those Prelates had a purpose, * 1.233 that the superioritie of the Councell aboue the Pope should be defined in the Synode, which point they had studied, and caused many Diuines to doe the like. The Pope was troubled with this aduice, and considered what hee might looke for when the Prelates were assembled in the Councell, and did treate altogether, who had such high thoughts before they parted from home, and feared that the King and his Counsell had a finger in it. Yet, as a wise Prince, hee considered, that when the Councell was held, not that nouitie onely would be proposed, but many more to the disaduantage of o∣thers as well as of himselfe: saying that euery weight had his counterpoyse, and that of the things that are attempted, not one in a thousand doeth take effect.

Hee was more attentiue to the enterprises of the French-men, as beeing more imminent, and of persons who are not flegmaticall in resoluing, as the Spaniards are. Therefore hee imparted to the Ambassadour euery aduice that came vnto him, and told him in diuers conferences, that they were not to thinke of Nationall Councels, assemblies, or Colloquies, in matter of Religi∣on, because hee could not but esteeme them all for schismaticall; that hee prayed the King not to vse those remedies, which would certainely reduce France, not onely into a worse condition, but into the worst of all; that the difficulties of Spaine being remooued, the Councell should certainly be ce∣lebrated, because those which doe continue in Germanie are not consider∣able; that the Catholique Princes and Bishops will consent and perhaps the Duke of Saxonie also, as hee hath made shew, by separating himselfe from the others assembled in Neumburg; that hee hoped the Emperour would assist personally, if there were neede, as himselfe did promise to doe, if hee thought it fit, wherein hee would not subiect himselfe to the iudgement of any but himselfe.

Easter drawing neere, which time was appointed to begin the Councell, * 1.234 and Cardinall Puteus being very sicke, hee put in his roome Friar Ierolamus, Cardinal Seripando a Diuine of much fame, and caused him to depart present∣ly, and to passe by Mantua, taking with him the other Legate, and to bee at Trent at the time appointed. Notwithstanding which commandement they came not thither vntil the third feast of the resurrection, and found there nine Bishops who were arriued before them. The Pope was diligent to make the Italian Bishops put themselues in order; and therefore wrote effect all errors to the Vice-roy of Naples, and to his Nuncio there, and caused his Ministers to

perswade the Bishops of the State of Milan, to bee ready for their iourney to the Councell, as soone as might be. Hee desired also the State of Venice to send the Bishops of their Territories in Italy, of Candia, Dalmatia, and Cyprus, with all possible expedition, and to create Ambassadors, to assist in the Coun∣cell in the name of that Republike. The Italian Prelats were not easily mo∣ued, because they knew the beginning could not be before the consent of the * 1.235 Emperour did come: which was still prolonged, because the Spaniards and French-men were expected, before whose arriuall in Italy they thought it su∣perfluous to goe to Trent. And many of them, especially the Courtiers, could not beleeue but that the Pope did counterfeit. But the trueth was that, being assured he could not auoide the Councell, hee did desire to see it quick∣ly. Hee said he knew what incouenience the prolongation did cause, but knew not what the celebration might doe: and thought that the enemies of his owne person, and of the Apostolique Sea might doe him more hurt in the time of the expectation, then they could doe in the Councell it selfe. And be∣ing of a resolute nature, hee vsed the Prouerbe; It is better to prooue the euill once, then alwayes to feare it.

While these delayes were vsed, the Duke of Sauoy made a composition * 1.236 with the Waldenses of the Valleys of Montsenis. For, hauing made more then a yeeres tryall to reduce them by punishments, and, after they stood vpon their guard, as hath been sayd, maintained Souldiers against them, for which the Pope did assist him with money, howsoeuer they proceeded rather with skirmishes, then any set warre, because of the craggednesse of the Countrey, yet, at the last, they came to a formall battaile, in which the Duke had a great ouerthrow, lost seuen thousand men, and slew but fourteene of the enemies: and although hee did often repaire his Army, yet he had alwayes the worse. * 1.237 Therefore considering hee did nothing but make his Rebels more warlike, consume his owne Countrey, and spend his money, hee resolued to receiue them into fauour, and made an agreement with them, the fifth of Iune; in which hee pardoned all faults past, gaue them libertie of conscience, as∣signed them certaine places, where they might make their Congregations, in other places gaue them leaue to comfort the sicke, and doe other dueties of re∣ligion, but not to preach; gaue leaue to those that were fled to returne againe, and restitution of goods to those that were banished. It was agreed also that the Duke might send away which of their Pastors he pleased, and that they might prouide themselues of others; that the Roman Religion might be ex∣ercised in all places, but no man inforced to professe it. The Pope was much distasted that an Italian Prince, assisted by him, and not so potent but that * 1.238 hee might still haue neede of him, should permit heretikes to liue freely in his state: and the example did trouble him aboue all, because it would be al∣leadged to him by greater Princes, when they would permit another religi∣on. Hee made a bitter complaint hereof in the Consistorie, comparing the ministers of the Catholique King with that Duke, who hauing, at the same time, discouered three thousand Lutherans, who went out of Cosenza, and retired themselues to the mountaines, to liue according to their doctrine, did hang some, burne others, and put the rest into the Galleys; and hee exhorted all the Cardinals to thinke of a remedie. But there was great difference be∣tweene

oppressing a few disarmed persons, farre from helpe, and ouer com∣ming a great number of armed men in a place aduantagious for them, with potent succours at their shoulders. The Duke sent to iustific his cause, and the Pope, not able to answere his reasons was pacified.

In France, though the Queene and Prelates did desire to satisfie the Pope, in referring the causes of religion to the Councell, yet a congregation of the * 1.239 Prelates was put in order: in which, howsoeuer the Ambassadour assured the Pope, that nothing should bee spoken of doctrine, nor any thing preludici∣all to his authority, but onely a course set downe how to pay the Kings debts, to prouide against some abuses, and to consult what was to bee handled in the generall Councell, yet his Holinesse was not satisfied, yea was of opinion that they thought, that to prouide against abuses, was to hinder the profits of the Court, and that to consult of the Councel, was to ioyne with the Spa∣niards (whereof hee had some intelligence) in the point of the supreame power of the Councell, euen ouer the Pope. And, by reason of the dissenti∣ons betweene the Grandies of the Court, spread also ouer all the Prouinces be∣cause euery one sought to increase his faction, there being a great liberty of speaking; the professours of the new religion were plainely discouered, and protected by the greatest about the King, with much indignation of the Ca∣tholiques. Whereupon there were contentions and discords throughout the whole Kingdome, calling one another, in scorne, Papists, and Hugonots, the Preachers making the people tumultuous, and euery one hauing diuers ends. He plainly saw, that if the Catholike partie had not all the same ayme, some great inconuenience would arise; for preuenting whereof, and to crosse those desseignes, he thought it necessary to haue a Minister there, a man of authoritie, and not a French man, who would haue more interest in the king∣dome, then in the seruice of the Apostolique Sea; and resolued to send a Legatethither. And casting his eye vpon all the Cardinals, hee made choice * 1.240 of Ferrara in whom all necessary qualities did concurre; singular wisedome, dexteritie in negotiations, nobility of birth, being allied to the Royall house of France, brother in law to the Kings great Aunt, daughter of Lewis the 12, and so neere a cousin to those of Guise, (the Dukes wife being the Cardinals neece) that they could not chuse but fauour him, in regard of their neerenesse in blood. He gaue him foure particular Commissions; to fauour the Catho∣liques, and oppose the Protestants; to diuert the Nationall Synode, and * 1.241 assembly of the Prelates; to sollicite the going of the Prelates to the Coun∣cell; and to cause an abrogation of the constitutions, made in matters Ec∣clesiasticall.

While the Legate was preparing to goe, there fell our an accident which made the Kings neerest friends feare the Catholiques, as much as the Prote∣stants. For the fourteenth of Iuly, Arthurus Defiderius was apprehended * 1.242 neere to Orleans, who was sent into Spaine with a Supplication, written in the name of the Clergie of France, in which they demaunded the assi¦stance of that King against the Protestants, because they could not bee suppressed by a boy and a woman, with other more secret instructions in cipher, to be imparted to his Maiestie. This man being imprisoned, and in∣terrogated of the confederates, discouered some, whom it was dangerous to

make knowen: for which cause they resolued to proceede no further, but condemned him to make honourable satisfaction, to teare the supplication, and to bee perpetuall prisoner in the Monasterie of the Carthusians. But many of his confessions being divulged, the Kings Counsel thought fit to giue the other partie some satisfaction. Whereupon the King did prohibite the names of Hugonotes and Papists, ordaining that no man, vnder pretence of disco∣uering the Congregations for religion, which were forbid, should enter with * 1.243 many or few, into another mans house; that those who were in prison for re∣ligion should be set at libertie, and that those which fled, since the time of Francis the first; might returne and repossesse their goods, in case they would liue like Catholiques, or, if they would not, might sell them, and goe to ano∣ther place. The Parliament of Paris did oppose, and said, it was a kinde of grant of libertie of religion, which was neuer knowen in France; that the returne of the fugitiues would cause great troubles, and that the libertie to sell their goods, and goe to another place was against the lawes of the Kingdome, which doe not giue leaue to carry foorthany great quantitie of money.

But notwithstanding all these oppositions, the Edict was executed; so that the Protestants being increased in number, and making more and grea∣ter assemblies then they were wont, the King, with the Queene and Princes, went into the Parliament to prouide a remedy, by the mature counsel of men skilfull in matters of State and Iustice. The Chancellour said, they were not to speake of Religion, but of making prouision against dayly tumults, which did arise by the meanes of it; lest being made licontious, by raising of stirres, they might lay aside all obedience to the King. There were three opinions. 1. To suspend all punishments against the Protestants, vntill the decision of the Councell. 2. That they should bee capitally proceeded against. 3. That they should bee punished by the Eclesiasticall Court, for∣bidding their Congregations, either publike or priuate, and liberty to preach, or administer the Sacraments, but after the Romane fashion. In conclusi∣on, they tooke a middle course, and made an Edict, which is called the Edict of Iuly. That all should abstaine from doing iniuries, and liue in peace; * 1.244 that the preachers should not rayse tumults, vpon paine of death; that none should preach or administer the Sacraments, but according to the Romane Rite; that the Ecclesiastiques should bee iudges of heresie; that if the person guilty were deliuered to the Secular power, no greater punishment should bee inflicted then banishment, and this to continue till a Generall or National Councell did determine otherwise; that all those who haue mooued any tu∣mult, for the cause of Religion, should be pardoned, liuing hereafter in peace, and like Catholiques. Afterwards treating how to accommodate the con∣trouersies, it was ordained that the Bishops should meete in Poisi, the tenth * 1.245 of August, and that the Protestant Ministers should haue a Safe Conduct to come thither. This was contradicted by many of the Catholiques, who thought it strange, dishonourable, and dangerous to put the Religion of their predecessours, receiued vntill that time, to compromise, and in ha∣zard. * 1.246 But they yeelded at the last, because the Cardinall of Loraine promi∣sed largely that hee would confute the heretiques, and take the burden vpon

himselfe; wherein hee was assisted by the Queene, who, knowing his desire to make ostentation of his witte, was willing to giue him satisfa∣ction.

