The merchants mappe of commerce wherein, the universall manner and matter of trade, is compendiously handled. The standerd and currant coines of sundry princes, observed. The reall and imaginary coines of accompts and exchanges, expressed. The naturall and artificiall commodities of all countries for transportation declared. The weights and measures of all eminent cities and tovvnes of traffique, collected and reduced one into another; and all to the meridian of commerce practised in the famous citie of London. By Lewes Roberts, merchant. Necessary for all such as shall be imployed in the publique affaires of princes in forreigne parts; for all gentlemen and others that travell abroad for delight or pleasure, and for all merchants or their factors that exercise the art of merchandizing in any part of the habitable world.

EUROPE, AND THE PROVINCES AND CITIES OF TRADE THEREOF.

[illustration]

CHAP. CX.

Of Europe the last division of the World heere handled, and the Kingdomes thereof.

EUROPE which I have willingly omitted as * 1.1 last and principall, commeth now to be sur∣veied, that the Trade thereof may the better appeare in her particular Provinces and Cities, should be in prerogative of worth the chiefe and first, but following the custome of Mer∣chants, I shew the best last, and the worst first.

Europe then is divided into these Provinces and Ilands.

• 1 Spaine.
• 2 France.
• 3 Italie.
• 4 Belgia.
• 5 Germanie.
• 6 Denmarke.
• 7 Norway.
• 8 Sweden.
• 9 Moscovia.
• 10 Poland.
• 11 Hungarie.
• 12 Dacia.
• 13 Slavonia.
• 14 Gracia.

The Ilands of Europe are dispersed through these Seas.

• 1 Greeke Seas.
• 2 Egean Seas.
• 3 Cretan Seas.
• 4 Ionian Seas.
• 5 Adriatique seas.
• 6 Mediterranean seas.
• 7 British Seas.
• 8 Northerne Seas.

Of all which in order, and of each of these Divisions in order.

CHAP. CXI.

Of Spaine and the Cities thereof.

SPAINE the most Westerne Continent of Eu∣rope is invironed on all sides with the Seas, exc•…•…pt * 1.2 towards France, from which it is separated by the Pirenean Mountaines, and the Fortresse of Pampelo∣na on the North-west, and Perpignan on the South-east.

The Commodities that this Country yeelds for Merchandise, is Wines, Sugars, Oiles, Metalls, Licoris, Rice, Silkes, Wooll, Corke, Rosen, * 1.3 Steele, Orenges, Limmons, Rasens, Almonds, &c. Aniseeds, Anchoves, Soda Barrellia, Figges, Tuny fish, Iron, Shumacke, Saffron, Soape, Cori∣ander, Hony, Waxe, &c.

Spaine is found at this day to bee divided into twelve Provinces, which formerly were petty Kingdomes; viz. 1. Leon & Oucedo, 2. Na∣varre, 3. Corduba, 4. Gallicia, 5. Biscay, 6. Toledo, 7. Murti•…•…, 8. Ca∣stile, 9. Portugall, 10. Valentia, 11. Cattelona, 12. Aragon. Of which in order, with their Cities of note and traffique.

In Leon and Oucedo I finde no Citie of Trade memorable, the Citie of Leon being the principall, and is the Principality belon∣ging * 1.4 to the Princes of Spaine, under the name of Ast•…•…rias.

In Navarre is of note, the Citie of Pampelona famous for her for∣tification, and not for her negocation. * 1.5

Corduba is accounted the most fertile soile of all Spaine, and hath Corduba for a principall Citie; from whence commeth that excel∣lent * 1.6 Cordovant leather, knowne to us. 2. March•…•…na. a principall breeder of the best Genets in Spaine: also 3. Medina Sidonia, whose Duke was principall Commander of that pretended Invincible Ar∣mado 1588. Also Lucardi Barameda a great Haven-towne, X•…•…res which yeelds the Wines knowne, Sherry Sackes, because the Spani∣ards are found to pronounce x as sh in English: and also Sivill which requireth (according to my Methode) for her worth and eminency of Trade a Chapter by it selfe.

CHAP. CXII.

Of Sivill, and the Trade thereof.

SIVILL is accounted the fairest Citie of all Spaine, in compasse sixe miles, invironed with beautifull Walles, and adorned with many stately buil∣dings; as Pallaces, Churches, and Monasteries; one whereof is endowed with 25000. Crownes annuall rent. The river Baetis divides it into two parts, yet joyned by a stately Bridge: from hence the Spaniards set out towards the Westerne India, and hither re∣turne againe to unlade the riches of those Westerne parts of the world, which principally are found to bee Silver, Tobacco, Ginger, Cottons, Sugars, Brasill, and Ferinand Bucqu•…•… wood, and so•…•… Drugges. Here is 30000. Genets maintained continually for the King of Spaine his service; and the Trade of this place is of that greatnesse, that some are of opinion, the Customes of this Towne onely is wo•…•…th unto the King halfe a million of gold yearely; and the Archbishop of Sivill is held so rich, that his rent amounts to 100000 Crownes yearely, and hath under his Jurisdiction •…•…000. sm•…•…ll Villages, and consequently, in his whole Diocese 2000. Benefices, besides Frie∣ries, Nunneries and Hospitals, and esteemed the next in degree to him of Toledo: the rarities of this place I willingly omit as well knowne to our Nation.

In Sivill, Madera, &c. the Merchants keepe their Accounts by Mar∣vides, * 1.7 of which 3•…•…5. are esteem•…•…d to make a Duccat of Exx^o of 11. Rialls, every Riall being 37. Mal. and so is but 374. Mal. But our English there resident keepe their Accounts in Rialls of 34. Mal. the Riall.

Their currant monies are these,

A Duccat of Gold of Sivill is worth 375. Marvides accounted * 1.8 5. s. 6. d. Ster.

A Riall of Castile is worth in Sivill 34. Marvides. and is so worth throughout all Spaine, which is accounted 6. d. Sterling. money.

A Dobra currant is worth of Carlin money 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Marvides; every 1000. Dobras are 80. V. 888. Marvides, and is accounted in Mer∣chandise 71. Mar. and is worth in Valentia at even hand 4. Sold. 7. Den. 1/10 of Valentia money without charges of Exxch.

A Dobra of Castile is worth 375. Marvides, or is as above a Duc∣cat of Gold.

A Castiliane of Merchandise is worth 485. Mervides, about 7. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Sterl. Vide monies in Castile currant in all Spaine.

Their Exx^o. are made upon the imaginary Duccat of 375. Mar. * 1.9 payable in banco with five per centum, which is the Bancos sala∣ry, or without the banco to bee paied without the same; and this Duccat is commonly tearmed Ducat•…•… de Or•…•… or de Peso; and is worth, as above, 375. Mervides. In Sivill they •…•…ake their payments as fol∣lowing, if you say in Ducate di Or•…•… or ae Castilia upon banco, those are then paid in banco without losse at all, but if you say to bee paid in so many Duccats Dor•…•… in Pistolets forth of banco, they will pay in the said money; but if it be said to pay in Carlins, it will cost, and sometime ¼ per centum losse. But because I have at large in the Tract of Exchanges in the Chapters 294. and 426. treated of the Exchange of this place, therefore I will (to avoid repetition) referre the Rea∣der thereunto for further and ampler satisfaction.

There is used in Sivill three Weights or Kintars: as first, the * 1.10 smaller which comprehends 112. l. of foure Roves of 28. pounds a Rove.

The next is of 120. l. of foure Roves of 30. l. to a Rove.

The last is the great, of 144. l. of 4. Roves of 36. l. a Rove, which last is accounted the common Kintar of Sivill, upon which these observations have beene made, which for the certainety I referre to triall:

100. l. in Sivill have been found to make in

• London—102. l.
• Marselia—113
• Venetia Sotile—152
• Venetia Grosse—96
• Sicilia—5•…•…½
• Lisborne—90 〈◊〉〈◊〉
• Florence—129½
• Antwerpe—98
• Lions—97
• Dansicke—117
• Genoa Grosse—100

Woolles of Sivill is commonly heere bought about Michaelmas, * 1.11 and they pay ½ ready money, ⅙ at Christmas, and have from March to May for payment of the rest, of which heere is great quantity provided.

Silke is bought at Almaria, commonly worth 28. Pesanti the l. Morisco, which is 18. s. Florence, for which place it is bought, and * 1.12 this it will cost 1020. Mar. the said pound which is 30. Rials, which is performed betweene Iune and October, the best time being from Iuly to August by reason of the heate, for after that the weight of silke will encrease.

And as for other Commodities heere found besides Wooll and Silke, it cannot properly bee said to bee the Commodities of the place, but for the most are comprehended under the naturall Commodities im∣ported from the West Indies, of which this is the principall Port

and Scale in Europe, and as a Countrey intirely challenged by the Spaniards.

Their common measure in Sivill is the Vare, which hath beene * 1.13 observed,

The 100. Vares to make in

• London—elles—74
• Anvers—123
• Frankford—154
• Dansicke—102
• Vienna—107
• Lions—a.—75
• Paris—al.—70
• Genoa—Pal.—336
• Roven—al.—74
• Lisborne—V.—74
• Madera—Br.—76
• Venetia—133
• Lucca—148
• Florence—151
• Millan—170

Oile is bought here by the Rove, 64. Roves is in Venita one Miara, * 1.14 40. or 41. Roves makes a Pipe, a Rove is 8. Somer, a Somer is 4. Quartiles, and a Quartile is ⅙ of a Stoope of Antwerpe, and 2. Pipes or 81. Roves is 25. or 26. Florence Barrels, or 252. Gall. Gallons of En∣glish measure, but Sivill gage is accounted but of these Pipes 236. Gal∣lons, at 118. Gallons the Pipe.

Corne is measured and sold by the Caffise, which is 28. Staos of * 1.15 Florence, and makes Bushels English ()

Note that S. Lucar is the Sea Port of this Citie, whereto all * 1.16 shippes of burthen doe first come and there lade and unlade, and where the Officers of the Custome-house doe come aboord to take notice of the goods both landed and laden for the Citie of Sivill, where the Custome-house is,

The Customes of Sivill are great, and arise upon some goods to * 1.17 10. 15. 20. and upon most to 25. per cent which I must referre to the better experienced; onely it is noted by some that have treated of the Kings of Spaine's Revenues, that the Custome-house yearely of this Citie doth yeeld him, as I said before, halse a million of Gold.

To proceede, in the precinct of Corduba lies Andalusia, wherein I * 1.18 finde Sivill to be seated. Secondly Granado, wherein the Citie of Granado, Mallaga, and Almaria principall Cities are situated: and * 1.19 lastly, Estremadura, wherein I finde onely Merida for a Citie of note, but not of Trade: therefore a word of the two former, Granado and Mallaga, better knowne to the English.

CHAP. CXIII.

Of Granado, and the Trade thereof.

GRANADO is the ordinary Parliament and Court of Justice for all the Southerne parts of Spaine, as Valia∣dolid is for the North; and therefore it may be ima∣gined Where Lawyers are found to abound, little Trade is commonly concurrent: it is of it selfe a stately Towne, and curiously built all of Free-stone▪ it is fenced with a strong Wall, having twelve Gates, and 130. Turrets; the Palace of the late Morish Kings is the prime and most magnificent building of this Citie, it is •…•…ated within the Land, and hath Motr•…•…ll for the next Port, the neighbourhood of Almeria and Mallaga both maritime P•…•…rts binder much the Trade thereof, therefore I shall insist the lesser upon the Trade of this Citie, which principally depends upon the Raw Silke made here and upon the fabriques wrought thereof.

The Weight heere used is the Cantar of 100. l. which hath beene * 1.20 observed by some English to make 118. l. haberdepois, and by some Venetians to have made there 111. l. Grosse and 175. l. Sotile.

The Measure is as at Mallaga.

CHAP. CIV.

Of Mallaga, and the Trade thereof.

MALLAGA is seated on the Mediterranean shore, aboun∣ding in Reasins, and Wines that are knowne by that name, and thence vented to our colder Climate, which makes this Towne famous for its plenty therein; where touching Anno 1617. I noted this observation, their monies are generall with all Spaine, the principall being

A Riall, which is 34. Mervides, and is 6. d. Sterling.

A Pistolet of Gold is 23½ Rials and the Double being 47. Rials. * 1.21

Their Customes upon Merchandise here differ; for Sugar, Almonds, Wine and Oiles are found to pay Custome outwards—7½. per cent. * 1.22

Cochoncale and other such fine commodities—10.

All Commodities which are found to issue ou•…•… ells—5.

All Commodities transported from Port to Port—2.

Their Weight is the 100. l. divided into foure parts of 25. l. which

they call the Rove, and every pound is 16. ounc. and 1. oun. makes 16. * 1.23 drammes, and each dramme 28. graines: and this 100. l. or Kintar hath beene found to make 112. l. 5. ounc. English; but yet I finde some that have made observations upon this place alleadge that the 100. l. of Mallaga will yeeld in London 105. l.

Their measure of length is a Vare, which is 27⅞ inches by Rule. * 1.24

Their liquid Measure for Wine and Oiles is a Rove, and divided into 8. So•…•…bres: 25. Roves makes a Pipe, and is 100, Gallons En∣glish.

Their graine Measure is a Hanocke, and is divided into twelve * 1.25 Almodos; this Hanocke is ¼ of a Bushell and twelve Gallons English, which weigheth by heape 144. l. and by stroake 29. l. English.

Note that Almeria agreeth in Weights and Measures with Mallaga * 1.26 above named.

In Galicia, I finde onely Saint Iames of Compostella famous for the * 1.27 s•…•…pulchre of Saint Iames which is worshipped with incredible de∣votion; and Baiona, commonly called the Groine, whereto some * 1.28 Trade is driven by the Merchants of England, principally of Bristoll, which I briefly thus anatomise.

The Coines are the same, as used throughout Spaine.

Here is in use two Quintals, the one proper to Iron, which is in London 122. l. and the other called the Sutle Quintall, which is 108. l. and the Measure heere in use is as in Bilboaa following.

In Biscay, I finde Bilboa and Saint Sebastians, two noted Townes * 1.29 of Trading, much frequented by Merchants, whereupon I have gathered these observations of the Trade of these places.

The Coines are here currant with all Spaine, which is the Spanish Riall, distinguished into white Quartiles, foure to a Riall, and 4½ blacke Quartile to a single Riall, and accounted by 34. Mervides to the said Riall.

There is heere in use two Quintars, the one proper to the Iron * 1.30 here made, which produceth in London 158. l. and the other being the Sutle 100. l. produceth here about 111. to 112. l.

Their Measure heere of length is the Vare; 100. yards is heere * 1.31 109. Vares, and the 100. Flemish Elles, whereby Bayes are bought in England is here 80. Vares.

Corne is heere sold by the Hanega, and five Hanegaes hath beene observed to make a Quarter English.

The Customes here are 2½ per centum, and valued as they shall bee * 1.32 sold, and not paid till sold: but note that no Commodities payes here any Custome but what is either to be eaten, drunken, or burned: and if a Merchant hap to make a bad debt of above 500. l. the Cu∣stome thereof is not paid at all.

In Toledo is the Citie of Toledo famous for its Archbishopricke, * 1.33 whose Rents looke as high as 300000. Crownes yearely; it is seated in the center of Spaine, but of no great consequence in matter of Trade, knowne to us, as improper for the same by its situation, be∣ing an Inland Citie, and overtraded by Churchmen.

In Murcia, there are three Townes of note, Murcia the first as principall of the Province; Cartagena the second, as having a * 1.34 most excellent Haven, and agreeing in Weights and Measures with Alicant, that is the third, that hath choice Wines and good tra∣ding by its commodious situation. Of the two former I cannot say much: in the later having lived some yeares, I observed these Rules in the course and Trade of the place.

CHAP. CXV.

Of Alicante, and the Trade thereof.

ALICANTE seated on the Mediterranean shore, as Mallaga, Almeria, and Cartagena are, is of late * 1.35 yeares become (by reason of its commodious Roade) to bee the Scale of the Citie of Valentia, where the principall Merchants thereof reside, and have here their Factors and Respondents that negociate their affaires for them: it affords Wines, Resins, Licoris, Soda Barillia, basse ropes, Soapes hence called Alicant Soapes, Aniseeds, and such.

The Monies are those of Valentia, see there farther.

Merchants keepe their Accounts here in Livers Solds and Deniers; * 1.36 twelve Deniers make a Soldo, twenty shillings a Liver, which is ac∣counted * 1.37 to be five s. Sterl. as the Soldo three pence, and the Denier a farthing.

Their knowne great Weight is a Cargo, which is 10. Roves of 24 * 1.38 l. and of 36. l. to the Rove: the Rove of 24. l. being 18. Ounces, and the Rove of 36. l. being twelve ounces, by which is sold Pepper, Rice, Almonds, Cloves, Spices, and other commodities of value.

All grosse Commodities are weighed by 24. l. to the Rove, and foure to the Quintall, the Cargo making 280. l. Haberdepois, and the Quintall making 96. l. in England.

All Sugars, Drugges, and Tinne is weighed by a small Quintall which is 120. l. of twelve ounces to the pound, which is about 18. or 20. per centum, lesse than the English 112. l.

Soda Barillia carryed hence to Venetia to make Glasses, and to

Marselia to make hard Soape, hath beene found to make a Cantar 133. lib. of Province: but because this diversity of Weights may seeme troublesome to bee understood, observe this generall Rule, 96. li. of 18. ounces is 144. li. of 12. ounces, and is the great Quin∣•…•…all * 1.39 80. li. of 18. ounces is 120. li. of twelve ounces and is the small Quintall; the difference found is 16. li. of 18. ounces per libram, and 24. li. of twelve ounces li. from the great to the small Quintar.

Their common Measure is a Vare, which is ⅙ lesse than the En∣glish * 1.40 yard.

Their Wine Measure is a Cantaro, which is about 12. quartes English.

Their Corne Measure is a Caffise, about 3. bushels English.

Their Custome is 11. Deniers per centum Liver, which is 4½ per cent. * 1.41 and is payable 8. Deniers to the Duana, and 3. Deniers Sisa, which •…•…s paid as well by the buyer as the seller, and as often as any goods •…•…re either bought, sold, or bartered, so often is the said Custome paid by buyer and seller 9. per cent. see Valentia farther.

The next is Castile, the most prevalent Province of all Spaine, * 1.42 and whence the Spaniards entitle themselves Castilians, and to which all the other are united, either by conquest or intermarriages; it is divided into the New and Old, in which is first the Citie of Sego∣via, whence comes our fine Segovia cloth, made by Wools that first * 1.43 had their originall from our English Sheepe. Secondly, Valiadolid, * 1.44 an University, which yeelds no commodity but English papisticall Fugitives. Next Burges, famous as contending with Toledo for the * 1.45 Primateship of Spaine. Next Salamanca, the most famous Academy * 1.46 of all Spaine; these are in Old Castile. In New Castile are found these Cities, first Madrid the seate of the Kings of Spaine, and from a late * 1.47 Village become a populous and large Citie. Secondly, Alcala. * 1.48 Thirdly, Alcantara. And lastly the Escuriall, built by Philip the Se∣cond * 1.49 and which cost foure millions the structure. In this Tract, I have not observed any eminent Citie of Trading, yet because the whole Country of Spaine in generall hath in many things a depen∣dency upon the rules and orders in matter of Trade belonging hereunto; I will therefore to shorten my Worke as well in the succeeding as in some preceding Townes give you a touch of the Trade hereof under the Title of Madrid or Castile.

CHAP. CXVI.

Of Madrid in Castile, and the trade thereof.

THe generall Coynes of Castile I account as the generall Coynes passing thoroughout Spaine, which is to be con∣sidered * 1.50 when I treate of the trade of any Citty under the subjection of the King of Spaine.

In the then Court of Spaine being commonly in Ma∣drid in Castilia, the duccat is worth 375. marvides, and is called by * 1.51 some a dobra of Castile.

A Castiliano is worth 485. marvides.

A florin of Castile is worth 265. marvides almost foure shillings starlin.

A duccat count or quento of marvides is a million. * 1.52

A count or quento of marvides is duccats 2666⅔, and at Dobra it is worth 2739 57/73 dobras, which is starlin 733. li. 6. s. 8. d.

A Riall single of Castile is worth 34. marvides, which is 6. d. starlin.

A quento of marvides is worth 3258. Rials and three marvides.

A Crowne of Castile is worth 323, marvides, but of them you may not make paiment but of 500. onely.

The Duccat of Spaine hath 11. Rials of plate, and every Riall as I said before 34. marvides, and every Duccat 374. marvides, which is 5. s. 6. d. English, the Riall 6. d. and the marvides lesse then our far∣thing: the single Pistolet of gold is 11. Reals ¾. being 400. marvides, which is according to 6. d. a Riall 5. s. 10½. Esterling.

In Castilia they that give mony upon Exchange, do agree to be paid * 1.53 in Duccats of gold, or their worth in gold or silver, for if they should not doe so, they should bee paide in base money, which would proove to be more then five per cent. losse. The orders of the faires in Castile are thus.

The first is the faire of May, and is made in Medina del Campo, * 1.54 and begins the first of Iune, and lasteth 50. daies.

The second is the faire of August, and is made in Medina de Ri•…•…∣secco, and begins the first of August, and lasteth 30. daies.

The third is the faire of October, made in Medina del Campo, and begins the first of November, lasting 50. daies.

The fourth is the faire of Villa lion, begins the first day of Lent, and lasteth twenty daies, but is no faire of Exchange, the time expi∣red, there may no goods be sould, nor paiments made upon paine of forfeiture of the goods and monies. and it is to bee noted that the letters be there fifteene daies before the time.

The paiments upon all the faires they make in Banco, not saying * 1.55 •…•…rth, and they are to remit in duccats de Or•…•…, in Or•…•… larg•…•…, and forth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Banco, when they say forth of Banco and for ready money, there 〈◊〉〈◊〉 gotten thereby one per cent. and when they say duccats of gold or •…•…e worth, it is understoode in marvedes, 375. for a duccat, and when •…•…ey say forth of the faire, it is understood for ready money, and •…•…is shall suffice to have said of Castilia in generall: and as for the •…•…stome and manner of their exchanges here practised, see the chap∣•…•…r 426. of the exchanges of Spaine at the end of this tract.

In Portugall once a famous Kingdome, (and the rather for the * 1.56 •…•…rtunate discoveries made in the Easterne Indies by the inhabitants) •…•…ere is many faire townes of trading, but all of them giving prece∣•…•…ency to Lixborne, the metropolis of this Kingdome, I shall willing∣•…•… therefore omit the rest, and inlarge my selfe thereupon: The * 1.57 •…•…nerall commodities this Country abounds in are these, Hony, •…•…ine, Oyle, Allum, Fruits, Fish, white Marble, Salt, &c. and those •…•…any other commodities that it is now in great aboundance found to •…•…eld are the proper commodities of the East Indies, such as are •…•…epper, Cloves, Sugars, Nutmegs, Ginger, Cottons, Callicoes, the Iems of •…•…dia, the Spices and drugs of Arabia, and the Silkes and fabriques of •…•…rsia and China, which though here to bee had, yet I have here •…•…mitted the mentioning, as not being the native commodities of •…•…ortugall.

CHAP. CXVII.

Of Lixborne and the Trade thereof.

LIXBORNE is accounted to bee seven miles in com∣passe, * 1.58 and to containe 20000. families, having 67. towres upon the walls, and 22. gates to the Sea∣ward, and 16. to the Continent: it is seated upon the River Tagus, accounted most famous and commodi∣ous for traffique and commerce, from hence the Portugals set out to the East Indies, and hether doe returne againe with all those Spices drugs and other the rich Merchandise which East India, Arabia, Per∣sia and China doe affoord: at the entrance of the River Duer•…•… stands Porto also, a towne of good trade, where the gallies used in times past to land the merchandise, and therefore is called Porta gall•…•…rum, by which meanes some authors doe inferre the whole countrey tooke its name of Portugall. But to proceede to Lixborne, I will note what I have observed thereupon in matter of traffique accor∣ding to my proposed theame.

The coines in Portugall found currant are these: * 1.59

A 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of gold, is worth 400. Reas.

A Duccat of Portugall is 10. Reals, which is 400. Reas, which is five shillings starlin.

A Riall is 40. Res, or 6. d. starlin, a mill Reas is 22. Rials.

A Teston is 2½. Rials, or 100. Res, or 15. d. starlin.

A Vintin is 20. Res or 3. d. starlin.

A Mirle of gold is 1000. Res, which is 2½. duccats.

A single Riall Spanish, is 2. Vintins, or 4. Res.

Their Waights are these, a small and a great, the great C•…•… * 1.60 is divided into foure Roves, and each Root. is 32. Reals, which is 128. li. at 14. ounces per li. which hath been found to make in F•…•…∣rence 149. li. their small Quintar for Pepper and Ginger is neee•…•… 112. li. English: the Rove or quarterne is 28. li. the great Quintall hol∣deth 15. in 16. per cent. more then the English 112. li.

The King hath a Quintar for his Contractation house to sell the Spices of India, by which is 150. li. of Florence, and is about 114. li. English; the great Cantar of Lixborne making in Florence 170. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 130. li. English, but all fine goods is by custome of the place to b•…•… sould by the said Kings beame.

These observations upon the 100. li. small of Lixborne, have been made in and yeeld

The 100. l. small of Lixborne doth to yeeld in

• London—113½. li.
• Marselia—126½. li.
• Venetia sotle—168½.
• Venetia grosse—106 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• Sicilia—63¼.
• Florence—149¼.
• Antwerpe—107¾.
• Lions—119 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• Civill—110¾.
• Dansick—130½.
• Genoa—162.
• Alleppo—23. Rials
• Alleppo silke—24. 6.
• Irip. soria—27. 6.
• Irip. Barbaria—98. li.
• Baruti—22.
• Allex. zera—52. 3.
• Allex. forsia—117. 6.
• Sei•…•…—102. 10.
• Constantinople—93. 6.
• Rhodes—20. 7.
• Acria—18. 3.
• Babylonia—15. 10. Ma.
• Balsera—4. 5½. Ma.
• Ormus—113.

Which for triall I referre to the experienced.

Their Measures of length, dry and liquid heere used are these; * 1.61 •…•…irst, their Measure of Cloth is the Covada, which is neere ¾ of •…•…n English Yard; but the Measure of Linnen is the Vare, and is •…•…n Ell, lesse naile of the English Measure, by which may bee made •…•…he computation for other Countries, and by some found to bee 8. •…•…er centum lesse.

The Measure of Corne is the Alquier, three Alquiers is a bushell, * 1.62 〈◊〉〈◊〉 is 8. Gallons Winchester Measure, and five Alquiers is a Hannep of Spanish Measure.

The Measure of Salt is called the Muy, and 60. Alquiers makes a * 1.63 Muy, and 2. Muyes and 15. Alquiers is a Tunne of Bristoll water-mea∣•…•…ure, which is 10. Gallons Winchester, and 40. of those Measures doe make a Tunne.

Note that 4½ Alquiers of Lisborne makes a Fanega or Hannep in Andalusia, by some observations, which Fanega is 2. Staios and •…•…omewhat more of Florence, in such manner that a Staio of Florence •…•…ay be accounted halfe a Fanega, and an Alquier of Lxiboa may bee •…•…ccounted halfe a Staio of Florence, which makes () Gal. Eng.

The Customes is inwards 23. per centum, that is, to the dechima 10. * 1.64 •…•…er cent. to the Sisa 10. per cent. and to the Consolado 3. per cent. and •…•…he Customes outwards is onely 3. per centum.

These observations have beene also made upon Measures of this place; 22. Alquiers of Lisborne have made in Sicilia upon corne * 1.65 〈◊〉〈◊〉. generall Salmo, Alquiers 3⅙ have made in Marselia one Mina; and •…•…t is to bee understood, that the Muy of Corne and Salt are all alike, but that there is given one in 24. more upon Salt, because the Salt •…•…ooseth and not the Corne. The Tunne of Wine in Lisborne is 52. Almudin, and one Almudin is 13. Cha•…•…ate, &c. which is in England () Gallons.

The next Province is Valentia, giving name, or taking it from a * 1.66 Citie of the same name, the principall of this Province which is seated some two miles from the sea, where there is found an open Roade called La Gre•…•…o, and not capable of great shippes, nor indeed safe for shippes of any noted burthen, therefore is Alicante become the principall Scale for this Citie, in which place having resided for some time Anno 1617. I shall touch the Trade thereof as ob∣served by me in those dayes.

CHAP. CXVIII.

Of Valentia, and the Trade thereof.

VALENTIA the principall Citie of the Province of Valentia, giveth Rules to all the adjoyning places, as * 1.67 well for matter of Trade as judicature, wherein is vented yearely great quantity of Pepper, Tinne, Lead, Baies, Linnens, Fish, as Pilchards, Herings, and New∣land fish, and such other like Commodities, having their 〈◊〉〈◊〉 current, Weights and Measures as followeth.

A Liver of Valentia is worth 20. Sold. of that money, and is 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ * 1.68 Sterling.

A Duccat of Gold is 21. Sold. of the said money.

A Castilian•…•… is 27. Sold. and 4. Deniers of the same money.

A Liver of Valent•…•…a is worth 365. Mervides of Castilia, and chan∣ging them at Naples for Valentia 18 sold. 4. Deniers, which with the charges comes even, because a Duccat of Carlins is worth at Naples after the rate of sold. 18. Den. 3½ and this because your money 〈◊〉〈◊〉 at 15. per centum.

Their greatest money is a peece of 6. sold. which is three Rials Castile, then have they three sold. which 1½ Rials, and the halfe of three sold. which is 18 Deniers, which is 1½ sold. every soldo is 12. Deniers, and 24. Deniers is a Riall Costiliano, which is 6. d. Sterl.

Their Accounts are kept by Livers sold. and Deniers, 12. Deniers accounted to a sold. and 20. sold. to a Liver, which is 10. Rials Ca∣stile, * 1.69 50 souls French and 5. s. sterl.

The Weights are these and thus distinguished.

The greatest Weight is a Cargo or Load, which is 360. li. of Vi∣lentia, * 1.70 and hath beene found to encrease 3. or 4 per centum after the Weight of Florence. This Cargo is accounted to bee 12. Roves as well of fine as grosse goods; a Rove sutle being 30. li. and by this Weight * 1.71 is weighed corne, sugar, oile, spice, and other fine goods.

A Rove Grosse is 36. lib. and by this is weighed Wooll, and such other grosse goods.

A Quintar as well the small as great is foure Roves, which makes 120. li. of fine goods, and 144. li. of grosse goods, in which ob∣serve this true Rule for all the Weights of Valentia.

98. li. of 18. ounces to the li. is 144. li. of 12. ounces to a pound, and is accounted the great Kintar, and * 1.72

80. li. of 18. ounces to the li. is 120. li. of 12. ounces per li. the

small Cantar: so that the difference is 16. li. of 18. ounces and 24. l. •…•…f twelve ounces from the great to the small, and these two Weights •…•…ave beene observed to yeeld in other Cities of Trade after this •…•…anner.

100. lib. Sutle doth produce the first Rowe. 100. li. Grosse doth pro∣duce in the second

	Sutle li.	Grosse li.
London	96½	115¼
Marselia	107	128
Venetia sotile	140	168
Sicilia	54	64
Lisborne	84	102
Florence	122	147
Antwerpe	92	110
Lions	101	122
Civill	94	113
Dansicke	110	133
Mallaga	26 Rials	31 Rials
Barselona	104. l.	125. l.
Majorque	102	124
Paris	102	124
S. M•…•…llos	105	128
Allepp	19. 6. Rials	23. 4.
Tripoli Siria	23. 4. Rials	24. 9.
B•…•…ruci	18. 8.	22. 4.
Alexand. zera	44. 5.	53. 2.
Scio	87. 6.	105
Constantinople	79	95
Rhodes	17	21
Genoa	133	163

Their Measures are these following:

Foure Palmes of Valentia makes a Vare, which is 1⅔ Braces, of * 1.73 Florence, and is ⅚ parts of an English Yard; 100. Vares after this account may be in London 83. in 85. Yards.

Corne is sold by the Caffiso in Valentia, which is twelve Barsellas, * 1.74 which weigh 10½ Roves of 36. lib. •…•…a Rove of twelve ounces per lib. which is in Florence 7½ Staios, and 37. Barsellas is there 24. Staios, which is a Mayo, Barseilas 17. making a generall Salmo in Sicilia; and is of the measure of corne in England () Gallons.

Salt is also sold by the Caffiso, which weighes 18. l. of the Grosse * 1.75 waight of Valentia, eight Caffices making one M•…•…dino in Iui•…•…e, and one Caffice making 3. bushells English.

Wine is sold by the Cantaro, which is a pitcher, and containes * 1.76 twelve quarts of English measures: note hat 1480. Salms of wheate in Sicilia have made in Valentia 1840. Saffici.

This Country affords, as I said before, hard Soape commonly worth 80. Rials a Kintar, rising and falling as oyles are in request. * 1.77

Aniseeds are worth about 24. Rials the Rove, and daily is trans∣ported for France and England.

Barillia is used in making glasses, and hard soapes; and worth 16. to 18. Rials per centum.

Resins of Denia, a small Village, anciently a famous Towne of this Province; not so well esteemed as Mallaga fruit, is sold * 1.78 heere at 18. Rials per cent. and I have paid here for a whole shippes lading of 200. Tunnes, Anno 1618. 24. Rials per cent. proving com∣monly best when dearest.

Almonds are heere also plenty, worth commonly twelve Duc∣cats a Cargo, which is 2. 2. 0. l. English, which 280. li.

Customes here paid is 9. per cent. 4½ by the buyer, and 4½ by the seller, and as often as any Commodity is bought or sold, so often * 1.79 is this Custome paid, being 8. Deniers Duana and 3. Deniers Sisa; and if any goods comes in to bee shipped out againe (com•…•…only called a Transito) the generall Duty of foure Deniers per li. is onely paid and no more.

Their payments in Customes and all other wayes are in Valentia monie, and worth 3. per cent. to be converted into Spanish Rials.

There is also a Duty called a Mottahecos, which is a pound of Pepper on each Quintar, and so upon other fine goods: and this is as much as I remember needfull in this argument, and so I will pro∣ceed to the next Province which is Cattalognia; and as for the Ex∣changes here practised, see farther in the 291. and 426. Chapters.

In Cattalonia is onely famous, the City of Barselona the princi∣pall of this Province, where having good cause of the remem∣brance * 1.80 of my being heere by reason of my imprisonment in the Inquisition, Anno 1618. I must according to my Methode afford the Cities Traffique, a note of observation, in acknowledgement of their love and paines in my Release; moved thereto, partly by the affection I had gained with many the chiefe Merchants, but especi∣ally least the •…•…ame might deterre other English from comming to traffique and inhabite amongst them, and furnish their 〈◊〉〈◊〉 with English commodities which they seeme much to desire, and of∣tentimes much stand in need of.

CHAP. CXIX.

Of Barselona, and the Trade thereof.