The Pope had newes at once of these two Edicts; in which hee found some thing to commend, and something to blame. Hee commended the Parliament, for maintaining the cause of religion; and blamed it, because they had ordered it contrary to the Decretals, not to proceed to any greater con∣sure then banishment. His conclusion was, that when the maladie is grea∣ter then the remedie, it ought to be made lighter by patience. But the immi∣nent danger of the assembly of the Prelates, especially together with the Pro∣testants, he thought was intolerable, and said, he would doe the best he could to hinder it; wherein if he should not bee able to preuaile, yet hee was with∣out fault. Therefore he treated effectually with the Ambassadour, and with the King, by his Nuncio, that, seeing the Assembly could not bee omitted, yet at the least the arriuall of the Cardinall of Ferrara might bee expected, that beeing made in presence of an Apostolicall Legate, with absolute authori∣tie, it might bee lawfull. Hee wrote also to the Prelats, that their power did not extend so farre as to make Decrees in matter of Religion, or Ecclesiasti∣call discipline, and that if they went beyond their bounds, hee would not onely make all voyd, but proceed against them with all seuerity. Neither the Nuncio nor the Ambassadour could preuaile, in regard that not onely the Popes aduersaries did oppose, but euen the Cardinall of Loraine himselfe, with his adherents; and it was told the Nuncio in the Kings name, that the Pope might rest secure, because nothing should bee resolued on, but by the opini∣on of the Cardinals.

But for all this, the affaires of the Church did precipitate: and in Rome * 1.247 it was thought to bee a great fall, that there being a controuersie for prece∣dencie betweene the Cardinals and Princes of the Blood, in the Assembly of the States continued in 〈…〉〈…〉outoise, the Kings Counsell did determine it against the Cardinals, and the Cardinals Chastillon and of Armignac did yeelde though Tornon, Loraine, and Guise departed, disdaining and murmu∣ring at their Colleagues. And the Deputie of the third Order, who spake against the Clergie, was heard with applause, obiecting to them ignorance, and luxury, demanding that all iurisdiction should be taken from them, and the reuenewes, and a Nationall Councell held, wherein the King or Princes of the Blood should preside; and that in the meane time those, who doe not receiue the Romish ceremonies, might assemble, and preach, in the presence of a publike Minister of the King, that it might plainly appeare that nothing is done against him.

They treated also of applying to the publique a part of the Ecclesiasticall reuenewes, and many other things against that order; and the number of those who did fauour the Protestants, did still increase. The Clergie, to free themselues, were forced to promise to pay the King foure tenths yeerely, for sixe yeeres, and so the humours, stirred against them, were quieted. And, * 1.248 which was the greatest precipice, the Queene wrote a long letter to the Pope, dated the fourth of August, shewing the imminent dangers for the diffe∣rences of Religion, and exhorting him to vse some remedie; shee sayd there

were so many separated from the Church of Rome, that it was impossible to reduce them, either by law or force; that many of the Grandies of the Kingdome did draw others by their example; that there beeing none of them who denie the Articles of Faith, nor the sixe Councels, many did aduise to receiue them into the Communion of the Church; but if this did not please, and that it seemed better to expect a Generall Councell, in the meane space, in regard of the vrgent necessitie and danger of delay, it was necessary to vsesome particular remedy, by making Colloquies of both parties, by admonishing them to abstaine from iniuries, contentions, and offensiue words, by cleering the mindes of those who were not aliened as yet, taking from the place of adoration the Images, prohibited by GOD, and condem∣ned by S. Gregory; by remoouing from Baptisme, spittle, and exorcismes, and other things, not instituted by the word of GOD; to restore the vse of the Cup in the Communion, and prayers in the vulgar tongue; that the first Sun∣day in euery moneth, or more often, the Curates should call those who will communicate, and, singing Psalmes in the vulgar, should, in the same also, pray for the Prince, and Magistrates, for the salubrity of the ayre, and fruits of the earth; then, expounding the places of the Euangelists, and of S. Paul, concerning the Eucharist, they should come to the Communion; that the Feast of Corpus Christi should be taken away, because it is instituted onely for pompe; that if the Latine tongue must bee vsed in prayers, yet the vulgar should be added, for the benefit of all; that the Popes authority should not be diminished, nor the doctrine changed, in regard it is not iust to take away the ministery, because the Ministers haue erred. It was thought that shee wrote these things at the perswasion of Iohn Monluc, Bishop of Valence, with too much French liberty, and they troubled the Pope very much, con∣sidering the time, full of suspitions, when a Nationall Councell was spoken of, and a Colloquie intimated in Poisi. Hauing well considered all, he resol∣ued to dissemble, and not to answere, but onely that, the Councell drawing neere, whatsoeuer was thought necessary might bee there proposed, with as∣sured hope that no resolution should bee made but for the seruice of GOD, and peace of the Church.

These occurrences did confirme the Pope in his opinion, that the Coun∣cell was profitable both for himselfe and the Court, and that it was necessa∣ry to celebrate it for his defence, against the preparations which were and might be made. And hee shewed tokens of ioy, for the letters which came vnto him, the 24 of August, from the Emperour, in which hee sayd that hee * 1.249 did absolutely consent vnto the Councell, and that hee did not declare him∣selfe vntill then, that hee might more easily winne the Princes of Germanie; but now, not being able to doe any more, hee prayed him to continue his en∣deauours, in hastening the celebration. Hauing called together all the Am∣bassadours of Princes, and most of the Cardinals, so that it was almost a Consistorie, he shewed the letters to them all, saying, it was worthy to bee written in letters of gold; that the Councell would bee most profitable; that it was not to be deferred; that it would be sovniuersall that the Citie of Trent would not bee able to receiue it, and that it would bee necessary to thinke of translating it to a place more large and fertile. His discourse was approoued

by all that stood by, though some thought it dangerous to name the transla∣tion in the beginning, in regard that euery little suspition might either hinder or delay the Councell. Others beleeued that this would not displease the Pope, and that he cast foorth that word to open a gate where the difficulty might enter.

It being not onely resolued, but generally knowen that none of the Dutch Prelates would come to Trent, and a doubt made also, in regard of the Collo∣quie instituted, that the French-men would treat onely amongst themselues, and that the Councell would consist of noen but Italians, except some few Spaniards, the Italians were of opinion, that a few of them would serue the turne, so that many of them vsed meanes to the Pope to bee excepted; who told them plainly, that he was assured that all the Vltramontans would come, * 1.250 full of hopes to subiect the Popedome to the Councell, which being the common interest of Italie, whereby it is preferred before other Nations, they ought to goe all thither for the publike defence; that hee would not ex∣empt any, but rather take all hope from them, saying, that they might bee as∣sured thereof, seeing how diligent he was in sending the Legats thither. For, besides the Cardinall of Mantua and Scripando, hee had sent Stanislaus Osius, Cardinall of Ʋarmia. The next day, hauing published the Emperours letters, hee called a generall congregation of all the Cardinals, though it were Sun∣day. Hee treated of many particulars concerning the beginning and pro∣gresse of the Councell; and promised to assist the poore Prelats with money, but vpon condition they should goe thither; and allowed them but eight daies to begin their iourney. He shewed how necessary the Councell was, in regard Religion was banished, or endangered in some place euery day. And he spake the truth. For in Scotland, in an assembly of all the Nobilitie of * 1.251 the kingdome, it was constituted that there should be no more exercise of the Romane Catholique Religion.

In August the Prelats did assemble in Poist, where they treated of the re∣formation of the Cleargie, without making any conclusion. Afterwards, the Protestant Ministers being come, in number foureteene, who were cal∣led, and secured by a safe conduct, amongst whom Peter Martyr, a Florentine, who came from Zuric, and Theodore Beza, who came from Geneua, were the chiefe, they gaue a petition to the King which had foure parts. 1. That * 1.252 the Bishops might not be Iudges in that businesse. 2. That the King with his Counsellours would preside. 3. That the controuersies might be de∣cided by the word of God. 4. That that which was agreed on, and de∣creed might be written by Notaries elected by both parties. The Queene would haue one of the foure Secretaries of the King to write, and graunted that the King should preside; but so, that this should not bee committed to writing, alledging that it was not fit for them, nor profitable for the King, considering the present times. The Cardinall of Loraine desired the Kings presence in the publique assembly, that it might be more frequent, and ador∣ned, to make ostentation of his worth, promising himselfe a certaine victo∣rie. Many of the Diuines perswaded the Queene not to suffer the King to bee present, that those tender cares might not be enuenomed by pestiferous doctrine. Before the parties were called to the combat, the Prelats made a

procession, and did all communicate, except the Cardinall Chastillon, and fiue Bishops. The other protested one to another, that they meant not to handle points of doctrine, nor matters of faith.

The second of September they began, in presence of the King, Queene, Princes of the blood, and the Kings Counsellors, together with sixe Cardi∣nals, and fortie Bishops. The King, as he was instructed, made an exhorta∣tion, that, being assembled to remedie the tumults of the kingdome, and to * 1.253 correct the things that were amisse he desired they should not depart before all differences were composed. The Chancellor spake more at large to the same purpose, in the Kings name, and said particularly that the disease be∣ing * 1.254 vrgent, did require a present cure; that the remedie which could bee ex∣pected from the Councell, besides that it would bee slow, would proceede from men, who, being strangers, know not the necessities of France, and are bound to follow the Popes will; that the Prelates present, knowing the needs of the kingdome, and neere in blood are more fit to execute this good worke; that although the Councell intimated by the Pope were held, yet the like of this hath beene done at other times, and is not without example; that in the time of Charles the great many Councels were held at once and that, many times, the error of a generall Councel hath bin corrected by a Na∣tional, as Arianisme established by the generall Councel of Arimini, was con∣demned in France, by a Councel called by S. Hilarie. He exhorted all to ayme at the same end, and the more learned not to contemne their inferiors, nor these to enuie those; to auoid curlous questions; not to bee auerse from the Protestants, who were their brethren, regenerate in the same Baptisme, wor∣shippers of the same CHRIST. Hee exhorteth the Bishops to treat with them courteously, seeking to reduce them, but without seueritie, conside∣ring that much was attributed to them, in that they were suffered to be Iud∣ges in their owne cause: saying, that this did constraine them to proceede with sinceritie, and that, in so doing, they should stop the mouth of their aduersaries, but, transgressing the office of iust Iudges, all would be invaine, and to no purpose. The Cardinall Tornon rose vp, and, hauing thanked the King, Queene, and Princes, for the assistance they affoorded to that assem∣bly said that the Chancellors propositions were of great importance, and not to bee handled, or answered vpon the sudden, and therefore desired they might bee committed to writing, the better to deliberate vpon them. The Chancellor did refuse and the Cardinall of Loraine did vrge it.

The Queene, perceiuing that this was required by the two Cardinals, to * 1.255 draw the businesse in length, gaue order to Beza to speake: Who, hauing prayed on his knee, and recited the profession of his faith, complained that they were accounted turbulent, and seditious, perturber of the publique peace, though they had no other end then the glory of GOD, nor desired to assemble themselues but to serue him, and obey the Magistrates, appointed by him. Then he declared in what they do agree with the Church of Rome, and in what they dissent, he spake of faith, good workes, of the authoritie of Councels, sinnes of Ecclesiasticall discipline obedience to Magistrates, and of the Sacraments and entring into the matter of the Eucharist, hee spake * 1.256 with such heate, that he gaue but ill satisfaction to those of his owne partie;

so that he was commanded to conclude. And hauing presented the Confession of his Churches, and desired it might bee examined, he made an end. The Cardinall Tornon, full of disdaine, rose vp, and said, that the Bishops, euen for∣cing their consciences, had consented to heare these new Euangelists, fore seeing they would speake many iniurious things against God, and that but for the respect they bare to the King, they would haue risen, and disturbed the * 1.257 assembly. Therefore hee prayed his Maiestie, not to beleeue what they had said, because the Prelates would disprooue it, so that hee should see the diffe∣rence betweene the trueth and a lye, and demanded a dayes time to answere, requiring that all should bee remooued from thence, that they might not heare those blasphemies. Wherewith the Queene, thinking her selfe to bee touched, answered, that nothing was done but by the aduice of the Princes, of the Kings Counsell, and Parliament of Paris, not to change or innouate any thing in Religion, but to compose the differences, and to reduce those that wandered into the right way; which the Bishops were bound in wise∣dome to procure, by all good meanes.

The assembly being dissolued, the Bishops and Diuines consulted amongst themselues what to doe. Some of them would haue had a Confession of Faith written, vnto which if the Protestants would not subscribe, they should bee condemned for heretiques, without any further disputation. Which opi∣nion seeming too hard, after much discourse, they resolued to answere two of the points proposed by Beza; that is, of the Church, and of the Eucharist. The Congregation being assembled againe the sixteenth of the moneth, the * 1.258 Cardinall of Loraine, in the presence of the King, Queene, and Princes, made a long Oration, and sayd; That the King was a member, not head of the Church; that it belonged to his care to defend it, and that, for matter of do∣ctrine, hee was subiect to the Ecclesiasticall Ministers; that the Church did not containe the elect onely, any yet could not erre; that when any particu∣lar Church is in an errour, recourse must be had to the Church of Rome, De∣crees of the generall Councels, consent of the ancient Fathers, and, aboue all, to the Scripture expounded in the sense of the Church; that the heretiques, failing in this, haue runne into inextricable errours; as the modernes, for ex∣ample, in the point of the Eucharist, in which, by an incurable itch of curious questions, they haue vsed that which was instituted by Christ for a bond of vnion, to make an irreconciliable rent in the Church. And then he handled this matter, and concluded, that, if the Protestants will not change their o∣pinion herein, there is no meanes of composition.

When he had made an end, all the Bishops stood vp, and said they would liue and die in that Faith; they prayed the King to perseuere in it; adding, that if the Protestants will subscribe to this article, they will not refuse to dis∣pute the rest; but if not, they ought not to haue any more audience, but to be chased out of the whole kingome. Beza asked leaue to answere present∣ly; * 1.259 but it seeming not fit to equalize a priuate Minister, to so great a Prince Cardinall, the assembly was dissolued. The Prelats were willing the Colloquie should haue beene thus ended; but the Bishop of Ʋalence told them it was dishonourable. Therefore the foure and twentieth day it was assembled a∣gaine in presence of the Queene, and the Princes. Beza spake of the Church, * 1.260

and of the conditions and authority thereof; of Councels, shewing they may erre, and the dignity of the Scripture. Claudeus Espenseus answered, that hee had alwayes desired a Colloquie in matter of Religion, and abhorred the punishments which the poore vnfortunate people endured: but he much marueiled by what authority, and by whom the Protestants were called in∣to the Ecclesiasticall ministery, who had layd hands on them to make them * 1.261 ordinary Ministers, and, if they pretended an extraordinary vocation where were the miracles to demonstrate it. Then hee treated of Traditions. Hee shewed, that there beeing a controuersie of the sense of the Scriptures, re∣course must be had to the Fathers; and that many things are beleeued by Tra∣dition onely, as the Consubstantialitie of the Sonne, the baptizing of infants, and the virginity of the mother of Christ after his birth. Hee added, that no generall Councell was euer corrected by another in point of doctrine. Di∣uers replies and disputations passed on both sides, betweene the Diuines, who were present. And, there being a great contention, the Card of Loraine making a silence, proposed the matter of the Eucharist, and sayd, that the Bi∣shops were resolute not to proceede any further, if that Article were not a∣greed on; and then demaunded of the Ministers, if they were prepared to subscribe the Augustan Confession in that Article. Beza asked whether hee proposed that in the name of all, and whether himselfe, and the other Pre∣lates would subscribe to the other points of that Confession: and receiuing no answere either of the one or the other, hee demanded, that that which was proposed to bee subscribed vnto, should bee put in writing, that they might consult of it; and so the Colloquie was put off till the next day.

In which Beza, who began to speake, did much prouoke the Bishops. For hauing iustified his vocation to the Ministerie, he discoursed of the vocation * 1.262 and ordination of Bishops, shewing what Simonie was committed, and de∣manding how it could be accounted lawfull. The passing to the Article of the Eucharist, and the point of the Augustan Confession proposed vnto him, hee said it ought to bee first subscribed by those who did propose it. The parties not being able to agree, a Spanish Iesuite, one of the traine of the Cardinall * 1.263 of Ferrara, who was at the Colloquie, hauing reproched the Protestants, did reprehend the Queene for meddling in matters which belonged not to her, but to the Pope, Cardinals, and Bishops. This arrogancie troubled the Queenes Patience; but, for the Popes sake, and the Legates, shee dissembled. Finally, not being able to conclude any thing by this manner of parlie, it was * 1.264 ordered, that two Bishops and three Diuines, of the most moderate, should conferre with fiue of the Protestants Ministers, to see if they could finde out a way to make an agreement. They assayed to frame an Article of the Eu∣charist * 1.265 in generall termes, taken out of the Fathers, which might giue satis∣faction to both parties, which because they could not doe, they concluded the Colloquie. This did minister much matter of discourse. Some sayd it was a bad example to treate of errours once condemned, and that they ought no so much as to heare those who denie the foundations of Religion, which hath continued so long, and beene so much confirmed, especially in the pre∣sence of ignorant people; and that, although nothing was resolued against the true Religion, it hath made the heretiques bolde, and grieued the Ca∣tholiques.

Others sayd, it would bee generally good to handle these con∣trouersies often, because the parties would by this meanes become familiar; malice and other bad affections would cease, and many wayes of composi∣tion might be found, and that there was no other course to extirpate the e∣uill that had taken such deepe roote. For the Court being diuided vnder pre∣tence of religion, it was impossible they should be reconciled, except all ob∣stinacie layd aside, they did tolerate one another, and take that cloake out of the hands of vnquiet and turbulent people, with which they couer their bad actions.

The Pope, vnderstanding that the Colloquie was dissolued without doing * 1.266 any thing, was very glad, and much commended the Cardinall of Loraine, and Tornon more. The zeale of the Iesuite pleased him, and sayd, hee might be compared to the ancient Saints, hauing, without respect of the King and Princes maintained Gods cause, and vpbrayded the Queene to her face. On the contrary, hee reprehended the oration of the Chancellour, saying, * 1.267 it was hereticall in many parts, and threatned to call him into the Inquisi∣tion. The Court also, when it was diuulged to them, was distasted with it, and coniectured that all the gouernours of the Kingdome had the same dis∣position toward Rome; and the French Ambassadour had much adoe to de∣fend himselfe.

That which hapned to the Cardinall of Ferrara is not to bee omitted, as * 1.268 being of affinitie to the matter whereof I write. That Prelate was receiued at the first by the King and Queene, with much honour, and hauing presented the Popes letters of credence, was acknowledged for Legate of the Aposto∣like Sea, by their Maiesties, by the Princes, and Clergie. But the Parliament, hauing discouered that, amongst his Commissions, one was, to desire a reuo∣cation, or moderation, at the least, of the things accorded in the States of Orle∣ance, the last of Ianuary, concerning the distribution of Benefices, and, parti∣cularly, the prohibition of paying Annates to Rome, and sending money out of the Kingdome to obtaine Benefices there, or other fauours, did immediatly publish the Decrees, which had not been punished vntill that time, vnder the date of the thirteenth of September, that the Cardinall might not ob∣taine his purpose; and did resolue not to giue the Legate leaue to vse the Fa∣culties giuen him by the Pope. For the custome of that kingdome is, that a Legate cannot exercise his office, if his Faculties be not first presented, and ex∣amined in Parliament, and regulated and moderated by a decree thereof, and confirmed in that forme by the Kings Briefe; so that when the Bull of the Faculties of the Legation was presented, to bee, as they say, approoued, it was refused by the Chancellour and Parliament, alleadging that it was already de∣termined not to vse any more dispensations against the rules of the Fathers, nor collation of Benefices against the Canons. But the Cardinall had a grea∣ter affront, in that Pasquins were made, and spread, both in the Court and Citie of Paris, concerning the loues of Lucretia Borgia, his mother, and Pope Alexander the sixt, his Grand-father by the mothers side, with repeti∣tion of the obscenities, diuulged throughout all Italy in the time of that Pope∣dome, which made the Cardinall ridiculous to the people.