BARSELONA is seated on the Mediterranean shore, and entering into that Golfe which is so terrible to * 1.81 Navigators. In these parts called The Golfe of Lions, it hath a reasonable commodious and safe Harbour, and the Citizens doe winterly enlarge and lengthen the same by adding to their Moulde, that shippes of burthen may come within the same: what I observed here Anno 1618. I will briefly declare.

Their monies current in Merchandise, besides the Riall of Castile, * 1.82 is a Liver which passeth heere at 20. sold. and a Duccat of Gold of Castile is worth 24. sold. of the said money, and the soldo is twelve Deniers of that money, wherein they are found to keepe their Ac∣counts.

Their Cantar is a 100. lib. which is English 92. lib. or thereabouts, * 1.83 and hath made by observation in

• Florence—123. l.
• Genoa—130
• Valentia—106 〈◊〉〈◊〉
• Marselia—104
• Venetia Sotle—140

Their Measure is a Canne consisting of eight Palmes and hath beene found to make three Braces in Florence, and in England found * 1.84 to produce 1 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Yards English, and in Naples hath been found to make 6⅓ Palmes.

Corne is sould by a Measure called the Quarter, one Salmo is foure * 1.85 Quarters, sould alwayes free of all Customes, 2½ Quarters making a Carga or loade, which is accounted 360. li. as is that Carga mentio∣ned aforegoing in Valentia.

Woolles are sould by the Rove, which is 30. li. making 26▪. li. of Venetia grosse, whither the same is commonly transported, and in Florence 36. lib.

All grosse goods are sould by the Carga, accounted 3. Kintars, which is 440. li. sutle of Venetia, and 278. li. grosse there, which is 372. li. in Florence, and hath beene found to make English 300. lib. Haberdepois.

In this Province lieth also Tortosa a fine small Citie, but the prin∣cipall * 1.86 of the Inhabitants being accounted as Moores were some yeares before my being here banished this Country, and therefore

most places lies waste, and many Villages are here along found without inhabitants, and the grounds to want laborers.

The next Province is Arragon, wherein is Tarragon, a fine and hansome Citie, but by the banishment of many of the inhabitants, * 1.87 as above is said, now made poore: in my being there in 1618. I found it most to consist in making of silke, here bought and car∣ried to Valentia to be wrought: The principall Citie hereof is Sa∣ragosa, which should challenge a more particular relation, as being * 1.88 commodiously seated for traffique on the bankes of the River of Ebro, but being an Universitie, it were too great an honour for an inland towne to produce famous Schollers and em inent Merchants, yet in the currant coynes, it is observed to rule as in Valentia: and because there is found practised here a great Exchange, I have in∣serted the same by it selfe, Chapter 292. in the end of this tract, with all circumstances thereunto apertaining. And these are all the principall Cities of traffique found at this day comprised with∣in the Kingdome of Spaine.

CHAP. CXX.

Of the waights and measures of Spaine reduced to the English hundred.

THe principall Cities of Spaine and Portugall thus surveyed; It will not be unworthy our observa∣tion * 1.89 first to see how the waights and measures of some other lesser Cities here omitted concurre with the waights and measures of England, and then take a generall view of the Trade which is in ge∣nerall found in the compasse of those Kingdomes, now united and subiect to the Crowne of Castilia: First then to beginne with the waights of Spaine and Portugall, I will reduce them to the suttle 100. li. of London, which by observation hath been found to make in

Sivill is 108. li. by

• great quintar of 144. li. of 4. roves of 36. li.
• smaller quintar of 112. li. of 4. roves of 28. li.
• lesser quintar of 120. li. of 4. roves of 30. li.

Granado and Almer•…•…a bona

• 104. li. is the pound of 16. Ounces.
• 89. li. is of silke and copper of 18. ounces.
• 52. li. great waight for flesh, 32. ounces.

Castilia and Medina del campo 98. li. Burgos 89. Rot.

Aragon and Barselona

• 102. li.
• 92. li. great weight for Woolen.
• 126. li. small waight for Saffron.

Valentia

• 102. li. by quintar of 4. roves of 30. li. for Spices.
• 129. li. by quintar of 4. roves of 36. li. the carga, is those * 1.90 quintars of 360. li. and the greater of 432. li.

Leon 105. li.

Saragosa 108. li. and by the small quintar 126. li.

Sava•…•…ona and Salanico 126. li.

Viliaco 77. li.

Note here that the Ilands of the Canaries, and all the Ilands of Spaine use the waights of Si•…•…ill as aforesaid, now for the Kingdome of Portugall 100. li. London makes in Portugall Rot. 104. li.

• the great quintar of 128. li.
• the small quintar of 112. li. containing each 4. Ro•…•…es of 32. li. and 28. li.

Note here, that there is allowance made foure upon the hundred upon Sugars, and two and three per cent. upon Cotton wools and such •…•…ike, the small quintar is the waight of the contractation house of the •…•…ndies: all spice is waighed thereby, but all are waighed by the great quintall, and reduced upon the lesser quintar, one quintar of Waxe, is one quintar and halfe of 112. li. is 168. li.

Madera 104. Rotolos.	or pounds by the quintar of 128. li.
Cape Verde 104. Rot.
Saint Thomas 104. Rot.
•…•…uynea 104. Rot.
Morr•…•…cco in Barbary 104. Rot.

Feas and suus in Barbary. 92. li.

Calicut 77. aracoles: note here they sell by the, Baccar or Baharr, be∣ing at Laxborne foure great quintars of 112. li. and observe that the Baharr is foure quintars for 120. aracoles.

The Bahar or Bahor is

• 20. faracoles of 32. li. per Rove, which at Lixborne is 5. quintals,
• 480. aracoles.

Whereby it may be discerned, that as Sivill hath given the waight to the West Indies discovered by the Spaniard, so hath not Lixborne but in part given the waight to the East Indies, who had amongst themselves there an eminent trade, and consequently their waight and measure peculiar to themselves, before the Portugall discovered the same.

As for the measures of both these Kingdomes, as I have done * 1.91 with the waight in reducing it to the London 100. li. sotle, so will I reduce the measures thereof, to the 100. yards of London which rendereth in

The 100. yards of Londō is in

• ...

  Castilia	111. Vares	of 4. quartes, and eve∣ry quarto 2. palmes.
  Toledo	111. Vares

• Cades—108. Vares.
• Di•…•…to for si•…•…ke—148. Ells.
• Andolusia—109. Vares.
• 〈◊〉〈◊〉—57. Cones.
• ...

• Saragosa—44. Canes.
• ...

  Morocco	181. Covad.	Both these of 12. to one Cove.
  Cap dalgi•…•…	141. Covad.

• Sivilia—109. Vares.
• Granado—109. Vares.
• Barselona—57. Canes.
• Valentia—97. Canes.
• Lixborne—82. Vares.
• Ditto for—109. Vares.
• Ditto for silke—96. Covades.

CHAP. CXXI.

Of the Trade in generall of Portugall and the Kingdome of Spaine.

THe Navigations and discoveries of the Spaniards and Protugals into the East and West Indies, though * 1.92 they carried to the world, at first the specious co∣lors of piety and Religion, by planting their su∣perstition in these heathen countries, yet ambition and profit was doubtlesse the secret designe of their intendments: Portugall whose Kings first sought those un∣knowne Regions of the East Indies, and seeking discovered, and dis∣covering in part conquered; presently made strict lawes and pro∣hibitions for any of his Subiects to trade for certaine the richest commodities thereof but himselfe, and thereupon s•…•…tled his con∣tractation house in Lixborne, where those commodities should be sold, waighed and delivered, and these bargaines being made by Commis∣sioners appointed by him, were first from thence called Royall Con∣tracts; and thus for a long time it continued till his Subjects ha∣ving made further and ampler discoveries of those Regions for their better incouragement, and to induce his people to those Na∣vigations, he permitted them afterward an ampler and larger li∣bertie of that trade, reserving certaine particular commodities onely to his owne use and benefit; neither did it otherwise appeare in the carriage of those who were discoverers of the West Indies, which we finde to be the Spaniards; for though there wanted not faire and plausible demonstrations of winning the soules of those poore people, yet by millions they were slaughtered, butchered and slaine, making a devastation in that Country of those inno∣cent inhabitants, as if there had beene no way to the eternall life of the soule but by a present death of the body, aiming thereby as may bee conjectured particularly at the possession onely of their

estates, which by many deaths and torments, was drawne from them, and converted to their owne and to their Soveraignes trea∣sury, as appeares (to the scandall of their Religion and of their King) in sundry of their owne Authors published in many langua∣ges: these two countries then thus discovered, and thus by rapine gotten and setled, and since unitedtogether under one King, hath af∣forded the present matter of trade to all Spaine and Portugall, which before that time afforded not any commodities almost whereby •…•…rade might be as much as discerned, much lesse maintained; and •…•…ow Lixborne for the East, and Sivill for the West Indies is become the Staple for all the rich commodities those two Countries doe af∣ford, and so continued till England and Holland by their late Navi∣gation shared with them in the traffique and riches thereof, which yet are seene to be but as petty branches comming from the prin∣cipall channell; but the West Indies affording to them great quan∣tity of Silver by the mines thereof, which now is found so aboun∣dantly plentifull in the world, may be called indeede and in effect, •…•…heir best commoditie, which ever since its first coinedge, they have maintained in its prime waight and finenes, which many of their Politicians have gone about at severall times to inhanse, as if it would •…•…ave prooved a great benefit to their Commonwealth, but wiser •…•…udgements have discovered that the raising of these monies in Spaine would prove altogether prejudiciall to that state, for all these •…•…ommodities that are brought to them, which for the most part they stand in great neede of, being necessary either for backe or belly would soone vanish, did not these their monies all•…•… and attract them: and contrariwise it may bee hence imagined, and I thinke granted, that what other Prince soever doth inhanse his Silver or the monies of his Countrey, it must needs prove to his owne pro∣per prejudice, and the Spaniards gaine, because they raise and in∣•…•…anse a commodity which is not theirs really, but transported to them at second hand by Merchants and others, and of which though happily possessing some small Silver Mines, of their owne, yet the grosse is still his, so farre forth as his quantitie and abun∣dance exceedeth theirs.

As for the other commodities which those Countries afford, ours and many other nations were with the same from Alexandria and Venice at first supplied, and then hence, but now having found the way to the spring head, we daigne not to buy of them at the second hand, except such, of which their Princes reserve to themselves a peculiar interest, either by farming the same to their Subjects or keeping the same in their owne hands, or by excluding all other na∣tions from the trade thereof, and these we and others are constrai∣ned to have from them, in which number may be accounted Su∣gars, Tobacco, Ginger, and some other drugges and the commodities of the West Indies in generall.

Now for the inhabitants both of Spaine and Portugall, they are in

generall lovers of Merchansing and traffique, neither so mu•…•… spising it as the French, nor yet so much addicted thereto as the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ans, yet more willingly adventuring their estates at sea than th•…•… who heerein are found to distrust the providence of Almig•…•… God in a lawfull calling, and preferre their owne wisedome 〈◊〉〈◊〉 providence on land before the protection of the Almighty at 〈◊〉〈◊〉 And as they are well-wishers to Trade, so are they found in a larg•…•… measure to practise it in such Cities as occasion and commodities doe either present or permit; for both in Sivill and Lisborne are found Merchants of great eminency, but yet are such as for the most par•…•… bend their Traffique into both the Indies and no where else, except peradventure a little to Antwerpe in Flanders, and into Naples, and Sicilia in the Mediterranean seas, and which seldome are noted to adventure their estates, or have any Factors resident but where their King is chiefe and Soveraigne. The Raw Silkes, Wines, and Fruits of this Kingdome are the prime commodities of import it now yeelds, as also Olives, Resins, figges, almonds, &c. which the English fet•…•… from them in great abundance; so that it is of late yeares observed, that the Planters of these Fruits, and their Wine Merchants have by our over greedy purchasing of these commodities, raised to them∣selves faire estates.

Two things I observed during my abode heere, that are great lets and impediments to the Trade of this Nation, the one is the banishment of the Moores that heere in great numbers inhabited, who painefully and industriously manured their land, and by their labour and thristy living raised to their Landlords and to them∣selves good and great estates, the which now for many thousand thousand acres lies waste and desolate, whole Towne and villages being depopulate and the Lords, Castles, and Man•…•…urs appearing ru∣ined and decaied, want the paines of these poore people that gave their Lords and Lordships meanes of subsistency. The second is the residence of many Genoa Merchants amongst them, who are found in good number to abide in every good Citie, especially on the Sea-coasts, whose skill and acutenesse in Trade farre surpassing the naturall Spaneards or Portugals, and who by meanes of their wealth and continuall practise of the Exchanges are found to devoure that bread which the inhabitants might otherwise be sufficiently fedde with, and by reason that the King of Spaine is ever engaged to their Common-wealth for great and vaste summes at interest, hee is their Debtour not onely for their monies, but also for their favour, which by many immunities throughout his Kingdome, hee is found continually to require them, and amongst the rest it is observed, that there is no Genoa Merchant resident in Spaine in any part, but hath a particular Licence to export the Rials and Plate of this King∣dome to a certaine round summe yearly, which they seldome use re∣ally to doe, but sell the same to other Nations, that are constrained to make their returnes in Plate for want of other more beneficiall

commodities, which for the certaine profit it is found ever to yeeld •…•…n other Countries is often preferred before all the other commo∣dities of this Kingdome. A third reason of hinderance I might •…•…dde hereto, which is the current Coine wherein all commodities are •…•…ould and bought; for in many parts of this Kingdome, being for •…•…he most part base and of Copper and Brasse, which to convert into •…•…ials and good money is found to cost the change in some places 5. •…•…n some 10. in some 15. in some 20. per cent. which is the first peny. The great Customes also paid in many parts of this Kingdome, is •…•…ikewise a great let and hinderer of Trading in generall; which wheresoever the same is by the Soveraigne levied, will in a short •…•…ime and insensibly devoure and consume a flourishing Traffique, •…•…nd enforce the suffering Merchant either totally to give over, •…•…r bend his Trade where hee shall finde the burthen thereof ligh∣•…•…er and more easily to bee borne and endured. Now as for Commo∣dities which other Nations are found to bring unto them, and of which they stand in need of, partly to supply their owne necessi∣•…•…ies, and partly to maintaine their West India Traffique, as this Eng∣•…•…and brings them, great store of Newlandish fish, Irish Salmon, Pil∣•…•…ards, Herrings, Lead, Tinne, Calves skinnes, Baies, Saies, Searges, and •…•…ther Englishmanufacturies; and in returne have only thence, wines, •…•…ruit, Oiles, some Indico and sugars, ginger, and the like India commo∣dities. East country furnisheth them with corne, cordage, masts, pitch, •…•…rre, rosin, firre-boords, and other timber, and only returne thence the commodities above named; onely it is ever lawfull to him that brings 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to carry out Rials of Plate in returne thereof. France sends them corne, linnens, Paper, and some few petty manufacturies, and returnes thence Plate, wine, fruits, and some India Spices. Italie affords them some Manufactaries, of Silke, and hath in returne some Raw Silke, SegoviaWools, Barillia, and such like: and herein is comprehended the generall Traffique of Spaine at this time: so passing the Pirene∣ans, I will enter into France.

CHAP. CXXII.

Of France, and the Provinces and Cities thereof.

FRANCE is accounted one of the most Emin•…•… * 1.93 Kingdomes of Europe, and it is the best that can sub∣sist without the helpe of others: it is bounded on the North with the British Ocean, on the W•…•… with the Aquitaine Sea, on the South with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Mediterranean Sea, on the South-east with th•…•… Alpes, on the East with the River Rhine, and an imaginary li•…•… drawne from Strasburge to Callais.

This Country affordeth for Merchandise to her neighbours th•…•… naturall notable commodities, Corne, Wine, and Salt; the Farme 〈◊〉〈◊〉 * 1.94 Salt onely yearely bringing in to the Kings coffers 100000. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 besides which it yeeldeth Oiles, Almonds, Soapes, Canvas, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, Paper, Oade, Linnen fine and course, Nuts, Beefes, and of late so•…•… Stuffes and Cloth made of woollen, &c.

There is reckoned in this Kingdome 25. Provinces; the notable Cities of Traffique found therein, I shall orderly handle.

The first Province is Aquitane, wherein are found the noted Cities of Tholousa, Burdeaux and Rotchell, of which a word 〈◊〉〈◊〉 * 1.95 briefe.

CHAP. CXXIII.

Of Tholousa, and the Trade thereof.

THOLOUSA is the Parliament seate of Aq•…•…∣taine and standeth on the bankes of the River * 1.96 Geronde, which hence runneth to the Wals of Burdeux and Blay, and so to the Sea: it is very plentifull in Pastill or Wo•…•…d, which hence i•…•… dispersed into severall Countries, the Country not affoording any other notable Commodity worth mentioning.

Their Monies is the same as throughout all France, which in * 1.97 Paris the principall Citie of this Kingdome, I shall handle, their Ac∣counts also here kept, are as through all France in generall, in Livers

or Francks, Souls, and Deniers, 12. Deniers to a Souls, 20. Souls to a Liver or Franke.

The 100. li. or Kintar of Tholousa hath beene observed in W•…•…de * 1.98 for Diers to make in England 124. lib. and the Cargo by which the same is commonly sold to be 372. lib.

The Measure of this Country is called the Aulne, and ma∣keth * 1.99 in England 42. inches by the Rule.

Note that in Tholousa there is a Cantar also of 112. li. which is in use in all other Commodities, Woade excepted, sould by the Cargo, * 1.100 as above is mentioned, and is hence sent to Narbone, and thence dispersed into sundry parts of the Mediterranean seas.

CHAP. CXXIV.

Of Burdeux, and the Trade thereof.

BURDEUX is seated upon the bankes of the River * 1.101 Geronde before mentioned, plentifully abounding in those Wines which being White and Claret are knowne by the names of this citie, here is al•…•…o neere this city the little village of le Greve, which gives name to those Grave•…•… wines, which we esteem so excellent, and between this towne and Tholousa lies those rich grounds which yeelds those sweet Wines by us knowne by the name of High Country, which the inhabitants of Burdeux knowing their worth, would hinder the sale and exporta∣tion of theirs of that growth, do therfore prohibite the same to be landed, or sould in their Towne •…•…ill Chri•…•… day in the morning, and •…•…hen these High Country Merchants are more busie in landing their Wines, than they are in attending their Masse; that Gabor or lighter being ever accounted free of taxe and Custome that first set∣teth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 head ag•…•…ound, when their Masse bell ringeth, and then it is lawfull for any man for that day to come aboard her and be drunke grasis.

Here our English have had many priviledges and beene esteemed as fellow Citizens before all other Strangers, but our last Warres to the •…•…sle of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 hath made them heere inferiour to all others, and now pay double their former Customes▪ upon Wines, which in cour∣tesie to the Dutch is abated them and laid on the English shoulders, which may be remedied if his Majesty please; it is otherwise then for Prunes and Wines a Towne of no great Trade, for little traffique is heere else driven, Monies onely are hither remitted to provide the same, but no commodities else vendible of import. In Anno 1611. I here learned the French Tongue after I had beene for a while in

Rotchell, so will note in briefe, what I observed thereupon in those my younger dayes.

The Monies currant and Accounts kept are in Livers, Sold, Denlers, as throughout all the Dominions of the French King. * 1.102

Their Weights and Measures are as followeth.

The Weight of Burdeaux is the Pound, 100 whereof is the Quin∣tar, * 1.103 which hath beene found to he 110. li. English and the 100. l. in London is 90¼ lib. here.

Their common Measure is an Alne which is about English.

From Burdeaux I will passe by Blaie, where I will onely note a * 1.104 subjection of our English shippes, which heere at their going up to * 1.105 Burdeaux, unlade all their Artillery and Armes, which by many treaties beweene the Kings of England and France hath beene cove∣nanted to bee disused, yet the insolency of the Captaine of Blaie, scorning the commandements of his Soveraigne and his treaties, holds still the same in use to the great prejudice of our Merchants trading to Burdeaux. And now to Rotchell, the place of my first e∣ducation beyond seas.

CHAP. CXXV.

Of Rotchell, and the Trade thereof.

ROTCHELL hath beene of long time accounted the * 1.106 strongest and best fortified Citie in France, and was 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of late yeares in possession of the Protestants, and was ever found as a Sanctuary for them in their greatest dan∣gers, it is commodiously seated for Trade on the Aqui∣taine Ocean, thesea every tide flowing into the Citie, and carrying thereinto shippes of a reasonable burthen: within these late yeares the French King hath besieged it, and after a long Siege starved the Inhabitants, and by that meanes enforced the reduction, therefore what Trade it now hath I am ignorant of, but Anno 1611. there was a great concourse of Merchanti, as being the staple for all Spanish and English commodities for these parts of France.

Their coines currant and forme of Accounts are the same as throughout all France, and their Weights are these.

The 100. lib. of Rotchell hath made in London 96. lib. English, and by observation in Lions of poids de la ville 94. li. * 1.107

The Measure is the Alne, common in name with all France, but * 1.108 in many places is found to differ, making here 44. inches English.

From England is sent hither Butter, Calves skinnes, Herings, New∣found land fish, and some English manufactuaries of cloth, &c. and hence is returned a small Wine called Rotchell Wine, but more pro∣perly Cogniacke, also Salt from the Isle of Re, Oleron, &c. and some Prunes and other commodities.

Poictou is the next Province, the principall Citie hereof is Poiters, * 1.109 famous for the study of the Civill Law, and next to Paris for great∣nesse in all France, but of no note in matter of Trade.

Anjou is the next, yeelding the best Wines in France, the princi∣pall * 1.110 Towne is Angiers and Sanmar, the onely Protestant Vniversity in France.

Maine is the next, the principall Towne is Mans. * 1.111

Touraine is the next, the principall Cities are Blois, Ambois, and * 1.112 Tours famous for giving a beginning to the Protestants of France, and which is noted for many excellent fabriques and Manufactua∣ries of silkes here daily made, knowne to us by the names of Taffe∣•…•…ies, Plushes, and Tabins of Tours.

Britanie is the next, wherein is found Nantes for the situation * 1.113 pleasant, Rhemes a Parliament seate; and lastly, Saint Mallo seated commodiously for Trade upon the British Ocean.

Giberoy a great Faire for these Countries, and Morlais affording that Linnen in great quantity knowne to us by the names of Locrams. * 1.114

S. Mallos and Morlais comprehending these three knowne sorts of Dowlas, Tregar, and grasse-cloth, also Noialls for saile-cloth, and some of other sorts here daily bought up for ready monies, and hence dispersed into Spaine, England, Scotland, and Ireland.

The next is Normandy, in which are found many principall * 1.115 Townes of Trade, as being commodiously seated by the neigh∣bourhood of the British Ocean; the chiefe is Cane, Deepe, New∣haven, Constance, and lastly Roven, under the title whereof I shall comprehend the Trade of the rest.

CHAP. CXXVI.

Of Roven, and the Trade thereof.

ROVEN seated on the bankes of the River Sein, * 1.116 and the seate of the Parliament of Normandy, is one of the principall Cities of Traffique and Commerce in France, having a great concourse of Merchants of all these Northerne Kingdomes, and is one of the three principall Townes in France where Exchanges are used.

The Commodities that is hence, and out of Normandy exported are Linnens course and fine, buckroms, paper, cards, some Wines, and * 1.117 other petty manufacturies.

The Commodities sent thither from England, principally Clothes of sundry Countries, as Kerses of Devonshire and York shire, Baies of Coxall, Cottons of Wales and York shire, and of late pepper, galles, cotton yarne, and other Turky Commodities also, Lead, Tinne, Fish, and some India Commodities.

The notes of trade observed there at my residence therein 1614 I shall briefly touch as I then noted the same. * 1.118

The Monies currant and Accounts kept are the same as in generall used throughout France, see farther in Paris.

The Kings beame is heere called the Viconte, which is 14. per cent. * 1.119 greater than our English 112. lib. and some have found it to bee 10. or 12. li. by which is weighed all Commodities whatsoever, but I have often found that the 112. lib. English hath made by Viconte 98. li. and by common beame 101. li.

The Measure is heere an Alne, by which all Commodities of * 1.120 Woollen and Linnen is measured, and is accounted 1¼ yards English, but those that have made triall thereof finde it to bee 46. inches, but it is here to bee noted that in buying of Linnen cloth of this Country there is allowed in the account of Measure 24. Alnes for 20. and is called the Merchants Alne or measure, and by the same is oftentimes here againe sould in England, and it is found that Deepe, Cane, and some other Cities of Normandy afford also this over-mea∣sure; in the sale of Normandy canvas here made, so that it may bee said this place hath a great and a small Alne, the one exceeding the other 20. per cent. or 120. for 100. and the smaller agreeing with our English Elles. Roven is found to have 3. Faires in a yeare, at two * 1.121 whereof there is liberty given for fifteene dayes to buy and trans∣port any commodities in this Citie free of all customes and taxes:

provided the said goods bee laden and departed downe the River to a certaine limitted distance below the citie, by fifteene daies after, otherwise to pay the custome as is accustomed.

The first Faire beginneth the 3. of February, and lasteth fifteene dayes.

The second beginneth the morrow after Whitsunday and lasteth fifteene dayes.

The third is not accounted a free Faire for customes as the former, and beginneth the 23. day of October, and continueth onely eight dayes, where note that these dayes are accounted so many working dayes, sundayes and holydayes according to the Church of Rome excepted.

Here is in this Citie a publique Hall granted to the English for * 1.122 the sale of all English woollen cloth, whereto they are enjoyned to carry the same and have certaine set dayes to lay open and sell the same, and for the hire and custody they pay a Duty of halledge or warehousedome: they have had formerly here many immunities and priviledges and were accounted as halfe Citizens, but the civill warres of France, the insolency of the Inhabitants, and the great au∣thority of their Court of Parliament dayly give new fashions and new lawes to the English Merchants here resident.

This Citie is the prime of Trade in this part of France, and is ac∣counted the principall Northerne Scale of Traffique in the French Domnions, for from hence are exported great quantity, as I said before, of buckroms, canvas, fine and course, playing cardes, boxe combes, paper, thred, teasles for Clothworkers, and some plushes, and other stuffes lately heere made, and in fine all the principall com∣modities of Normandy, Paris, and those parts adjoyning to the Ri∣ver Sein; as for the Exchanges here used, see Lions in the Tract of * 1.123 Exchanges following, which gives Rules thereto in Chapter 277. and Chapter 302.

The next division of this Kingdome is the Isle of France, which is * 1.124 in the heart of the French Dominions the principall Citie Paris, be∣ing the Metropolis of the Kingdome heere situated, which though it consist not much in Trade, save what may serve happily to feed and clothe the Cour•…•… and inhabitants, yet all the other Cities taking hence the Rule of government for Traffique may challenge justly a Chapter by it selfe.

CHAP. CXXVII.

Of Paris, and the Trade thereof.

PAris being the principall Citie of France, and the ordi∣nary * 1.125 residence of the Kings, is esteemed to be ten miles in compasse, through which the River of Sei•…•… doth gently runne, and so to Roven, thence to New•…•…aven or Haure de grace, and thence to our Brittish Ocean. It is not of great consequence in matter of trade, as neither affoording commodities to be exported, nor yet venting store of commodities imported, though an ignorant French-man, which had not seene further then this City, call it the greatest in the world for the trade found therein, and for the multitude of Merchants, which I imagine he understood shopkeepers; some Cloth, Lead, Tin, Baies, and Stockings it venteth from England, Sattins, and other silke, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 from Italy, some small wares from Germany, and that is all the most important. It is one of the three Cities in France, where Exchan∣ges have beene placed, Roven and Lions being the other two, and though I have divers times bin here, yet I could never find any re∣markeable observations in Trade, which indeed is no where in France much practised, because of the base esteeme the French •…•…∣tion doe hold of Merchants and Merchandising, every Cobler hono∣ring his old shoes with the title of sa marchandise, with as great con∣fidence as he that never handled any commodity but Silkes or Iewels, in which foolish humor I will leave them, and come to my pur∣pose.

Paris giving rule in matter of Coine to all other Cities of France, I have purposely referred it heere to avoide the reiteration in any other City of this Kingdome.

The least peece then of Coine currant in France is a Deneire, two * 1.126 whereof makes a Double, and twelve thereof is a Souls; and Souls, twenty makes a Liver, which some call a Franke, and thus in Livers, Souls and Deneires their accounts are kept.

Their common Coines are peeces of 8. Sol. which is the ⅛ of a * 1.127 French Crowne in Silver: a peece of 16. Sold. which is the quarter Crowne, 4. of which makes 64. Sold, accounted for a French Crowne, and 4. Solds which is of 3. Livers Turnois. They have also peeces of 21. Sold, 4. Deniers, being the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the said Crowne, called by some Testons, and the ½ and ¼ thereof, and as the quarter Crownes were at first raised from 15. Sold to 16. Sold, and thereby the 60. Sold to 64. Sold, so were the said Testons also in proportion raised accor∣dingly. The Gold coines are only two, which is the common Crowne,

of 3. Livers or 60. Sold, and the Crowne of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, being 3. Livers 16. Sols, or 76. Sol.

All which Coines in their first coinage, bare this true worth and value, and then were conceived to hold equality with England: thus 10. Sold to make 12. pence starling.

20. Sold to make 2. shillings starling, which is their Liver.

60. Sold to make 6. shillings, or 72. pence, which is the French Crowne.

But these in hanced to such rates as the necessities of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 * 1.128 or commerce inforce them, finde not now any setled ra•…•…e, but accor∣ding to the will of the paier and receiver, for hee that sels his Com∣modities in France now for ready monies, must contract if hee bee wise, at what rate he must have these Coines in paiment, least he ima∣gine he sell to good profit, and yet by experience find he sells the same to a great losse and disadvantage.

And note that since the writing of the abovesaid, the peece of 16. Sol, is raised to 20. Sol. ⅕ in the whole, which I place heere as a Caveat for such as shall have occasion to traffique into these King∣domes, that he be inquisitive and circumspect to informe himselfe in the true worth and valew thereof er•…•… •…•…ee part with his Comm•…•…∣dities.

The Quintall of Paris is 100. li. which hath beene •…•…ound to pro∣duce * 1.129 in London neere 100. li. sutle. 2. per cent. more or lesse, which

in Lions renders of 16. ounces	116. li.
In Venetia sotile	144. li.

100. li. sotile in Venetia making in Paris 62½ li. of 15. ounces per li. The Carge or great Quintall in Paris is 300. li. of 12. ounces per li. which makes in Florence 487. li. but the ordinary Quintall of 100. li. before named is of 15. ounces to a pound.

Wine is sold by the Cesterne, 96. making a T•…•…e, and each Ce∣sterne containes 8. pints, so that it may be accounted two Con•…•… of Florence, which is () gallons English, see London.

They have two measures in length, one for Silkes, and another for * 1.130 Linnens, the which are () But note that all Merchants selling Silke stuffes in grosse in Paris, the same is sold by the pound waight, which is better for the buyer, for thereby hee discerneth the waight of the silke hee hath for his mo∣ney.

Paris doth Exchange with many places, which I heere omit, and * 1.131 place the same amongst the Exchanges in generall in the Tract fol∣lowing at the end of this Booke in the Chapters 277. and 302.

It may bee imagined that this Kingdome, considering the riches thereof should abound in Trade and Navigation, but the better sort of men medling not with traffique, as conceiving the same to bee * 1.132 both ignoble and base, and consequently unfit for them; leave the same to such whose spirits are elevated to that ripenesse that they can but onely be sorry for their erroneous opinions: their Naviga∣tion

also is not farre, the Marselians greatest voyage being to Turkie, and the inhabitants of Rochell, Saint Mallo and Rochell, seldome sai∣ling into any regions further then Spaine, their ill successe in Ame∣ricaes plantations, peradventure disswading them, but he that shall wisely looke into the beautie of their inland Townes, the riches of the Country it selfe, and especially the plenty of Corne, Wines, Lin∣nens and Sal•…•… that France produceth; and how much these commodi∣ties are prised and sought after by other Nations, will be more wil∣ling to excuse the French for their so little desire to traffique into remote Regions.

The next Province is la Beause, wherein is Orleans a pleasant Ci∣tie, * 1.133 and where the nearest and most Elegant French tongue is concei∣ved to be spoken, seated on the Loyer, but affording little matter of Trade or commerce, save that it is found to bee a great through-faire for all such commodities as doth enter into the heart of the Country, * 1.134 as to Lio•…•…s and other Cities, upon the River of Loyer and by this way and hath a growth of good Wines about it.

The next is Berry, wherein is Bourges seated as the prime and principall Towne, who are much addicted to Clothing, and where * 1.135 great aboundance of Sheepe are found to pasture and feed.

The next is Burbon, wherein is contained Burbon, Nevers and * 1.136 Mollins, wherein I never saw any commodities worth relation, save those excellent instruments of Iron in small cases here made in great aboundance, called est•…•…us, and dispersed thence over all Christen∣dome.

The next is Bevois, the chiefe towne is Villa franche. * 1.137

The next is Avergne, the principall City is Clerem•…•…nt. * 1.138

The next is Limosin, the principall City is L•…•…moges. * 1.139

The next is Perigort, the chiefe towne is Perigeux.

The next is Quercu, the chiefe towne is Mo•…•…lbon, one of the * 1.140 cautionary townes in the Protestants possession, and now lately by the French King reduced to his subjection.

The next is Daulphine, honoured with the title of the Princes of France, wherein is found Vienna, excelling in the art of making * 1.141 sword blades: Valencia, a fine City, watered with the Rhoane; and lastly Lions, once the principall towne of traffique in all these parts, * 1.142 where having occasion of residence 1616. I noted these particulars following in Trade.

CHAP. CXXVIII.

Of Lions, and the Trade thereof.

LIONS hath ever been accounted, a famous Mart * 1.143 Towne, and doubtlesse before Navigation had its perfection, a City of great Trade and Commerce, but for as much as all inland Townes must submit in this point to maritime Cities by reason of the commodiousnesse of the Sea, which is the grea∣test fartherer of all Traffique, so must this Towne now give place to many others that exceed her in the point of Traffique.

Their Mart for Trade here setled was formerly holden in Gene∣va, * 1.144 and by Lewis the Eleventh removed hither, for the enriching o•…•… his owne Kingdome, and when Pope Iulius the Second had excom∣municated Lewis the Twelfth, he commanded by his Apostolicall au∣thority that the same should bee againe removed to Geneva, but his Holinesse herein was not obeyed, for Trade must not be constrained but entreated, though by Popes which would command all things; and therefore stirred not from hence, where yet it continueth.

This Towne is watered with the streames of Rhoane and Soane, whith furthers it much for carriage: it is most famous now for the many fabriques of silkes here wrought and hence dispersed through all France, and the Citizens to this end have their Factours in Mar∣selia, who trade for them to Aleppo in Syria, to furnish them with that commodity by land; also they trade for Florence, Lucca, Mil∣lan, Mesina, and other parts of Italy, but it is onely for raw silkes, and some such Commodities as these places doe afford. I resided here some yeares, and found the greatest of their Trade to consist in Exchanges, as the principall and most proper Towne of France, thereto the Bankers of Florence, Venetia, Lucca, and Naples having here their Factours purposely for this occasion.

From England is here vented some baies, tinne, lead, Cony-skinnes, and but few commodities else; and to our Country it affordeth not any commodity worth mentioning; what I have observed I shall onely touch and no more.

As for Coines currant, and Accounts keeping, it is the fame as throughout France. * 1.145

There hath beene of long time in use an imaginary coine here cur∣rant in Exchanges called the Marke, which briefly to explaine is

A Marke of Gold is 65. Crownes of Marke or 63. cro. 11. s. 9. d. of

gold in gold, or 62. crownes of Camera Vec•…•…ia of Rome, or 68. 14. 3. Duccats currant of Venetia.

And they did use heere to keepe their Accounts by crownes of markes sold and deniers, advising one Cro. de marke to bee 20. solds of marke, but is 45. sold turnois, by which crowne of marke they did ex∣change by, as briefly for example.

They gave in Lions one crowne in Marke to have in Florence 57. or 58. crownes, according to the Cambi•…•….

To have in Rome 56. duc. of Camera more or lesse, as the exchange went.

To have in Naples 72. duc. of Carlins more or lesse, &c.

To have in Palermo or Mesina 25. or 26. Carlins, &c.

To have in Spaine 400. Mervides, according to the rate of Ex∣change.

To have in Anvers so many grosse as the Exchange did permit.

But this custome being now lost by the expulsion of the great * 1.146 bankers out of this Towne in the dayes of Lewis the Twelfth, it is since reduced to Crownes of the Sunne of three Livers, by which imaginary (for so I call it now as having none to bee found of that value and rate) coine there is now made, and the common and ordi∣nary prices thereof I willingly heere omit, as having mentioned the same at the end of this Worke in the Chapters 277. and 302. and other following, where all the due circumstances of Exchanges and payments of monies are observed, whereto I referre the Rea∣der.

It is to be noted that heere is observed foure Faires, in which all payments either by Exchange, or for Merchandise are made, which runne still from three moneths to three moneths, wherein for so many dayes rescounters of payments are made without any mo∣ney seene stirring, from man to man which is done in a publique place or Burse appointed to this purpose, as I have touched in the Chapter of transferring of Billes of debts and specialties in my Fa∣ctours advis•…•…: the times and tearmes of which Faires are these,

First, the Faire of Easter begins after the Octaves of Easter.

The second is the Faire of August, being the first Munday after * 1.147 our Ladies day in August.

The third is the Faire of All Saints the day after All Soules.

The fourth is the Faire of le Roies, the day after Epiphany, and every Faire lasteth fifteene daies that are not holy-daies, all businesse is done in these Faires, and all billes of Exchange, are made and dated in one day, and two daies after they make the rate of the Exchange, which Faires are counted by their payments.

The terme of their billes of Exchange hence are these, * 1.148

From Lions to Florence, Rome, and Venice, about 30. daies, litle more or lesse, according as the Merchant maketh the agreement every Faire, but all the aforesaid places, for one and the same day.

From Lions to Naples, and Valentia, 5. daies later than Florence.

From Lions to Anvers as Florence.

From Lions to Spaine, that is, to Medina in Villalion, the Faire of All Saints, and of the apparition of Lions, they exchange for the Faire of Villalion of Midlent, and the Faire of Easter of Lions for the Faire of May in Medina del campo, as you shall see more at large in the daies of payment of billes dated in Lions, in the said place of the Exchanges of this place.

They have in Lions three beames, one used in the Custome-house, * 1.149 which is the Kings beame, which containes 100. lib. the Quintall and is greater than the second, which is the Towne-weight by 8. per cent. by which all goods payeth custome that is ponderous.

The second is the Towne-weight and is 100. lib. the cent. the pound thereof containing sixteene ounces per lib. upon which all calcula∣tions are made.

The third is onely the Weight used for silke, and is 100. lib. the cent. and the pound containing fifteene ounces per lib. and called The pound of marke.

The 100. lib. of the Towne-weight is it whereby the observations have beene made with other Countries, and which by triall hath beene found to render thus in these places following. In

• London—96. lib.
• Marselia—104
• Venetia sot.—143
• Ditto grosse—89
• Sicilia—53
• Lisborne—83
• Florence—125
• Antwerpe—90
• Sivill—92
• Dansicke—109
• Mallaga—28. R.
• Rome—122. l.
• Millan—131
• Paris—80.
• Genoa—135
• Almaria—120
• Burges—114
• Rotchell—104
• Deepe—94
• Roven—92

And in Asia have made these, In

• Aleppo—19. R.
• Silke R.—20. 9.
• Tripoli—22.¾.
• Dito Barbar.—81. l.
• Baruti—18.¼.
• Alex. zera.—43.¾
• Dito forfor.—96
• Sci•…•…s—86. Lod.
• Constantinople—78
• Rhodes—17. 2. R.
• Acria—15. ½.
• Babylonia—13. 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• Balsara—3. 9.¼. M.
• Ormus—93.¾. lib.

CHAP. CXXIX.

How forraigne Measures and Weights are compared with Lions.

I Finde a French Merchant to have made these ob∣servations upon the Trade of Lions, which I re∣ferre to triall.

100. lib. in Millan to have made by triall in Li∣ons 69. lib. silke-weight, the silke brace in Millan to * 1.150 render in Lions 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of an Alne.

The Cloth-brace there to render in Lions 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of an Alne.

And 20. sols of Millan calculated for 10. sols turnois.

100. lib. in Turin to render in Lions—77. li. silke-weight.

The Ras which is the measure to be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of an Alne. * 1.151

The Florin in money calculated for three sols turnois.

The 100. li. of Genoa to render in Lions •…•…2. li. silke-weight; 9. palmes of Genoa making a Cane, 1. palme 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of an Alne. * 1.152

The Spanish Pistolet worth in Genoa then 11. lib. 12. s. in Lions 7. li. 7. s.

The Crowne of Gold in Gold of Italy worth in Genoa 115. 〈◊〉〈◊〉.

The 100. lib. of Florence to bee in Lions—76¼ silke waight, 4. braces being there a Cane, 100. braces being 49. Alnes Lions. * 1.153

The Crowne of Gold of Florence calculated at 3. li. turnois.

100. lib. of Lucca sutle weight hath rendred in Lions 72½ lib. silke∣weight.

100. lib. of Lucca of Custome-house weight made—81. li. * 1.154

The pound of which place bei•…•…g composed of 12. ounces.

And 2. braces of the said place made in Lions 1. Alne.

100. li. of Bollonia have rendred in Lions 77 li. silke waight.

The brace of Bollonia hath rendred 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of an Alne of Lions. * 1.155

The Liver thereof 20. Sols may bee esteemed at 11. s. 3. d. turnois.

100. li. of Naples have made in Lions 68. li. of silke waight.

8. Palmes make a cane, and the palmes by 4. to make them quar∣•…•…ers, * 1.156 and divide by 17. for 17. quarters in an Alne in Lions, which re∣duced into London measure is.

The Duccat may bee calculated for 48. s. turnois, which is 4. 10. sterling.

The 100. lib. Sutle of Venetia made in Lions 63½ lib. silke weight.

80. Braces of that place silke makes in Lions 43. Alnes. * 1.157

The Duccat may bee calculated at 50. Sol turnois, which is 5. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. sterling.

The 100. li. of Mesina render at Lions 70½. li. of silke weight.

The 100 braces of Mesina gives in Lions Alnes * 1.158

The Ounce of Mesina gives by calculation in Lions

The 100. li. of Bergamo is in Lions 68. li. silke-weight.

the Brace of Bergamo is 5/9 of an Alne, mult. by 5. divid. by 9. * 1.159

the Liver of bergamo is 6. per 6. dr. tur. which is sterl. 7½. d.

The 100. li. of Mantoa are in Lions 66. lib. silke waight.

the brace is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of an Alne, multiply by 8. and divide by 15. * 1.160

the Liver of Mantoua is in Lions.

The 100. lib. of Modena are in Lions 77½ li. silke waight.

the braces are the same as in Mantoua. * 1.161

The 100. li. of Antwerpe are in Lions 102. li. silke waight.

the Elles of Antwerpe is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of an Alne, which is done by taking the * 1.162 ⅓ and ¼ of the summe and adde them, they make Alnes.

the Liver of grosse may be calculated at 6. li. tur. 12. s. sterl.

The 100. lib. of Sutle have made in Lions—96½ lib. silke waight.

the 9. Yards in London make in Lions 7. Alnes, so that the Alne of * 1.163 Lions is 46. inches English.

the Liver or pound of London sterl. is 10. Livers turnois.

The Oake of Constantinople makes in Lions li. Silke-waights. * 1.164

the P•…•… of Constantinople is 5/9 of an Alne, mult. by 5. div. by 9.

the Piastre of Doller may be calculated at 45. s. sterl. 4. s. 6. d.

The Rotolo of Aleppo hath rendred in Lions 4½ li. Silke waight.

The Rotolo of Tripoli in Siria hath made 4. lib. * 1.165

The 100. lib. of

• Valentia in Syaine hath made in Lions—73½
• Almeria—117
• Tortosa—72
• Saragosa—73½ * 1.166

lib. Silke∣weight.

And 130. Vares of Valentia hath made in Lions 100. Alnes.

100. lib. of

• Paris have made in Lions of towne-weight 116
• Roven have made in Lions ditto—120. li.
• Tholousa have made in Lions ditto—96 * 1.167
• Marselia hath made in Lions ditto—94
• Montpelier hath made in Lions ditto—96
• Rotchell hath made in Lions ditto—94
• Geneva hath made in Lions ditto—130
• Besanson hath made in Lions ditto—116
• Bourge in Bresse makes in Lions ditto—115
• Avignon have made in Lions ditto—96

The Measure of Languedocke is a Cane, divided into 8. Palmes, which Cane is 1⅔, to reduce Canes into Alnes, you must adde ⅔ and they make Alnes.

Now for as much as many other places, that traffique in Silke, are found to correspond with this Towne; it will not bee improper I should inserte them briefly heere, as shewing what the 100. lib. of these severall places make Silke waight, or as they terme it poids de mare in Lions. of 15. oun.

Padova	100. li. gives in Lion•…•…	73. li.
Regio	100. li. gives	78
Callabria	100. gives	69
Cosensa	100. gives	70
Raconis	100. gives	66½.
Bavearre	100. gives	90
Aleppo Rotolo	gives	4½
Tripoli Rotolo	gives	4
Ancona	100. gives	73
Placio	100. gives	72
Marselia	100. gives	85
Avignon	100. gives	68

Note that the 100. lib. of Marc or Silke waight in the payment at Lions makes 108. lib. of the Towne waight of Lions, the former * 1.168 being fifteene Ounces to a Pound, and the latter being of 16. Oun∣ces to a Pound.

For the Measure of length of Lions, I finde this observation to have beene made, that

The 100. Alnes in Li∣ons make in

• London—98⅓. elles.
• Anvers—163⅝.
• Francford—204⅝.
• Dansicke—136
• Vienna—142
• Paris—93⅖.
• Roven—85¼.
• Lixborne—98⅓.
• Sivill—132 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• Madera—101⅖.
• Venetia—177
• Lucca—196
• Florence—200¾.
• Millan—226⅕.
• Genoa—472⅞. palm.
• Spaine—135. Var.
• Rome—130. braces.
• Naples—50. Canes.

Which I referre to triall of the experienced; and thus much shall serve to have said of Lions.

The next Province is Languedocke; wherein is found Narbone, * 1.169 Nismes, and Montpelier, three good Cities, and which afford of late daies, by t•…•…e industry of the Inhabitants some serges, saies, and some fine cloth, of this Country making; and heere also growes that ex∣cellent Wine which takes his name from the Towne of Frontiniacke: and heere also is that small Village Beaveaire, having in Iuly a Faire * 1.170 or Marte famous in these parts, and resembled at my there being 1618. our Sturbridge, beside which they have yearely there other Faires but of no great consequence.

The next Province is Provence, wherein is Arles, in times past the seate of some Romane Emperours. Brignolle, whence our Prunes of * 1.171 Brignolle come, knowne to us by the name Prunels from Brignole, whereas in the language of this Country the g. is not pronounced. Aix the Parliament seate; and lastly Thollon, the best Haven in France, and most capacious, and Marselia famous in trade for these Countries, of which a word in passing, and first of Thollon.

CHAP. CXXX.

Of Thollon, and the Trade thereof.

THollon enjoying a faire and capacious Haven, and e∣steemed the best, largest and safest in the Mediter∣ranean * 1.172 Sea, is seated ten leagues to the Eastward of Marselia, wherein the King doth keepe a Cu∣stomehouse for Province, as having not so much power to settle one in Marselia, by the priviledge or insolency of the inhabitants, who endevour still thus to main∣taine that little liberty they have. It aboundeth onely in Oyles, which hence is laden in great aboundance, and dispersed into o∣ther Countries, as England, Holland, and some Almonds, which wee call Province Almonds: Some Salt is heere laden and brought from the Iles of Eres, about three leagues hence, being the proper Merchandise of the King, who hath Factors for the sale thereof in e∣very City and Towne in France. In this place the monies are the same as through all France, and the waights and measures not much differing from those of Marselia, which I will there more succinctly handle, and onely will shew the manner of buying and providing heere of Oyles, as I have observed my selfe heere at divers times du∣ring my abode in this Towne and Countrey.

Oyles of Province are heere and throughout all Province bought * 1.173 by the Millrowle or Millroe, fourteene of which are accounted to a Tun of Oyle of 252. gallons, yet if carefully looked unto at the buy∣ing, and the same truely measured, 13½. Milroes will make the said Tunne; the same is sould commonly heere by the Florin, an imagi∣nary coyne, and in valew 12. Sol turnois; the Milroe of Oyle is commonly worth 26. to 30. Florence, the Caske of this place cost ordinarily 18. Sold per Milroe, and the Custome outward is 10. Sol per Milroe, and the Custome of the place gives 3. per 100. provision, and 1. per cent. for brokeredge thereof. Now to reduce all charges to a constant rate, it hath been observed and found true by my selfe and others, that if 18. shillings 6. pence stariing be accounted for every Florin that a Milroe of Oyle shall cost the first penny; so much will the Tunne of Oyle stand in cleare aboard of all accustomed charges.

But for as much as this rule holds onely in Thollon, I will insert * 1.174 the particulars thereof how it is found to accord with our measure and waight in England, because it is a staple and most requested commodity, and the principall commodity that this Countrey doth affoord.

The common measure then is a Scandall, and of which it is

found that 4. Scandals make 1. Milroe, every Scandall being 4¼. gal∣lons English. and 31½. li. haberdepois.

1. M•…•…roe is 17. gallons English, and is 126. li. English.

2. Milroes is a charge which is 34. gallons, or 252. li. English.

4. Charges makes a But, which is ½. a T•…•…e, or 12•…•…. gallons English, and hath been found to make 1008. li. haberdepois.

The Custome hereof is a Crowne of 3. li. Tur. upon every 100. Milroes, and every Crowne is accounted 5. Florins, or 60. Sols.

Wine is here sold by the same Milroe, as above is said. * 1.175

Almonds are sold by the Cargo of 300. li. Marselia waight.

Corne is sold by the Muyd and Mynots, 24. Mynots make a Muyd, * 1.176 and 1. Muyd is about 8½. quarters English.

Province doth affoord many commodities for Merchandising, which * 1.177 hence is transported into severall Countries, as first Oyle as above made and gathered in November and December shipe for England, Spaine and Italie.

Also great quantitie of Wools for Clothing, bought up in May, Iune and Iuly, by Milanois, Genoes, Piem•…•…s and Montpelerians, which commonly beares 14. in 16. the 100. •…•…oule, and being wa∣shed and clensed, there is lost in the clensing and clearing some∣times the one halfe thereof.

Also great quantity of Scarlet graine, and powder of graine, gathe∣red in the Heaths and Fields by poore people, and brought by them to the Lords of their Territories, from the Moneth of May, to the Moneth of August, and is worth greene about 5. in 6. li. t•…•…r. per li. but being dried diminisheth at least 〈◊〉〈◊〉. thereof.

Also Almonds are heere in great aboundance found growing, gathered in September and October, called (as before is noted) Pro∣vince Almonds for distinction sake, and are commonly worth from 12. to 15. Crownes the Cargo.

Also heere is yellow Waxe in good quantity, bought in October and November, worth commonly from 40. to 50. li. per cent.

Also heere is Hony bought in November and December, worth commonly about 22. in 23. Cro. the Cantar. Besides which, heere are many Bed coverlets, and Wastcoats made and quilted of Satin, Taf∣feta and Callico, and hence dispersed into severall Countries. To conclude, there may bee laden in Tholon, Marselia, and generally throughout all Province, from 1500. to 2000. Tunnes of Oyle yeere∣ly, about 400. Quintalls of Almonds, about 1800. to 2000. Quintalls of Wooll, about 200. Quintals of Hony, and but little Waxe, as being for the most part spent in their owne Countrey, principally in their Churches.

The Customes upon all commodities of the growth of France, pai∣eth * 1.178 in the Exportation but a •…•…all acknowledgement, but all other commodities pay five per cent. but for Spices and all other commodities

that are brought in from the Levant, there is lately placed thereon throughout all Province a Custome of ten per cent. and thus much for Thollon.

CHAP. CXXXI.

Of Marselia and the Trade thereof.

THe principall seate of Trade in Provence is Marselia, * 1.179 famous for the great concourse of Merchants, and for the commerce that it maintaineth with Turkie, Barbarie, Spaine, France, Italy, Flanders and Eng∣land, it is commodiously scituated on the Mediter∣ranean Sea, enioying an excellent Haven, and a reasonable roade for shipping of all sorts, it wanteth to make it per∣fect a course for Exchanges which heere is supplied by the corrent of Lions, and governed onely thereby, to which place each faire some partidos are made, not by the rules of other places, but by the rule of Interest from the date of the Bill, to the time of the next succee∣ding faire there.

It vents from England some Baies, Clothes, Lead and Tinne, Pilchers, Hering white and red, and yeerely about 2000. in 3000. tunnes of Newland-fish which the English bring thither, and they also supply it with Moscovia commodities, as African hides, aboue ten thou∣sand paire yeerely, Tallow 2000. Quintalls, Waxe 1000. Quintalls, besides other commodities of England, as Calueskins, Hides, Salmon and some fish. It affoordeth not any commodity to bee sent abroad, save some Oyles, Wines, Wools, Almonds, and Verdigrace, and all others are hither imported from other Countries, as such as Alexandria, Aleppo, Acria, Constantinople, Naples, Leghorne, or the coasts of Spaine doth yeeld; the maine support of their trade is the plenty of Spanish Rialls, and the licence heere for exportation, which is the onely meanes whereby the trade of Turkie is preserved to them, for from hence I have seene 100. thousand Rialls of 〈◊〉〈◊〉. shipt publiquely upon a small Vessell of 160. tunnes for Scanderone, which hath been thence returned in rich Silks, Drugges and Spices. But of late daies, their successe in trade hath prooved so bad, and their losses by Pirats so great and so many, that the towne and Merchants have lost much of their former splendor and fame, their great Vessels are now be∣come small Barkes, and the great Merchants of Lions, Paris, Li•…•…oges, Toures, and other parts of France, who had heere their factors for to continue this trade, have recalled them after the sustentation of great losses, the paiment of great sommes, for the maintenance of their Ambassadour in Constantinople; and especially the late in∣hansement

of their monies, which is the ruine and overthrow of all commerce whatsoever.

In this place I resided for some yeeres, and therefore will note briefly what I observed needfull to my present subject.

The monies currant, and the accounts kept accorde in all particu∣lars with Paris, sometimes alteration is found in Coines by meanes * 1.180 of the great trade, and that because both Italian and Spanish coynes are heere current; these become sometimes a Merchandise, and are requested and inhansed according as occasion for transportation doth require, which is more in winter then in sommer, by reason of their generall voyages made into Turkie, from September to March, and commonly not after.

The pound of Marselia is 16. ounces, and 100. li. is the Quintall, * 1.181 300. li. or three Quintalls, makes with them a Cargo.

The 100. li. in Marselia hath beene found to produce in these Cities following:

In

• London—88½. li.
• Venetia sotile—134. li.
• Venetia gro.—84¾
• Sicilia—50. li.
• Lixborne—79. li.
• Florence—114. li.
• Anvers—86. li.
• Lions—95. li.
• Sivill—88. li.
• Mallaga—24. Roves
• Dansicke—104. li.
• Alleppo—18½. R.
• Ditto silke—19¾.
• Tripoli—21. 1
• Ditto barbar.—76. 2
• Baruti—17. 5
• Alex. zera—41. 6
• Scio—81. 10
• Constantinople—74. 5
• Acria—14. 6½
• Babylonia—12. 5½. M.
• Balsara—3. 6. M.

These observations I have found true by my owne experience. * 1.182

Rotolo of Aleppo, gave in Marselia	5. li. 6. ounces
Rotolo of Damasco gave	4½. li.
Rotolo of Tripoli in Soria	4½. li.
Rotolo of Mantoa	5½. li.
Cantaro of Genoa	118. li.

Cantaro of Cuietavechia in Allome	130. li.
Cantaro of Alicant in Barsilia	133½. li.
Rotolos 100. li. Malta in Oliues	200. li.
Loderos 100. li. of Constantinople	135. li.
Cantaro of Sardinia in cheese	100. li.
Cantaro of Zante in corrence	116. li.
Cargo of Valentia in pepper	320. li.
Cantaro of Argier	150. li.
Rotolo of Cyprus in cottons	5¾. li.
Cantaro of Valentia in cocheneale	88. li.
Hundred of London, 112. li. gave in Tinne	125. li.
And the 120. li. English▪ stannery in Tinne made	134. li.

These Townes are said to agree with Marselia in their Quintall,

First, Lepanto 100. li. Arches 100. li. Candia Sotile 100. li. Petras 100. li. Rotchell 100. li. Tholosa 100. li. Montpelier 100. li. Avignon 100. li. which I referre to triall of him that shall have occasion, because I question the trueth of some of them.

The Measures of length is the Cane, which is divided into eight Palmes, the Cane making 2½. yards English. * 1.183

Corne is sold by the Mine, the Sacke of Pisa, and Leghorne is found to be 1⅘ Mines of Marselia.

The customes here out and in are 1½ per cent. but the Citie by rea∣son of cleansing the Harbour, and some shippes set out against Pi∣rats * 1.184 have made the 1½ inwards 3¼ per cent. and onely 1¼. out, this is meant of commodities of the growth of the Countrie; but in Spices brought in, as Pepper, Ginger, Indico, or such as come not out of the Levant, but as they call it, out of the Ponent, or out of the West Seas, it paies the Kings custome which is now about 15. per cent. be∣sides the Cities custome above named, and thus much for Marselia.

The next Province is that of Avignon, the principall Citie there∣of called by that name, it is a faire Towne, and seated upon the Ri∣ver * 1.185 of Rhone, but hath no Trade that I could observe, though I have often beene there, it is subject to the Pope, and hee permitting Iewes to inhabite heere, are found the principall Pedlers, for Merchants I cannot call them. The City is said to have 7. Palaces, 7. Parishes, 7. Monasteries, 7. Nunneries, 7. Innes, and 7. Gates, and other things of note I observed not, and as for commerce, the Weights and Mea∣sures diff•…•…r not much from Marselia, and the great custome here paid is some prejudice to passengers and merchandise that passeth from Provence to Lions, or from Lions to Marselia.

The next Province is Orange, the capitall Citie here bearing that name, belonging to the Prince of Orange, a strong Towne, and * 1.186 sweetly seated neere upon the Rhone; heere all Protestants passen∣gers

are really welcomed, and Papists narrowly lookt unto, in re∣quitall of the contrary courtesie practised at Avignon not above fixe leagues off.

The next is Picardy, wherein I finde Amiens and Abbevile for * 1.187 faire Townes, but of little or no traffique: Callais also the inlet of France is strong, but hath sent away its Trading with the Staple, which by the English was planted and continued heere for 200. yeares; whilest it was in possession of the English, the French Kings were accustomed to have the same put daily into their remem∣brance untill it was regained; and were it not, that the Merchant adventurers make mention thereof in their Oath taken at the en∣trance into that Brotherhood, it is almost forgotten that ever it was English, which I the rather mention heere, that some noble En∣glish heart would daily put our Soveraigne in minde thereof till it returne againe to bee English; in the meane time a word of the Trade thereof.

CHAP. CXXXII.

Of Callais, and the Trade thereof.

CALLAIS formerly was the great Staple for the Woolles of England, and setled here Anno 1347. by * 1.188 Edward the Third, to make good his Conquest after eleventh moneths siege, but afterward it was hence removed, and this place lost by Queene Ma∣ry, Anno 1557. after 200. yeares possession of the English, and was by our then Kings of England ever called the Key that gave their Armies entrance into France; the place is not now of any great noted traffique, though it and Bollen adjoyning be ac∣counted the best maritime Ports in Picardy, opposite to Dover from whence this is seven leagues distant.

The Coines here currant are those in generall of France.

The Weights here in use are three. * 1.189

First, is the Weight proper of the Towne, the 100. lib. whereof is in London about 92. lib.

The second is called the Merchants Weight, the 100. lib. whereof make in London 113. lib. and the 100. sutle of London is here 88. lib.

The third is called the English Wooll-hundred, or Staple hundred, the 100. lib. whereof is in London about 89. lib. or 90. lib. about 3. per cent. different from the Towne-weight.

The Measure used here is the Alne, and makes in London() inches.

The next is Champaigne, wherein is Rhemes the principall Citie, * 1.190

where the Kings of France are annointed, and where there is a Col∣lege for the entertainment of the English, English Fugitives, Iesuites I meane

The next is Burgondy, famous for Digion, which is notable through France for good mustard, a note worthy our Tukesbury. * 1.191

The next is Bresse, Chastilion being the principall Citie, and the last that I shall handle appertaining to the King of France, or under * 1.192 his government.

The next in order according to my Methode is the Franche Count, the principall Citie thereof is Besanson, which in times past strove * 1.193 for precedency of Trade with Lions, but being an inland Towne she hath lost that honour, the Inhabitants of this Country bringing home greater and more honourable titles, as famoused abroad for good Souldiers, knowne by the name of Walloons, and now is un∣der the command of Spaine. The Exchanges of Placentia was once here seated from Cambery, but the Merchants being not well used returned to Placentia.

100. lib. of Besanson is 112. lib. English.

The next is Loraine, the principall Citie is Nancy, yeelding plen∣ty of Corne, and Wine, store of fresh water fish, and salt, and famous * 1.194 in that it was the Dukedome of Godfrey, sirnamed of Bulloigne, which wonne Ierusalem from the Saracens, and was the first Christian crow∣ned King of that Kingdome: and now to Savoy, as partaking with the French in the Trade as well as in their Garbe.

CHAP. CXXXIII.

Of Savoy, and the Provinces thereof.

THe Dukedome of Savoy comprehends onely this Dutchy and the Principality of Piedmont, in the * 1.195 former is Chambery the residency of the Duke, when hee is in these parts: in the later is Nisa and Villa Franca two Sea-ports, but not capaci∣ous nor safe for shippes of burthen; next Aste, a great Mart for all Italian commodities: and lastly Turin, the princi∣pall Citie where the Duke of Savoy holds his Court and residence; and because in these later yeares of Warre betweene England and France, our English Factours from Marselia fled hither for succour, entertainment, and protection, which they bountifully had of the late Duke; I must not passe over the Trade thereof without re∣membrance, nor be unmindefull of that bounteous welcome they found at his Highnesse hands.

CHAP. CXXXIV.

Of Turine, and the Trade thereof.

TURINE being the capitall Citie of Piedmont, ha∣ving * 1.196 Nisa, and Villa Franca for Sea-ports, hath had many furtherances to make it a great Citie of traffique; for the Duke at severall times, but lastly at the comming of the English hether from Mar∣selia, made a Cavidall or stocke for Trade of 300000. cro. whereinto hee caused many of his Nobles to enter and become Partners, but when the stocke was made, and published in England and in other Countries, this Dukedome was not found to give vent to any commodities of consequence, some fish, and Calve∣skinnes excepted, wherewith to invest the said Stocke: notwith∣standing he gave commandement that the English should be kindly entertained both at Nisa and Villa Franca, and appointed certaine lodgings and Warehouses for them, and their wares; but Peace ensuing shortly after with France, the Factours againe returned to Marselia with due acknowledgement of their Royall entertainment: the maine obstacle in Trade heere being the too neere neighbour∣hood of Genoa the rich, and of Leghorne the free, which neither of the two Townes formerly mentioned can equallize.

The Monies commonly currant in Savoy are the Monies of Italy * 1.197 and France, as neighbouring, and the florin of the Country ac∣counted three sold turnois, which is 3½. d. English.

Their Accounts are kept in Livers sold and deniers, as in France; * 1.198 but in Nisa they account by Florins and Grosses, a crowne of sol of France is 4. flo. 2. gro.

Their 100. lib. makes in London about 82. lib. and 77. li. in Lions and in Venetia grosse 66. in 67. li. in Florence or Pisa 135. l.

Their Measure is a Ras both of Cloth and Silke, which is halfe an Alne of Lions, and 23. inches English by the Rule.

This Country affoordeth for Merchandise Rice and corne, in abun∣dance, and some Silke wrought heere, and some other commodities, but of no great consequence, nor worthy mentioning; therefore I will forbeare to treate further of this Dukedome, and end my French Commerce.

Before I leave France, and therewith Savoy, who doe in all things * 1.199 partake with the Garbe and manner of the French, and ere I enter into Italy, having thus surveied some particular Townes of emi∣nency

therein. It will be worthy notice to collect the Weights and Measures of such as we have omitted, and soe view the generall trade of France; which I will beginne in the Weights, and reduce the same to the 100. li. sutle of London, which is observed,

The 100. li. of Lon∣don hath made in

Paris by Kings beame	89. li.
Deepe	91
Burgogne	91
Roan by Vicount	88
by ordinary weight	92
weighed by the same and account 4. l. per cent. over.
Avignon	112. li.
Callais	107
by Merchants weight	•…•…8
Engl. Wooll weight	110
Marselia	112
Aquimort	98
Mirabell	98
Abevile	91
Burdeaux	91
Lions by ordinary weight	107
by Silke weight	98
by Customers weight	90
〈◊〉〈◊〉	112
Montp•…•…lier	112
Rotchell	112
Ditto by small weight	115
Genoa	98
by great weight	82
S. Anthony	123
Calsada	98

For further instruction, here I referre the ingenuous to the large Worke of Monsieur Savona, who hath comprised all the Trading of France into a Volume of too great a bulke for me to peruse it more accurately.

In like manner, to abbreviate my labour, you well see that the * 1.200 100. yards of London maketh in these Townes following,

In

Roven	77½. alns.
Avignon	80
Orleans	48. ca.
Marselia Silke	48
Ditto for woollen	44½.
Paris, Rotchell	78. aln
Lions for Linnen	80

Dito for Silke	115. alnes.
Provence	48. can.
Geneva	80. stabs.
Nantes, Abevile	110. alns.

And so for the most part the same are found through all France, the abovesaid places onely excepted.

CHAP. CXXXV.

Of the Trade in generall of France.

FRom the particular Trade of the Cities of France, * 1.201 let us view the trade in generall of this Kingdome, and we shall not finde it of any great consequence, for heere it is found that the Gentlemen doe not meddle with Traffique, because they thinke such Traffique ignoble and base, and so unfit for them; which errour the French no lesse dearely buy than doe some Eng∣lish, to which Kingdome of late dayes they have in some sort blo∣wed over that opinion, though some of the better judgements of England are reformed in that point, and finde it a most worthy, ex∣cellent, and profitable Calling: but as the French are found to neglect Merchandising, so are they lesse studious in their Navigations than their neighbours, either Spaniards, Dutch, or English; which I ima∣gine proceeds not out of a desire to attempt, or courage to per∣forme, but because they abound with all things both for plentifull food, and rich attire; and if they want any thing, strangers gladly bring it to them, allured by foure principall commodities which doth much enrich the Inhabitants, which is Wines, Linnens, Salt, and corne, being the prime commodities of that Kingdome; yet it is found that the Marselians trade and navigate into Egypt, Aleppo, and Con∣stantinople, and the Normans and Britains, into England, Spaine, Ire∣land, and Netherland: in time of Warres they have also some small Vessels at Sea, more fit for piracy and theft than for any great Warre of moment, and their successe hath been so ill in their Colo∣nies in America, that it hath quite disheartened them from seconding their attempts.

Three Cities here carry the greatest fame in Trade, Marselia for the Levant, Roven for the English Chanell, and Rotchell for the Ocean, this last subsisting by the growth of their White and Claret Wines of Burdeaux: Roan by their petty manufactories of Cardes, Pinne•…•…, Combes, Paper, and Canvas: and Marselia by the Trade of Turky, wherein are found Factours that doe imploy the estates of many Merchants resident within Lions, and other inland townes of France,

which gives life to most of their Traffique and Navigation in these parts. Now it is observed that England brings them Newland fish, herings, pilchers, lead, tinne, cloths, ke•…•…ses, cottons, or frises, and have in returnes Wines from Burdeaux, oyles and almonds from Marselia, and paper, canvas, bucroms from Roven, and Locrams from Morlais, the East country and Holland brings them cordage, tarre, pitch, rosen, masts, and firre timber, and returnes Wines from Burdeaux, and paper, canvas from Roven, and sal•…•… from Eres: Spaine brings them some spi∣ces, and they returne them corne, and linnens: Italy brings them some silke fabriques, &c. and they returne them oiles, cloth, linnen, and the like: Turkie affords them cotton woolles, raw silke, cotton yarne, hides, sheepe woolles▪ &c. and they send thither Rials of Plate, woollen cloth, and little else; and this is the grosse of the present Trade of France.

CHAP. CXXXVI.

Of Geneva, and the Trade thereof.

GENEVA being a faire Citie and wholly in possession of Protestants, is a Nursery of Learning, and withall * 1.202 no stepdame to Trade: it is seated commodiously, to that end upon the River Rhone, which within 16. leagues after saluteth the Walles of Lions, and ser∣veth out of Switzerland •…•…o convey many sorts of Merchandise to it, and to transport the same thence to Lions, Valence, Avignon, Arles, to Provence, and Languedocke.

Their Monies are as in France, and keepe their Account in Livers Sold and Deniers Turnois, and heere also is currant the Coines of the * 1.203 Vnited Cantons of Switzers, and the coines of Savoy.

The 100. li. here renders in London 107. li. and by some is found * 1.204 to agree with the grosse of Venice, and making of Venice sotile 158 2/3 li. Incirca.

The Stab renders in London () and 60. Elles here hath beene * 1.205 found to make in Venetia 100. braces cloth measure, and 106. bra. silke measures.

But it is time that I should forsake these petty Provinces and tra∣vell over the Alpes, and come into Italy, which is my next Taske.

CHAP. CXXXVII.

Of Italie, and the Provinces thereof.

ITALIE is girded round with the Ionian, Tyr∣rhenian, * 1.206 and Adriatique Seas, except it bee toward France and Germany, from which it is parted by the Alpes.