The first thing hee vndertooke was to hinder the preaching of the Re∣formatists,

who after the Colloquie, did practise it more freely then before, and vsed perswasions, and made secret promises to the Ministers. And because hee had no credit with them, in regard of his kinred with the house of Guise, for which reason also he was held suspected by all the opposites of that fami∣lie, to gaine reputation, he made acquaintance with the Nobles of the Hugo∣not faction, and went to their feasts, and sometimes was present at their Ser∣mons * 1.269 in the habit of a Gentleman. By all which he gained nothing, because many thought he did it as Legate, by consent of the Pope, and the Court of * 1.270 Rome was displeased with his actions.

The Queene of France, vnderstanding that the King of Spaine tooke the Colloquie in ill part, sent Iaques de Montbrun expresly to him; who made a large * 1.271 excuse, that all was done for necessitie, and not in fauour of the Protestants, and that the King and Queene, without speaking any more of a Nationall Councell, were resolued to send their Bishops to Trent, as soone as might bee. The King answered him in generall words, and referred him to the Duke of Alua; who, hauing heard his Ambaslage, said, that the King was sory that, in a kingdome so neere, and so neerely allied to him in kinred, religion should be so ill handled; that there was neede of that seuerity which Henry vsed, in a Mercuriall Congregation, and Francis in Amboise, not long since; hee prayed the Queene to make prouision, in regard, the danger of France belonging to him also, hee was resolued by the aduice of his Councell, to imploy all his for∣ces, and his life also to extinguish the common pestilence; whereunto he was sollicited by the Grandies and people of France. The wise Spaniards thought * 1.272 to cure the maladies of Flanders, by the medicine of France; which were not lesse, but onely were lesse apparant, and tumultuous. The King of Spaine could neuer make the States assemble, to obtaine a contribution or donatiue; but priuate assemblies in Cambray, Valentia, and Tornay were discouered. The Magistrate hauing forbid them, and imprisoned some of them, they put themselues into Armes, with great danger of rebellion; and it seemed that the Prince of Orange, and Count Egmont were open fauourers of them, especially after that the Prince had married Anne, daughter of Maurice, Duke of Saxonie * 1.273 deceased: which did much displease the King, foreseeing what issue such a marriage might haue, contracted by one of his Subiects, with a Protestant of so great adherence. Yet the Spaniards spake as if Flanders had beene sound, and that they feared infection in France onely, which they would haue pur∣ged with warre. And the Ambassadour was answered concerning the King of Nauarre, of whose businesse he had Commission to treate, that hee deser∣ued nothing, for the small care hee had of religion, and that if hee would haue fauour, he should first mooue warre against the Hugonots in France.

The Queene also excused the same Colloquie to his Holinesse by the Kings Ambassadour in Rome, telling him, that, to put the Hugonots to silence, who said they were persecuted before they were heard, and to appease their com∣motions, the King was forced to graunt them publique audience, in the presence of the Princes, and officers of the Kingdome, resoluing that, if they would not be ouercome with reason, he would, after he had time to put him∣selfe in order, ouercome them by force. She caused him also to treat with the Cardinall Farnese, Legate of Auignion, to resigne that legation to the Cardinall

of Burbon, whereunto Fernese hauing giuen consent, the Ambassador spake of it to the Pope in the name of him, and of the King of Nauarre, saying; that his Holinesse would be freed from charge, and the Citie secured from the Hu∣gonots, who would not attempt ought against it, being in the protection of a Prince of the blood. Not onely those who were skilfull in the affaires of the world, but euery one of any meane iudgement, knew that this was done to take with ease the dominion of that Citie from Rome, and vnite it to France. Therefore the Pope denied it absolutely, and related the proposition in Con∣sistorie, as if some great preiudice had beene concealed vnder it, which did not appeare at the first sight. And he much complained of the Queene and King of Nauarre, who hauing often promised him that nothing should bee done in France against his authoritie, yet they did fauour heresies, and were authors of the Congregations of the Prelates, Colloquies, and of other preiu∣diciall things. He said his gentlenesse was ill required, and therefore, that hee would begin the Councell suddenly, & by meanes thereof, make known the reuerence which secular Princes owe to the Church. He vsed the same com∣plaint and threats to the Ambassadour; who hauing replyed that the demand of the Legation was to a good ende, and that all the actions of the Queene were done with maturitie and iustice, added, that the Councell was more desired by the King then by his Holinesse, hoping it would proceede with the same equitie and respect towards all Princes, not making difference of them. He vsed these words, to mocke the Pope, who had granted a little be∣fore a great Subsidie to the King of Spaine, to be paid by the Clergie, after he had obtained of him the simple Annates. But the Pope, suspecting the peti∣tion of Auignion, and considering that the Vassals of that Citie were all Pro∣testants fearing it might be vsurped by the King of Nauarre, did presently di∣spatch thither Fabri••ius Sorbellone, with two thousand foote, to lye there in garrison, and gaue the gouernement thereof to Lorenzo Lenci, Bishop of Fer∣mo, as Vice-legate.

After the Colloquie was ended, and the Protestants departed, the Prelats re∣mained, to treat of the Subsidies to be giuen to the King; which the Queene thinking would giue suspition to the Pope, in regard of his often complaints assured him that they remained onely to consult of the Kings debts, and that, the congregation being ended, shee would immediatly giue order to the Bi∣shops to put themselues in a readinesse to goe to the Councell. Notwithstan∣ding they treated of the Communion of the Cup, the Bishop of Valence, * 1.274 with consent of the Cardinall of Lorayne, proposing, that if it were allowed, the prosperous course of the increase of the Protestants would be interrupted, in regard that many, who doe adhere vnto them, doe begin to beleeue them from this point, who would not hearken vnto them, if this were granted freely by the Church. And those who vnderstood the affaires of the world did consider, that, by this meanes, a faction would arise betweene the Re∣formatists themselues. Some few of the Bishops thought fit it should be con∣stituted by the Edict, and immediately executed, saying that the whole Com∣munion was not taken away by decree of the Church, but by custome only, and that there is no Ecclesiasticall decree which forbiddeth the Bishops to returne to the former vse. But the maior part would not consent it should

bee done, but by grant, or, at the least, by the fauour of the Pope. Some few would not agree to any innouation, but were forced to yeeld to the greater number. This was much vrged by Loraine, who, to obtaine the Popes con∣sent, thought it necessary to gaine the fauour of the Cardinall of Ferrara; and to win him the better, he perswaded the Queeneto hearken to his propositi∣ons, and to grant him something. The Cardinall had proceeded so sweetly and courteously with euery one, euen of the contrary religion, that hee had gained the good will of many who did oppose him at the first. And his nego∣tiation being examined, it was granted, by a Briefe of the King, aduised * 1.275 thereunto by the most intimate of his Counsell, that the capitulations of Or∣leance concerning matter of Benefices should be suspended, and that the Le∣gat might exercise his Faculties; but so, as that he should first promise vn∣der his hand writing, that he would not vse them, and that he would bee a meanes that the Pope should prouide against all the abuses and disorders which are committed in the collation of Benefices, and dispatches of the Bulls in Rome. Notwithstanding the Coancelor refuseth to subscribe and * 1.276 seale the Briefe, according to the stile of the kingdome; and, it being impossi∣ble to remooue him from his resolution, it was subscribed by the Queene, the King of Nauarre, and by the Principall officers of the Kingdome: wherewith the Legate was content, more regarding the preseruation of his own honour, then the seruice of him that sent him. For this fauour, he was content to th••nke well of the Communion of the Cup, and to write thereof to Rome; which he did with such a temper, that neither the Pope nor Court were di∣stasted. * 1.277 In the conclusion of the assemblie of Poisie, the Prelates granted power to the King to sell 100000. crownes of the yeerely rents of the lands of the Chuch, so that the Pope would allow it.

The King gaue order to his Ambassadour in Rome to make request for it, shewing the necessity and vtility of the grant; which the Ambassador did, iust the day before letters came to the Pope from the Card of Ferrara, which gaue him an account of the difficulties ouercome, and how he had obtained a suspension of the capitulations of Orleance against the ecclesiasticall libertie, and leaue to vse the Faculties of a Legate; which things, he said, were more hardly compassed, because the Cardinall of Loraine, from whom he expected fauour, had opposed him from the beginning. And he made a full narration * 1.278 of the state of Religion in France, shewing the danger that it would bee quite extinguished, and the remedies to preserue it; which were onely two. One, to giue satisfaction to the King of Nauarre, and to interest him in the defence of it. The other to grant the people generally the Com∣munion Sub vtraque specie; affirming that certainely, by this meanes, at the least two hundred thousand soules would be gayned. The Ambassadour, in * 1.279 conformitie hereof, beseeched the Pope in the name of the King, of the Church of France, and of the Prelates, that they might be dispensed with to administer to the people the Sacrament of the Euchar••st vnder both kindes, as a profitable and necessarie preparation, to dispose them to receiue the de∣terminations of the Councell with readinesse, without which it is much to bee doubted that this remedie will find raw humours, which may causea greater disease.

The Pope, according to his naturall disposition, suddenly answered, without any premeditation, that he had euer thought that the Communion of both kinds, and mariage of Priests were de iure poisi••in••, in the disposition of which things hee had as much authority as the whole vniuersall Church: and therefore was thought to bee a Luth〈…〉〈…〉 in the last Conclaue. That the Emperor had made the same request for his son, the king of Boh••••ia, whose * 1.280 conscience did induce him to be of this opinion; and had demanded the like for the people of his patrimoniall Territories, but that the Cardinals would neuer yeelde vnto it. Notwithstanding hee sayd hee would not resolue of any thing without proposing it first in the Consistory, and promised to speake hereof in the next; which beeing intimated for the tenth of Decem∣ber, the Ambassadour, according to the custome of those at whose instance any businesse is handled, went in the morning while the Cardinals were as∣sembled expecting the Pope, to mediate with them. The most discreete amongst them answered, that the demand did deserue great deliberation, and that they durst not resolue vntill they had well considered of it; others were passionate, as at newes neuer heard of before. The Cardinall of Cueua sayd, that he would neuer giue his voyce in fauour of such a demand, and that if it were so resolued by authority of his Holinesse, and the consent of the Cardinals, hee would goe to the top of the staires of Saint Peter, and crie (misericordia) with a loud voyce; not forbearing to say that the Prelates of France were infected with heresie. The Cardinall Saint Angelo answered, that hee would neuer giue a Cup full of such deadly poyson to the people of France, in stead of a medicine, and that it was better to let them die; then cure them with such remedies. To whom the Ambassadour replied; that the Prelates of France were induced to bee of this opinion with good grounds, and Theologicall reasons, which deserued not such a contemptu∣ous censure; and, on the other side, that it was not fit to giue the name of poyson to the Blood of CHRIST, and to call the holy Apostles poysoners, and the Fathers of the Primitiue Church, and of that which followed for many hundreds of yeeres, who, with much spirituall profit, haue ministred the Cup of that Blood to all the people.