The Country in generall for Merchandi∣sing yeelds Rice, silkes, velvets, sattins, taffetaes, grograms, rashes, fustians, armour, allome, glasses of all sorts, as I shall mention in the particu∣lar Kingdomes and Provinces thereof.

Italy hath ever affoorded eminent and ingenious Merchants, yet such as merit not really in all things that Title, because that their Trade consisteth more in Exchanges, which is a branch of Merchan∣dising, than in Adventures, which is the principall point which gives the Title to all bargainers, it being a common speech though unmer∣chantlike, yea unchristianlike amongst them, That they are loath to trust God with their Estates at Sea when they may have the same safe on shoare, as if then it were out of his reach or protection.

Italy is now divided into 10. Provinces, which affords many prin∣cipall Cities of Trade, which following my intended Methode I will handle in order.

• 1. The Kingdome of Naples.
• 2. The Papacy.
• 3. The Common-wealth of Venetia.
• 4. The Dukedome of Florence.
• 5. The Dukedome of Millan.
• 6. The Dukedome of Mantoa.
• 7. The Dukedome of Vrbin.
• 8. The Principality of Parma.
• 9. The Estate of Genoa.
• 10. The State of Lucca.

In each of which are found many notable townes of traffique, which as belonging unto severall Princes, will require a more par∣ticular Survay, than if otherwise it were commanded by one sole Soveraigne; and first of the Kingdome of Naples.

CHAP. CXXXVIII.

Of Naples, and the Cities thereof.

THe Kingdome of Naples, is accounted the richest of Italy, abounding in severall commodities for Mer∣chandising, * 1.207 as in Mines of divers metals, in choise and rich Wines, in Saffron, Silkes raw and wrought, in Oyles, Brimstone, Anyseeds, Argalls, &c. heere I have seene one field yeelding at one and the same time three severall crops, the ground bearing Corne, having Mulberry trees intermixed, and Vines planted at the foote of each Mulberry, which have made excellent Wines, and this I have observed for twenty miles riding together on each hand of the way, which must needs bee pleasant to the beholders, and profitable to the inioyers and owners.

The Kingdome of Naples is divided into sundry Provinces, which I will onely nominate: as first,

Terra di Lavoro, wherein is found Capua, whose pleasures did ef∣feminate Haniball, Cuma where one of the Sibills resided, neere * 1.208 which is Lacus Avernus, the stinke whereof killeth Birds as they flie over it, Baca, Nola and Puteoli; famous in times past for many Anti∣quities and Baths, which in Anno 1619. I curiously visited for divers daies, in search of shaddowes. The next principall Towne is Gai∣eta, well fortified by the Spaniards, and where Burbon that ransac∣ked * 1.209 Rome lieth interred; but the principall of this Kingdome is Naples: of which,

CHAP. CXXXIX.

Of Naples, and the Trade thereof.

NAples the Metropolis of this Kingdome, is a very beau∣tifull Citie, and estimated seven miles in compasse, * 1.210 once called Parthenope, and now Neapolis, fortified with foure strong Castles in possession of the Spaniard, Castle Capedna, Castle Ermo, Castle Ov•…•…, and Castle Novo. It venteth out of England, Baies, Saies, Serges, Fustians, Lead, Tinne, Pilchards, Newland-fish, red and white Herring, some Cloth and other commodities; it consisteth much in Gentry, few eminent Mer∣chants

natives are heere found; the taxes laid upon Merchandises be∣ing so great, that it ruines all commerce, yet what I observed heere in Anno 1619. I shall relate.

The currant Coynes of Naples were then, * 1.211

A Duccat of gold large is worth in Naples 11½. Carlins.

A Duccat of Carlins is worth onely ten Carlins, so that 100. Dut∣cats of gold, are worth 115. Duccats of Carlins.

One Ounce is worth sixe Duccats.

A Duccat of Carlines is worth five Tarries.

A Tarrie is worth 20. graines.

A Carlin is worth 10. graines.

Their accounts are kept in Naples by Duccats, Tarries and Graines, * 1.212 five Taries making a Duccat, and twenty Graines a Tarie; but these are accounted Duccats currant, every 110. Duccats currant, make 100. Duccats of gold.

The Waights of Naples are the Cantar and the 100. Their Cantar * 1.213 of Naples is 100. Rotolos, which is 2. li. 9⅓. ounces Naples, and by which they weigh all their grosse goods, which is in Florence 32. ounces, and 285. li. and is 196. li. haberdepois. But the 100. li. hath been observed to produce

• in Florence—90. li.
• in Rome—93. li.
• in London—71. li.
• in Lions—68. li.
• in Venetia—106. li.
• Ditto grosse—82. li.
• 1. li. sutle is in Venice sotle—15¾. ounces.
• 1. li. sutle is in Venice grosse.—9. ounces 58.

Note that in Gaeta is used another Quintar for some commodities grosse goods, which hath been found to render in Leghorne 254. li. and in Naples all grosse goods are waighed by the great Cantar, and all fine goods by the hundred.

Their measure is a Cone divided into 8. Palmes, which is in Flo∣rence * 1.214 after the opinion of some 3⅝. Braces just, and it hath been ob∣served in the measure of these two places, that 46. Braces of Sattin made at Naples 12½. Canes, so that in stuffes the Cane of Florence makes in Naples 8. 2/23. Palmes, and consequently Braces 48⅔. made in Naples 13. Canes 3. Palmes.

Nine Palmes of Naples are in Lions just two Alnes, so that the Cane make English 81½. inches by rule, which is somewhat more then 2¼. yards English, without the inch, and some have found it to bee 2½. yards: 12. Canes in Naples have made in Lions 21. Alns, so that 1¾. Alns have made a Cane in Naples.

Many commodities are sould by the Salmo, and 16. Tomolos is a * 1.215 Salmo, which Tomolo is two Staios of Florence, and in England Gallons.

Oyle in Callabria is sould by the Migliot, which is 132. ounces, or 11. li. and it requires 2¾. Milliots to make a staio of Naples. * 1.216

Note that foure Salmo in Oyle in Naples have made 40. staios, which are in Venice 40. mari, which are in England () gallons.

But Naples is more famous amongst Bankers for Exchanges then amongst Merchants for any emminent trade, therefore it is needfull I annexe the Exchanges thereof, according to the custome practi∣sed in this place, which you shall finde in the 284. and 343. Chap∣ters at large, with all circumstances therennto belonging.

The Customes of this Kingdome doth diffe•…•… upon severall commo∣dities, as some paies 2½. some 4½. per cent. and some more and some * 1.217 lesse, according to the will of the Vice-king heere, commanding for the King of Spaine, which by the Merchant is more precisely to bee learned.

The next Province is Abruzzo, wherein is Salerne, famous for Phy∣sicke heere taught; next Rhegum, opposite to Mesina, and in that Vare, * 1.218 the next Tarento, where grow great quantity of Olives, and whereof Oyle in abundance is made. * 1.219

The next is the Province of Ottranto, wherein is found Brindifie, the most famous Havens in these Seas, and Ottranto and Galipoli af∣foording * 1.220 great abundance of Oyles and Cattell which last pay for tri∣bute to the Spaniard 100. thousand Duccats yeerely; and for the Oyles they are knowne to us by the name of Apulia Oyles, being the last Province comprised in this Country, and the former Cities standing in Calabria, it will not bee amisse to insert two or three words of the trade thereof.

CHAP. CXL.

Of Callabria, and the Trade thereof.

IN Callabria is seated Tarento, Ottranto, Brindise, and Rhegium, which abounding in oiles and ca•…•…tle, espe∣cially * 1.221 oiles, which many English shippes doe lade in these parts yearely, I will note what I have ob∣served therein.

Their Monies are the same as in Naples, and and currant throughout the Kingdome. * 1.222

Their Weight is the Quintall of a 100. lib. which hath made in

• Venetia sot.—106. li. * 1.223
• Venetia gro.—82.
• London—73.

100. lib. in Callabria hath made in Venetia sotl. 12¾. ounces.

The Cantar of Naples is also sometimes used for grosse goods, and is found to bee in Venice grosse 186. lib. and observed to have made in London 196. li.

Their Measure of length is a Cane divided into 8. palmes, and hath * 1.224 made cloth measure in Venice 3. bra. and in London () inches.

The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of oile heere is 132. ou. which is 11. li. abovesaid, * 1.225 and it wanteth 2¾. li. of making a Staio in Napes.

The But of oile in Callabria is 500. Rot. which make in Naples 43. in 44. sta. which is about 25. caf. and thus much shall serve for Calla∣bria, a word for Apulia.

CHAP. CXLI.

Of Appulia, and the Trade thereof.

APULIA comprehending some of the aforesaid ci∣tities, also Le•…•…hy, Barry, and Manfredonia the prin∣cipall, * 1.226 abounding in corne, oile, almonds, olives, galles, wines, and other commodities are sold thus.

Corne is sold by the Tomelo, which is two staios of Florence, a cargo of corne being 36. tomolos makes * 1.227 in Flor. 72. sta. and English () gallons.

Barley is also sold by the tomolo, but of a lesser sise as containing 1⅓. siaio, a cargo making also 36. tomolos, which reduced to Florence measure is 48 staios, and is English () gallons.

Their Tomolo of Wheate is 36. Rotolos, which are 2. li. 9½. ou. per Rotolo of Naples, which tomolo comes to be in Flor. 100. li. 6. ou.

But the Tomolo of Barley, is 48. Rotolos, which is ⅓. more than that of Wheate, the cargo making 3. Moyas of Florence.

Almonds are sometimes sold by the cantaro, and commonly worth here 26. taries the cantar, and sometimes by the tomolo, and * 1.228 of the Abrogino almonds there goes twenty tomolos to a cantar, and of the common sort of almonds 22. tomolos.

A Butte of oile or wine of Pulia hold heere twelve barrels, which * 1.229 have beene found to make in Florence 10. barrels, and is in England () gallons.

Oiles in Pulia are sold by the 1000. l. which commonly cost about 20. Tar. and yet sometimes found to be measured by the Salme, ac∣counted for 10 staios, each staio waighing 18. Rotolos, so that this way the Salmo of oyle comes to bee 180. Rotolos, which reckoned in Florence, at 2. li. 7. ou. per Rotolo, makes Florence weight 465. lib. and English () pounds, commonly worth from 18. to 22. tares

a measure, which comes to produce about 5¼. or 5½. barrels in Florence.

This Staio of oile weighs 49. li. of the weight of Pulia.

Galles are here sold by the Cantaro, and is 196. li. of haberdepois.

Olives are sold by the Tomolo, worth about 5. car l. a tomolo, in the time of gathering, which is in Iune and Iuly, which are put in sackes * 1.230 of sixe or 6½. tomolos, and each tomolo of olive, weighes about 16. Rotolos.

A Salmo of wine is accounted to make 3½. barr. of Florence, and is commonly worth 10. carlins a salmo, and held to bee incirca 14. * 1.231 ser. of Venice measure.

A Car. or Cargo of corne of Pulia, hath beene observed to make 34½. fanegs in Callais, and in Lixborne 145. alquiers of tomolos 36. of Naples per car. and 57. Chil•…•…s of Constantinople.

But I have staid too long here, I will passe to the next Principa∣lity, which is the Papacy.

CHAP. CXLII.

Of the Papacy, and the Cities of Trade therein.

THe Papacy containes foure Provinces: first, Roman∣diola. * 1.232 Secondly, Marca Anconitana. Thirdly, Ducato Spoletano. And fourthly, St Peters patrimo∣ny. And first then in Romandiolia, are many prin∣cipall Cities, and great townes, of which the first is Bollonia, the chiefe Vniversity of Italy, Ferara fa∣mous for the Iron mines about it, and within whose jurisdiction stands Modena and Rhegium, two faire Cities; and last, Ravenna, once beautified with a faire Haven, now choaked by age and rub∣bish; of the Trade of these a word and in order.

CHAP. CXLIII.

Of Bollonia, and the Trade thereof.

BOLLONIA under the command of the Pope, is an Vniversity much frequented by Students of the Civill * 1.233 Law, it is seated within land, and is well knowne in matters of Exchanges, as I shall shew in due place, and hath those Monies currant that acknowledge the Popes stampe, as I shall declare in Rome.

Their Accounts are kept in Livers sold and deniers, 12. deniers to a * 1.234 sol and 20. sols to a Liver, the Liver may be accounted to bee incirca 13½. d. sterling money, and some are found to keepe their accounts in duccatons, sols, and deniers, cast up by 12. and by 20. as above is said.

Their Weights common in use are these, * 1.235

Their Quintall is 100. li. which makes

In

• London—80. li.
• Rome—100
• Millan—106
• Florence—104
• Genoa—133
• Lions—77
• Venetia sot.—120
• Venetia gr.—75

1000. li. in Bollonia have given in Venetia sutle 1320. li. gro. 750. li so that the 1. lib. hath rendred their grosse 9. ou. sutle 14. ounces 2½. sach.

Their Measure is a Brace, and is found to bee about 25. inches * 1.236 English, 100. braces here have made in Venetia cloth measure 96. br. and of silke bra. 90. braces.

Corne is here sold by the Corbe, 100. whereof makes 92. staios in Venetia, and 100 corbes in wine make Amf•…•…ra Venetiana 12. and 2. * 1.237 quarters, and in dry measures 170. quartes, and in London () gallons.

From hence are accustomed to come to other parts, corne, al∣monds, oiles, wines, raw silke, and sundry sorts of wrought sattins, taf∣fetaes, * 1.238 and other, called hence Bollonia silke, and of Bollonia making, and to conclude this place, heere are found many eminent Exchan∣ges, the course of which Exchanging you shall finde in the generall Exchanges here practised, vide Chapter 296.

CHAP. CXLIV.

Of Ferara, and the Trade thereof.

FERARA is the next principall Citie of Trade in this circuit, famous for his Iron-mines * 1.239 about it, seated on the bankes of the River Poe and accounted one of the pleasantest Ci∣ties in Italy, for in the middest thereof is a faire Greene, into which open about twenty Streets, of halfe a mile in length, and so even and uniforme that thence the utmost •…•…nds thereof may bee discerned; it affoordeth wines, oiles, olives, iron, steele, and some manufactories of silke.

The Monies are as at Rome to which this Citie appertaineth, ad∣mitting but of very little difference in the rates current thereof.

The Quintall of Ferara is 100. li. which makes Venetia sot. 112½. li. and Venetia gr. 72. lib. in London incirca 75. li. haberdepois, and the 100. * 1.240 li. sat. Venice makes here 87. li. and the 100. li. gro. 138. li.

The Measure is a Brace, 100. braces makes in London 72. yards.

Their Wine Measure is a Mastello, 11. whereof make an Amf•…•…ra of * 1.241 Venetia, and is in England () vide London.

Their Corne Measure is a stare, 100. stares makes in Venetia 37. sta. and so much shall serve for Ferara and the Trade thereof.

CHAP. CXLV.

Of Modena, and the Trade thereof.

MODENA is the next City seated in this Tract, yeelding many fabriques of silkes, which it disper∣seth * 1.242 to its neighbouring townes.

Their Accounts are kept in Livers, sold, deniers, 12. deniers to a sold, and 20. sol to a liver. * 1.243

Their Quintall is 100. li. which renders * 1.244

In

• Lions—77. li.
• London—72. li.
• Venetia sotile—109. li.
• Venetia grosse—72. li.
• Florence—98. li.

The measure is the Brace, the same as in Mantua, and 1. per cent. * 1.245 longer then the Brace of Ferrara, and by observation it hath beene found that the 100. Braces of Modena have made 118. in Florence. Corne is heere sould by the Staro, 100. whereof makes 93. or 94. Stares in Venetia, and one Staio of Modena, hath made 2½. Staios in Florence, and hath made in Venice three quarts, and sixe quarteroli.

CHAP. CXLVI.

Of Rimano, and the Trade thereof.

RImno, anciently Ariminum, seated on the mouth * 1.246 of the River Rubicon, affoords much silke, which it partly sends abroad, and partly converts heere into Stuffes, also some Wines, Oyles, Corne: The coines currant as in Rome, as being subject to the Papacie, and the accounts are kept in their same de∣nomination.

The Quintall is the 100. li. which makes in London 81. li. and some have made experience, that it makes in Venice grosse 76.

Their Measure is the Brace, and is in London 27. inches bare. * 1.247

Their Corne measure is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 stare, 100. making 210. in Venetia, and their Wine measure is a somo, which makes in London ten gallons.

CHAP. CXLVII.

Of Ravenna, and the Trade thereof.

RAvenna is seated on the Adriatique Sea, and once beauti∣fied * 1.248 with one of the fairest Havens in the World, where Augustus Caesar alwaies kept a Navy mand, to defend these parts of the Empire, now choaked up with mud and rubbish: the neighbourhood of Venetia, whose Senators have as well followed Mercury by Merchandising, as Mars by Armes, keepes this City from any notable commerce, yet I will

note what I have observed heere upon both in matter of waights and measures.

The Quintall of Ravenna is 100. li. which gives Venetia sotile •…•…8. li. * 1.249 in London, 78. li. and the grosse •…•…00. li. of Venetia made heere 133. li.

The measure is a brace, 100. braces of Cloth in Venice, is heere 112. * 1.250 100. braces of silke in Venice, is heere 106.

Corne is sould by the stare, 100. whereof makes in Venice 66⅔. staio, so that 3. staros Ravenna, have made the 2. staios of Venetia; and these are the chiefe Cities of Romandolia.

The next Province is Marco Anconitana, wherein is famous, first Loretto, for the Pilgrimage to our Lady Church, brought thither if you * 1.251 will beleeve it through the aire from Palestine, whereunto a great trade is driven by the superstitious Papists; next is Adria, which gave name to these Seas; next Recanti, and Ancona, two faire Cities and of great concourse of Merchants, of which first.

CHAP. CXLVIII.

Of Recanti, and the Trade thereof.

REcanti, Olim Aelia Recina, as some authors alleage is a faire City, affoording Corne, Oyle and Wine, and some * 1.252 Silke for Merchandise to be exported:

The waights thereof being 100. l. gives in Lond. 75. l. * 1.253

• and in Florence—96½. li.
• In Venetia sotile—112. li.
• In Venetia grosse—72. li.

Their measure is a brace, 94. whereof make Venetia brace 100. li. Oyle is sould heere by the Miare, which is the same as that in Ve∣netia. * 1.254

CHAP. CXLIX.

Of Ancona, and the Trade thereof.

ANcona is a faire Citie, seated on the hill Cinerius, which shooteth into the Adriatique Sea like a Promontory, ha∣ving * 1.255 a commodious Haven built by Trajanus the Em∣perour, it is fruitfull as the rest of this Country, affoor∣ding principally, Corne, Wines and Oyles.

The Quintall of Anconia is 100. li. and makes in London—78. li. * 1.256

• In Venetia grosse—73. li.
• In Venetia sotile—116. li.
• In Florence—98. li.

Their measure heere is a brace, 106. whereof have made in Venice 100. braces, 10. cones of cloth in Florence have made here 37½ braces. * 1.257

Corne is heere sould by the star•…•…, 6½. have made a somme in Florence.

The next Province is the Dutchy of Spoletta, the principall Citie bearing the name of Spallata, whereof is not any thing in Merchan∣dising * 1.258 worthy the note that I finde; and their waights and measures doe in all points agree with Venetia.

The last part of this Country is Saint Peters Patrimony, wherein are principall Cities of commerce, Civetavechia, which hath a pret∣ty harbour, and neere which the Allom is made, which wee call Ro∣mish * 1.259 or Roche, and beere the Pope doth for trade sake allow a Gentle∣man the title of Consull for the English Nation, to see that the Mari∣ners who are apt enough to give offence bee not wronged or abu∣sed, at whose hands in Anno 1619. going thence as a Merchant to Rome, I found all curtesies and friendship, and passing through Pol∣lidor, a pretty towne, in the Christmas Holidaies, I came to Rome, where what I did observe in matter of Trade, besides the devotion of the season and time, I shall in the next Chapter declare.

CHAP. CL.

Of Rome, and the Trade thereof.

THis Citie in her ancient splendor, was fifty miles * 1.260 in circuit, and had 750. Towres that beautified her walles, and inhabited by 463000. Families, but now the compasse exceedes not ten miles, and a third of that is also wast ground, and hath two third parts of the inhabitants Clergymen and Cor∣tesans which latter heere are accounted to bee 40000. and pay 30000. Duccats, yeerely tribute, which doth mainetaine in Civeta∣vechia two Gallies furnished, knowne by the names of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, as the place of their aboade in Rome, but leaving this private Trade to the Virgin Fri•…•…rs, I come to the publique commerce of this Citie, which according to my observation is following.

Rome and the territory thereof affoordeth for Merchandise, Corne, Wine, Oyle, Silke, Gl•…•…ves, Al•…•…me, L•…•…testrings, Kidskins, and some fa∣briques made of Silke: And from England, it receiveth Lead, Tinne, Baies, Saies, Stuffes, Pilchards, Herrings white and red, Newland-fish, Calveskins, •…•…lt Salmon, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, Waxe, &c. which are landed at Civi∣tavechia,

and thence transported by boats and barkes to Rome, along the so much famoused River of Tiber, which passeth through the same.

The Coines of all Italy passe heere currant, but the principall of * 1.261 this Countrey that are currant is the Duccat, or as they call it the Crowne of Gold, which is worth 11. Iulios or Paulos.

The Crowne of Silver is worth 10. Iulios or Paulos, which is 100. Baioches, or 400. quatrins.

The Iulio is worth 10. Baioches or 40. quatrins.

The Baioche is worth 40. quatrins or 1•…•… sol. 4. den. small money of Rome.

Their accounts are kept in Crownes, Iulios, Baioches and quatrins * 1.262 as above, and some in Duccats of Camera or destampe, of which 97. 11. 3. make 100. of Gold.

Their Quintall in Rome is 100. and makes in London—80. li. and with other Countries is found to be in Venetia sotle—119. li. * 1.263

In

Naples	106. li.
Venetia grosse	75. li.
Florence	102. li.
Genoa	110. li.

But note, that of these Quintars of 100. li. is framed two different waights, with allowances given thereupon, as in sale of Spices and such like.

The Quintar thereof is accounted to be of the above said waight 160. li. And the second for the waight of grosse goods accounted to be 250. li. to the Quintar, which is to be observed in the sale of a commoditie, and therefore the commoditie and the waight whereby it is sould is to be observed.

They use also two measures in length, the one for Linnen and * 1.264 Woollen, called the Cane, divided into 8. Palmes, and 30. Cans is 100. Braces Venetia; the other which they call the Brace which is 3 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Palmes of the said Cane, which Brace renders in Florence 1½. Brace, the first making in London () inches, and the latter () inches.

Co•…•…ne is sould by a measure, called the Rugio, which renders in Genoa 1⅞. Mins, and in Florence 8¾. Staios, and is 412. li. of Rome, and is in England () gallons.

But by reason of the great occasion that Clergy-men from most parts of Europe have to use money in this City, the Exchanges there∣of are most worthy observation, therefore I have handled the same in the 278. and 326. Chapters, with all circumstances thereunto belonging, to which I refer you.

From Rome I will take my way to Venetia, and to that Republique, and see what is there note worthy in matters of commerce.

CHAP. CLI.

Of the Common-wealth of Venetia, and the Cities of Trade therein.

THe Common-wealth of Venetia containeth these * 1.265 Provinces, La Marca Trevigiana, Friuli, Hi∣stria, part of Dalmatia, and the Islands of Can∣dy, Corfu, Cephalonia, Itheca, Xante, Lucaia, Cy∣thera, &c. In which I finde these principall Cities of Trade, first Treviso, next Padua a fa∣mous Vniversity for Physicke; next Vicentia, next Bressia which is accounted the second for greatnesse in Lombardy, next Verona, also a faire Citie Crema, a strong Fort, Aquilegia once of great circuit, now devoured by the neighbourhood of Venetia, Palma a moderne towne built by the Venetians within these late years, next is Cape de Istria, Pola, and some others of lesser note, and last of all the Metropolis of all this Common-wealth which is Venice it selfe; of these, or as many as I have gathered any observation, I shall declare.

CHAP. CLII.

Of Treviso, and the Trade thereof.

TREVISO is the principall Citie of that Province, * 1.266 which to the Venetians is knowne by Marca Trevi giana, and commodiously seated for an inland trade, the chiefe Citie Venetia depriving all the rest of any eminent honour in matter of Traffique, there∣fore herein I shall be the briefer, and first,

For their coines currant, and their Account kept, I willingly omit the same, as to bee found more at large under the Title of Venetia.

As for the Waights and Measures thereof, it will not bee impro∣per that I set heere the agreements thereof with Venetia, as being seated within that Common-wealth.

Treviso is found then to have two severall Waights, a grosse and * 1.267 sutle, in the same manner as Venetia, which thus agree together.

100. li. grosse in Treviso makes grosse in Venetia 92½. li.

100. li. sutle in Treviso makes sutle in Venetia 112. li.

100 li. sutle Venetia gives in Treviso sutle 89½. li.

100. li. sutle Venetia gives in Treviso grosse 58⅓. li

100. li. sutle Treviso makes grosse in Venetia 70. li.

All which considered, the thousands are found thus to accord.

1000. li. sutle Treviso is 1125. li. sutle Venetia.

1000. li. grosse Treviso is 1080. li. grosse Venetia and backward.

1000. li. grosse Venetia is 926. li. grosse Treviso.

1000. li. sutle Venetia is 890. li. sutle Treviso.

1. li. sutle Treviso is sutle Venetia 13½. ounces.

1. li. grosse Treviso is grosse Venetia 13. ounces.

1. li. sutle V•…•…netia is sutle in Treviso 10⅔ ounces.

1. li. grosse Venetia is grosse in Treviso 11. ounces.

The Measures of length in Treviso is onely the Brace. * 1.268

the 100. cloth braces in Venetia is 100. braces in Treviso.

the 100. silke braces in Venetia is 94. braces in Treviso.

Oile is sold here by the Miare.

Corne by the staio, the 100. staios here are 109. in Venetia.

Wine is sold by the Cara, which consists of 10. consi, which ac∣cording to the measure of Venetia is 17½. quartes; the next is Padoua.

CHAP. CL•…•…I.

Of Padoua, and the Trade thereof.

PADOUA is a famous Vniversity, especially for Phy∣sicke, which affords not much matter of Trade, yet * 1.269 observing my intended Methode, I will place here the concordancy of their Waights and Measures with the capitall Citie Venetia.

Padoua is found to have a grosse Quintall, and a sotle Quintall, as the Citie of Venetia hath, and found thus to agree * 1.270 togeth•…•…r.

The 100. li. sutle of Padoua is 112 〈◊〉〈◊〉 sutle in Venetia.

the 1000. li. grosse of Padoua is 1020. li. grosse in Venetia.

the 1000. li. sutle in Padoua is 1125. sutle Venetia.

the 100•…•…. li. sutle in Venetia is 889. sutle in Padoua.

The brace in Padoua is the same as at Treviso aforesaid.

Corne is sold by the stare, three here makes one stare in Venetia. * 1.271

Wine is sold by the Cara, one whereof heere is 18. quarts Venetia.

Oile by the Miaro, which is heere 1185. lib. grosse in Padoua, for other occurrences it is to be referred to Venice.

CHAP. CLIV.

Of Vicentia, and the Trade thereof.

VICENTIA would bee in matter of Trade of greater * 1.272 note were shee not so neere neighbour to and under the authority of Venetia, for which cause I shall bee the briefer, and thus is found to agree therewith.

The Waights heereof doe precisely accord with * 1.273 Padoua above mentioned.

The Measures of Vicentia are only one which is the brace, which * 1.274 thus is found to accord.

100. braces of silke in Venice is in Vitentia 92. braces:

100. braces of cloth hath made in Vicentia 98. braces.

Corne is sold by the stais, 100. whereof doe make in Venetia 33½. staio.

Wine is sold by the Caro, which in Venetia is 18½. quarts.

Oile is sold by the Miaro, which are 40. Miri, which makes grosse weight in Venetia 1210. li. and grosse of Vicentia 1185. li.

Heere is made a fine kinde of raw silke, and dispersed abroad, fit for silke stuffes, called by the name of Vicentia silke, 100. li. thereof is 93. li. in Florence.

CHAP. CLV.

Of Bressia, and the Trade thereof.

THe next is Bressia, seated likewise in this Pro∣vince, more famous in her Archbishop, who * 1.275 is an Earle, Marquesse, and a Duke, than in any matter of Trade, yet according to my inten∣ded Methode begunne, I will compare the Waights and Measures hereof with Venice.

Bressia hath but one Quintall, which con∣taines * 1.276 the 100. li. of the laid place.

the 100. il. of Bresse is sutle Venetia 108. li. and grosse 66⅔ li.

the 100. li. grosse Venetia is 147. li. and 100. li. sutle is 92. li. here.

the 1. li. of Bressia is sotle Venetia 13. ounces.

The Brace of Bressia agrees with the cloth brace of Venice. * 1.277

Corne is here sold by the Soma, and makes two staio in Venetia.

CHAP. CLVI.

Of Verona, and the Trade thereof.

VErona is a faire Citie, and famous in times past for many notable things heere performed, which I * 1.278 willingly omit, but in matters of commerce I finde the waights and measures thus to accord with Ve∣netia.

Verona is found to have two Quintars, a grosse and sutle. The 100. grosse in Verona, is 108. li. grosse in Venetia. * 1.279 The 100. sutle in Verona, is 110. li. sutle in Venetia. So that the 100. sutle in Venetia, makes sutle Verona 90½. li. And the 100. li. grosse in Venetia, makes sutle Verona 145½. li.

The Brace of Verona agrees with the Silke Brace in Venetia. * 1.280

Corne is sould by the Minali, 100. whereof is in Venice 45½. staies.

Wine is sould by the Brenta, which is in Venetia 6. Sechi, and a Cara of Wine, is in Venetia 17½. quartes.

Oyle is sould by the Miaro, which is 1210. li. grosse, and 1738. li. sutle, in Venetia, making 139. Basces, which are 8. Brentas and 11. Basses: where it is to be noted, that 3½. Basses of Verona, is 1. Miri in Venetia.

CHAP. CLVII.

Of Crema, and the Trade thereof.

CRema is a strong Fort, and bordering upon Millan, where the state of Venetia hold a Custome house for * 1.281 the collection of their Customes upon such goods as goe from these parts either to Millan it selfe, or thence by transito to Lions or other places.

The Quintall of Crema, is the 100. li. thus agree∣ing * 1.282 with Venice. 100. li. sutle Venice, is in Crema 92. li. and 100. li. grosse 147. li. in 150. li. 100. li. in Crema, is sutle Venetia 108. li. and grosse Venetia 66. in 67. li.

The measure for length is the Brace, which is found to bee two per cent. lesse then the Cloth Brace in Venetia: whither now it is high * 1.283 time I should repaire unto and survay the traffique thereof, as at this day it is found and observed.

CHAP. CLVIII.

Of Venice, and the Trade thereof.

VENICE is the principall citie of this Republique, and * 1.284 is seated in the bottome of the Adriatique Sea, or Venetian gulfe upon 72. Islands, and distant from the maine land five miles, defended against the fury of the Sea, by a banke extending twenty Leagues in length, through which there is passage broken in seven places for Boates, but no waies for ships, but at Mallamocco, and the Castles of Lio, which are found to be strongly fortified: it is accounted to be eight miles in compasse, and hath for convenien∣cy of passage neere 4000 bridges, and 12000. boates, as some of our moderne travellers have observed. It is the onely place where Policie, Warfare and Merchandising have kist together, for the most part of those Clarissimos which heere boast of their quality, great∣nesse or wisdome, have either in themselves or in their auncestors, had their originall from traffique and Merchandising, many of whom injoying this title of Noble families; I have knowne in Constanti∣nople and other parts as Merchants and Factors, who in their youth exercising this Arte, doe afterward as their genius leades them, either become Captaines and Providitors in Castles, Forts, or Cities, or Ambassadors, and so imployed into forraine States; or lastly Se∣nators at home governing the Common-wealth, but their worth being in it selfe sufficiently knowne to the world, I shall descend to the subject in hand.

This Citie then hath for many yeeres had the sole commerce and traffique of all the Mediterranean Seas, and not content therewith, have made that Citie the common Mart of all the commodities of Arabia, Persia, India, and those Easterne rich Countries by their great trade to Alexandria and Cairo, which continued for many yeres; and when the Grecian Empire was both in its height and in its de∣scent, they mannaged the sole Trade thereof, till the State of Genoa did looke thereinto, and by their power and might at Sea, shared with them therein: but the Portugall finding the way to India by the Cape of Bona Speransa, and the English and Dutch Merchants fol∣lowing those leaders, now bring those rich commodities that way straight to their own homes, which in former times they were con∣strained to have from this Citie at a farre dearer rate and at a se∣cond hand, since which times, their customes have decaied, their ships rotted and their Mariners, the pride of their Commonwealth all become Poltrones, and the worst accounted in all those Seas.

This Citie now serves in matter of Trade for an inlet into Au∣stria, and upper Germany, which this way it yet fits with some spice, drugges, and other Arabian commodities, which in part is brought hither from Alexandria, Aleppo, and Constantinople, where they still have Consuls and Factours, and partly by a second hand from Eng∣land, now thereby bringing to them those commodities which a few yeares past wee had and fetched from them, as from the onely Citie and prime Marchants of Europe.

The Commodities here found and afforded are not many, nor of much worth, as some corne, wines, oiles, rice, woollen cloth, paper, ani∣seeds, * 1.285 argall, glasses for looking and for drinking, quick-silver, some silkes raw and wrought.

The Commodities sent thither from England is lead, tinne, baies, furres, perpetuanaes, searges, saies, and some cloth, indico, pepper, ginger, maces, cloves, Nutmegs, &c. herings white and red, pilchards, Newland fish, salted salmon, and such, it serves in these dayes for a Mart for the Commodities of Istria, Dalmatia, Slavonia, Austria, upper Germania, and the Adriatique seas, and serves these parts againe with such commodities as are either brought hither by the English, Dutch, and French from these severall Kingdomes, or from Ale∣xandria, Aleppo, Smyrna, the Archepelago, and Constantinople by themselves, as the sole persons to whom hence the Trade of Turky is permitted.

Their Monies currant are these,

The Crowne of Gold is worth 24. grosses of Venetia. * 1.286

A Liver of grosse is worth 10. Duccats of Gold large.

A Duccat of Gold is worth 24. Deniers the Liver of Grosses.

A Liver ordinary of Venetia is worth of Florence lib. 6. 4. sold, which makes a Duccat in the said place of Venetia, those monies which heere are called Piccoli, are the currant Coine of this Citie, and the monies which heere are called Grosses, is worth 1. lire 62. sol of piccoli or 10. Duccats, the Duccat is alwayes worth lire 6. sol, 4. of piccoli, or else accounted 24. Grosses, and the Grosse is worth sol 5. 2. of piccoli, and in the lire of grosses it is accounted and rec∣koned as in Deniers, so that by this may bee discerned to bee cur∣rant, two sorts of Duccats, the one currant in payment, which may bee valued sterl about 3. s. 4. d. and the other of banco, which may be valued about 4. s. or 4. s. 2. d. as the Exchange will admit, where∣in see farther, the one being 20. per cent. better than the other.

There is found to bee in Venetia foure kindes of Weights, which thus are distinguished and found to accord. * 1.287

The greatest is called The grosse pound, and 100. li. wherewith all Woolls, brasse, metalls, fish, flesh, and other grosse goods are weighed.

The second is the Gold-waight used for Gold, Silver, and Iewels onely.

The third is used in Gold and Silver thread, and in nothing else.

The fourth is the pound, and 100. lib. sutle, wherewith all silkes, spices, drugges, cottons, cotton-yarne, and such like fine goods are weighed by, which thus are amongst them found to accord and agree.

100. li. grosse is 158. li. sutle, 633. li. grosse is 1000. li. sutle.

100. li. sutle is 83½. grosse, 1000. li. grosse is 1580. li. sutle.

1. li. grosse is sutle 1. li. 6. ounc. 5. sazi 18. Kr.

1. li. sotle is grosse 7. ounc. 2. sazi 16. Kr.

100. li. of Silver or Gold thread is sutle 116. li. 8. ounc.

1. Marc of Gold is sutle 9. oun. sazi 2.

Where note that a Marc of Gold is 8. oun. 1. oun. is 4. quarters, 1. quarter is 36. Kr. and 1. Kr. is 4 gra. so that 144. Kr. is 1. oun. and 1152. Kr. is 1. Marc. 1. li. sotle is 12. oun. the 1. ounc. is 6. sazi, and 1. sazi is 1½. dram, which is 3. sec.

Also note that in Venetia there is bought and sould divers com∣modities, some by Ballance, and some by stalero, as well in the grosse as in the sutle Waight; and that the ballance waight is greater than the stalero waight 2. ib. per cent. by the hundred more than by the pound, and the sutle Waight of the Ballance is greater than of the staliero sutle two pound per cent. by the hundred than by the pound Weight.

Now let us observe how these two Waights the sotle and grosse responds with the Weight of other Countries.

The 100. li. sutle have beene observed to make the first Rowe * 1.288 to the left hand, and the 100. li. grosse the next Rowe.

The 100. li. sutle makes in the first rowe, and the 1•…•…0. li. gro. makes in the se∣cond rowe thus.

Alexandria zera	31. Rot.	50. Rot.
Alexandria forf.	71. R	112. R.
Alleppo	14. R.	21. R.
Archepelago	77. li.	121. li.
Anversa	64. li.	102. li.
Almaria	55. R.	90. R.
Ancona	86. li.	136. li.
Bergamo	90. li.	145. li.
Bollonia	83. li.	132. li.
Baruti	13. R.	20. R.
Cyorus	13½. R.	21. R.
Constantinople	56. R.	84. R.
Candia	li.	li.
Corfu.	75. li.	117. li.
Cremona	96. li.	151. li.
Damascus	16⅔. R.	26⅓. R.
Ferrara	102. li.	139. li.
Florence	87. li.	138. li.
Lions	70. li.	110. li.
London	64. li.	106. li.
Lixborne	59. li.	9•…•…. li.
Millan	92. li.	150. li.

Mantoua	93. li.	150. li.
Marselia	70. li.	112. li.
Mall•…•…ca	57. li.	90. li.
Napoles Rema	94. li.	149. li.
Naples Romania	78. li.	121. li.
Parma	90. li.	148. li.
Piasentia	92. li.	150. li.
Paris	70. li.	112. li.
Roma	84. li.	132. li.
Ravenna	•…•…4. l.	133. l.
Ragusa	83. l.	13•…•…. l.
Scio & Smyrna	62. R.	98. R.
Sivilia	63. l.	98. l.
Tripoli Barbaria	59½. R.	93½. R.
Turin	92. l.	148. l.
Verona	90. l.	145. l.
Zante	63. l.	100. l.

How farre these may come neere to trueth I must referre to triall, therefore I deliver them here as I received them upon trust.

The Measures of Venetia are two, and both called the brace. * 1.289

The first is the Silke brace, by which is measured all stuffes of silke, Damasces, Sattins, Cloth of gold, of silver, &c.

The s•…•…cond is the Cloth-brace, by which is measured all Clothes and stuffes made of wooll, which is greater than the former 6¼ per cen∣tum.

Upon which last braces 100 hath beene made this concordance with the Measures of other Countries.

100. braces in Venice make in

London	55½. elles.
Antwerpe	92½.
Frankfort	115¾.
Dansicke	70⅘.
Vienna	80½.
Lions	56½. alns
Paris	52¾.
Roven	48¼.
Lixborne	55½. var.
Sivill	75.
Madera	57. v.
Lacques	111. br.
F•…•…orence	113⅔. br.
Millan	123¾. br.
Genoa	267 〈◊〉〈◊〉. pal.

The liquid Measures are these:

Wines are sold in Venetia two wayes, either in grosse, or by re∣taile, * 1.290 the grosse by the Amphora and Bigonsa, and by retaile, by the Quart, the Sachio, and Lire, where note that the Amphora is foure Bigonsa, and the bigonsa is 4. quarts, and 1. quart is 4. sachi, and 1. sachi is 4. liras or pounds, but buying the same in grosse, that is by the Amphora and the Sachio, 1. Amphora is 14. quarts, and 1. bigonsa is 〈◊〉〈◊〉. quarets and halfe.

Oile is heere also sould two wayes, first by Measure, and next * 1.291 by the Waight of the staliero, the Measure is called the Miro, and is 40. lib. and by the grosse Weight is 120. lib. and 1. Mira makes by measure 25. li. and by weight makes 30. li. 3. oun.

Corne is sold by the staio, which is 132. li. grosse Venetia, and in * 1.292 Florence 175. lib. which is divided to 4/4. and to 8/8. and to 16/16. parts, by which is made the Scandalios, the ¼. being 32. lib. the 〈◊〉〈◊〉. 16. lib. the 〈◊〉〈◊〉. 8. li. of grosse.

Their Accounts are kept in Venetia divers wayes, as by summe in * 1.293 Duccats and Grosses, at Livers 6. and 4. sol per ducc. accounting 24. Grosse to a Duccat.

Others againe by Livers, Sols, and Grosse, which are valued at 10. Duccats the Liver, accounting 20. sol to the Liver, and 12. De∣uters grosse to a sold.

Others by Liver, Sol, and Denari of Picholi, which Picholi are the common currant Money of the Countrie, where note that the Grosses are worth 1. Liver per Sol 62. of Picholies or 10 duccats, the Ducc. is ever worth 6. Livers 4 sol in Pechol, or 24. grosse, the grosse is worth sol 5. 2. pecholi, and •…•…n the pound of grosses, it is the same in Deniers, as I shewed before in the Monies currant of the place.

The Exchanges made in Venice, I have inserted in the 281. and 368. Chapters, together with all circumstances thereto belonging, * 1.294 where by the way it is to bee noted, that in times past the good∣nesse of their Monies both in payment for Merchandise, and in pay∣ment for Bills of Exchange was alike and of equall goodnesse and value; but these wise Senatours fearing to loose what they cannot keepe, I meane, that little Trade they yet hold, in comparison of what they had, lost by their providence and circumspection, set a distinction betweene the Monies pay•…•…ble for commodities, which they terme their currant Monies and out of banco, and betweene * 1.295 their Monies paid by Bills of Exchange, which they terme in banco, which hath had its originall upon such unfit grounds that the very naming thereof, and the particular circumstances of this difference is dishonourable to this Republique, which therefore I will omit, onely thus farre the necessity thereof is to bee remembred, and to bee well knowne and understood by all Merchants and Exchan∣gers

that trade and traffique to this Citie, that the difference now at this time holds in proportion betweene 20. and 21. per cent. so that it doth appeare to all men that reside here, or have any com∣merce into this Citie, that their payments made in banco, and by Bills of Exchange is accounted better by neere 21. per cent. than the payments made for commodities, bought and sold betweene Mer∣chant and Merchant.

The Customes of Venice are severall, altering upon many com∣modities, and though the wisdome of this Republique doe mani∣festly * 1.296 discerne a great diminution of their Customes in generall, yet it so fals out that they impose still greater, as it were endeavouring thus to make up the annuall rents thereof, as of late they have done upon Corrence, under pretence, that if the English will come and lade them in the Port of Venice, or otherwise come thither laden, they are then freed of a new Impest which is lately levied in Xa•…•…te upon that commodity: but they being of the condition of many Princes, that finding their Country enriched with an eminent com∣merce and a plentifull Trade, never leave imposing new Customes and Imposts thereon, till the Trade, and Customes, and Imposts, and all other the benefits thereof are slipt out of their fingers, and fled for protection to some other more friendly neighbouring State, or place, where the same findes a greater ease, and a lesser charge; and that hath Venice, Anvers, Lions, and Genoa, lost that famous Trade, which for many yeares hath made those Cities renowned, and by their falland easie Customes hath Leghorne, Marselia, Amsterdam, and London risen to that height wherin they are now found to be, which if the Princes thereof doe wisely cherish, and content themselves with a reasonable Duty, such as Trade in it selfe may well beare, and the Trader live, and chearefully proceed in his negotiations, they may see their Countries daily to flourish, and grow both rich and renowned thereby; otherwise Trade will insensibly flie from them, the Merchants will give it over, or finde out new pathes, and divert it into some other place, shipping will in an age rot and perish, and Navigation will quickly be forgotten, and those King∣domes must have other Nations to supply them at the second hand, and by strangers shipping, with those necessary commodities which the Country stands in need of, and the same both at deare rates, and to the too late repentance of the State it selfe, as may now bee verified by this of Venetia, who would with many millions redeeme that lost Trade, and would with free liberty of Customes entertaine that Commerce, which they themselves peradventure by their too great Customes and Imposts levied thereon by little and little in times past have of their owne accord wilfully or willingly lost, and thrust from them, as I shall declare further in the Trade of Leghorne, and other places which have of themselves no commodity to main∣taine a Traffique, vet have all things and want nothing that all other Countries can afford, onely by the benefit and commodity of an

easie and light dutie of custome imposed upon Merchandise by the li∣bertie and freedome of the place and traders thereinto; and for as much as this state have by their wisedome made of late daies divers subtile decrees for the benefit of their owne traffique, and for the re∣gaining of their last trade which are in themselves prejudiciall to many other Nations, but principally to the English, I hould it not improper in this place to mention some of the principall thereof, that thereby if any the able furtherers of the English traffique shall happen to peruse this Tract, fit remedies may bee enacted to meete these decrees, which I may call particularly injurious to the English * 1.297 Subject and Merchant, and tending to draw the whole trade of the Levant Seas to the City of Venice onely, to the generall prejudice of the shipping of His Majesty of England traffiquing in those Seas, which I conclude under five points.

1. First, they have considered the late great Exportation of Cor∣rance out of Zant and Zeffalonia (two Islands of their Signory) into England, and that the principall Trade of the English into their Sig∣nory is onely for this Fruite, therefore they have of late leavied an imposition of ten Duccats upon every thousand of Corrance bought and shipped from the said Islands, and of later times have also infor∣ced the payment of the said Impost at Venice, which formerly and at first was free, and have discharged their owne Subjects thereof, to the speciall dammage and prejudice of the English.

2. Secondly, they have to burthen the Trade of the English thither, or rather seeing all the Trade of that fruit wholy sought out and co∣veted by the English, to which end they use to vent in those Islands some few English commodities, they have I say of late, burthened the native commodities of England brought into those Islands with new Im∣posts, as leavying upon an English cloth 7. duccats, upon 100. waight of tinne 2. duccats, and upon a hearsie 2. duccats, and so upon all other En∣glish commodities, thereby to inforce all commodities of England to be brought into the city of Venice, and though sometimes English Mer∣chants finds it necessary in those seas to transferre some English goods out of one English vessell into another, and yet not land the same, when as ships do happen to meet together and to be bound for seve∣rall Ports, yet the same is not permitted them unles they pay the said Impost abovementioned, as if the said goods were there really landed and sold, contrary to the common custome of the Mediterranean Seas.

3. Thirdly, they have prohibited, that any Turky commodities should be landed there out of English shipping, or any other commo∣dities that are afterward to be shipped for the Kingdome of England, which for the conveniency of English shipping, the English Mer∣chants trading into those Seas have often occasion of: but they doe compell the English first to send such goods and wares to the Citie of Venice, purposely there to pay the duty of custome and the duty of cottinio, before they will suffer them to ship the same for England.

4. They have made an act for the imployment of their owne

shipping and Mariners, and for the restraint of all forreiners, that no commodities of the parts of Turky may bee brought into any the Signory of the State of Venice, but onely in Venetian shipping, where∣in they have been found to have beene so strict and severe, that if a∣ny English ships happen to bee fraighted either by their owne Sub∣jects, or by the Merchants of any other Nation when any of their owne shipping are in Port, or happen to come into the Port, or within the space of twenty daies after, upon the firming of a bare Protest against the said ship so fraighted, they have no law nor reme∣die left them in law to recover any fraight money, due for the said goods so laden by them.

5. Fiftly, they will not permit nor suffer no English ship to relade at Venice except they come first fully laden thither, neither will they suff•…•…r freedome of Trade from Venice to any parts of the Levant for •…•…he English Nation, neither in their owne nor yet in the shipping be∣longing to the Venetians, but doe straightly prohibit and forbid it, as also they doe prohibit the bringing in of some particular commodities by any whatsoever, themselves and their Subjects onely excepted.

6. To these I might adde some others, but I will conclude it with this last poynt of slight and fallacious subtilty some yeeres past, when as the Signory of Venice had heere a permission from His Maje∣stie of Englana to contract with divers Merchants for their shippes to serve against the Spaniards in the Gulfe of Venice; when the said ser∣vice was performed, and that they came to receive their contract•…•…d payment, they raised their monies 12. percentum above the rate of the same at the time of their agreement, by which rate, His Maje∣sties Subj•…•…cts came to lose a great summe of money by the said ser∣vice, to their great prejudice, and to the great dishonor of that so Honourable Seigrory.

Having by these few particulars given the ingenious Reader a taste of these present policies enacted by this state of late for the supportation of their decaying Trade, and also given a touch of the subtilties used by them to preserve that little that is yet remaining, and their indevours to augment the same, I will now in a word view the state of the present traffique of this Cirie.

It is not to bee questioned, but that this Citie hath in all Ages * 1.298 affoorded many eminent Merchants, and hath not beene asha∣med to make Merchandising a proppe and supportation to their Nobilitie, which amongst them is intituled Clarissimi so that this their Schoole of Commerce hath affoorded such apt Schollers, and which have so notably profited therein, that they have with as much honor worne the gowne, as valiantly handled the sword; and he that shall heedfully peruse their Histories shall finde that not a few of them, have with generall approbation both of their Subjects and neighbou•…•…s strooke the principall stroake in the governement of that Dukedome. The fit situation of their Citie, the large extent of their maritime coasts, the common aptnes and addiction of the Citi∣sens

hath much furthered the great Traffique of the same, what it hath beene in times past, when their potency and Opulency was at the highest, and when they set out and gave imployment both in warre and peace to 300. saile of Gallies, besides all other sort of ves∣sels; I referre to their owne Histories. Their then rich trade to Ae∣gypt for the commodities of India, Arabia, and to Constantinople and Alleppo for the commodities of Grecia, Armenia and Persiae, to Ger∣manie, France, Flanders and England, for the commodities of those Countries, must needs make this Citie famous for the Traffique thereof; but their covetous appetite, that could not bee satisfi∣ed with this same, and the great wealth each in particular drew thereby, envied to themselves that honour, which all other Ci∣ties of the World was constrained to give them for their great customes imposed, joyned with the accidents of that age and time brought them to the present state of traffique wherein now they are found to bee, which is at present comprehended within a narrow scantling, for their trade to Aegypt is vanished, and seene onely in the reliques thereof, for though in Alexandria and Cairo they maintaine Consuls, serving in outward appearance for the protection of their Merchants, yet indeede they serve to little pur∣pose, as having lost the former famous trade of Alexanaria and Cai∣ro in Sidon, Acria, Smyrna and other places of Turkie; they have their Consuls, as also their Agent in Constantinople and Consull in Alleppo, which now are the principall who give life to their designes, as in∣deed the places where their trade is of greatest eminency, yet it is not so great but may be fathomed within a small line, and as ma∣ny things have notably concurred in the losse of their former traf∣fique abroad and in other kingdomes (as the discovery of India by the Portugall, the subversion of the Greeke Empire by the Turks, and the favourable countenance of some of the late Kings of England to their owne Subjects, for their incouragement in trade, and their ge∣nerall inclination thereto, so they in themselves have been chiefe∣ly wanting to themselves, and have suffered a losse to fall in sensi∣bly vpon them; that hath been the greatest ruine of their traffique, comprised within the mystery of these their new Imposts, and the de∣cay of the shipping and Navigators, which that Prince must ever carefully avoid that would have his Countrey and Subjects thrive thereby; and having now lost all their trade to all other places (the dominions of the great Turke onely excepted their Shippes and Gallies are decayed, and their Mariners fled from them, some sparkes are seene yet to remaine, but the great fire of their mighty traffique being extinguished, it will not be needfull for mee to rake the ashes, and observe further that little cole that is yet re∣sting unconsumed amongst them.

CHAP. CLXIX.

Of Florence, and the Cities of that Dukedome.

THe Dukedome of Florence, containeth the greater * 1.299 part of Tuskany, and now may be said to be com∣prehended under the Signorie of the great Duke, with the Republique of Pisa and Sienna, the princi∣pal marine port wherof is Leghorne, which may be accounted the best and one of the greatest townes of traae in all the Mediterranean Seas, and not onely thus continued and preserved by the industry of the inhabitants alone, but of other Nations, which by reason of the great immunities and priviledges of the place, and the freedome given to strangers and Merchants, and principally because all sorts of Merchandise may bee heere landed free of all customes duties and imposts, this scale is growne to that height, that it is famous throughout all the Mediterranean and Ocean Seas.

In this Republique I finde onely foure Cities of consequence that challenge in matter of commerce my observation which is, Flo∣rence it selfe the principall Citie of this Dukedome; next Siena, then Pisa, and lastly the abovementioned Towne of Leghorne.

These Countries affoords for Merchandise, some Marble, Rice, * 1.300 Wines, Oyles, quantitie of Silkes, both raw and wrought in stuffes, famous for their fabriques throughout Europe, as Sattins, Taffetaes, Velvets, Grograines, Plushes and the like, called commonly of Flo∣rence. From England is heere vented Pepper, Cloves, Maces, Indico, Callicoes, as being Eastindia commodities, and Lead, Tinne, Clothes, Bayes, Sayes, Serges, Perpetuanes as native; and the English also bring hither Herings white and red, Pickled Salmon, Newland-fish, Pilchards, Calveskins and many other commodities.

The Duke of Florence hath ever been found to bee a great lover of * 1.301 Merchants and Merchandising, and is conceived to be at this day the greatest Merchant in Europe, forgetting not that his Ancestors did raise themselves by traffique to the greatnes and height hee now doth hold; and to this end is found in Leghorne a stocke properly running in trade for his account, which is imploied in traffique as oc∣casion of profit upon Merchandise doth present it selfe.

CHAP. CLX.

Of Florence, and the Trade thereof.

THe Citie of Florence is seated neere the confluence of two Rivers, Arne and Chiane, and is a very faire * 1.302 Citie, and abounding with publique and private buildings of great beauty, and therefore by some supposed to be called Florencia, a situ Florenti; it is in compasse sixe miles, and is the residence of the Duke, who heere hath a sumptuous Pallace: the greatest part of the trade thereof doth consist in the fabriques of Silkes that heere are made, and are hence properly called, and in the Exchanges heere used and practised by Bankers, for all parts of Europe, the inhabitants having lost the honour of Merchandising, which anciently they had, when eminent Factors from hence were sent into Flanders and Eng∣land and to other countries to reside, who mannaged a very great trade, now totally decaied what I have found from others or obser∣ved my selfe: in Anno 1619. when I was heere I shall set downe for the present occurrences of the place.

The Merchants doe heere keepe their accounts in Livers, Sold and * 1.303 Deniers, 12. Deniers making a Sol, and 20. Sol a Liver; and others a∣gaine in Crownes, Sol and Deniers of Gold, of Livers 7½. per Crowne, accounting 12. Deniers to a Sol, and 20. Sol to a Crowne, but all their commodities are sould by Livers, Sold, and Denieres of their monies, and to reduce Livers into Crownes, multiply by 2. and divide by 15. because 15. halfe Livers make a Crowne, and to reduce the said Li∣vers into Duccats, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 is to be taken.

The Coynes currant are the Duccats of Florence and the Picols.

The Duccat is worth 7. Livers or 70. Bolognini. * 1.304

The Crowne is worth 7½. Livers in Picholi, whereas the custome is different from other Countries, wherein the Crowne of gold is not found to have any constant rate with the currant money of the place, and is adjusted therewith according to the rate of the Exchange.

The Liver is 20. Sold, and accounted to be nine pence starling.

The Duccat being 7. Livers, is accounted their 5. s. 3. d. starlin.

The Seudo or Crowne of 7½. Livers, is consequently 5. s. 7½. starlin.

The Liver is also divided to 12. Chraches, whereof 8. is a Iulio, which is 6. d. starling; 5. Quatrins is a Cr•…•…ch, and 60. Craches makes a Liver.

Divers observations have beene made upon the Weights of Flo∣rence, * 1.305 which is the 100. li. or Quintall of 12. ounces to a pound, the most noted I will here insert, and referre the truth to him that hath a cause of triall, because I have received them upon trust.

This 100. li. then hath beene found to produce in these places.

The 100. li. of Flo∣rence hath rendred in

Anvers	73. lib.
Lions	76.
Dansicke	88.
Venetia sotle	114.
Venetia grosse	71.
Siena	103.
Pulia	104.
Lucca	102.
Bollonia	95.
Ferrara	101.
Padoua	117.
Millan	103.
Cremona	113.
Roma	98.
Genoua	108.
Marselia	91.
Barselona	71.
Valentia	96.
Granado	66.
Sivill	75.
Lixborne	92.
Paris sutle	90.
Paris grosse	112.
Brussia	78.
London	78.
Ancona	98.
Mai•…•…rke	92.
Sicilia settle Rot.	44.
and grosse R.	48.
Tunes	100.
Alleppo—R.	15¾. R.
Ditto Silke	16¾.
Tripoli Soria	19.
Ditto Barbaria	67¾.
Baruti	152.
Alex. zera	36. 2.
Alex. for fori	81. 6.
Scio & Smyrna	71.
Constantinople	64.
Rhodes	14. 3.
Acria	12. 8.

Babylonia	10. 10.
Balsara	5. 00½. M.
Ormus	75. 10.

As of Weights formerly compared, so doe I finde the brace of this place whereby all commodities are measured, and upon the * 1.306 100. braces of Florence hath beene made these observations, and to make

The Cane is 4. braces and the 100. braces are in

London	49. ells
Anvers	81.
Frankford	102.
Dansicke	67.
Vienna	71.
Lions	49.
Paris	46. alns
Roven	42.
Lisborne	49. vares
Sivill	24.
Madera	50.
Venice	88. bra.
Lucca	97.
Millan	112.
Genoa	235. pal.

Note that all Wrought silkes are heere bought by the pound weight, and not by the Cane nor Brace above mentioned.

Wine is sold by the Cogne, which are 10. bar. and 1. barrell is 40. * 1.307 Metadels, or 20. botles, or fl•…•…sht, each boile being 2. metadels, the bar∣rell is to weigh 120. li.

Oile is sold by the Orcio, which is a barrell, and containes 32. me∣tadels, * 1.308 which ought to weigh 85. li.

Graine is sold by the Moggio, and is staio 24. and the staio is 50. li. * 1.309

Salt is also sold by the staio, which waighes 72. li. * 1.310

The agreement of the Staio of Corne I finde thus computed with other Cities. * 1.311

Staios 3¾. of corne in Florence is 1. sache of Venetia.

staios 3. in Florence make 1. sache in Pisa.

staios 2⅘. in Florence make in Plombine 1. staio.

staios 8¾. in Florence make in Rome 1. Rotolo.

staios 10½. in Florence makes in Palermo a generall salmo.

staios 13. in Florence makes in Misnia a grosse salmo.

staios 1½. in Florence is in Naples 1. tomolo, 16. tom. is a salm. there.

staios 6½. in Florence is in Ancona 1. som•…•… of Corne.

Mogia 1. in Florence is in Arles 10½. sesterces.

staios 3. in Florence is in Marselia 2. mines.

staios 60. in Florence is in Brittany a tunne of Corne.

I have beene the lerarg in the Waights and Measures of Florence

because I shall have occasion to accord other Cities to this, and∣therefore to make this the more absolute, I have added the follo wing concordancy of the dry Measures of this place with other Countries following, which I referre to the better experienced for due triall.

CHAP. CLXI.

Of the dry Measures of severall Cities in Italie, with other Cities in the Mediterranean Seas.

NOw for as much as I finde it very difficult to accord so many Cities in the Measures of Corne, Salt, Wine, &c. * 1.312 I will here adde what I have collected therein, which properly may best follow the preceding agreement of the drie Measure of Florence.

First then a Mine of Corne in Avignon is 1. staio of Pisa.

An Anne of Lions is 8. staios of Florence, which Anne of Lions is there accounted 6. buccalls.

A Quarter of England is 11. staios of Florence.

A Mogio of Graine in Florence is 3. Annes in Lions, which Mogio is accounted 10. sesterces there and the same in Provence.

Alquiers 104. of Portugall are 40. Buccets of Lions.

1. Muy of Orleans & 12. in 13. Mines makes 13. buccets of Lions.

1. Tunne of graine either in Picardy or Normandy, to bee laden aboard their shippes is 16. Mins, which are 2 〈◊〉〈◊〉. in Moggios, which are 24. Mines, and the 24. Mins there are 3 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Moggio of Florence, and 1. Mine of the said places is 3½. staios incirca of Florence.

1. Tunne of Corne laden in Britanny, is accounted to hold and make 60. staios of Florence.

1. Fanega in Callais is 2 〈◊〉〈◊〉. staios of Florence.

1. Salme generall of Cicilia is in Portugall Alquiers 22½.

the said Salmo of Cicilia is 11¼. staios in Florence.

the grosse Salmo of Sicilia is 17 per cent. greater than the generall.

the Salmo of Callabria is 6. tumelles of Noples.

the Tomolo of Naples is 2. staios of Florence.

the Carro of Apulia is 3. Moggio of Florence.

Alquiers 4½. of Lixborne are 1. fanega in Andalusia.

1. fanega is 2. staios of Florence and a little more, so that the staio of Florence may bee accounted the fanega and alquier of Lisborne 2⅙. staio.

1. Mogio of Florence makes in Arles 4 〈◊〉〈◊〉. sesterces.

And in Marselia doth make 2. sesterces.

The Sato of Venice comes to make 1. sacke of Pisa or little lesse.

the Mine of Corne of Genoa are 4½. staio of Florence.

the Sestercies 5. of graine in Avignon, are 1 salmo of Cicilia.

A Carre of Corne in Pulia is in Callais 34½ fanega, and makes in Lis∣borne 145. alquiers of 36. tomolos of Naples the Carre.

The 500. Retibe of Corne in Alexandria is in Leghorne 1090. sacks.

the staio 63 of Corne of Ferrara makes just a Carro, and this Carro makes in Constantinople 57. Caffise.

The Retibe of Alexandria is in Leghorne 6⅕. staios.

the Cillaa of Chavallo is 3. staios of Florence.

1. Tunne of graine in Britanny is 60. staios of Florence.

the Caffise of Corne in Valentia in Spaine is ⅔. of a generall Salme of Cicilia.

Sestiers 10½. of Arles is in Florence 1. Moggio.

And as for the Tomolo of Naples, I finde this observation in the agreement thereof:

36 Tomo∣los of Na ples which is 1. Carr, hath made in

Venice	22½. stai.
Istria	22¾.
Segnia	68¼. quart.
In •…•…ll Dalmatia	22¼. stai.
Ragusa	19¼.
Cattarro	22½.
Ferme Marca	9 1/10. somo.
Co•…•…fu	14¾. moza.
Candia	97. mesn.
Canca	14¾. moza.
Alexandria	7. rib.
Tripoli Barbaria	5.
Caffise and 3. Iubes
Z•…•…rbe	5¼. caf.
Millan	3. mos.
Parma	45½. sta.
Modena	26.
Rimene	10⅚.
Cesena	13.
Ravenna	34.
Forli	21½.
Ferrara	62½.
Mantoua	56½.
Bollonia	24½. corbe.
Florence	80. stai.
Genoa	16 〈◊〉〈◊〉. mine.
Padoua	34⅛. stai.
Treviso	20⅞.
Vicentia	24⅛.
Verona	50 min.
Bressia	12½. som.

Bergamo	19. stai.
Cremona	11⅜ som.
Mirandola	26. stai.

For other particulars of these Measures I have observed the same in such other place as my Collections permitted.

As for the Exchanges of Florence, which heere are found daily practised for great summes, I referre the particulars thereof to the 282. and 400. Chapters of this Tract with all the circumstances thereto belonging, and therefore hence come to Pisa the second City of Trade in Toscanie.

CHAP. CLXII.

Of Pisa, and the Trade thereof.

PISA is the second Citie in the Dukedome of Tuscanie, seated in the entrance of the River Arnus into the * 1.313 Sea which commeth downe from Florence and wate∣reth the Walles thereof.

Heere is the Custome-house, placed by the Florentine for all goods that are landed at Leghorne, and enters into his Coun∣try, or laden in Florence, and going this way out of his Country, so that though Leghorne bee free of all Customes, yet the Duke lo∣sing little thereby save what the Towne it selfe can vent, which is but small, for it is but as a Scale and Port-towne to this Citie, and the rest of his Territories.

Heere is also kept his principall Courts of Iustice, and the Knights of Saint Stephen have here their Alberge, thereby keeping his Sub∣j•…•…cts from going to Malta to bee there enrolled, the Duke by these meanes using his best art to make this Citie have some splendour, which by the strict subjection of the Inhabitants the Citie other∣wise is wholly deprived of.

Those goodly Buildings which it vet sheweth testifies its anci∣ent magnificency, and many things Anno 1619. I observed therein of note, though improper to the subject, which beares in many pla∣ces the reliques of that greatnesse it once had, by its command o∣ver divers Provinces, and the Warres it maintained for a long time together against both the Venetians and Genoues; but to my busi∣ness.

The Monies, Waights, and Measures and Accounts of Florence are here onely in use, and therefore shall not need to reiterate. * 1.314

Onely the Corne measure is a Sacco, which is 3. staios of Florence.

The Wine measure is a barill Cornuto, which is 1½. bar. Florence, so * 1.315

that 7. bar. Cornuto is 10½. bar. in Florence, which is in Candia 45. mi∣state, and makes in Naples cogno 1. which is 1½. but.

For Custome of the place, this hath beene observed, that a bagge * 1.316 of p•…•…pper from landing at Leghorne to the dispatch in the Custome-house here is about a crowne of gold per balle, and herrings English have charges from the arrivall at Leghorne untill dispatched in the Cu∣stome house of Pisa 15. sold of gold the bar. of 4000. herrings; and the like for other commodities in generall.

The customes of the place is ordinary 4. cratches per liver.

CHAP. CLXIII.

Of Siena, and the Trade thereof.

THis City hath beene of more note and greater con∣sequence in times past, but falling under the com∣mand * 1.317 of the Florentine, they deprived them of all their trade and ancient glory; it is an inland towne, adorned with beautifull both publique and pri∣vare Buildings, their great Church hath the Mo∣numents reserved of all the Popes, and of our famous Country∣man Sir Iohn Haukwood, who did the Florentine such good and vali∣ant service, that they have heere honoured his memory with a stately Monument: here is observed to be spoken the best Tuscan Language in Italie; and further I could not note materiall Anno 1619.

Accounts heere and the Monies current are the same as in Flo∣rence.

In Siena they have two Quintals, the one of 100. li. wherewith * 1.318 all fine goods are waighed, being incirca 3. per cent. lesse than the 100. li. of Florence.

The other is for Woolles and some grosse commodities, which containeth 150. li of the former 100.

The Braces and Measures agree with Florence formerly mentioned, * 1.319 other notes of Trade in this Dukedome I have not met withall, there∣fore will passe hence to the Dukedome of Millan, and will omit the rest to Leghorne, the onely Sea Port of note belonging hereunto.

CHAP. CLXIV.

Of the Dukedome of Millan.

THe Dukedome of Millan being under command of the Spaniard, is rich in Natures gifts, as esteemed * 1.320 the Garden of Italie, affoording plenty of Corne, Rice, Wines, Oiles, Silkes raw and wrought, and sun∣dry other commodities, it hath therein also many faire Cities, the principall whereof are,

First, Millan the principall of the whole Dutchy. Secondly, Pavia. Thirdly, Alexandria de la Pallia. Fourthly, Cremona. And fithly, Como; of as many of which as is needfull, I shall touch the particulars.

CHAP. CLXV.

Of Millan, and the Trade thereof.

MILLAN is a faire Citie and the greatest of Lombardy, the Castle whereof is accounted impregnable, it is * 1.321 very populous, and containes seven miles in circuit, it is furnished in matter of Trade with many great Merchants, or rather as I may more properly call them, Shopkeepers, abounding in many rich manufacturies of Silkes, and iron for sword blades, cannons for Muskets and Pistols, &c. as silke stoc∣kins, chamlet, fustians, gold thread, and sundry other commodities here dispersed into Savoy, France, and other adjoyning Countries.

Their Accounts are kept in Millan by pounds, shillings, and d.

Or as they call them Livers, Sol, and Deniers, 12. Deniers make a * 1.322 Sol, and 20. Sol a Liver, which Liver may be sterl. 12. pence, as I shall shew in the Tract of Exchanges, in 280. and 410. Chapters.

Their Coines currant in Millan are these:

A Duccat of gold of Millan is incirca 100. Sol of that money. * 1.323

A Crowne of gold of the Sunne is worth about 96. or 98 Sol.

A Crowne of gold Italian is 5. Livers and 6. Sol Imperiall.

A Duccat of gold of Livers 5. and 18. Sol is Livers 6. Imperiall.

A Duccat Imperiall is esteemed 4. Livers.

A Duccat of Millan, or Imperiall of Livers 4 per Ducc. and so they count it in Exchange, the which they pay in Crownes of Italie at 101. Sol per Ducc.

Note that the Crowne in Millan runnes in Merchandise for Sol 110. and the Duccat for the same.

Note also that the Imperiall Coines are the currant of this Coun∣try, but French, Italian, and Spanish, passe heere also in Merchandise, as being placed betweene the two former, and subject to the last.

The Weigh, of Millan is the Pound, and the 100. li. which is the * 1.324 Quintall, which 100. li. is

In

Venetia sotile	108. li.
Venetia grosse	66.
Florentia	97.
Genoa	106.
Lions	69.
London	70.