The Pope, beeing entred into the Consistory, hauing discoursed with * 1.281 some Cardinals, and better thought of the businesse, wished hee had been a∣ble to recall his word. Notwithstanding hee proposed the matter, related the Ambassadours instance, caused the Legats letter to bee read, and demaun∣ded their opinions. The Cardinals who were dependants on France, com∣mended with diuers formes of words the Kings intention, but, concerning the request, referred themselues to his Holinesse. The Spaniards did all oppose; and vsed great boldnesse of speach, some calling the Prelates of France heretiques, some schismatiques, and some vnlearned, alleadging no reason but that all CHRIST is in both the kinds. The Cardinall Pacceco consi∣dered that all diuersities of rites, especially in the most principall ceremonies doe end with schisme and hatred. For now the Spaniards in France goe to the French Churches, and the French men in Spaine to the Spanish, but when they shal communicate so diuersly, one not receiuing the Communion of the other, they will be forced to make Churches apart; and so behold a diuision.

Friar Michael, Cardinall of Alexandria, sayd, that it could not by any meanes be granted by the Pope de plenitudine potestatis; not for want of autho∣ritie in him ouer all which is de iurepositiuo, in which number this is but in re∣gard of the incapaci•••• of him that demaundeth the fauour. For the Pope cannot giue power to doe enill; but it is an hereticall euill to receiue the cha∣lice, thinking it to bee necesary; therefore the Pope cannot grant it to such persons▪ And it cannot bee doubted but that those who demand it doe iudge it necessary, because no man maketh any great matter of indifferent ce∣remonies. Hee said that these men doe hold the Chalice either to bee neces∣sary, or not: if not, why doe they giue scandall, by making themselues dif∣fer from others? if otherwise, then they are heretiques and vncapable of the grace. The Cardinall Rodolpbo Pio di Carpi, who was one of the last that spake, because the inferiours doe begin, concluded in conformitie with the others, that not onely the sauing of two hundred thousand soules, but one onely was a sufficient cause to dispence with any positiue law, with wise∣dome and maturity; but in that proposition one ought to take heede, lest, thinking to game two hundred thousand, hee lose two hundred millions. That it was manifest, that this would not bee the last demand of the French men in matter of religion, but a step to propose another, that afterward they will demand the marriage of Priests, the vulgar tongue in the ministery of the Sacraments: which will haue the same ground, because they are de iure positiuo, and must be granted for the preseruation of many. Of the marriage * 1.282 of Priests this inconuenience will follow, that hauing house, wife, and chil∣dren, they will not depend on the Pope, but of their Prince, and their loue to their children will make them yeeld to any preiudice of the Church. They will seeke also to make the Benefices hereditary; and so in a short space, the authoritie of the Apostolike Sea will be confined within Rome. Before single life was instituted, the Sea of Rome receiued no profit from other nations and Cities, and, by it, is made Patron of many Benefices, of which mariage would quickly depriue her. Of the vulgar tongue this incouenience would fol∣low, * 1.283 that all would thinke themselues Diuines, the authoritie of Prelates would be disesteemed, and all would become heretiques. If the communi∣on of the Chalice were granted, so that faith were preserued, it would bee of small importance; but it would open a gate to demaund an abrogation of all posi••ue constitutions, by which onely the prerogatiue giuen by CHRIST to * 1.284 the Church of Rome, is preserued, for by those which are de iure diuino no pro∣fit doth arise, but that which is spirituall. For these reasons it is wisedome to oppose the first demand, not to be bound to grant the second and all the rest.

The Pope, principally for these causes, did resolue negatiuely; and, to * 1.285 make his resolution the lesse grieuous, he caused the Ambassadour to be per∣swaded to desist of his owne accord, who not consenting, hee caused him to be intreated, that, at the least, hee would prosecute it gently, in regard it was impossible to yeeld vnto him, for feare of aliening all the Catholiques. The Ambassadour still proceeding, the Pope first put him off with delay, and, in conclusion, answered, that howsoeuer he could▪ yet he ought not to yeeld to his request, because the Councell was at hand, vnto which hee had re∣ferred the Emperours petition, so hee would doe that of France, and, to gra∣tifie

the King, would handle that article first of all, and so dispatch it in as little time as would be requisite to grant the grace with maturi••i••. The Am∣bassadour repeating this instance in euery audience, the Pope added, that hee was sure all the Prelates did not make that request, because the maior part in the Congregation did resolue not to speake of it, saying that the name of the Prelates of France was vsed, whereas the motion proceeded but from a few, and those incited by others, meaning the Queene; against whom hee bare a secret grudge, for the letter she wrote vnto him the 4. of August.

At the same time when the Petition of the French Prelates was publi∣shed * 1.286 in Rome, newes came out of Germanie, that the same men had sent to the Protestants there, to perswade them to perseuere in their doctrine, promi∣sing to fauour them in the Councell, and to draw other Prelates to doe the like. This was diuulged in Trent also; and caused the French-men to haue but small reputation, both there amongst the Italians, and in the Court of Rome, where they were esteemed to be men of an vnquiet spirit, and desirous of innouation. And it was said (as suspicions doe alwayes adde something) in regard of the disputes which that Nation hath euer had with the Court of Rome, in very important Articles, and of the present accidents, that cer∣tainely they would goe to the Councell, with no other aime, but onely to * 1.287 cause troubles and innouations. The Ambassador, that the popular rumor against his Nation might not make an impression in the Popes minde, was willing to secure him; who perswaded him ironically not to trouble him∣selfe, because it was not likely, nor could hee beleeue, that so small a num∣ber as are the French-men, could thinke of so great enterprises; and▪ if they did, that they should finde many Italians who would oppose them. But he said, he was displeased that they had hindered the Councell, which was assembled for their sakes onely; which shewed but small care in them to cure that sick∣nesse, whereof they complaine; adding that hee was resolued to open the Councell; either with them, or without them, and to prosecute and dispatch it; and that his Legates and a great number of Bishops had been many mo∣neths in Trent already, to their great trouble and charge, not able to doe any thing, while the Prelats of France doe so deliciously prouide for their case at home.

In conformity hereof, hee did recapitulate in Consistory the instances, and causes, for which hee had, iust a yeere since, intimated the Councell, by aduice of them the Cardinals▪ the difficulties which hee encountred, and o∣uercame, in perswading the Princes, who were of contrary opinions to ac∣cept the Bull; his diligence in sending presently the Legates, and those Pre∣lates with whom hee was able to preuaile, either with perswasions; or com∣maunds, that all is already prepared by him onely, seuen moneths since, and is so chargeable to him, that, amongst officers and poore Prelates, the Apostolique Sea doeth spend aboue three thousand crownes a moneth, and that experience sheweth that delay doeth bring on more expence, that the Dutch-men doe inuent some thing euery day, to oppose against this holy and necessary worke; that heresies doe increase in France; and some Bishops are almost become re••ellious, by making absurd petition for the Cup, which they doe with such violence, that the greater number▪ who are good Cat••o∣liques,

are forced to yeelde; that all Princes haue appointed Abassadours; that there are so many Prelates in Trent already, that they are not onely suf∣ficient to beginne the Synod, but are more then were in any of the two for∣mer conuocations thereof; and that nothing remained but to beginne, with∣out expecting any longer. The Gardinals hauing consented hereunto, and commended his resolution, hee ioyned two Legates more to the three for∣mer, * 1.288 Ludouicus Simoneta, a great Canonist, who had passed through all the offices of the Court, and Marcus di Altemps, his sisters sonne. Hee comman∣ded the former to depart presently, and not to tary any where in the iourney, and, so soone as hee came to Trent, to cause the vsuall ceremonies to be made, and the Masse of the holy Ghost to bee said for a beginning of the Councell. Hee said afterwards that the Synode was to continue still, not to terminate in suspensions, or translations, as formerly it did, with notorious preiudice and danger, but to haue an absolute end. For effecting whereof, there was no neede to spend many moneths, in regard the most important points were already determined and the residue was so set in order, by disputations and examinations vnder Iulius, that scarce any thing remained but publication; so that all would be dispatched in a shorttime.

Simoneta arriued in Trent the niuth of December, and at his entrie, sawa great fire rise out of the earth, which passed ouer the Citie, like vnto a fal∣ling starre, but onely in bignesse; whereof idle persons, of which number there were many, made diuers pronognostiques, some presaging good, and some hurt, which would be a vanlty to recount. The Cardinall found let∣ters written after his departure, that hee should expect a new commission to open the Councell. The Pope compelled some Bishops who were at Court * 1.289 at the time of his departure, to goe with him, so that the number of all, be∣side the Cardinals, was 92.

The Nuncio, resident in France, returned to Rome in the beginning of December; who hauing related the state of that Kingdome, the Pope wrote * 1.290 to the Legate that he should represent to the Kings Counsell, that the Coun∣cell was to be celebrated for France onely, because neither Italy, nor Spaine had neede of it, and Germanie did refuse it; and tell them, that therefore it did concerne them to promote it; a thing neglected by them, but performed by him in regard of his fatherly affection; and that the Legates beeing in Trent already, and many of the Italian and Spanish Prelates, and the rest in their iourney, they should immediatly send an Ambassadour, and their Bishops. Besides, he commanded the Legat to vse all diligence to hinder the preach∣ing and assembling of the Protestants, and to encourage the Diuines, giuing them Indulgences and spirituall graces, and promising them temporall assi∣stance also, but that himselfe should, by no meanes, be present at the sermons of the Protestants, and auoid all banquets where any of them were in com∣panie.

At the same time the Polonian Prelats came to Trent, who, hauing visited * 1.291 the Legates, and shewed the deuotion of their Church to the Sea of Rome, related how the Lutherans attempted to bring their doctrine into that king∣dome, and the foundations which were already layd in some parts; to op∣pose whose plots the Bishops were alwayes to be vigilant: that they were all

desirous to assist in the Councell, and to promote the common cause, which not being able to doe, for the cause aforesaid, so important and necessarie, they had sent their Proctors to giue voyce, as if the▪ Prelats were present. And they demanded to haue as many voyces as they had commissions from the Bishops, who, for lawfull causes, could not part out of the kingdome. The Legats answered in generall termes, meaning to resolue with mature de∣liberation: * 1.292 and the Pope, whom they had aduised hereof, proposed it in Consistorie; where the Cardinals, without difficultie, concurred in the nega∣tiue, because it was determined before that the resolutions should bee made as formerly they had beene, by pluralitie of voyces, and not by Nations. Which was therather thought to be necessary, because there was a fame that the French-men, though Catholiques, came with Sorbonicall and Parliamenta∣rie mindes, fully bent to acknowledge the Pope no further then they pleased. And it was knowen before, that the Spaniards had some humour to subiect the Pope to the Councell; and the Legates had often sent aduice from Trent, * 1.293 that some bad ambitious humours, to enlarge the Episcopall authority, were discouered; and, in particular, the Spaniards did propose that it was necessary to restraine the authority of the Pope, at the least so farre as that hee might not derogate from the decrees of this Councell, saying, that, otherwise, the labour and cost would be all in vaine, if, for small causes, and sometimes with∣out any, he might dispence with them, as he dayly doth with all the Canons. The Cardinals saw no other meanes to oppose these attempts, but by sen∣ding a great number of Italian Prelates, who, being vnited together, will o∣uercome * 1.294 all the Vltramontans. And this remedie would bee to no purpose, if the voices of the absent were admitted. For the Spaniards and French-men would cause all their Bishops to send proxies, and it would be as much as to giue voyces, not by heads, but by Nations.