In Millan they have two Braces, the Cloth, and the Silke, upon the 100. Braces silke hath beene made these observations, and to have * 1.325 made

In

London	43. elles.
Antwerpe	72.
Frankford	90.
Dansicke	60.
Vienna	63.
Lions	44. alnes.
Paris	41.
Genoa	209. palm.
Roven	37. aln.
Lixborne	43. var.
Sivill	58.
Madera	44.
Venetia	78. brac.
Lucque	86.
Florence	88.

Which I referre to the experience of him that shall have occa∣sion to make triall heerein farther, and so I will proceed to Cremo∣na; as for the Exchanges here practised I referre you to the generall * 1.326 Chapter thereof in the end of this Tract, videlicet 280. and 410. Chapters.

CHAP. CLXVI.

Of Cremona, and the Trade thereof.

CREMONA is the second City of Trade in this * 1.327 Durchie, which endeavoureth by the industry of the Inhabitants to imitate and second Millan in her manufacturies of silke, gold thread, &c.

Their common Waight is the Pound and the 100. * 1.328 li. which hath by triall beene found to make in Venetia sotle 104. l. and by the grosse of Venetia 65. in 66. li. in Florence 86. li.

Their Measure is the Brace, agreeing the same as that of Flo∣rence. * 1.329

Oile is sold by the Carigas, 18. thereof is 1000. li. Venetia in •…•…ile cariga, 15. is accounted for a 1000. li. of Cheese in Venetia.

Carigas 11. is accounted of Hony 8 〈◊〉〈◊〉 staies of Venetia.

CHAP. CLXVII.

Of Como, and the Trade thereof.

COMO is made more famous by the Lake whereon it is seated, being 50. miles about, than by the trade * 1.330 thereof, though it may well be imagined the same doth adde a good furtherance thereto by the be∣nefit and commodity thereof, and by transporting of wares to neighbouring places seated therea∣bout.

The Weight thereof is the Pound, and 100. lib. which hath beene observed to produce in Venice sutle 108. and grosse 67. li. which in * 1.331 London is 72. li. haber depois, or thereabout.

Their Measure is a Brace accounted to be.

Corne is sold by the Mosa, which are here 14. pesos, and every peso * 1.332 is 10. li. at 30. •…•…un. per li. which in Venetia is 378. lib. sutle, which is 205. li. grosse, so that the said 14. pesos is in Venetia 1 〈◊〉〈◊〉. staios; and thus have I done with the Dutchy of Millan, and proceed to Man∣toua and the Dukedome thereof.

CHAP. CLXVIII.

Of Mantoua, and the Trade thereof.

MANTOUA hath some other Cities of qua∣lity * 1.333 subject thereto, but being debarred from the Sea, and invironed with potent neigh∣bours that hinder the commerce thereof, I will therefore reduce what I have collected note worthy to the City of Mantoa it selfe, which is a very faire and strong Towne, in∣vironed on three parts with a Lake of good breadth, and with a strong Wall on the rest, through this Lake run∣neth a River that leadeth into Poe which is a famous streame in these part, and much enricheth this Country, and furthereth the Trade of this Dutchy.

The chiefe Commodities of this Dukedome is certaine fabriques * 1.334 of silkes, such as are Taffataes, Sattins, Chamblets watered, and the like.

Their Accounts are kept in Livers, Sold, and Deniers, 12. Deniers making a Sol, and 20. Sols a Liver, 5. of which Livers maketh a Duc∣cat * 1.335 of gold large 9. 12. Sol making a Duccaton of Mantoa, or 115. sol of Millan which is accounted () sterl.

They waigh in Manto•…•…a by a Peso, and by the 100. li. 25. li. being * 1.336 the P•…•…so, and 100. lib. the Quintall, which hath made in Venice sutle 108. li. and V•…•…nice grosse 66 〈◊〉〈◊〉. lib. in Florence 98. li. and in London by observation of some 71. li. haberdepois.

Their Measure of length is the brace, which doth agree with the cloth brace of Venice within a small matter. * 1.337

Corne is sold by the staio, 100. whereof are in Venetia 40. staios and 1. staio weighes about 80. li. of Mantoa waight.

In this Dukedome is also Aste, where is yearely kept a great and notable Faire for many sorts of Merchandise, where many immuni∣ties * 1.338 are granted to Merchants, during the time that the said Faire doth continue, and is held in the beginning of September, and thus much I have observed of this Dutchie.

CHAP. CLXIX.

Of Uibin, and the Trade thereof.

VRBIN is a faire Citie, seated on the bottome of the * 1.339 Apenine, where it hath for Sea Ports Pisaur•…•… and Fa•…•…, the English heere doe enjoy many immuni∣ties, and sundry priviledges, the originall whereof did arise in the Raigne of Henry the sixth of England, who created the Duke of this place a Knight of the noble Order of the Garter; and he to requite the Honour to himselfe done, returned it thus to the said King his Subjects, it now affoor∣deth the common commodities of other parts of Italie which it also followeth in matter of trade.

Their accounts are heere kept in Livers, Sold and Denieres, 12. De∣niers * 1.340 making a Soldo, and 20. Sold a Liver.

The currant coines of this place are the Romaine, and doe as in most parts of these Italian Principalities partake of one anothers coines, which passeth currant with some small distinction from one Citie to another.

The waights is heere the pound, and the Quintall being 100. lib. * 1.341 which produceth in Venetia s•…•…tle 112½. and grosse 72. li. and hath produced in London 77. li. haberdepois.

Their measure of length is the Brace, the 100. Braces of Cloth in Venice rendring heere 94. Braces, and the 100. Braces of Silke, ren∣dring * 1.342 heere 102. in 103. Braces, which is in England () inches.

CHAP. CLXX.

Of Parma, and the Trade thereof.

PARMA, the chiefe Citie of this Principality, af∣foording * 1.343 the commodities common with the rest of Italie, doth over and above affoord that excel∣lent Cheese knowne through Europe by the name of Parmesane, it is not noted for any eminencie in trade, the greatest fame that of late it obtai∣ned was by being subject to that Alexander Farnese who was Duke thereof, and made such a noise in the Netherlands, during his

regencie there, to his Masters great expence, but to little purpose, for trade observe that their accounts are kept in Livers Sold and De∣niers, * 1.344 12. Deniers to the Sold, and 20. Sold to the Liver, which is () starling.

The Coynes currant of Parma are.

The Waight is the pound of 12. ounces, and 100. li. to a Quin∣tall, * 1.345 which is in England about 60. li. and in Venice sotile.

Their Measure is the Brace, agreeing with the Brace of Florence, * 1.346 and now to Placentia, also subject to this Principalitie.

CHAP. CLXXI.

Of Placentia, and the Trade thereof.

PLACENTIA is a commodious Citie for trade, and * 1.347 feated properly to that end upon the River Poe, af∣foording the ordinary commodities of Italie, but in no∣thing so famous as for the Faires in Exchanges heere quarterly kept, to which place all Italy, Germany and other Countries doe make their Exchanges, rather for the Fatres, then for any commodities wherein they intend to have the said mo∣nies invested, and for the monies of the Country there is no ac∣count had therein thereof, but onely of that wherein the Exchan∣ges is made, which is called the Crowne of Marcque, wherein onely * 1.348 Bankers and Exchangers doe keepe the account of this Citie, and of those Crownes, their accounts are framed in Crownes, Sold and Deniers of Marcque, as I have more at large treated of in severall Chapters of Exchanges, vide 276. and 382. and others following, which by reason of the great concurrencie I have there amply specified, and to which I refer you.

The waight of Placentia is the pound, and 100. li. the Quintall, * 1.349 which a 100. li. is in Ven•…•…ce grosse, 66. li. Venice sutle, 108. li. and by that computation in London sutle pound 72. li. incirca.

Their measure is a Brace, which is 27. inches English, in this Prin∣cipalitie * 1.350 is Mirandola accounted, of which a word passando.

CHAP. CLXXII.

Of Mirandola, and the Trade thereof.

MIRANDOLA being a Citie also belonging to * 1.351 this Principalitie, I thought good to insert in my way what I have observed in the waights and the measures thereof.

The waight of Mirandola is the li. 12. ounces, * 1.352 100. li. whereof is a Quintall, and found to be ha∣berdepoise 75. li.

The measure is the Brace, found to be 26½. inches English, and so much for Mirandola, and now to Leghorne, therewith to finish the * 1.353 trade and commerce of Tuscany, and of these petty Dukedomes.

CHAP. CLXXIII.

Of Leghorne and the Trade thereof.

LEGHORNE is accounted the strongest moderne * 1.354 Citie in the Mediterranean Seas purchased not many yeeres past for 120000. Duccats of the Genoes, by the Dukes of Tuscanie, who reedifying, or rather buil∣ding a new Citie to the old, new fortified and walled the same, giving safe conduct to all men of what quality and degree soever to live heere, so that at the first it was a sanctuary for all Theeves, Pirats, Murtherers and wicked Rascalls, and because heere was also granted a liberty in conscience; the Towne was also sto∣red with all Religions, but as the Citie became populous, and Mer∣chants being graunted a freedome in Customes, the place became in a short time to be filled with Inhabitants, and to adde to these im∣munities, there were dwellings for seven yeeres given to any that would come hither to reside, and all such should be free from all ar∣rests or punishments for acts committed in all other Countries, of what nature soever they were found to bee, and by these meanes at first, and since by the incouragement of the great Duke of Florence it is become one of the principall Townes of trade in all those Seas, and is properly accounted the Scale of the Florentine dominions; in matters of commerce it is ruled by Pisa and Florence, which are the principall Cities of this Dutchie, and which yeelds the commodities

that drives the traffique of this place, the principall notes that I ob∣served at my being in this place in severall Voyages, are as fol∣loweth.

Their accounts are kept in Livers, Sold and Deniers, 12. Deniers to a Soldo, and 20. Soldo accounted to a Liver, which is nine pence * 1.355 starling.

Their monies are those of Florence, which currant is the Duccat of 10½. Iulies, or of seven Livers, which is five shillings three pence * 1.356 starling, and a Scudo or Crowne of gold, is 7½. Livers, and one Crowne of gold, in gold, or as they say, de Oro. in Oro. is 8. Livers.

Also note that 12. croches make a Liver which is 9. d.

8. Craches make a Iulio, which is 6. d. sterl.

5. Quadrius make a Crache, 60. Crache a Liver.

3. Quadrins make a Sol.

To bring Duccats of Florence of seven Livers the Duccat into Crownes of Gold of Florence of 7½. Iul. per cro. divide by 15. and sub∣stract the quotient from the summe divided, and the remainder is your demand.

Againe, to bring Crownes of gold of Florence of 7½. Iul. into Duc∣cat of 7. Livers, divide by 14. and the quotient added to the summe divided will answer your desire.

There is ever found betweene the Monies of Florence and the money of Leghor•…•…, a L•…•…gio, which being both subject to one Prince is conceived by some that the same may be removed by Merchants, if they would endeavour it, but they that are well versed in the Trade of this place hold the contrary opinion, therefore I will omit the reasons given on both sides, and advise him that hath monies in Florence and is resident in Leghorne to make the best use thereof, and take the benefit of the Laggio as the currant rate will permit him, till the businesse may bee better rectified and the controversie by an equality may be decided and determined.

The Weight is the same as in Florence, the Pound 12. ounces, and the Quintall is 100. lib. which is English 75. lib. but some commodi∣ties * 1.357 are found to be sould by the Quintall of 150. li. which is 113. li. English, and some by a Quintall of 160. li. as fish, woolles, and which is 121. li. English, the English 112. lib. making about 147½. li. of this plac•…•….

Note that 150. li. is here a Kintar of Allome, and is 113⅞. li. English.

151. li. makes a Kintar of Sagar is 114⅔. li. English.

16•…•…. li. makes a Kintar of fish, is 121⅔. li. English.

100. lib. is a Kintar of all other commodities, and is 75 〈◊〉〈◊〉. li. En∣glish, and is 108. li. in Genoa.

The Measure of this place is the brace, 4. braces making a Cane, * 1.358 50. Canes is 200. braces, and found to bee 100. Elles of London, ob∣served by some, 5. Canes to make 11. Yards English.

Their Corne measure is a Stare, 3. stares is a sacke, and 3 〈◊〉〈◊〉. sackes is a salmo: or 41. stares is a salmo, and this salmo is accounted a London quarter.

Also they have another Measure called a Maggio, and 8. sackes or 24. stares is a Maggio, and a stare of good corne hath beene noted to weigh 50. li.

From England is vented heere baies, faies, serges, cloths, perpetua∣nies, lead, tinne, Calve-skinnes, hides, O•…•…tracan bides, salt, salmon, pil∣cherds, * 1.359 caviar, herrings, tallow, also pepper, ginger, mace, cloves, nut∣megs, indico, and such India commodities.

This place being the greatest Scale of Trade in Tuscanie is found hence to be sent into other parts, oiles, wines silkes raw and wrought, * 1.360 rice, aniseeds, argall, and all other Italian commodities.

All goods entring heere to be sold are not liable to the payment of Custome for a yeare, but if kept a full yeare, doe then pay a Cu∣stome, * 1.361 and if sale present not in that time, the Merchant may ship the same out againe without any charges, but if for the advance of his commodity hee send the same into other parts of the Dutchy of Florence, then the Custome is to bee paid at Pisa, as is there mentio∣ned, to which I referre the inquirer, and leaving Tuscanie I will passe over to Genoa.

CHAP. CLXXIV.

Of Genoa, and the Trade thereof.

THE State of Genoa comprehends Finali, Sarasena, and Noli, Cities of small import, the Metropolis * 1.362 Genoa being the Mistris of this Republique, being accounted eight miles in compasse, and inhabited by the greatest Mony-mongers or U•…•…urers in the World, who if they would not distrust God with their wealth by Sea, would easily become and bee accounted fa∣mous Merchants; their Usury is excessive, and hath more than once brought the King of Spaine into their bookes for vaste summes of money, and hee having the tricke of failing in his payments, and performance, hath beene observed to have satisfied them in blanco in lieu of being paid in banco, but I referre this to them that are constrained to suffer, and draw to my observations being such as I have gathered upon this Citie.

This Citie would proove the most famous in all these Seas for Trading, were not the Inhabitants such noted Politicians, and great biters by Exchange, that no strangers can live among them, for they

envie the great commerce practised in Leghorne their neighbour, and yet may exceed Leghorne, would their greedy covetousnesse permit them, and suffer Merchants to bring their goods thither upon small charges, but that Soveraigne must not expect a plentifull Trade that will have also a great Custome paid him upon all good, and hee that desires to lose the Traffique of his Country needs no other way to doe it but by imposing heavie Customes upon Merchants, and their com∣modities, but to their better considerations I referre this point, and publish to the world their owne common Proverbe which ad∣mirs hardly any Merchants to live or thrive amongst them, Genoa fatta per noi, their Citie is onely made for themselves.

In Genoa they keepe their Accounts in Livers, Sold, and Deniers * 1.363 currant, the Denier being 12. to a Sol, and 20. Sol to a Liver, which is 120. Raies of Portugall, and 16. d•…•…sterling.

Their currant Monies are divers, as bordering upon so many neighbours, the most currant is the Deniers, 12. to a Soldo. * 1.364

• Soldos 4. makes a Cavalet.
• Cavalets 5. or Sols 20. make a Liver, which is 16. d. ste.
• Livers 4. Sold 8. is a crowne.
• Sold 7. den. 6. is a Spanish Riall of 6. d. sterling.
• Sola 90. is a crowne of Gold.
• Duccat in Silver is 4. liver, 16. sol being 6. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. 5. d. sterl.
• Duccat currant is 4, Livers, sterling 5. s. 4. d. circa.
• Duccat of Gold is 68. Sold of Gold.
• Lire 3. So's 1. makes a Riall of Eight.
• Lire 4. 13. 4. of Genoa hath made 1. ducc. in Leghorne.

Their Weight is the Pound of 12. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. and the Quintall is 100. li. ditto which is called the Sutle Quintar, and the Grosse Quintar is 150. * 1.365 lib. thereof 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉. lib. sutle Venice, and this Grosse Quintar agrees with the Grosse Weight of Venice, betweene which two places these notes have beene observed, that 100. lib. Sutle Genoa makes Sutle in Venetia 105. li.

100. li. grosse Genoa is grosse Venetia 100. li. sutle 157 〈◊〉〈◊〉. li.

The said 100. lib. hath made in London 71. lib. circa and 92½. Leghorne.

And the 150. li. their Grosse Quintar is London 105. li. circa.

And the 112. li. London hath made here 143. li.

And by proofe 100. li. in Florence hath made here 109. li.

The Grosse Quintar is 150. li. of 18. •…•…ces per li. by which is sold cottons, and cotton-yarne, comin, and aniseeds, bony, rice, brasse, lead, tinne, soape, and woolles, and some other commodities.

Their Measure of length is the Cane containing 9. palmes, which 9. palmes have made 4. braces of Florence, and the measure is for silkes * 1.366

and stuffes, but 10. palmes in Linnen makes a Cane, and is in Fiorence 4. braces, and the said Cane by observation hath made in Venice 3½. braces of cloth, and 3 〈◊〉〈◊〉. of silke braces, and upon the 100. palmes have beene made these observations, and to have rendred

In

London	27. yards.
Anvers	34. elles.
Frankford	43.
Dansicke	23¾
Vienna	30•…•….
Lions	21. alnes.
Paris	19.
Roven	18.
Lixborne	20¾. vares.
Sivill	28.
Madera	21.
Venice	37. bra.
Lucca	41½.
Florence	42.
Millan	47.

1. Cane is in Barselona 1⅗. Canes.

9. Parmes in Genoa is in Florence 1 1/16. Canes.

1. Cane in Genoa is in London 2⅞. yards.

Note that it hath beene observed that five Palmes hath made al∣most an Ell English, or 25. palmes 6. elles and ½. and 100. palmes thus is 26¼. elles and 50. yards have made here 17. canes.

Corne is here sould by the Mine, whereof 64. make the 100. Sa∣ches at Pisa, and 100. Mins make 137½. staios in Venetia, and the Mine * 1.367 payes 6½. sold for custome in Genoa, and weighes 270. lib. and halfe a Mine is called a Corno, the Quarter of Harwich measure hath made here 2½. Mines, but the London quarter not so much.

Oile is sold by the barrell, 7½. barrels making a Neapolitan but, called here Botta dimena. * 1.368

Wine is sold by the Meserole, and 5. Meseroles is a Botta dimena, and 2. barr. make 1. Mes•…•…ole which is also 100. Pints, so that 500. Pints * 1.369 of Wine make a Botta dimena.

All goods entring into Genoa payes for Consolato of the River 6. deniers per liver, and is paid by the buyer, according to the price bought, if a contract bee not made with the seller for the dischar∣ging of it.

And hee that lands Commodities heere in his owne name and cannot make sale thereof, hath had formerly leave to carry the same out againe without paying any charges, but this privilege is now disanulled.

Many silke fabriques are heere made common with all Italie, the principall being Velvets, watred Chamlets, &c. sould by the pound weight, as is usuall through Italie.

This Citie is famous for the Exchanges heere practised, as doth * 1.370 more fully appeare in the Chapter of the Exchanges heere in use, vide Chapter 279. and so forward, where all circumstances are in∣serted and now to Lucca.

CHAP. CLXXV.

Of Lucca, and the Trade thereof.

LUCCA is the principall Citie of this Republique, and is pleasantly seated on the River Serchio, in * 1.371 compasse about 3. miles in a plaine, the walles be∣ing adorned with trees, makes the Citie appeare to the Traveller to be in a Wood, till approach∣ing neere the bulwarkes, give testimony of her strength, and that these trees are planted upon the walls where the Citisens in summer walke for shade: it doth wholy consist upon the Fabriques heere made of Silke, such as is Damasces, Sattins, Taffetaes, &c. which hence is vented into for∣raine countries, which are all sould by the pound waight, according as is accustomed in Italie, and as for other matters in trade what I observed in 1619. is thus.

Their accounts are kept divers waies, some in Livers, Sold and Deniers of Picholi, as in Florence, 12. Deniers to a Sol, and 20. Sol to * 1.372 a Liver; some againe in Crownes, Sold and Deniers of gold, of Livers 7½. per Crowne, accounted by 12. and 20. as is abovesaid, but Silkes are sould by so many Duccats the pound, so that to reduce Duccats into Crownes, the number of Duccats is to be multiplied by foure, and divide the proceede by 71. adding what may rest with the Duccats, and they shall be Crownes of 7½. Livers.

Note that to bring Duccats of Florence, or as they tearme them Piastres, of seven Livers the Duccat, into Crownes of gold of Florence, of 7½. per Crowne, divide by 15. and substract the quotient from the summe divided, and the remainder is the demaund.

Againe, to bring Crownes of gold of Florence, of 7½. into Duccats, of 7. Livers divide by 14. and the quotient added to the summe divi∣ded will answere your desire.

Againe, to bring Livers of Lucca into Crownes of Lucca or Duccats of Florence, take the summe of Livers, and adde as many more unto them, the product being divided by 15. then the same are Crownes of Lucca of 7½. Livers, I say, Livers for Crownes and Duccats of Flo∣rence, of 7. Livers per Duccat, for that the Crowne of Lucca and duccat of Florence, re•…•…all one in valew, but in the Liver of Lucca and in that of Florence, is some difference, because the Liver of Florence is 7½. per

cent. greater then that of Lucca. Note also that 75. Bolonius make a Florence duccat of 7. Livers, and 79. Bolonins make a Lucca duccat, by which they account in sale of Silke.

The Crowne is commonly thus charactered	C.
The Piastre or Duccat is thus	D.
The Liver is thus	L.
The Sol is thus, and the Denier	d.

Their Monies common is that of Florence currant, called Bolonini, the Crowne of gold is 7. Livers, 10. Sol in Picoli as at Florence. * 1.373

The Ducatone is worth 7. Livers, and is called the Crowne of sil∣ver, but the Exchanges is made by Ducatons, Solds and deniers as more fully doth appeare in the 283. Chapter of Exchanges practised in this Citie, to which in that particular I referre you.

They have in Lucca two waights, one of the Ballance waight, whereby all goods are bought and sould, and the other whereby * 1.374 Merchants doe pay the customes by, wherein is about 12. percē. diffe∣rence. The Ballance pound is 12. ounces, 100. li. whereof hath made in Lions 72½. li. the customers pound is also 12. ounces, 100. li. there∣of hath rendred in Lions by triall 81. li.

The ballance 100. hath made in Florence 97. li.

The measure of Lucca is a Brace, which is 23. inches of London, * 1.375 and two Braces have made an Alne of Lions, and vpon this 100. Bra∣ces hath been made these observations, that it rendereth

In

London	50. Ells
Antwerpe	83 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
Frankferd	104⅙.
Dansicke	69⅙.
Vienna	72½.
Lions	50⅙. alnes
Paris	47½.
Roven	43½.
Lixborne	50. Vare
Civil	67½. Vare
Madera	51 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Vare
Venetia	90. Braces
Florence	102. Braces
Millan	115. Braces
Genoa	240⅓. Palmes

Silkes have been thus sould in Lucca: * 1.376

Damasces were sould at 4. Duccats and 18. Sold the pound.

Sa•…•…tine were sould at 4. Duccats and 14. Sold the pound.

Rich Taffeta sould at 4. Duccats 16. Sold the pound.

It is heere to be noted that in Lucca there is paid ¼. more for the colours then for blacks, therefore the custome is to adde for the colours

that are in the parcell ¼. to the Weight reducing them all to one weight and price, as if they were all blackes; where also is to bee observed, that Crimsons and Carnalions pay 10½. Livers over and above the ¼. before mentioned, but being mixt with other colours, and that either the ground or the flowre (as in Damasces) bee of another colour, then they pay but the halfe of 10. Livers besides the above mentioned ¼. or fourth in Weight.

Moreover for the most part of those silkes made here, they are generally reduced to 7. braces per li. either Saitins, double Taffetaes, or Damaskes, and if they passe 7. braces, they are held advantage∣able to the Buyer in the Measure, if under 7. braces they are held the richer, and lesse advantage to the Buyer, the principall obser∣vations may bee collected to lie in the richnesse of the colour, and the goodnesse of the silke.

CHAP. CLXXVI.

Of the Weights of Italie reduced to the Weight of London.

HAving thus runne through many particular Cities of * 1.377 Trade in Italie, and therewith noted the particular ob∣servations that hath come into my hands, appertaining to the Trade of those places, I judge it expedient ere I leave it, to collect heerein on the Weights and Mea∣sures of these and other Cities, as I finde them observed by indu∣strious hands, and because they are there calculated to the Standard of sundry places one of another, I hold it fitting to reduce them to the English, wherefore I will take the London 100. li. sutle for the denomination which I intend heere to make use of, which I have noted to make according to these observations:

The 100. lib. of Lon∣don hath made in

Rome	127. li.
Florence	121. of 12. ounces.
Bollonia	51. of 30. ounces.
Millan	137. of 12. o. most used.
Pavia	137. of 12. o. being 13. of the other.
Cremona	58. of 28. o. for flesh.
Recanti	132.
Ditto gold thread	108.
Verona	86. for gold thred 137. l.
Bressia	177. for Veni. gold 131.
Naples	115. for Veni. gold. 129.
Romagnia	115. for Veni. gold. 129.
Savoy	132. by small weight. 188

Carpi Mirandola 141. li. incirca. Parma Plaisencia Lucca Mantoua Forli Carmia Acquilla Crema Come Piedmont
Raviano 127. li. Faensa Modena Riman•…•… Ravenna Rhagusa
Candia	133. li. for gold thread.
Or elles	85. Rot. the 100. is a Cantar.

The Weights thus reduced, I will also in the same methode re∣duce the Measures of Italie to the English yard, the 100. whereof is * 1.378 found to answer in these places thus.

The 100. Yards of London are in

Venetia woollen	135. brac.
Istria	135.
Piran silke	142.
Florence silke	163.
for woollen	155. elles.
Rome	44. canes.
Ditto for woollen	140. brac.
Lucca.	160.
Rhogusa	160.
Ferrara	142.
Mantua	142.
Ancona	142.
Bollognia	142.
Modena	142.
Parato	142.
Cesena	142.
Carpi	142.
Mirandola	142.
Verona	139.
Ditto cloth gold	144.
Ditto cloth	115.
Trevira	135.
Bergamo	135.
Vrbino	135.
Pesaro	137.
Ditto for cloth	142.
Calabria	44½. canes
Candia	144. pich.
Parma	145. br.

Ditto for cloth	121.
Ravenna	155.
Corfu	155.
Genes	163.
Ditto for silke	384. pal.
woollen at 9. pal.	82½. can.
linnen at 10. pal.	38⅓.
Vicentia woollen	131. bra.
Ditto for silke	107.
Naples	145. cones
Ditto for silke	44⅓.
Padona cloth	135. bra.
Ditto for silke	109.
Millan for linnen	160.
Ditto for silke	188.
Ravenna	149.
Bressia	135.
Croma	135.
Recanti	135.
Cremona	135.
Lacaia	135.
Palermo	45½. canes.
Puglia for cloth	41.
Ditto for silkes	44.
Zara	149.

These are such as I have collected, the truth whereof I must re∣ferre to the better experienced, for I am not ignorant, that some of these agree not with the particular recited Chapters of the Trade of the said places, yet notwithstanding, finding a reasonable ground of the said observations by other judgements, I have wil∣lingly passed them heere in the same manner, which I referre to better triall.

CHAP. CLXXVII.

Of the Trade in generall of Italie.

NOw having runne through the principall pla∣ces of Traffique in Italie, in the particular, let * 1.379 us note a word or two in the generall, con∣cerning not onely the Traders, but also Na∣vigation which is seene in many places to bee meanes whereby Trade it selfe is preserved and performed.

In Italie then not onely the Gentlemen, but even the Princes entitled doe professe themselves to bee Merchants, without any indignity to their quality or place, which many of our Country Gentiles and Nobles (with leave may I speake it) foo∣lishly disdaine, and onely permit retailing of goods to men of the inferiour sort, and Shopkeepers, but retaine yet the grosse ever in their owne and servants hands, and by this course they are found not onely to keepe the Patrimonies descended to them by their an∣cestours, but also are daily found to encrease the same, while our Gentlemen prodigall in expence, and ashamed to make honest gaine, and exercise an honest calling, oftentimes not onely destroy their Families, but ruine themselves and not seldome their Posterities. Amongst the Merchants of Italie then, the Venetians are the chiefe who in times past enjoyned every ship thence departing in Trade to carry one of their Gentlemen or Clarissimo who was allowed him his diet and passage, but this wisedome of their ancestours is now laid aside, and the charges thereof which is still collected, is in every such Vessell begged by some poore Clarissimo or other, so that their Traffique and Navigation is thereby much decaied, and the Mariners and most expert of their Seamen imployed in their shipping are for the most part Grecians.

The Florentine is the next, the Duke whereof is heere to bee re∣membred, who is the most eminent Merchant, and here not sel∣dome imploies his owne and others shippes for Corne, Salt, or other necessary provisions for his Dukedome and his owne store, thereby incouraging his Subjects to trade and adventure abroad: two prin∣cipall things are observed which doe much enrich the Merchants of Italie, the first is their frequent Exchanging, wherein they are the best versed in the World; the other is the Trade of their Silkes, wrought by the industry of the Silke-worme, which wrought into fabriques are thence dispersed throughout Europe, and some parts of Asia, but these are fetched from them by others, and not exported

by themselves, partly by the over great affection that they have to their native homes, and their little desire they have to travaile abroad, but principally for want of good shippes of burthen, for excepting some few Vessels in Venetia, Naples, and Leghorne, all the Merchants of Italie cannot shew a ship of 100. tunnes.

Naples is a large and rich Country, and Genoa rich, though of little extent, yet the great number of Nobility in the former, and the great usury practised in the latter hath reduced them to a neg∣lect of all Trade, what the bosome of their Country doth natural∣ly vent that they traffique with, and these being in themselves rich induce other Nations to bring them those few things they want, for though Italie as it now stands acknowledgeth many Soveraignes, yet one Country supplying another, stands in need of little from Forainers, so that it may be said, while they have peace they have plenty; some provisions of fish, corne, and cloth, England doth fur∣nish them, and in returnes have only their silke fabriques, oiles, and some few other commodities, so that putting aside the Trade driven thither by the English, as being of greatest consequence, the Trade of the Spaniard, French, or Dutch, is but small, and but of little mo∣ment amongst them; which in particular may bee thus surveied; for Venice I have given you the anatomy of the Trade thereof, now in the waine, and almost at the last breath, save where it is preser∣ved by their new devised Edicts, and the naturall growing Corrence, and by their small Trade to Constantinople, Cairo, and Alleppo by sea, and to Austria, Dalmatia, Istria, Italie, and into the upper Germanie by land: the next part of this Trade of Italie is challenged by Na∣ples, which in it selfe affords rich silkes, corne, oile, and wines, with which they seeme to bee contented, for they covet not much to traffique among themselves, nor yet with others further than for their meate, and drinke, and clothing, which to the poorer sort is most wanting.

The Papacy her share in the Trade of Italie is not worth the no∣mination, no more is Mantua, Vrbin, and those other petty Signio∣ries. The Tuscans rightly demand a part, and it shall be granted them, both in their Florentine fabriques, and in their privileged Towne of Leghorne, but I may feare it will not last long, for the Dukes growing both rich and covetous, and daily encroching upon those liber∣ties, at first liberally given to strangers Merchants in Leghorne, and who every day are seene to lay some new petty duties upon the goods there, as for Genoa, were they as truely wise for the good of their Common-wealth as they are found to bee to themselves, they are of ability to doe better, and to have that Trade their neighbours now deprive them of. Millan likewise struggles for interest here∣in, and shall have it by my consent, but it shall bee onely in their Iron-workes, which the Cantons serve themselves with, and in their fabriques of silke which Lions doth helpe them to vent. Lucca may bee offended in my silence, but this Cities peace may further that

Trade which otherwise her owne or her neighbours warres would utterly ruine, you may see then of how many parts and members this rich and pleasant Italie is composed, and how the Trade thereof stands at this instant; it enjoyeth a generall peaceable and quiet inland Traffique, consisting for the most part more of branches bred within her owne bowels than of forraine helpes, their naturall growing corne, silke, graine, and oile, induce them thereto, and the benefit practised by Exchangers induce the rich to use that Trade onely and no other, wherein I will for this time leave them, and in the next place turne my head and hand to the survaying of the Netherlands.

CHAP. CLXXVIII.

Of Flanders, and the Netherlands, or the seventeen•…•… Provinces, and their Cities.

I Will heere for good Methode sake in the first place take a view of the 17. Provinces, which are * 1.380 found this day to containe 4. Dukedomes, 1. Lim∣burge, 2. Luxenburge, 3. Gelderland, 4. Brabant; then 1. Marquisate, which is of the Holy Empire; next 7. Earldomes, which are 1. Flanders, 2. Ar∣tois, 3. Heinalt, 4. Nemurs, 5. Zutphen, 6. Holand, 7. Zeland; and lastly 5. Baronies, 1. Westfresland, 2. Virecht, 3. Overysell, 4. Mach∣lin, and 5. Groineing, of all which briefly.

In the Dutchy of Limburge, which I account the first Province, is Liege or Luycke as the principall Citie, whose Trade I must referre * 1.381 to the better experienced in these Countries, and the like for the Citie Limburge seated on the River Weser.

In the Dutchy of Luxenburge, the chiefe Citie being Luxenburge, seated on the River of Elze, in this Country is the famous waters * 1.382 of Spa, where many sicke men are found to drive a great healthfull but costly Traffique: heere is also Sidan, the seate of the Duke of Bullion, but of small commerce. * 1.383

In the Dutchy of Gelderland the chiefe Citie is Nimmegen, seated on the branch of the Rhine, called the Whael, and doth much abound * 1.384 in cattle, as affoording fit pasturage thereto.

In the Dutchy of Brabant, I finde noted many principall Cities, as first Levaine, the second Bruxels, the third is Bergen ap Zome, the * 1.385

fourth Mastrech, the fifth Breda, in all which is found by the indu∣stry * 1.386 of the inhabitants a reasonable traffique, but being ignorant in many necessary particulars, I will also referre it to the more lear∣ned and better experienced.

In the Marquisate is found Antwerpe, by which all the former Cities are governed in trade, which by reason of the greatnesse of * 1.387 the traffique in times past, was therein accounted the first and prin∣cipall of the knowne World, wherein I shall observe according to my former method, these necessary particulars of traffique following.

CHAP. CLXXIX.

Of Antwerpe, and the Trade thereof.

ANTVVERPE is accounted the principall Citie of * 1.388 trade that is subject to the Archduke in all these parts, and having had the prerogative above all others in times past; neither yet to this day be∣ing so decaied but that in many particulars it gi∣veth rule to all or the most of the Neighbouring Cities round about, which considered to abbreviate my taske, I thinke it will not bee improper that I comprehend the trade of all those Provinces that are under this governement in this circuite to this particular Citie.