Therefore it was written to Trent, that they should make large promises to the Polonians, but conclude, that the Councell was a continuation, and the same which was begun vnder Paulus the third, so that the orders then practi∣sed, and continuately kept, with good fruit, as did appeare, must be still ob∣serued; amongst which one was that the absent should haue no voyce, with which if they did dispence, all other National would pretend the like, with much confusion; that whatsoeuer request Polonia did make, for any thing * 1.295 that was proper to it selfe, and would not raise any stirres in other Countries, should be granted in regard of the merits of that most noble Nation. The Polonians seemed to bee satisfied with the answere, yet pretending businesse at Ʋenice, they departed; and returned no more.

A letter which the King of Spaine wrote with his owne hand, caused much ioy in Rome; in which hee aduertized the Pope of the negotiation of Montbrun, sent vnto him by the Queene of France, and of the answere which hee gaue him, promising to assist his Holinesse to purge Christendome of he∣resie, * 1.296 with all the forces of his Kingdomes and States, and to send potent and speedy aydes to any Prince that would cleanse his Countrey of that conta∣gion. But the bad conceit which the Court had of the French-men was in∣creased, by an aduice sent from Paris, that the Parliament had, with much solemoitie, condemned to recant one Iohn Tancherel, a Bachelor of Diuini∣ty,

because, with intelligence of some Diuines, he had proposed and defen∣ded publique questions, that the Pope, Ʋicar of CHRIST, is Monarch of the Church, and may depriue Kings and Princes, who disobey his comman∣dements, of their Kingdomes, States, and Digmties; who beeing accused, cited, and hauing confessed the fact, did flie, and the iudges, as in a Comedie, caused the Beadell of the Vniuersitie to represent his person, and to make a publike satisfaction, and recantation, forbidding the Diuines to dispute such questions hereafter, making them goe to the King to aske pardon for hauing suffered so important a matter to bee disputed on, and to promise to oppose themselues alwayes against that doctrine. They spake of the Frenchmen as of lost sheepe, who denied the authoritie giuen by CHRIST to S. Peter, * 1.297 to feede the whole flocke, and to loose and binde, which doth consist principally in punishing the delicts which giue scandall, or offence against the Church in common, without difference of Prince or subiect. The examples of the Emperours, Henry the fourth and fifth, Frederic the first and second, and Lewis of Bauaria, of the Kings of France, Philippus Augustus, and Pulcher, were alleadged; as also the famous sayings of the Canonists in this poynt: they sayd the Pope ought to cite the whole Parliament to Rome; and that the conclusion of that Diuine ought to be sent to Rome also, to be examined be∣fore any thing else were done, and approoued, and the contrary condem∣ned. The Pope did moderately complaine hereof, and thought it better * 1.298 to dissemble, because, as hee sayd, the great sore of France did make this in∣sensible.

The Court was perswaded, that neither Ambassadour nor Bishop would be sent out of France to Trent, and discoursed what was fit for the Pope to doe, to force them to accept the determinations of the Councell, which the Pope was, by all meanes, resolued to open, at the beginning of the new yeere. Hee imparted this determination to the Cardinals, exhorting them to consi∣der, that it did not stand with the honour of the Apostolike Sea, nor of that Colledge, to receiue rules and reformations from others, and that the condi∣tion of the times, when all crie out for reformation, not vnderstanding what * 1.299 it is, did require, that in regard of the glorious name thereof, it should not bee refused; that, in this contrariety of reasons, the best temper was, to make, by way of preuention, a reformation of his owne accord; which would not serue to that purpose onely, but win commendations also, by making himselfe an example to others; that for this cause, hee would reforme the Penitentiary, and Datary, principall members of the Court, and afterwards consider of smaller matters: and he deputed cardinals for one and the other charge. He discoursed of the causes why the opening of the Councell could * 1.300 no longer be deferred. For it being discouered that the Vltramontans haue bad ends and disseignes, to abate the absolute power which GOD hath giuen to the Pope of Rome, the more time they haue to thinke on it, the more their plots will encrease; and that there is danger, that, by time, some of the Ita∣lians may bee gained also; that therefore it is the safest way to vse expedition, and that, if the great expences, which are made in maintaining the Prelats, be not quickly ended, the Apostolike Sea, will not bee able to beare them. After∣wards he gaue the crosse of the Legation to the Card. Altemps, with order to

put himselfe in readinesse, and to bee in Trent at the opening of the Coun∣cell, if it were possible. The cause why hee reuoked the order, giuen at the departure of Cardinall Simoneta, to open the Councell at his arriuall, was the instance of the Emperours Ambassador in Rome, that the Ambassadours of his Master might bee present at it. But afterward hauing aduertized his Holinesse, that they would be in Trent before the midst of Ianuary, hee ear∣nestly entreated the Marquis of Pescara, whom the King of Spaine had sent Ambassadour to the Councell, to bee in Trent, and assist at the opening of it. Hee solicited the Venetians also to send their Ambassage, beeing care∣full that that ceremony should passe with reputation. Notwithstanding, he wrote to the Legats to open the Councell so soone as the Ambassadors of the Emperour, and of the forenamed Princes were arriued, and that if they came not by the middest of the moneth, they should deferre it no longer. And in this coniun∣cture the yeere 1561 did end.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The Pope ma∣keth a great shew that hee will reforme the Church.
• * 1.2

  The suspensi∣on of y^e coun∣cel, made for two yeeres la∣steth ten.
• * 1.3

  The causes of the two Con∣uocations of the Councel.
• * 1.4

  1553▪ I〈…〉〈…〉 3. 〈…〉〈…〉 CHARLES▪ 〈…〉〈…〉 EDWARD▪ 〈…〉〈…〉 HENRY〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.5

  Charles vseth meanes to make the Em∣pire heredi∣tary▪
• * 1.6

  But cannot effect it.
• * 1.7

  Which cau∣seth him to lay aside all care of Religi∣on and of the Councel.
• * 1.8

  1553.
• * 1.9

  How y^e Pope maintained his reputation
• * 1.10

  The King of, England dieth
• * 1.11

  Iane is pro∣claimed Queene.
• * 1.12

  But Mary ob∣taineth the Crowne.
• * 1.13

  1553 IVLIVS 3. CHARLES 5. Q. MARY. HENRY 2. A sedition in London about Religion.
• * 1.14

  The Pope maketh Car∣dinall Poole his Legat for England.
• * 1.15

  A Parliament is held, & the diuorce of Henry the 8. declared to be vnlawfull.
• * 1.16

  Pope••y is esta∣blished.
• * 1.17

  And the mar∣riage of the Queene is treated on.
• * 1.18

  1554 IVLIVS 3. CHARLES 5. MARY. HENRY 2. Vntil the cō∣clusion wher∣of the Empe∣rour hindreth Poole in going into England.
• * 1.19

  1554.
• * 1.20

  The celebra∣tion of the marriage.
• * 1.21

  Cardinall Poole com∣meth to Lon∣don, with the crosse carried before him. And maketh an Oration in the Parli∣ment.
• * 1.22

  The manner of the re-vni∣on with the Church of Rome.
• * 1.23

  Ambassadors are appointed to goe to the Pope.
• * 1.24

  For which Processions are made in Rome.
• * 1.25

  Many are bur∣ned in Eng∣land for Re∣ligion.
• * 1.26

  And in France also.
• * 1.27

  Which was done to sati∣ate the coue∣tousnesse of Diana Valen∣tina.
• * 1.28

  Michael Ser∣uetus is bur∣ned in Ge∣neua.
• * 1.29

  The King of the Romanes publisheth an Edict against all innouati∣on in Religion
• * 1.30

  And a Cate∣chisme.
• * 1.31

  1555 PAVL 4. CHARLES 5. MARY. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 HENRY 2. Which gaue distaste to the Court of Rome.
• * 1.32

  It is resolued in Rome not to speak of the Councell though the two yeeres of suspension were ended.
• * 1.33

  1555. A Diet. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 had in Ausburg to compose the differences in Religion.
• * 1.34

  In which Fer∣dinand ma∣keth an Ora∣tion.
• * 1.35

  1555 MARCDILVS 〈◊〉〈◊〉. CHARLES 5. MARY HENRY 2.
• * 1.36

  And propo∣seth a Col∣loquie.
• * 1.37

  Which dis∣pleaseth the Pope.
• * 1.38

  Who is conso∣lated with the obedience of England.
• * 1.39

  Hee sendeth Cardinall Morone to the Diet.
• * 1.40

  And dieth presently af∣ter.
• * 1.41

  Marcellus Ceruinus is created Pope, and reteineth his name.
• * 1.42

  He purposeth to make a re∣formation.
• * 1.43

  And is censu∣red by the Court.
• * 1.44

  He purposed to institute a religion of an hundred per∣sons.
• * 1.45

  But dieth be fore anything was effected, hauing sat but 22. dayes.
• * 1.46

  Two cap〈…〉〈…〉∣lations, one to cal another S•• councel with∣in two years, another not to make a∣boue 4. Car∣dinals within two years. Iohn Peter Caraffa, cal∣led Paul the 4 41•• created Pope.
• * 1.47

  Of whose se∣ueritie the Court is afraid.
• * 1.48

  The English. Ambassadors are receiued in the first cō∣sistory after the corona∣tion.
• * 1.49

  The Pope gi∣ueth to Ire∣land the title of a kingdom
• * 1.50

  Which was taken before without the consent of any Pope.
• * 1.51

  Popes haue often giuen that which they could not take frō the possessors.
• * 1.52