Antwerpe then being seated upon the River of Sheld, which by eight channels cut, runneth through this Citie, is conceived to be eight miles in compasse, some of these channels being able to hold 100. great ships which made the same more commodious for the transport and carriage of wares to any part thereof. The former and ancient trade of this Citie was great and eminent, and occa∣sioned as some have observed by three meanes, and had its de∣caies also by three occasions. First, by reason of two free Martes holden yeerely, continuing five and forty daies, during which time, no man either in his person or in his goods could be arrested or molested for either debt or otherwise. Secondly, by reason that the King of Portugall having discovered the East Indies in Anno 1500 and diverted the course of trade driven by the Venetions from Alex∣andria, and the Red Sea to his Port of Lixborne, kept heere his factors and sent hither those Indian commodities to seeke their vent, and this first drew the English Merchant Adventurers from Bridges hither to reside. The third was the Warres that fell betweene the French and Charles the fifth, which brought hither many Gentlemen from villages and petty townes for safety sake here to reside and build.

Now as the causes of her rising have beene noted to bee three, so the causes of the losse of that trade may be reduced also to three.

First, the Warres heere, and in generall in these Provinces be∣tweene the Spaniard, and the Dutch Nation, wherein this Citie suf∣fered pilledging, and indured the commaund of new Lawes.

Secondly, the abrogation of part of those Priviledges that were graunted heere to the English Merchant Adventurers and others, and the new and great customes imposed upon their goods and Merchandise.

Thirdly, the Navigation of the English and Dutch to the East In∣dies, whereby the Portugall factors decreasing thereby, and the Cities of London, in England, and Amsterdam in Holland increasing thereby, were also sharers in the India trade and commodities, leaving by this meanes this Citie bare and to subsist upon the traffique of her owne inhabitants, in that nature as now the same is found to be.

Their Accounts are heere kept by Livers, Sol and Deniers, which they terme Pounds, Shillings and Pence of grosses, 12. grosses making a * 1.389 Sold, and 20. Sold a Liver or pound Flemish, which may be accounted 12. shillings starlin, or by their computation 240. grosses, by which species they doe make their Exchanges with all other Cities.

The currant monies heere and in generall through all the Arch Dukes countries are, besides the Spanish and Imperiall these currant * 1.390 are Doights, foure makes a Stiver, and ten Stivers is a shilling starlin, two Blankes makes a Stiver and halfe.

Stivers 6. makes a shilling Flemish.

Stivers, 20. makes a Guilder, which is three shillings foure pence Flemish.

Shillings, 20. makes a pound, which is 6. Guilderns.

Pound, 100. Flemish makes 60. Pound English, so that 20. Stivers is or may be computed for two shillings starlin, and one pound Flemish for 12. shillings starlin, and then 20. shillings starlin is 33. shillings 4. pence Flemish.

The Waight of this Country is the pound of 16. ounces, and the 100. lib. of that pound which is their Quintar, which rendreth in * 1.391 London 104. li. and thereupon it comes as some imagine, that upon Spices the tret of 4. li. upon 104. li. was allowed heere to the buier, for the English being supplied hence in those daies with their spices, found the 100. lib. there to give heere in the Citie of London 104. li. made that allowance heere willingly, as desiring the 100. li. there, would yeeld them a neat 100. li. heere and take the same by the factory without further allowance or garble, which was not then * 1.392 in use.

Many observations have beene made upon the waight and mea∣sure of this Citie, which being reduced into a generall table by Master Malines, and the same being there accorded with all the

principall Cities in the World, I will referre you thereunto for lar∣ger satisfaction, and content my selfe according to my method to insert the same as I finde it, with some other particular places, be∣cause I have found some errors in the said concordance.

The Waight then in use in Antwerpe being the 100. li. neat, hath * 1.393 been observed to have rendred thus,

In

London	104 li.
Marselia	115¼.
Venice sotle	155.
Ditto grosse	97¾.
Sicilia	68.
Lixborne	84½.
Florence	132½.
Lions	110.
Sivil	101 7/2.
Dansicke	120.
O•…•…mus	108. Rot.
Alleppo common	22. 8. R.
Ditto silke waight	24. 0. R.
Tripoly Soria	27. 2. R.
Tripoly Barbaria	97. R.
Baruti	21. 9. R.
Alexandria Zeroi	51. 9. R.
Alexandria Forsia	116. 5. R.
Constantinople	92. R.
Rhodes	20. 1. R.
〈◊〉〈◊〉	18. 1. R.
Babylon	15. 6. R.

And what other inlargements is here wanting, I willingly omit, and referre the same to Lex Mercatoria.

Now in the same manner it will bee needfull I doe calculate the * 1.394 Measures of Antwerpe, which is the Ell, which also by observation hath made in these places.

Acria	115. pico.
Alleppo	108. pico.
Argtere	136 covad.
Allexandria	124. pico.
Amsterdam	101. ells.
Barselona	43. canes.
Bridges	98⅔. ells.
Candia	108. pico.
Castile	78. vares.
Constantinople	113. pico.
Corfu	116. braces.
Damasco	111. pico.

Dansicke	122. ells.
Florence Cloth	116. ells.
Ditto for silke	102½. braces.
Genoa	122. braces.
Hamburgh	122. ells.
Holland	103½. ells.
Lixborne long	63. vares.
London for linnen	60. ells.
Ditto for Wollen	75. yards.
Ditto for Frises	59. goads.
Lucca	120. braces.
Millan for Silke	141. braces.
Naples for Silke	33½. can.
Paris	59. alns.
Roven	58. alns.
Sivil	83½. vares.
Venice for Wollen	101⅔. braces.
Ditto for Silke	101⅔. braces.
Valentia	73. canes.
Vrbin	101. braces.

Note that this is for the common measure of Antwerpe, besides which they use another Elle for silke, and these Ells make of that but 98½. Ells. The other measure of sundry commodities heere in use are these.

Beere is sould in Antwerpe by the Barrell, which is accounted throughout Flanders and Brabant to be 54. stoopes, the 81. whereof * 1.395 is in Dansicke a fatte, and containes there 180. stoopes; but 50. stoopes of Antwerpe make the barrell of Lubecke, and the English gallon of beere is 2. stoopes of Flanders and 1⅔. stoopes of Amsterdam.

Corne is heere sould by a measure called th Vertule, and 37½. Ver∣tules is a Last of Corne in Amsterdam and 10¼. quarters in London, vide * 1.396 there further.

Wine is sould by the Ame, the stoope and the Butte, and is found thus to accord together; 1. Ame is 50. stoopes, and one stoope is sixe * 1.397 pound, and a Butte is 152. stoopes; so that by this rule 6. Ames which is 300. stoopes, or 1800. li. is in London 252. gallons, so that the Ame is by this calculation found to be 42. gallons, and the stoope is about 3⅓. quarts of London Wine measure, or as some account it about 7. pints, vide London for more certaintie.

The Exchanges practised in this place are great, and for very great summes of money, especially when as the King of Spaine hath any * 1.398 generall disbursements in this Country, by reason of his continuall Armies heere in action maintained against the Dutch, the particu∣lars whereof I have inserted in the end of this tract, in the Chapter 289. and in the Chapter 435. and some others following, where I have at large declared the practise and use among the Merchants

of that place, in the calculation thereof, whereto I referre the in∣quisitive.

As for the generall present trade of this Countrie I shall com∣prise it with the trade of the Netherlands, in the 181. Chapter fol∣lowing.

The first Earldome accounted one of the seventeene Provinces is Flanders, so called peradventure, à flando, as lying open to the Windes, divided into Imperialem Galicam, and Te•…•…tonicam.

The chiefe Cities of Trade therein is first Gaunt, whose Wall is * 1.399 seven miles in compasse, the two Rivers of Sheld and Leye running through the same, and makes in it 26. Islands, which are joyned to∣gether by an hundred Bridges, and had not her often seditions rui∣nated her beauties, shee might have beene Queene of all the Cities of Europe, and heere Iohn Duke of Lancaster was borne, commonly in Histories called Iohn of Gaunt.

The second Citie is Bridges, once the most famous Mart Towne of Europe, where sundry Nations for many yeares kept both their * 1.400 Magasines and Factours, for the sale and providing of all the prin∣cipall commodities of the World, now much decaied of its for∣mer splendour by reason of the removall of the English Merchant venturers, and of other Nations to Antwerpe, about the yeare 1503. it is seated about three leagues from the Sea upon a faire and deepe artificiall chanell, filled with the waters of all the neigh∣bouring and adjoyning streames and fountaines, which chanells in this Country are very frequent by reason of the levell of the ground in generall, which doth both further the Traffique of the Cities and enricheth the Inhabitants.

There is in this Country accounted foure principall Sea-ports, which giveth entrance by Sea into this part of Flanders.

The first is Dunkirke, the Inhabitants whereof doe in times of * 1.401 Warre infest the Seas by the name of Freebooters, and because most of their Warres is with the Dutch, whom they account Heretiques, the Iesuites and other the Romish religious rablement of this place, joyne with these Pirats, and bestow thus the charity of the igno∣rant Secular towards the ruine and rapine of their fellow Country∣men and Christians, an evident testimony of the goodnesse and zeale of their devout Orders.

The second is Scluse, seated at the mouth of the chanell of Brid∣ges, * 1.402 commanding a faire Haven capable of 500. Saile of good shippes, and is now subject to the States, and was taken from the Archduke Anno Dom. 1604. with whose welfare it cannot stand to suffer the King of Spaine to enjoy any safe and large Harbour in those Seas; or adjoyning Coasts.

The third Port is Newport, famoused in these our daies by the * 1.403 great Battell fought neere it Anno Dom. 1600. betweene the Arch∣duke Albertus and the States, the Victorie being acknowledged to bee gotten next under God, by the valour and courage of the En∣glish and their valiant Commanders.

The fourth Sea-port of this Country is Ostend, which held out a siege against the Archduke of three yeares and three moneths, * 1.404 which hath made it for ever famous to Posterity.

In this Country of Flanders, properly belonging to the French, and whose language is therein still used, is found the Cities of Lisle, accounted the third Towne of Traffique in all the Nether∣lands, * 1.405 and to the Inhabitants thereof, some inferre the first invention of laying of colours with oile, of making of Worsted Saies, and many other Stuffes, which to this day is seene to come thence.

Next is Doway an University.

Then Torney, which was surprised and taken by our Henry the 8. Anno Dom. 1513. to whom the Citizens paid 100000. crownes * 1.406 for their ransome, and it was restored afterward to the French for the same 600000. crownes, and from him finally taken by Charles the Fifth.

Besides these there are accounted in Flanders 35. Townes, and 1178. Villages of lesser note, which I willingly passe over brief∣ly, as intending to comprehend the trade thereof in a Chapter by it selfe.

The second Earldome is Artois, containing twelve Townes of consequence, and 750. Villages, the chiefe whereof is, * 1.407

The Towne of Arrasse, whence our Tapestry and cloths of Arras have had their invention and first originall.

Then Saint Paul, the Earle thereof Lewis of Luxenburge plaied * 1.408 so often fast and loose with Lewis the Eleventh of France, with Ed∣ward the fourth of England, and with Charles of Burgundy, that hee kept them for many yeares at continuall strife, which Duke Charles at length requited with the losse of his head and Earldome.

The next Earldome is Henalt, comprehending 950. Villages, and * 1.409 24. Townes of note.

The most eminent being Camberay, taken by the Spaniards from * 1.410 the French by the Earle of Fuentes Anno 1595. accounted a free Towne. Then Mons.

The next is Bevais, at a Pillar whereof beginne all the wayes leading into France, made all of paved stone by Brunhault the French * 1.411 Queene.

The next Earldome is Namurce, containing 180. Villages, and but 4. Townes of note. * 1.412

Namurce is the principall, this Country hath for Merchandise great store of Graine of all sorts, and is enriched with Mines of Iasper, and all sorts of Marble, and so abundant in Iron that it is in∣credible, making the Inhabitants thereby both wealthy and labo∣rious, and it is found moreover to produce a coale wonderfull in Nature, as kindled by water, and quenched by oile.

Zutphen is the next Earldome, being onely a Towne seated on the River Issell, of good strength, taken from the Spaniard Anno Dom. * 1.413 1590. at the Siege whereof was slaine that Honourable Knight Sir Philip Sidney, of whom was said,

Dignae legi scribis, facis, & dignissima scribi: Scripta probant doctum te tua, facta probum.

Thou writ'st things worthy reading, and didst doe Things that are even most worthy writing too, Thy workes thy learning praise, Thy deeds thy goodnesse raise.

The next Earldome is Holland, in circuite 180. miles, no part of * 1.414 which is distant from the Seas three houres journey, and compre∣hendeth 400. Villages, and 23. Townes.

The chiefe whereof is Dort, where Anno 1618. was held a Nati∣onall * 1.415 Synod against the Arminians.

Secondly Harlem, where Printing was invented. * 1.416

Thirdly Leiden, an University consisting of 41. Islands, to which there is passage, partly by boates, but principally by 40. wooden Bridges, and by 110. of stone, the rarity whereof being the first Citie of consequence I noted in these parts Anno 1625. I could not chuse then but a•…•…mire, and here in this Towne is a Castle said to bee built by Hengist the Saxon at his returne out of England, if their stories may be credited.

The next Towne is Delph, a place of residence for the Merchant Adventerers of England, where I was Anno 1625. admitted into that * 1.417 Society whose w•…•…lfare I am bound to desire, and whose prosperity I wish may still encrease: and though these Citizens have since upon some discontent enforced them to remove to Roterdam, yet considering the Towne is composed altogether of Brewers, and that men so qualified are subject to forget themselves, it may be imagined they have since slept upon it, and would peradventure regaine their companies at a greater charge than can by any but by their wis∣domes be imagined.

The next is Alkmer, famous for the defeat which the Duke of * 1.418 Alva received before it, to his great losse of reputation, and to this Cities honour.

The next is Roterdam, famous in giving life to Erasmus, and no∣ted * 1.419

for lovers of the English Traffique, in giving lately free and wor∣thy privileges to the Merchant Adventerers of England, who from Delph lately remooved hither to reside, to the future prejudice of those Brewers.

Lastly Amsterdam, as the now honour of all these Countries for matter of Commerce and Traffique, who hath raised it selfe to * 1.420 that height of Trade by the industry, policy, and wealth of the Inhabitants, that 1000. saile of shippes have beene seene at one Tide to goe in and out, and as one of their owne hath it.

Quod Tagus atque Hamus vehit & Pactolus, in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Vere, bunc, congestum, dixeru esse •…•…ocum.

What Tagus, Hemus, and Pactolus beare, You would conjecture to be heap'd up here.

Now for the manner and matter of their Traffique, I shall note the same such as I have observed it at my there residency in 1625. above mentioned.

CHAP. CLXXX.

Of Amsterdam, and the Trade thereof.

AMSTERDAM is now by the late addition of the New to the Old a faire Citie, strong and beauti∣full, * 1.421 the River Tay flowing like a large and calme sea on the North side thereof, and the River Amster of which and the word Dam this Citie is named, running from the South through three Lakes entreth this Citie, and passing through it, falleth into the River Tay on the North side.

This Towne doth consist of 5. principall Streets, through which the water doth runne, and are divided therewith, in which shippes, barges, and boates, of all kindes are found both to come and goe continually, either to lade or unlade, which is not onely benefici∣all to the Inhabitants, but also commodious and beautifull.

The Trade of this Citie is much enlarged since the passage of Antwerpe was stopped, and the Trade of the Inhabitants to the East and West Indies, occasioned by their industrie, their love to Navigation, and not the least by a great plenty of Monies which they deliver out at easie rates at interest as wanting land, or other

meanes to put out the same to better benefit, nothing being left them but Commerce and Navigation to imploy the same, and of late daies England, and other neighbouring Countries are found to have their estate going at interest according to the custome of the place, which is 8. per cent. whereas in their owne Countries 4. and 5. per cent. is as much as the same will yeeld them.

But for the Coines, Weights, and Measures, as I observed them, I shall here insert, and referre the rest to the better experienced.

They keepe their Account as in Antwerpe, by which all these parts * 1.422 were regulated in former time for what concerned Traffique.

Their Monies have also a correspondency with Antwerpe coines, * 1.423 but inhansed or debased as they see occasion by reason of their great yearely disbursements, and ordinarily the same is found to bee as in the Account of Antwerpe, so as that their Liver or Pound, which is twenty shillings Flemish, may be accounted twelve shillings sterling.

Florins 6. makes that Pound of 20. stivers per florin

Stivers 120. m•…•…kes a Pound of Grosse.

6 stivers a Flemish shilling.

Stivers 5. is accounted as much as 6. d. sterl. or 5. sold turnois.

Stiver 1. •…•…s a sold turnois.

A G•…•…osse is 6. deniers turnois.

Catolus gulden is 20. stivers, 2. shillings sterling, or 20. sols turnois.

Besides these as the currant monies of the Country, All Coines of Europe doe passe heere currantly for their value, and are received and paid in payments for Merchandise accordingly.

Their Weight is the Pound, 100. whereof makes their Quintall, * 1.424 which 100. or Quintar is held in London to be incirca 111. English, yet some alleage that the same truely calculated will not produce above 108. li. sutle, and for the concordancy see further.

Their Measures is the Ell, which reduced to Yards English is * 1.425 found to bee 134. Elles for 100. Yards of London, and the 100. Elles of London are here 167½. Elles, so that the 100. Elles heere makes in London about 74. Yards, or 60½. Elles incirca, and 40. Flemish Elles make in England 24. Elles.

In the Exchanges this place is governed by Antwerpe, rising and falling according to their p•…•…esent occasions and the value currant * 1.426 of their Monies, which is often inhansed, and debased, it being very frequently observed in this Citie and the rest subject to the Netherlands or to the Vnited Provinces, that when they have occa∣sions of great Receits, they are decryed in value, and raised a∣gaine where they have occasions by their Warres, or otherwise

of great disbursement, according to which diversity of need full occasions, the Exchange of the place is observed to alter, there∣fore therein cannot bee prescribed any direct Rules, though for the most part it is found by common difference to bee about 3. per cent. worse than the Exchanges practised in Antwerpe.

Now for the 100. lib. Weight heere in use, I finde the same thus by observation of some friends to answer and agree with these * 1.427 places, as

In

Antwerpe	107. li.
Conixburgh	132.
Constantinople	93. Rot.
Coppenhagen	102. lib:
Dansicke	126.
Flanders in generall	117.
Florence	133.
Hamburgh	102.
London	110.
Lions ordinary	118.
Mantua	155.
Marselia	119.
Melvin	131.
Millan of 12. ounc.	151.
Stokholme	127.
Venice sutle	167.
Venice grosse	103.
Vienna	90.
Naples	128.
Norinburge	99.
Paris	98.
Portugall	113.
Prague	93.
Ragusa	140.
Revell	126.
Roven by Viconte	97.
Rotchell small	118.
Rome	139.
Sa•…•…tomer	117.
Saragosa	119.
Sivill small weight	113.
Sicilia 12. ounc.	161.
Stralsont	98.
Tholouse	118.
Verona	95.
Vrbin	144.

And thus much shall serve for the concordancy of the Weights here practised.

The Measure of length heere in use is •…•…n Ell, which thus is found * 1.428 to make with other places, I say the 100. Elles doth yeeld

In

Alleppo	106. pico
Argiere	135. covad.
Allexandria	122. pico.
Antwerpe	99. elles.
Conixburge	123.
Constantinople	111½. pico.
Florence for silke	101. brac.
Genoa	120. brac.
Grenado	82. vares.
Hamburgh	121. elles.
Lixborne short	82. vares.
Rome	33. c•…•…es.
Valentia	72. can.
London	59. elles.
Ditto woollen	73½ yards.
Lions linnen	59. alnes.
Marselia woollen	33. can.
Middleburgh	99. elles.
Millan linnen	118. bra.
Norinburgh	118. elles.
Paris	58. alns.
Prague cloth	109. elles.
Rh•…•…gusa	118. bra.
Roven	57. alns.
Sivill	82. vares.
Stokholme	123. elles.

Besides these Measures of length, the concave Measures are in use.

Corne is heere sold by the Laste, which containes 24. small bar∣rels, each barrell 1½. Muydens or Muys, each Muyden containes 1 〈◊〉〈◊〉. sackes, each sacke being three archetelings, which is 3 〈◊〉〈◊〉. shepels, so that the laste of corne containes 108. shepels, and this laste is observed to make

Antwerpe	37 〈◊〉〈◊〉. vertules.
Burdeaux	38. boisea•…•…x.
Bridges	17½ bootes.
Cyprus	40. medinos.
Embden	55. werps.
Hamburgh	83. shepels.
Lixborne	225. alquiers.
London	10. quarters.

In

Pulia	36. timans.
Rhegi•…•…	42. loopes.
Roven	40. mines.
Rotchell	128. boisea•…•…x.
Roterdam	87. archetelins.
Sivill	54. henegas.
Sicilia	38. medinos.
Venice	32. stares.
Sweden	23. measures.
Copenbaven	23. barrels.

For the Measures of Wine, Oile, Beere, and other liquid commo∣dities, I referre you to Malines and others better experienced therein, and proceed forward to the description of the remainder of the Vnited Provinces.

Zealand is the next and last Earldome of the seventeene Provin∣ces, consisting of seven Islands, the remainder of 15. which the seas * 1.429 are said to have devoured.

The chiefest Cities of these seven are these.

First Middleburgh, which from nothing grew great by the re∣sidence of the English Merchant Adventerers, and now by their re∣movall * 1.430 hence is now almost come to nothing againe; by this Citie and Stoade, and many other places may easily bee discerned the benefit that a Trade brings to a Citie or country, therefore my praiers shall ever bee, that London may never loose that great reputation it hath gained by commerce throughout the World.

The next Citie is Flushing, famous in that it was the first that the Low-country men got from the Spaniard, and being cautionary to * 1.431 the English, Sir Philip Sidney was the first Governour thereof.

Then Brill, Tergouse, Brever-haven, to all which my curiosity lead me in 1625. in that my Northerne Voyage.

Westfrisland is the first Barony, and accounted one of the seven∣teene Provinces, wherein is found for principall Townes Lewardin. * 1.432

Next, Harlingham, then Zeutsen, and some other Sea-ports.

Vtrecht is the next Barony, containing therein the Townes of * 1.433 Rhenen, Wicket, Amsford, Montfort, and Vtrecth the principall Citie, and a pleasant Bishopriche, it is accounted the most excellent seate in all these Countries, whereto are found many Ferries for passages, for it is said, that a man may easily goe hence in one day to any one of 59. walled Townes equally distant from this Citie, or to any of 26. Townes to dinner, and returne againe at night to bed, which is both strange and true.

Overissell is the next, from whence comes our Linnens bearing * 1.434

this name, the chiefe Cities are Swall, Campen, and Daventer.

Mailin is the next, famous in her famous Nunnery, where are * 1.435 sometimes found 1600. Nunnes, who may at their pleasure leave the Cloister and marry, as indeed it is fittest for them.

The last Province is Groineing, the chiefe Townes being that of * 1.436 Old-haven and Keykirke, and these bee all the principall Cities of Traffique in the said seventeene Provinces.

Now for the abbreviating of my Worke, I have comprised in short the Weight, Measures, and Trade of this populous and rich Country thus according to my intended Methode.

The particular Weights and Measures of the chiefe Cities of these * 1.437 seventeene Provinces for brevity sake I have thought good here by themselves to reduce to the Waight and Measures of London.

And first for the 100. li. haberdepois of England what it produceth in these Cities.

In

Bridges	98. lib.
Gante	104.
Audmarte	106.
Amsterdam	90.
Ypres	104.
Dixmude	104.
Lislle or Lile	106.
Flanders in generall	106.
Abevile	90.
Alder	87.
Lovaine	96.
Malmes	95.
Halste	104.
Poppering	104.
Doway	106.
Holand	95.
Torney	104.
St. Maur	106.
Guelderland	95.
Zeland	95.
Walsond	95.
Arschot	96.
Barow ap some	94.
Brussels	96.
Cortericke	106.
Hartegen bosh	96.

The reduction of their Measures to the English 100. yards is thus * 1.438 found to accord therewith, as the 100. yards in London make

In

Bridges	126. elles.
Dunkirke	135.
Gante	130.
Honsooten	135.
Andemarte	130.
Ysingham	130.
Bolduc	135.
Da•…•…e	130.
Brussels	135.
Ypres	130.
Lovaine	135.
Sluse	130.
Liege	153.
Mastricht	139.
Covin	93.
Lisle or Lile	125.
Cambray	125.
Amsterdam	134.
Doway	125.
Harlem	125.
He•…•…t	126.
G•…•…lderland	139.
Oversels	139.
Middleburgh	135.
Flushing	138.
Vere	125.
Romerswald	132.
Artois in generall	131.
Tourney	144.
Holand in generall	138.

CHAP. CLXXXI.

Of the trade ingenerall of Flanders, and of the Netherlands.

NOW let us consider the generall Trade and Na∣vigation of Flanders, I meane first that part * 1.439 thereof as is subject to the States, and called the Netherlands, and then the trade of Flanders, as at this day it is observed and found in obe∣dience to the Archduke. First then, these Ne∣therlanders, or 〈◊〉〈◊〉, are of late yeares be∣come notable Mariners, and have undertaken, and fortunately atchieved many dangerous and long Navigations; every particular Citie having both many and great shippes belong∣ing thereunto: and in some places, where houses are deare and scarce, I have seene whole families live in Lighters, and such Ves∣sels, wherein they eate, drinke, and sleepe, and have their conti∣nuall habitation, their children, like Water-r•…•…s, seene continually dabling in the water, of which element, for the most part, their countrey is subsistent. They are accounted better for Nor∣therne designes and voiages, by reason of their Countries cold si∣tuation, than for Southerne, yet their late 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the East and West Indies, and their good successes there demonstrate they can also ac∣commodate themselves to the hotter clymates.

Their trade is generally throughout the world in imitation of their neighbours the English Nation, whose steppes for many yeares they have followed, onely in Turkie they have but small traffique, by reason their countrey wants those commodities that are fit and pro∣per for that Empire, such as Clothes, Lead, Tin, the maine Staple of the English trade thither.

As for their iudgement in traffique, it is singular, by reason their want of many necessities both for backe and belly, inforceth them to pay nearer into Co•…•… than other nations that live in a more fruitfull and fertile countrey; and the easie rates that Money is to be found at interest, addeth some helpe to their inventions: they were few yeares past accounted of a heavie and du•…•…er •…•…mper; but the Italians who in foreseeing wisedome and providence, would be throughout the world accounted for Pro•…•…, were by them made 〈◊〉〈◊〉, as wise after the deed too late repenting. For when they came first to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 their trade in Flanders, they tooke yong youths

of that nation to be their Cashiers, and to copie their letters, where∣by they came to learne the secrets of their trade, and afterwards to the Italians great prejudice, exercised it themselves, and not con∣tented therewith, as it were thus depriving them of the trade of Flanders, but they followed them into Italie, and there living as sparingly as they, and dispersing themselves into sundry Provinces, and principall townes, have given a great blow to their great traf∣fique in Italie; and that which addes much to their knowledge and gaine is, that they covet still to buy all commodities at the Well head (as Marchants say) and where that commoditie hath its first origi∣nall, and where the same is cheapest, and then transport them not so much to their owne homes, as elsewhere where the same is dea∣rest, and not shaming to retaile any commoditie by small parts & parcels, which both English Merchants and Italians disdaine to doe in any countrey whatsoever; by which meanes they are come now to that height, that though by nature they want all things, yet by industry and Marchandising, they not onely supply their owne de∣fects, but also many of their neighbours wants and necessities, as I could instance in sundry particulars. Neither must I omit one cu∣stome here used, and not found I thinke elsewhere in the world, that whilst the Husband sports idly at home, their Women are oft-times seen to be the Marchants, and in some Provinces here saile from Ci∣tie to Citie, to compasse their affaires abroad, as they for the most part are found to manage it at home: for in their shops they sell all; and take account of all, and it is no reproach to the men to be ne∣ver enquired after about these businesses of trade, who take monies of their wives for daily expense, and gladly so passe their time over in idlenesse. Now forasmuch as Bridges hath been the Citie where in times past this great traffique was cohabitant, it will not bee a∣misse a little to looke backe upon it and those times, and see the glory of it in its luster then, and the decay thereof in its ruine now.

It is recorded by Iacobus Marchantius, that L•…•…dovicus Crassus in * 1.440 Anno 1323. granted a Staple to Bridges, which his sonne Mal•…•…us confirmed: which Staple was a priviledge of staying all forraigne commodities in the place, except the seller and bringer chose rather to returne whence they came. This Citie hath an eminent market place, with a publicke house for the meeting of all Marchants at * 1.441 noone and evening: which house was called the Burse, of the hou∣ses of the extinct familie Bursa, hearing three purses for 〈◊〉〈◊〉 armes, in∣graven upon their houses, from whence these meeting places to this day are called Burses in many countries, which in London wee know by the name of the Royall Exchange, and of Britaines Burse. Fifteene Nations in the height of this trade, had each their severall houses or colledges here, namely, the Marchants of England, Scotland,

France, Castilia, Portugall, Arragon, Navar, Catalonia, Biscaia, the Hans Cities of Germanie, as Lubecke, Hamburg, Rostock, Dantsicke, Ri∣ga, Revel, and divers others Cities. Then the Marchants of Venetia, Florence, Genoa, Lucca, Millan, and others.

Now then, these Nations having by this meanes each here a re∣sidence, supplyed this Citie of Bridges with the particular commodi∣ties of their countries, as first, the Italians they brought Chamblets, Grograins, threed of Silke, Silver and Gold, and Clothes made thereof, also Iewels, Wines of Candia, Allome, Brimstone, Oyles, Spices and Drugs of all sorts, which they had by their trade of Egypt, India, Arabia and Grecia. 2. The French brought Salt, Wines, White and Red, Paper, Lin∣nens, and some Oyles. 3. The English Wooll, Lead, Tin, Beere, and some Wollen clothes, for vailes for women used in those dayes. 4. The Scots brought Skinnes of Sheepe, and Conies, and such like. 5. The Spaniards and Portugals brought Graine for Scarlet Die, Gold, Silver, Raw Silke, some Drugges and Spices. 6. The Germanes, Danes and Pollackes brought Honey, Waxe Corne, Salt-peter, Woolles, Glasse Furres, Quick silver Rhenish wines, Timber for building, and the like. And 7. Flanders yeelded to these, Horses, Cattle Butter, Cheese, Herrings, and other Sea-fish, Wollen and Linnen Clothes, Tapestry of great beautie and varietie, excellent Pictures, and other Manufactaries. And by this great concourse of Nations, Flanders gave the name to all the Nether∣lands. To increase yet this trade, Burdges in Anno 1414. got a privi∣ledge, that they who were free of that citie by gift, buying, birth, or marriage, should be free from all confiscation of their goods, which exceedeth the priviledges of any other Citie in the Netherland: for those of Ipre having the like, yet loose it upon any force offered to the Prince. This trade thus continued till the yeare 1485. when as it began to decay, partly by the narrownesse and unsaftie of the Port of Sluce, and the River leading from thence to Bridges; and partly by the fame of the large and commodious River Scaldis at Antwerpe, and partly by the Civil warres then afoot in this countrey: First then the Portugall having taken Callicut in the East Indies, car∣ried the Spices of India to the Faires of Antwerpe in anno 1503. and contracting with that Citie, drew the Fuggero and Welfarts, two po∣tent Germain families of Merchants thither. After which the Mer∣chants of Florence, Lucca, and the Spindas of Genoa seated them∣selves there, as also the Marchant Adventurers of England in anno 1516. and many of other Nations were invited thither by the priviledge of marriage dowries, which became shadowes to many frauds: for when husbands either brake in their life time, or be found Bankerout in death, the wives are preferred to all debters in the recoverie of their dowrie. And thus farre he sheweth the rising and falling of the trade of Burges, and how it came to bee removed and setled in Antwerpe; and how since also it hath been lost and departed thence,

I have shewed in another place: and this is as much as I have thought good to insert of the trade in generall of Netherland, con∣cluding, that though the countrey be of small extent, and bee bar∣ren of rich commodities either to preserve or maintaine a trade, yet the industrie of the inhabitants hath made them potent, wealthy, and great Merchants, and now at this day they traffique to all parts of the habitable world, with the commodities of other countries, which by their endevours and paines they make and purchase to be as if naturally and really the same were their owne.

Now for the generall trade of Flanders, so farre forth as it is in o∣bedience to the Archduke, or more properly to the Kings of Spaine, it must be granted, that it holds not any equalitie at this day with that part in subjection to the States. Antwerpe as the principall Citie of which the Flemings did, and might justly boast, is now, as then, the chiefest; but the former splendor is now and long agoe lost: for it had the preheminence, and was one of the chiefe Cities of traf∣fique in the world; but is now onely the chiefe of this jurisdiction. What it could formerly herein challenge, it hath now lost: for if the trade thereof be well observed, it will be discerned, it lookes not so high by many millions as it then did, the Merchants the inhabi∣tants partake of one of the qualities of the Spaniard Merchant, which they have since their reduction to that Scepter, learned thence, and this is never or very seldome to traffique or adventure their estates into any other Princes dominions, but where their Lord is Soveraigne. Which rule found here, as in all Spaine for the most part true, and granted, it must be confessed their trade cannot possibly be of any great consequence: for such is the nature of a free and uncontrouled Commerce, that no Countrey or Nation how remote or distant so∣ever, can give limit or bound thereto. Whereupon it may be in∣ferred, and as by proofe at this day it is found observeable, their generall traffique is small, and consisteth more by a laborious indu∣stry of the inhabitants at home, than by their great adventures by sea abroad, their greatest navigations extending but to Spaine, and in some second adventures thence to India, and that for no great matter, and otherwise they trouble not, neither the East nor West, neither the North nor the South parts of the World, no nor hardly as farre as into France, England, or into Netherlands, the nearest neigh∣bours (when at amitie) for any great matter of moment.

The principall meanes whereby their small traffique is now main∣tained to them, is by their severall sorts of cunning and artificiall Fabrickes and Manufactaries, which every towne of any note is nota∣ble for, such as are Hangings of Arasse, Tapestrie, some sorts of stuffes of Silke, and of Wollen and Linnen, and in exchanges to purchase which, the English, French, and other the neighbouring Nations bring them Wollen Cloathes, Wines, and some other needfull provisions

which they want, to supply their occasions, and the necessities of those Armies as are for the most part seene to bee fed, maintained and clothed in this Countrey. Dunkerke their onely and best Sea-port, affoords some shipping, but so poorely set on worke by way of Merchandising, that they find their best traffique to consist of thie∣verie and boothalling against both their friends, and their enemies the Netherlanders, which yet they are so far unable really to set out •…•…o anycompetencie of strength, that the Iesuites and other the devo∣ter Orders of Friers, are oftentimes induced to set their helping hand thereto, this way oftentimes spending in uncharitable actions and blood-shed, the charitable almes of the poore and deluded multi∣tude: and how well this trade hath thriven with these irreligious Ec∣clesiasticall Orders, their great late losses by their owne reports suffi∣ciently witnesse to the world.