  The Pope commandeth the restitutiō of Church goods in England.
• * 1.53

  And the pay¦ment of Pe∣ter pence.
• * 1.54

  The Queene maketh 〈…〉〈…〉∣tution, which her people ••••∣suse to doe.
• * 1.55

  Contentions doe arise in the Diet of Ausburg.
• * 1.56

  1555 PAVL 4. CHARLES 5. MARY. HENRY. 2. But at the last a peace of Re∣ligion is esta∣blished.
• * 1.57

  Of which the hope com∣plaineth to the Emperors Embassador, and Cardinall of Ausburg.
• * 1.58

  Paul had vast thoughts, and was excee∣ding proud.
• * 1.59

  He trea••ced a League with the French King.
• * 1.60

  And createth Cardinals, contrary to his Oath.
• * 1.61

  Card Poole, ordained Priest and made Arch-bishop of Canterbury
• * 1.62

  The people of Austria disire liberty of 〈…〉〈…〉∣ligion.
• * 1.63

  To whom Ferdinand an∣swereth thus.
• * 1.64

  1556 PAVL 4. CHARLES 5. MARY. HENRY 2. The Bauari∣ans also desire liberty of re∣ligion. Which their Duke doeth grant vnto them in some few points.
• * 1.65

  The whole Palatinate doth imbrace the Augustan Confession
• * 1.66

  1556. The Pope e∣recteth a con∣gregation to discusse all doubts con∣cerning Si∣monie.
• * 1.67

  In the first meeting of which 3. opi∣nions are broached.
• * 1.68

  The Pope in∣tendeth to publish a Bull according to his owne opi∣nion. The Bull is hindered.
• * 1.69

  His opinion concerning the Councell of Trent.
• * 1.70

  Hee is much distasted with y^e grant made by the Duke of Bauaria.
• * 1.71

  As also with the fiue de∣mands made by the Polo∣man Ambas∣sadours.
• * 1.72

  Which ma∣keth him speake of hol∣ding a Late∣ran Councel.
• * 1.73

  Hee is angry with y^e French King.
• * 1.74

  And with the Emperour much mo〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.75

  But most of all for the truce conclu∣ded betweene those two Princes.
• * 1.76

  Notwithstan∣ding he dis∣sembleth his passion and sendeth Le∣gates to them both, to treat a peace, but intendeth no∣thing but vvar.
• * 1.77

  The French King breaketh the truce at the Popes in∣stance.
• * 1.78

  The Pope proceedeth seuerely a∣gainst the Colonnesi.
• * 1.79

  Who retire into the king∣dome of Na∣ples, and make excursions vpon their lands.
• * 1.80

  The Pope maketh shew that he will proceed a∣gainst the Emperor, and his sonne.
• * 1.81

  Prouideth for warre.
• * 1.82

  Wards or precincts.
• * 1.83

  And impriso∣neth many Cardinals & Barons vpon suspicion, and King Philip his Ambassa∣dour.
• * 1.84

  The Duke of Alua prote∣steth of the wrong done to his Master by the Pope, and receueth a proud an∣swere.
• * 1.85

  1557 PAVL 4. CHARLES 5. MARY. HENRY 2.
• * 1.86

  For which cause he mo∣ueth warre a∣gainst him.
• * 1.87

  The Pope ar∣meth the Re∣gulars, and purposeth to pull downe a Church of great deuo∣tion.
• * 1.88

  The Emperor quitteth the world.
• * 1.89

  1557. The Duke of Guise passeth into Italy with an army.
• * 1.90

  The Pope createth ten Cardinals.
• * 1.91

  The Inquisi∣tion is the principal my∣sterie of the Papacle. Card. Morone and the B of Morlena are imprisoned. And Card. Poole depri∣ued of his Le∣gation.
• * 1.92

  Wherewith many were offended.
• * 1.93

  The Duke of Guise recei∣ueth a repulse, by default of the Caraffi.
• * 1.94

  1557 PAVL 4. FERDINAND. MARY. HENRY 2. The Pope is terrified by the approa∣ching of the Duke of Alua The battell of S. Quintin.
• * 1.95

  Maketh the French King recall the D of Guise, and his forces. Whom the Pope disims∣seth with bad tearmes.
• * 1.96

  The Duke of Alua might haue taken Rome, and did not.
• * 1.97

  But made a base compo∣sition with the Pope.
• * 1.98

  And goeth to Rome to de∣mand abso∣lution.
• * 1.99

  1557 PAVL 4. FERDINAND PHILIP 2 K. of Spainè. MARY. HENRY 2.
• * 1.100

  The Pope is angry with y^e French King for vsing mo∣deration to∣wards the Protestants.
• * 1.101

  And for ma∣king two cō∣stitutions in matter of re∣ligion.
• * 1.102

  But is well pleased with the dissoluti∣on of the Colloquie in Germany.
• * 1.103

  A relation of the Colloquy.
• * 1.104

  1558 PAVL 4. FERDINAND. PHILIP 2. MARY. HENRY 2.
• * 1.105

  1558. The Pope proceedeth seuerely a∣gainst his owne family.
• * 1.106

  Instituteth a new gouern∣ment in Rome
• * 1.107

  And applieth himselfe who∣ly to the of∣fice of the In∣quisition. Making a new Constitution.
• * 1.108

  Which was disesteemed by the world.
• * 1.109

  Ferdinand is installed in the Empire.
• * 1.110

  The Pope re∣fuseth to ac∣knowledge him.
• * 1.111

  And to heare his Ambas∣sadour.
• * 1.112

  Who, hauing made a prote∣station, depar∣teth from Rome.
• * 1.113

  1558 PAVL 4. FERDINAND PHILIP 2. ELIZABETH. HENRY 2. Mary Queene of England dieth And Eliza∣beth is crow∣ned.
• * 1.114

  With whom the Pope doth presently con∣test.
• * 1.115

  A disputation is held in Westminster in matter of religion.
• * 1.116

  Ferdinand promiseth to procure a ge∣nerall Coun∣cell.
• * 1.117

  And confir∣meth the ac∣cord of Pas∣sau.
• * 1.118

  Wherewith the Pope is much displea∣sed.
• * 1.119

  But more with the capi∣tulations of the peace of Cambray.
• * 1.120

  So that hee became vnfit to rule.
• * 1.121

  The progresse of the refor∣med religion; and y^e meanes vsed to sup∣presse it.
• * 1.122

  In the Low Countries 50000 were executed for religion in a short time, and very ma∣ny in France.
• * 1.123

  Whereof the Cardinall of Loraine and Granuel, Bi∣shop of Arras were causes.
• * 1.124

  The King of Spaine ere∣cteth Bishop∣rickes in the Low Coun∣tries, that hee might more easily bring in the Inquisi∣tion.
• * 1.125

  Which ma∣keth the No∣bility to com∣bine and re∣fuse to pay tribute.
• * 1.126

  The French King entreth into the Mer∣curiall.
• * 1.127

  1559 PIVS 4. FERDINAND. PHILIP 2. ELIZABETH. HENRY 2. And cōman∣deth some of the Counsel∣lors of Parlia∣ment to bee imprisoned.
• * 1.128

  15••9 The Refor∣matists hold a Synod in Paris.
• * 1.129

  And are en∣couraged by the intercessi∣on of the Pro∣testant Prin∣ces of Ger∣manie.
• * 1.130

  Which did them no good.
• * 1.131

  1559. PAVL. 4. FERDINAND ELIZABETH. FRANCIS. 2. Henry the se∣cond dyeth, the second of Iuly.
• * 1.132

  The Pope Iy∣eth the 18. of August, re∣commending to the Cardi∣nals nothing but the office of the Inqui∣sition.
• * 1.133

  The people shew their de∣testation of him.
• * 1.134

  Card, Morone was set at li∣bertie, who was ready to be sentenced for an here∣tique.
• * 1.135

  Capitulatiōs sworne vnto by the Cardi∣nals in the Conclaue.
• * 1.136

  1559 PIVS. 4. FERDINAND. ELIZABETH. FRANCIS 2. King Philip is in great pe∣rill at sea, Who, at his arriuall in Spaine, vseth great seueritie against the Lutherans.
• * 1.137

  The young French King, imirateth the seueritie of his father.
• * 1.138

  Anna Borges is burned.
• * 1.139

  whose con∣stancie giueth an encrease to the reformed Religion.
• * 1.140

  Meanes vsed in France to discouer the Reformatists.
• * 1.141

  Iohn Angelo, Car〈…〉〈…〉 Me¦dici, is created Pope.
• * 1.142

  He approo∣ueth the re∣signation of Charles, & the succession of Ferdinand.
• * 1.143

  And consul∣teth about the Councel.
• * 1.144

  The Empe∣rour sendeth an Ambassa∣dor to Rome.
• * 1.145

  Who, after some conte∣station, ren∣dereth obedi∣ence to the Pope, not reuerence onely.
• * 1.146

  And is well pleased that his Holinesse beginneth to speake of the Councell.
• * 1.147

  The Duke of Sauoy deman∣deth the Popes haue to hold a Colloquie.
• * 1.148

  To instruct the people of his Valleys, whom before he had perse∣ceted.
• * 1.149

  But his Holi∣nesse refuseth to grant it.
• * 1.150

  And therefore the Duke ta∣keth Armes against them.
• * 1.151

  A great con∣spiracie in France, & the causes of it.
• * 1.152

  The Conspi∣rations are dis∣couered, and many of them executed and the rest par∣doned.
• * 1.153

  The Prote∣stants doe increase by meanes of the Preachers of Geneua.
• * 1.154

  A Nationall Synod is in∣timated in France.
• * 1.155

  The Pope blameth the French King for pardoning here••••kes.
• * 1.156

  And will not approue the Nationall Synod.
• * 1.157

  But sendeth a Nuncio into Spaine to dis∣swade it.
• * 1.158

  And to per∣swade y^e King to make ware against Ge∣neua.
• * 1.159

  The King of Spaine disswa∣deth y^e French King from the Nationall Synode.
• * 1.160

  And deman∣deth of the Pope a Subsi∣die from the Ecclesiastikes.
• * 1.161

  The French men are dista∣sted with the proposition of assaulting Geneua.
• * 1.162

  The French Kings answer concerning the Nationall Synode.
• * 1.163

  Maketh the Pope hasten the General Councell.
• * 1.164

  Who, after consultation, thinketh Trent the fit∣test place for the assembly.
• * 1.165

  And sendeth Card. Tornon into France to hinder a Nationall Sy∣nod there.
• * 1.166

  Scotland re∣uolteth from the Pope.
• * 1.167

  Maximilian is, not with∣out cause, thought to be a Protestant.
• * 1.168

  Which two accidents in∣cite the Pope to call the Councell quickly.
• * 1.169

  Wherein hee declareth his purpose to all the Ambassa∣dors residing with him.
• * 1.170

  But alwyes vt∣tereth some∣thing that may crosse it.
• * 1.171

  The French King doth not thinke Trent a fit place for the Councell.
• * 1.172

  Nor that the doctrines, al∣ready discussed there, should be maintained without reex∣amination
• * 1.173

  Of whose o∣pinion the Emperour is.
• * 1.174

  The Popes answere to them both.
• * 1.175

  The Low-countrey men wax peremp∣tory against their King.
• * 1.176

  The answere of Maximili∣an to y^e Popes nephew, con∣cerning his Religion.
• * 1.177

  The Popes Subiects of A∣uignion rebel against him.
• * 1.178

  But all danger was taken a∣way by means of Cardinall Tornon.
• * 1.179

  1560. The French King calleth an assembly at Fountain∣bleau.
• * 1.180

  In which the opinions were diuers.
• * 1.181

  1560 PIVS 4. FERDINAND. ELTZABETH. FRANCIS. 2.
• * 1.182

  The Decree of this Assem∣bly.
• * 1.183

  Causeth the Pope to make shew that hee is resolued to call the Coun∣cel suddenly.
• * 1.184

  Wherein he is contradicted by the Empe¦rours Ambas∣sadour onely.
• * 1.185

  The Popes secret purpose was to auoid, or deserre the Councell.
• * 1.186

  But maketh a contrary reso∣lution against his will.
• * 1.187

  And is much troubled with. the occurren∣ces of Trance.
• * 1.188

  His comfort is, that the losse will be greater to the French King then to the Apostolike Sea.
• * 1.189

  The Emperor writeth to the Pope against the commua∣tion of the old Councell, and so the conuo∣cation of a new.
• * 1.190

  Wherein the Cardinals are diuided in o∣pinion.
• * 1.191

  The protesta∣tion of the French King sent to Rome.
• * 1.192

  A Procession and Iubelie for the deter∣mination to celebrate the Councell.
• * 1.193

  A great que∣stion in Rome whether the continuation should plainly be declared.
• * 1.194

  The Bull of the intimati∣on of the Councell.
• * 1.195

  Did not please either party.
• * 1.196

  The Queene of England is inuited to the Councell.
• * 1.197

  Vergerius writeth a booke against the Bull.
• * 1.198

  The Prince of Conde is im∣prisoned, and a guard is set vpon y^e King of Nauarre.
• * 1.199

  The French King dieth, & Charles the 9. succeedeth.
• * 1.200

  1560 PIVS 4. FERDINAND. ELIZABETH. CHARLES 9. The King of Nauar & Q. mother go∣uerne France 〈…〉〈…〉 Which ma∣keth the Pro∣testants more confident.
• * 1.201

  The States are held in Orliens Where the Chancellor beginneth to speake.
• * 1.202

  Iohn Angelo speaketh for the third Or∣der.
• * 1.203

  Iames, Earle of Rochfort, speaketh for the Nobility.
• * 1.204

  Iacobus Quin∣tinus speaketh for the Cler∣gie.
• * 1.205

  1561 PIVS 4. FERDINAND ELIZABETH. CHARLES 9.
• * 1.206

  The opinions of Luther be∣gan, when the Concordate was made.
• * 1.207

  The Ordina∣tions of the King.
• * 1.208

  The Pope sendeth a Nū∣cto to the Q. mother, and the King of Spaine an am∣bassadour.
• * 1.209

  1561
• * 1.210

  The negotia∣tion of the Spanish Am∣bassadour.
• * 1.211

  The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 concerning the Councel.
• * 1.212

  To which place y^e Popes two Nuncij are sent by the Emperor with three Ambas∣dors of his owne.
• * 1.213

  The Prote∣stants answer to the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Am∣bassdor.
• * 1.214

  And to the Popes Nuntij
• * 1.215

  The Prote∣stants doe in∣timate ano∣ther assembly, to begin in April.
• * 1.216

  The negoti∣ation of Del∣phinus.
• * 1.217

  Of Comen∣done.
• * 1.218

  Of Marti∣nengo.
• * 1.219

  And of Cano∣bius.
• * 1.220

  The Pope re∣ioyceth that his Bull was kissed by a Burgomaster of Zuric.
• * 1.221

  The Emperor excepteth a∣gainst the Bul of the Coun∣cell.
• * 1.222

  And so doth the French King.
• * 1.223

  To whom the Pope answe∣reth.
• * 1.224

  The Pope doeth not e∣steem France.
• * 1.225

  The King of Spaine excep∣teth against the Bull.
• * 1.226

  And is angry with the ••ope for receiuing the Ambassa∣dor of the K. of Nauar in the Kings hal.
• * 1.227

  For which two causes the Pope sen∣deth a Nunci•• into Spaine.
• * 1.228

  The vnccrtain∣ty of y^e Coun∣cel did stand the Pope in some stead.
• * 1.229

  A difference about prece∣dence be∣tweene the Dukes of Flo∣rence and of Ferrara.
• * 1.230

  The Pope ap∣pointeth Pre∣sidents for the Councell.
• * 1.231

  The French King accep∣teth the Bull.
• * 1.232

  And so doth the King of Spaine.
• * 1.233

  The Pope is troubled with the designe of the Portugal Diuines.
• * 1.234

  One of the Presidents falleth sicke, and another is put in his place.
• * 1.235

  The Italian Prelates are not so hasty to goe to the Councel as y^e Pope would haue had them
• * 1.236

  The Duke of Sauoy maketh 〈◊〉〈◊〉 composition with the Wal∣denses of Montsenis.
• * 1.237

  By reason of a great ouer∣throw.
• * 1.238

  Which giueth distaste to the Pope.
• * 1.239

  Who was pa∣cified by the 〈◊〉〈◊〉. The Pope is offended with the Congre∣gation of the Prelates in France.
• * 1.240

  Into which Kingdome he sendeth for Legate the Cardinall of Ferrara.
• * 1.241

  And giueth him foure commissions.
• * 1.242

  A supplication sent out of France into Spaine.
• * 1.243

  The King maketh an oc∣dination in fauour of the Protestants.
• * 1.244

  The Edict of Iuly.
• * 1.245

  A Colloquie is ordained at Poisi.
• * 1.246

  In which the Card of Lo∣raine vnder∣taketh to con∣fute the here∣siques.
• * 1.247

  The Councel of the French King determi∣neth that the Princes of the Blood ought to precede the Cardinals.
• * 1.248

  The pope is discontented with a letter sent vnto him by the Queen mother.
• * 1.249

  But is com∣forted by ano∣ther, receiued from the Em∣perour.
• * 1.250

  The Italians desire to be excused from going to the Councell, but cannot ob∣taine leaue of the Pope.
• * 1.251

  The Roman Catholike re∣ligion is bani∣shed out of Scotland.
• * 1.252

  The Colloquie of Poisi in France.
• * 1.253

  In which the King speaketh biterely.
• * 1.254

  And the Chancellor at large.
• * 1.255

  The Queene mother com∣mandeth Be∣za to begin.
• * 1.256

  Who sheweth too much heate.
• * 1.257

  Whereat Car∣dinall Tornon disdaineth.
• * 1.258

  The Card. of Loraine spea∣keth for the Catholiques.
• * 1.259

  To whom Beza was willing to an∣swer and was not suffered.
• * 1.260

  But speaketh another day.
• * 1.261

  And is an∣swered by Claudius E∣spenseus.
• * 1.262

  Beza spea∣keth, againe, and prouo∣keth the Bi∣shops.
• * 1.263

  The saw••ines of a Spanish Iesuite.
• * 1.264

  A new course is taken.
• * 1.265

  Which doth as little good as the former
• * 1.266

  Wherwith the Pope is well pleased.
• * 1.267

  The Chan∣cellour of France is bla∣med in Rome, together with the whole go∣uernment of that kingdom.
• * 1.268

  The enter∣tainment of the Cardinall of Ferrara in France.
• * 1.269

  His familiari∣ty with the Hugonots.
• * 1.270

  Displeaseth the Court of Rome.
• * 1.271

  The Q. mo∣ther sendeth an Ambassa∣dour into Spaine to ex∣cuse the Col∣loquie.
• * 1.272

  The Spani∣ards would haue cured y^e maladies of Flanders, with the me∣dicine of France.
• * 1.273

  The Prince of Orange mari∣eth the daugh∣ter of y^e Duke of Saxony.
• * 1.274

  A treatie in France about the Commu∣nion of the Cup.
• * 1.275

  Leaue is gi∣uen to the Legat by the Kings Briefe to exercise his Faculties.
• * 1.276

  Which the Chancelor re∣fuseth to sub∣scribe.
• * 1.277

  The Assembly of Po••si giueth the K. power to sell Church lands to the valew of 100000. Crownes.
• * 1.278

  The Legat informeth the Pope that there are but two wayes to preserue reli∣gion in France.
• * 1.279

  The French Ambassador desireth the Pope to grant the Commu∣nion of the Cup to the French-men.
• * 1.280

  Who glueth a fauourable answere.
• * 1.281

  For which af∣terwards hee was sory.
• * 1.282

  The incon∣uenience of the mariage of Priests.
• * 1.283

  The inconue∣nience of the vulgar tongue
• * 1.284

  The inconue∣nience of the communion of the Cup.
• * 1.285

  The Popere∣solueth not to grant the Cup to the French men.
• * 1.286

  The French Prelates are suspected in Trent, and Rome.
• * 1.287

  The Popes expences in the Councel.
• * 1.288

  Two presi∣dents more are appointed for the Coun∣cell.
• * 1.289

  The number of the Prelats in ••••ent.
• * 1.290

  The Pope writeth to his Legate in France.
• * 1.291

  Two Poloni∣an Prelates cometo Trent.
• * 1.292

  Who desire to haue as many voices as they haue commis∣sions from the Bishops. Their r••quest is sent to Rome; where it was resected for feare of dangerous confequences
• * 1.293

  The deseignes of the French, and Spanish Prelates are suspected.
• * 1.294

  For which cause the Pope resolueth to send many Italian Pre∣lats to Trent, to make a maior part.
• * 1.295

  The Polonian Prelats seeme to be satisfied with a courte∣ous negatiue, but depart, & returne no more.
• * 1.296

  Iohn Tanche∣rel is con∣demn••d by the Parlia∣ment of Paris for defending in y^e schooles, that the Pope may depose Kings.
• * 1.297

  For which the French-men are much cen∣sured in Rome
• * 1.298

  But the Pope dissembleth his distaste.
• * 1.299

  The Pope promiseth to make a refor∣mation in the Court.
• * 1.300

  And hastneth the opening of the Coun∣cell.