So leaving the Antwerpians to endevour the regaining of their lost traffique, and the Dunkerke Free-booters, and their holy partners to the recoverie of their late dammage by some more honest Com∣merce, I will here leave Flanders, and hence travell further into this continent, and survey the particular trade of the famous Empire of Germanie.

CHAP. CLXXXII.

Of Germanie and the provinces thereof.

HAVING briefly run through Flanders, and * 1.442 the Vnited Provinces, and reduced the trade thereof into two principall Cities, that is to Antwerpe for Flanders, and the other Provin∣ces subject to the Spaniards; and to Amsterdam for Holland, and the other Cities subject to the States. i must bee constrained in a manner to use the same methode in the survey of the trade of Germanie, reducing the traffique of the lesser to the greater Cities; the greatest being also not much knowne to our Nation for any eminencie this way, as being in-land, to which our English (whose traffique principally consists at sea, and consequently in maritime townes) have but little knowledge of, though otherwise eminent, as being farre distant from it. Germanie then is bounded on the West with France, and Belgium, on the North with Denmark * 1.443 and her seas, on the East with Sprusia, Poland, and Hungarie, and on the South with the Alpes.

This Countrey doth affoord to the Merchant for transportation,

many notable Commodities, as Silver, Copper, Tin, Iron, and Lead, by * 1.444 their Mines; Corne, Wines, Allome, Quick-silver, Armes of all sorts, divers Manufoctaries, as Linnen, Wollen, Silkes, &c. and sundry other commodities.

Three sorts of Cities are sayd to be contained in this Empire, the * 1.445 first are those that are called Hans-townes, which are such as enjoy large priviledges and immunities, and are thought to be about 72. in number, and for the most part are found either to border upon the seas, or to be seated upon great and navigable Rivers, being for the most part rich, and of reasonable Commerce and trade, or fa∣mous and noted for some one particular Art, Fabricke, or Manu∣factorie.

The second sort are called Imperiall Cities, and accounted free in * 1.446 respect of their great prerogatives, as in coyning of Monies, and knowing no Lord, but ruled by the Imperiall lawes; for which they acknowledge and pay a contribution yearly to the Emperour, whom they account their Protector, and these are found to be about sixtie in number.

The third are such as are held by inheritance by some Princes, as * 1.447 is Heidelberg, Vienna, and others of which are accounted in this Em∣pire in circa (—) and may bee called Principalities. There is also found in this Empire conducing to traffique, (besides the lesser) foure great navigable Rivers, that inrich these Hans-townes, Imperials, and Principalities, communicating the commodities of one Citie to another, and at last to the Sea-ports, where the same is last of all vented into forraigne kingdomes.

The prime whereof is Danubius, which in running 1500 miles, doth receive above 60 navigable rivers, and disgorgeth it selfe into * 1.448 the Euxine or Blacke sea.

The second is the Rheine, running 800 miles through Germanie * 1.449 and Belgia, disgorgeth it selfe into the Germane Ocean, taking in Al∣bis, which is accounted navigable for 400 miles, (and some others) * 1.450 and is the third river of this countrey.

The fourth is Odera, running 300 miles in length, issueth out in the Baltique sea; besides which there is many other of lesser note, as * 1.451 Weser, E•…•…se, and others in themselves found to be great Rivers, inriching divers parts of this countrey, though farre inferior to the former.

Lastly, this Empire is found to containe twentie large Provinces, which by reason of my little insight therein, I will cursorily post over, and referre the same where I am defective, to the better lear∣ned. East-Frisland is accounted the first Province, wherein is found the Cities of Oldenburg, Ammerdun, and lastly Emden, which for its * 1.452 former eminencie in trade, I cannot so slightly passe over without a word of the trade thereof.

CHAP. CLXXXIII.

Of Emden and the trade thereof.

EMDEN hath been in times past of farre greater * 1.453 trade than now it is: It was for some yeares the seat of the English Marchants Adventurers, but the civill warres about Religion, raised between the Citizens and their Count, was in part the cause of the decay of the trade thereof. This Citie lies in the utmost border of the Empire, and only divided by the River Emse from the Netherland: and by an Inland sea from West Frisland, being one of those Provinces. In the Summer it is found a pleasant Citie, but in Winter as if drowned in the Seas, and all the fields covered with water, makes it to appeare as an Iland in the waters. As for the Monies currant, and forme of accounts kept here by Merchants, I omit that to the place of the coynes and accounts of Germanie in generall, noted hereafter. In the mean time it is to be observed, that the weights and measures in use are these. The common weight of Emden is the pound of () * 1.454 the quintall or 100. pound makes in London

Their common measure of length is an Ell, wherewith they measure * 1.455 Linnen, Wollen, and Silkes in generall, the 100 whereof hath beene observed to make in London 48 〈◊〉〈◊〉 elles, and the 100 yards of London to have made thereabout 162. or 163. elles.

Corne is here measured by the Werpe, 55 werpes make 10 quarters of London, or a Last of Amsterdam; but 61 werpes is here a Last, consisting of 4 werpes great of 15 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Barrels the werpe.

Westphalia is the next, containing in it selfe a large tract, and * 1.456 producing those Acornes in abundance, which feed their Swine, and which affoords those Gammons which are accounted so excellent a dish. The Northerne part of this Countrey is Bremen, wherein is found the towne of Breme, as the principall: then Clappenburgh, Exenburgh belonging to the Duke of Saxonie. Then Collonia, where∣in is sayd to bee the bodies of the three wise men which came from the East to worship our Saviour. And this belongs to the Bishoprick of Collen. Here is also Warendorpe and some others belonging to the Bishop of Munster, and Boport, E•…•…gers, Coblents, and Triers, belonging to the Bishop of Triers: of the principall of which a word passando.

CHAP. CLXXXIIII.

Of BREME and the trade thereof.

BREME is one of the Hans-townes, so called for the * 1.457 freedome of the trafficke here practised, strongly for∣tified, five miles distant from the sea, the River Vi∣surge serving to convey all commodities thither, as run∣ning through the Citie, neere which lies that small but well knowne towne of Ossenbridge, noted for the great quanti∣ties * 1.458 of narrow linnen cloth that is thence conveied to England and o∣ther countries. It is reported that in this Citie the Custome was first raised in swearing and inhansing of new commers by Bread & Salt, and of infranchising them into their Citie, by paying a certaine mulct, or fine in good liquor to the rest of the company which is now a generall received custome in all the Hans-townes of Germanie, and become part of the traffique thereof.

The commonweight of Breme is the pound of (—) Ounces the 100. * 1.459 pound thereof hath rendred in London () pound.

The common measure for length is the Ell, which agreeth with * 1.460 the Ell above mentioned in Emden. But in Ossenbridge it is found that the 100 yards London makes 84 elles there in circa, and 100 elles of London is here in Ossenbridge about 105 elles.

CHAP. CLXXXV.

Of COLLEN, and the trade thereof.

COLLEN commonly for distinction called in La∣tine * 1.461 Colonia Agrippina, is a very faire Citie, whereto is found great concourse of Marchants, neare to this Citie did Caesar with incredible expedition make a Bridge over the River Rheine, neare which the towne is at present situated, which more terrified the barbarous enemie, than the report of his valour. The Arch∣bishop of this Citie, is the second Especiall Elector of the Empire, and C•…•…ancellour of Italie. Here is sayd to be the bodies of the three wise men which came from the East to worship our Saviour, vulgarly called the

three Kings of Collen, whose bodies were translated by Helena the mother of Constantine, unto Constantinople; and from thence by E•…•…∣storsius Bishop of Millain transported to Millain; and finally, brought hither by Rinoldus the Bishop of this place.

The Commonweight of Collen is the pound of () the 100 where∣of * 1.462 hath been observed to have made in London 110 pound.

The common measure of length is the Ell here in use: the 100 Elles whereof have been observed to make in London 60 Elles. * 1.463

Here are great Exchanges practised in this Citie as proper and fit thereunto, by reason of the rich Bankers and Merchants that are found here to reside, the which I have largely declared in the chap∣ter 290 •…•…f Exchanges of this place in the end of this worke: where∣fore it will be here needlesse to insert the same.

The third Province is Cleveland, containing the Earldome of Cleve, * 1.464 the Dutchies of Gulicke and Berge; wherein are found the faire Ci∣ties of Cleve, Calker, Wesel, Emericke, Aken, Gulicke, Dulkins, and others which I omit for brevitie.

The fourth Province is Alsatia, wherein is found the townes of Psaltberge, Wesenberge, Colmar, and principally the famous Citie of * 1.465 Strasburge: of which a word.

CHAP. CLXXXVI.

Of Strasburge, and the trade thereof.

STRASBVRGE is one of the Imperiall Cities be∣fore * 1.466 mentioned, seated a Musket shot from the ri∣ver Rheine, whereto there is a channell cut for con∣veyance of all commodities. There is here also a wood∣den Bridge over the Rheine, but very weak, and of no great strength. The circuit of the citie may be about 8 miles, wel fortified, & is famous for manie rarieties, the principal being their Clocke, which cost so many years labour to perfect, and the Steeple of the Cathedrall Church is numbred amongst the seven mi∣racles of the world, for its excellent structure and beautie. The curte∣sie of the inhabitants to strangers, is not to bee forgoten: And here they are accustomed at the Cities cost, to give all Handicrafts entertainment, that they may either teach if expert, or learne if ig∣norant; by which meanes they are found to have confluence of Ar∣tisans, which doth both much further their Cities stocke, and in∣richeth the inhabitants.

In Strasburg are found two weights, a grosse and sotile, and by ob∣servation it hath been found that the 100 pound sutle of London * 1.467 •…•…ath made here incirca 70 in 71 pound of the grosseweight for grosse

goods of 16 ounces the pound: and 107 pound sutle weight of 12 ounces the pound, by which they use to weigh all fine commo∣dities, as Drugges and Spices, as Sugers, Pepper, Cloves, Maces, Cyna∣mon, Almonds Dates, and the like.

The treasure of length of Strasburge is the Ell, which is in Lon∣don * 1.468 () inches.

Their coines currant is the Bohemico grosse or Blaphace, which is three crutfers, one cruster is two pence, and one pey is two hellers, and one heller is two orchins, by which coins they keep their account. Vi∣de further chap. 206.

The fifth Province is Franconia, divided into eight parts, the lo∣wer Palatine is the first part, wherin is found Worms, Spiers, and Hei∣delberge, * 1.469 the chief Citie belonging to those Princes. Bacarac famous * 1.470 for the excellent Rhenish wines here growing, Co•…•…b-Openham, Franken∣dale, and others.

The second part is Wittenberge, the chiefe townes are Toubing, * 1.471 2. Stutgard the Dukes seate, 3. Marlach and others. * 1.472

The third part is Auspach, 2. Haibram and others. * 1.473

The fourth is Baden, wherein is the Citie Baden, Durlach and o∣thers. * 1.474

The fifth is Ments, wherein is Lantse•…•…, Beinge, and others. * 1.475

The sixth is Bainberge, a faire Citie, and some others. * 1.476

The seventh is Westberge, a Citie, and Arustime, and others. * 1.477

The eighth part belongs to the Emperour, wherein is found No∣remberge, * 1.478 the fairest and richest Citie of Germanie, and seated in the centre thereof: and also here is Frankeford, seated on the river Me∣nus, * 1.479 famous for the two Book-marts here kept annually, in Mid-le•…•…t and Mid-September. A word of the most eminent of these before I proceed to the next province.

CHAP. CLXXXVII.

Os Wormes, and the trade thereof.

WORMES is a towne of great antiquity, and yet wanteth not magnificence in her buil∣dings: * 1.480 On the west side thereof growes in great abundance those Wines knowne to us by the name of Rheni•…•…. It is more famous for the many Imperiall Parliaments held here of old, than it is for trade, therfore I shal not have cause to insist much hereupon. Neare to this Citie stands the Citie of Frankendale, a new, moderne, strong, faire and beautifull piece, which hath made it selfe famous in the late

warres of these parts: these coasts affoording the most excel∣lent wines above mentioned here in great plentie abounding: and are found to grow especially on the west side of the river, which is the prime commoditiè of the inhabitants both of the Citie and Province. The weights and measures here are found to accord with Spiers, to which I referre the enquirer.

CHAP. CLXXXVIII.

Of Spiers and the trade thereof.

SPIERS is halfe a mile from the Rheine, seated in a * 1.481 plaine on the West side of the said River, having more antiquitie than beautie; and yet more beautie than trade. Here the Imperiall Chamber is held, in which Court the differences of the Empire are jud∣ged, and the Electors themselves may bee called hither to triall of law. The weights and measures are these: First for the weights of * 1.482 this place, the common is the pound of 16 ounces, or 32 lootes, of which is made two several quintals, one of 100 pound, another of 120 pound; and the 100 pound here is in London 111 pound, & the 100 pound of London is about 88 pound here of 32 lootes per pound. * 1.483 The measure of length used is the Ell, which is in London () inches.

CHAP. CLXXXIX.

Of Heidelberg and the trade thereof.

THE Citie of Heidelberg is seated in a plaine invi∣roned * 1.484 on three parts with high mountaines, the fourth part open, and beholding the River; from which it is a mile distant, and to which it con∣veyeth all commodities by a small river that runnes by the walles thereof. This is an Vniversitie. and the chiefe seate of the Palsgraves, and hath not been much famou∣sed for the trade therof, the weights & measures here in use are these.

The weight common in use here is the pound of 16 ounces, of which * 1.485 is made three severall hundreds or quintars, the first of 100 pound for fine goods, the second of 120 pound for grosse goods, and the third of 132 pound for provision of food, as Butter, Flesh, &c. The 100 pound hath been found to make in London 108 pound, and the 100 sutle makes then here about 92 in 93 pound.

The measure of length is an Ell, which makes in London () inches. * 1.486

CHAP. CXC.

Of Norimberg and the trade thereof.

NORIMBERG is seated in a barren soyle, * 1.487 yet this defect is supplyed by the industry of the inhabitants. It is absolute and of it selfe, and accounted one of the Imperiall Cities of the Empire, and the richest of all the rest: the inhabitants by their subtill inventions in Ma∣nuall workes, and cunning Arts, with the in∣couragement they daily give to 〈◊〉〈◊〉, draw thereby the riches of other countries to them. Every childe though but seven or eight yeares old, is here put to worke, and is inabled thereby to get his owne livelihood; and by this meanes is all Europe filled with the triviall commodities of this Towne, knowne by the name of Norimberg ware, which makes the Citie rich, strong and powerfull: their trade is not great otherwise, and the weights and measures in use are these.

There is here but one pound in use, as in Spiers, of which is also * 1.488 composed two severall 〈◊〉〈◊〉 agreeing with it, and as there I men∣tioned, with London.

Their measure of length is the Ell, both for Linnen and Wollen, con∣trary * 1.489 to the custome of most cities of Germanie, the 100 elles where∣of hath been found to make in London 63 elles, and the 100 yards of London to have made here 138 elles.

The place is famous also for the great Exchanges that are practi∣sed * 1.490 therein, which I have at large handled in Chapter 298, with all circumstances thereto belonging.

CHAP. CXCI.

Of Frankfort, and the trade thereof.

FRANKFORT is a free Citie of the Em∣pire, famous for the common Assemblies here * 1.491 of the Electors for the choyce of the Emperour, and for their two annuall Faires, as also for ma∣ny Parliaments of the Empire held here. It is sea∣ted upon the Mane, which runneth through the same, dividing the Citie into two parts, which is united by a goodly Bridge. It is strongly incompassed

with a double wall, and is seated in a large plaine, the streets nar∣row, and the houses built of Timber and Clay: here is in this towne Sanctuary for Bankerouts for the space of foureteene dayes, which is never without some guests and company, from some one adjoy∣ning Citie or other. And if in those foureteene dayes they cannot compound or escape, then by all wiles they will get out of the priviledges thereof, and entring in againe, begin their fourteene dayes over againe; and thus some are found to doe for sixe mo∣neths, or a yeare together. There is found in their Marts or Faires, a great trade and concourse of Merchants, but it is principally fa∣mous for Bookes, which from all parts of Europe are brought hither, printed and dispersed hence, the towne consisting much upon printing, and other manuall Arts. The weights and the measures in use are

The weight of this place is the pound of 16 ounces, of which is * 1.492 made three severall hundred, or quintals, which agreeth with that of Heidelberg before mentioned; and as that also with London, Lip∣sicke, Friburgh, Vlme, Iffan, Isuff, Basle, Costute and Domstetter, holding also in each of the sayd towns, the sayd concordancie, therfore here need no further repetition.

Frankefort is found to have two severall measures for length, the Wollen & the Linnen ell, differing about 2 per cent. so that the 100 ells * 1.493 for Linnen here, gives in London 48 ells, and the 100 ells in Wollen gives about 49 ells London: and the 100 yards of London readers here of linnen 169 ells, and of wollen 168¾ in circa.

The Exchanges here practised are great, which I have handled in the Chapter 298 at large with all due circumstances. * 1.494

The sixt Province is Helvetia, wherein are contained the thir∣teen Cantons of the warlick Switsers, preserving their liberties by their valour, notwithstanding their potent neighbours. The chiefe of their Cities is Zurich, 2 B•…•…l, an Vniversitie, 3 Constance, famous for the Councell here held in anno 1414. 4. Berne, 5. Vpbaden, the or∣dinary place for the common assembly of the said Cantons, 6 Lu∣cerne, and others, and of the trade of the principall of these, a word in passing.

CHAP. CXCII.

Of Zurich and the trade thereof.

ZURICH is seated on the Lake Ze•…•…isca, which * 1.495 divideth the same into two parts, which againe is united by three faire Bridges, the middlemost ser∣ving as a meeting place for Merchants: which lake runneth into the brooke Limachus, which passeth to •…•…aden, and so into the Rheine, carrying Boats, by which com∣modities

are transportable, the weights and measures in use are.

The Moneyes currant in the Switsers Cantons, I shall note in the * 1.496 place of the coines of the Empire: the weight then here is, the pound of 16 ounces, of which is made the 100 pound, and the 120 pound, and it is found that the 100 pound sutle of London turnes here 93¼ pound.

The measure of length is here an Ell, the 100 whereof renders in * 1.497 London 52 elles, or thereabouts.

CHAP. CXCIII.

Of BASIL, and the trade thereof.

BASIL lieth upon the river of Rheine, which divideth * 1.498 it into the lesser and the greater Basil: it was once an Imperiall Citie, but now is joyned to the Cantons of Switserland. It is a famous Vniversitie, and much fre∣quented by Students, the benefite of the Rheine run∣ning hence through Germanie, communicates the commodities of this Citie to all other seated thereupon.

Basil is found in weights to have but one pound, equall with Frank∣fort * 1.499 and Heidelberg, of which is composed three severall quintars, one of 100 pound, another of 120 pound, and the third of 132 pound, and agrees with London, as you shall finde in Heidelberg and Frankeford aforementioned.

The Measure of length of Basil is the ell for Linnen and Wollen, the * 1.500 100 elles whereof renders in London 48 elles, and the 100 yards of London hath been observed to give here 167¼ elles.

The seventh Province is Valesia, seated wholly amongst the Alpes. * 1.501 Sittin is the onely walled towne of this Province.

Boetia is the eighth, in which is Chur the Metropolis of the Grisons, * 1.502 and here is the Voltolin taken by the Spaniards 1622.

Suevia is the ninth, wherein is found the Cities of Vlme, 2 Aus∣burg, * 1.503 3 Norlinghen, 4 Ravensperge, and others, of some of which, as most notable, a word.

CHAP. CXCIIII.

Of Ausburg and the trade thereof.

AVSBVRG is a free Citie of the Empire, governed * 1.504 by a Senate of Citizens: it is seated upon the Nor∣therne mouth of the Alpes, in a fruitfull plaine of Corne and Pastures, it is strong and well fortified, and beautified with many houses of free stone of sixe or seven stories high. In this Citie lived those famous Merchants of the

family of Fuggers, who have built here many publicke buildings, & many private, which at a reasonable 〈◊〉〈◊〉 are let to the poorer in∣habitants. Here is also a magnificent building for the meeting of Merchants, in manner of our 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉, called commonly the 〈◊〉〈◊〉. There are two 〈◊〉〈◊〉 rivers which runne through the suburbs, which are commodions for trasportation of Corne and Wines which this Countrey of Schwaben or Suevia yeeldeth in great quantitie. This Citie is also famous for the consession here made of their faith by the Protestant 〈◊〉〈◊〉, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Emperour in anno()

The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Ausburg is the pound of 16 ounces, the 100 pound be∣ing * 1.505 the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, makes in London 109 pound, and this agrees with Munchen, Wesell, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and some others of Germany.

The measure of length is here the ell, found two fold, one for Wol∣len, * 1.506 and the other for Linnen and Silke, which because it very neerly agreeth with Frankefort, of which I have made mention before, I passe the same over.

Bavaria is the tenth Province, the chiefe townes are Munchen on * 1.507 the river •…•…ser, and the Dukes seat, 2. 〈◊〉〈◊〉, an Vniversitie, 3 Ratis∣bona, 4 Pass•…•…, 5 Salsburg, and many other great Cities.

Northgola or the Vpper Pal•…•… is the eleventh, and belongeth totally to the Pala•…•…es of the Rheine, the chiefe townes are A•…•…berg, * 1.508 whose Silver mines yeelds yearly 〈◊〉〈◊〉 thousand Crownes rent to the Princes Coffers. 2 Newberg and others.

Austria is the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, wherin is found the famous Cities of Vienna, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 * 1.509 on 〈◊〉〈◊〉, one of the most beautifull townes of Germanie; and walled, as stories say, with the monyes that Leopold the Duke had for King Richard the first his Ransome, being by him taken in his returne through Palestine. 2 Gratse, from whence the present Em∣perours * 1.510 have their name. 3. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉〈◊〉. 4. Newark the chiefe of Carniolo, and in Tirolis is found the Citie of Inspurg, Tiroll Bolsan, and Trent, famous for the Counsell here held, and here concluded after 40 yeares lingring, and politicke delayes.

CHAP. CXCV.

Of Vienna and the trade thereof.

VIENNA is at present the seat of the Germane Empe∣rours, * 1.511 and is now the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of this Countrey a∣gainst the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, who have more than once is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it; on the North side runneth the river of Dano•…•…; which here divideth it selfe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 three 〈◊〉〈◊〉, incompassing a good space of ground, & then

meeting againe; and all this is again united by three stone bridges, one containing 29 arches, another 57 arches, and the third 15 ar∣ches, each arch being 60 foot asunder. Here are many Merchants of great quality, that have their factors in Venetia, Florence, and other parts of Italie, to supply them with the Fabricks of Silks made there, such as are Sattins, Damasces, Taffata, Velvets, cloth of Gold, and such like.

The weight in use here is the pound, which is in some commodi∣ties * 1.512 divided into 32 Lootes, in some into 128 quints, and in some unto an 512 pfenning, of which pound the quintar is made, which is 100 pound, which doth render in London about 123 pound incir∣ca, and therewith is also found Idra and Erford to agree, the 100 pound of London making here 81•…•… pound.

Their measure for length is two, one in Linnen, and the other in wol∣len: * 1.513 the 100 yards in London makes here in linnen 103 ells, and in Cloth and Silke 113 elles.

There is here, as being the Court of the Emperour, a great Exchange * 1.514 in use, and they are found to account and Exchange by •…•…ix Dollers of 8. shil. Flemish, and by Ducats of gold of 12 shil. Flemish.

The kingdome of Bohemia is the thirteenth, wherein is accounted about 780 Cities, walled Townes and Castles, the chiefe whereof * 1.515 is Prague, the Metropolis of this kingdome, 2. Eger, 3 Budeis, 4 Mel∣muke, Pilsen, and others, and in this tract is found Prestan the chiefe Citie of Silesia, also Gorlits•…•… the chiefe Citie of Lusatia, and Brin and * 1.516 Olmuts the chiefe of Moravia; but the trade of Bohemia I will com∣prise under the title of Prague here following, as being the Me∣tropolis thereof.

CHAP. CXCVI.

Of Prague, and the trade thereof.

THe Citie of Prague includeth three townes, as new Prague, old Prague, and a Citie inhabited by Iewes, * 1.517 incompassed with one wal neither strong nor beau∣tifull: the river Molda doth run throgh the same, but is not navigable, nor commodious for carriage or transportation of merchandise, to which the inha∣bitants are not much addicted, Corne and Wi•…•…e being the prime commodities the Countrey affoordeth, and timber in abundance, of which the walles of their houses are for the most part made, and that in whole pieces as the same grow, and not so much as the barke thereof taken away.

The weight of Prague is the pound of 16 ounces: the 100 li. sutle of * 1.518

London hath made here about 83 pound, Pasau and Regenborge agree∣ing also therewith, as doth also the most part of this Countrey.

Their measure is the Ell, of which they have two, one in Linnen, * 1.519 and the other in Cloth and Silke; the 100 yards of London hath made in Linnen 148 elles, and in •…•…llen 160 elles.

Vide coynes currant in Bohemia.

Brandenburg is the fourteenth, wherein is reckoned 50 Cities, and 64 walled Townes, the chiefe of which is Brandenburg, then * 1.520 Frankefort for distinction called upon Oder, next Berlin, the resi∣dence of the Marque•…•…, and H•…•…velburg seated upon Havel, and many others of consequence, whereof little is come to my observation, therefore I will in silence passe them over.

Pomerian•…•… is the fifteenth Province, wherein is found Statin the * 1.521 residence of the Prince, and Metropolis of this Countrey, then Wal∣len, once the famous Mart-towne of all these Countries, the Russians, Danes, Saxons, & Vandals had here their particular streets of abode for Commerce and trade, but ruind by warre, the trade was removed to Lubecke, where yet in some measure it is found to continue still.

Meklinburg is the 16 Province, wherin is found the Cities of Mal∣chan, then Sternberg, next Wismar, and some others. * 1.522

Saxonie is the seventeenth Province, wherein is found to be many Cities of note; the principall is first Erford, one of the fairest in * 1.523 Germanie, 2 〈◊〉〈◊〉, an Vniversitie for Physicians, 3 Smalcold Famous for the Protestant league here made, 4 Dresden, seated on the Albis, and the Dukes Magasin for warre and Armes, for •…•…0000 horse and foot ever in readinesse at a dayes warning. 5 Lipsicke, an Vniversitie, which yearly doth yeeld the Duke for custome of 〈◊〉〈◊〉, Drunke, and transpor∣ted 20000 pound steerling. 6 Wittenberg an Vniversitie, and the chiefe seat of the Elector of 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and 7 Maidenberg, where it is sayd Lu∣ther studied Divinitie. Of some of these a word.

CHAP. CXCVII.

Of Lipsicke, and the trade thereof.

LIPSICKE is seated in a plaine of •…•…ost 〈◊〉〈◊〉 * 1.524 Come-ground, the streets faire, and the chiefe hou∣ses built of free stone of foure roofes high: it is ac∣counted also an Vniversitie, but found to bee of no great note, by reason of the neighbourhood of Wit∣temberg: they have for some trespasse lost those great priviledges that they formerly enioyed, and therfore their trade is not accoun∣ted great, they may now neither fortifie their towne, nor winde a horne in their night watches, as other Cities in Germanie doe, nor

yet use Red Wax in their publicke Seales or Contracts, which are all of them accounted in Germanie of signes of freedome. The weights and measures in use are these.

The weight is the pound, of which is made three quintars, one of * 1.525 100 pound, another of 120 pound, and a third of 132 pound. Vide more hereof in Frankefort and Heidelberg, with which it is found to accord.

Lipsicke hath two measures, one for wollen, and the other for linnen, 14 per Cent. difference: For the 100 yards of London doth make in * 1.526 wollen commodities 160 elles, and in linnen 140 elles.

The Merchants here account by Markes of 32 grosse, and the grosse * 1.527 being 12 heller; but they exchange by Florins of Breslow, 30 to have posito in Norimburg 32 Florins, and in Vienna 34 Florins.

CHAP. CXCVIII.

Of Wittenberg and the trade thereof.

WITTENBERG is seated on a plaine sandie ground, accounted an Vniversitie, wherein they * 1.528 proverbially say, a man shall meet nothing but Wh•…•…res, Schollers, and Swine, which shewes that the inhabitants have little trade, as living for the most part by the Students, and peradven∣ture by the flesh of Swine and Women, but by what weight and measure the same is proportioned to them, I am to seeke, therefore referre the same to the next Merchant that shall have occasion to make his observation thereupon.

CHAP. CXCIX.

Of Dresden, and the trade thereof.

DRESDEN is a faire town and strongly fortified, * 1.529 in which the Elector of Saxonie keepes his court: it is famous for the magnificent Stables and Armories which the Duke keepes here in a continuall readi∣nesse, the river of Elve divides the towne into two parts, the new and the old, which is very strong both by Art and Nature, and accounted the strongest moderne Citie in Germanie, the inhabitants are much addicted to trade, and the river doth much further their endevours; but Nature affoording them a

rich soyle, takes away much of their edge: for it is ever found that the barren soyle affoords to the inhabitants the greatest incou∣ragement. Their weights and measures are,

Dresden, Misen, and all Saxonie is found to have three weights, and * 1.530 the 100 pound of London made of Zigostatica, or the Princes weight, 96 pound of 16 ounces it made 92 pound of Merchants weights of 16 ounces, and 144 pound of the common weight of 12 ounces.

Their measures of length is two, agreeing with Lipsick above men∣tioned, * 1.531 in which I need not further to insist.

Brunswicke is the eighteenth Province, wherein is Brunswicke the principall Citie; secondly, Wolfinbotle, where the Duke commonly * 1.532 resideth; thirdly, Alberstade, then Luneburg, and some other of lesse note.

CHAP. CC.

Of Brunswicke, and the trade thereof.

_〈◊〉〈◊〉 comprehends in one five seve∣ral•…•… * 1.533 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 free Imperiall towne, strongly forti∣fied •…•…e •…•…es with two, and in some places with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 walles, and incompassed with the river 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Ancor: the inhabitants are found addicted to trade 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the morning, but their intemperance at night takes aw•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…hereof: they are great Husband-men, the earth answ•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…r labours, whichyeelds them plenty of Corn, both for themselves, and their neighbours wants, the earth yeelding them rich reward to their labours, and their after noones houres spent in good fellowship, makes me imagine there may bee some trade a∣mo•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉; which in particular I permit the reader in silence to co•…•…

CHAP. CCI.

Of Luneburg, and the trade thereof.

LVNEBVRG is a free Imperiall Citie, over which the Duke of Luneburg challengeth a superioritie: it is * 1.534 found to be fairly built of Brick, and well and strong∣ly fortified for its safeguard and defence, with deepe Ditches, and thicke Mudd walles. It is most famous for the naturall fountaine of Salt here found, over which is built a

spacious house, that containes 52 Roomes, and every roome hath * 1.535 eight severall Caldrons of Lead, wherein is boyled eight tunnes of Salt daily, the profit whereof is divided into three severall parts: one part to the Citie, one to the Duke of Luneburg, and another to a Monastery, and some other adjoyning Earks: their trade is not otherwise of very great consequence.

The nineteenth Province is Hassia, wherein is found the Cities of Dormstade, then Marburg an Vniversitie, and some others. * 1.536

Veteravia is the twentieth Province, wherein is the Cities of Fri∣burg, * 1.537 then Hanan, next Dullinburg, Nassan, Catzenbogen, and some o∣thers of lesser note.

CHAP. CCII.

Of Friburg and the trade thereof.

FRIBVRG is of round forme, invironed al∣together with high mountaines, having within * 1.538 it many •…•…ults •…•…nd cave•…•… to goe und•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉, through whic•…•… 〈…〉〈…〉 of the Citie 〈…〉〈…〉 Mines found i•…•… 〈…〉〈…〉 at certaine houres are 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…cke by the •…•…nd of a Bell: their worke is for the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 by night, and their rest is by day, and the residence 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 * 1.539 more under ground than above in their houses 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…of belongs in halfe to the Citizens, and halfe to the El•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…om the Countrey appertaineth.

The weighs in use in Friburg is the pound, of which is made * 1.540 three severall quintars, one of 100 pound, second of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…nd, third of 132 pound, agreeing with Frankefort and H•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…d Lipsicke; as before.

The long measure is the Ell, which is () inches 〈◊〉〈◊〉.

In this tract is also comprehended the three •…•…periall Cities of * 1.541 Stoade, Hamburg, and Lubecke, which acknowledging no Sove∣raigne, being free and Hans-townes, I shall here touch, and first of Stoade.

CHAP. CCIII.

Of Stoade, and the trade thereof.

STOADE is an ancient Citie, and one of the free * 1.542 Cities of the Empire, and one of those Sea Towns which from the priviledge of traffique with their neighbours are called Hans-townes: it is commodi∣ously seated for traffique upon the river Elve, in which streame they maintaine certaine Buyes to guide the entring shippes: the English Merchant Adventurers had for a while here their residence, forced thereto by the discourteous u∣sage of the Hamburgers; and before their arrivall this Towne was so poore, that they sold the priviledge of coining of monies, and some other such rights to Hamburg, by whose company they grew rich, not without the envie and impoverishment of the Hambur∣gers, who often attempted, th•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 N•…•… •…•…ces 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈…〉〈…〉, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…s 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 gri•…•… 〈…〉〈…〉 •…•…ll by 〈◊〉〈◊〉 prohi•…•… 〈…〉〈…〉 •…•…gion: so then •…•…ng 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈…〉〈…〉 •…•…y never left, till partly by f•…•… 〈…〉〈…〉 •…•…ats, they laboured their returne, w•…•… 〈…〉〈…〉 •…•…formed, and where to this day it is found 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈…〉〈…〉 •…•…idence and Court. The present trade of 〈…〉〈…〉 pending much upon the priviledg•…•… •…•…at they 〈…〉〈…〉 •…•…tion and choyce of all the Rhenish wines passing by the•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉

〈◊〉〈◊〉 their acco•…•… pounds, shillings and pence, but they * 1.543 ha•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…als, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 as I •…•…ll shew hereafter. Their C•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 these.

〈◊〉〈◊〉 money here and in Hamburg is two pence.

3•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…s a Doller, which is 5 shillings 4 pence there.

4•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 8 pence, makes a Spanish Riall of 6 pence ster∣ling.

1 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 33 Stivers, and is 4 shillings 4 pence ster∣ling, 〈◊〉〈◊〉

1 〈◊〉〈◊〉 16 stivers, which is two shillings 8 pence Flemish.

7•…•… markes is 20 shillings. I say 20 shillings Flemish of that money.

Thei•…•… •…•…ight is the pound of 16 ounces, 100 pound is their quintar, * 1.544 wh•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 made in London 107, and some have observed 109 pound

T•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…re is the Ell, as in Hamburg following. * 1.545

CHAP. CCII.

Of Hamburg and the trade thereof.

HAMBVRG is a free Citie of the Empire, and * 1.546 one of them which enioy the priviledge of a Hans-towne, and for the building and populous∣nesse much to bee praised: the •…•…ate house is a beautifull Fabricke, and the Exchange where Merchants doe meet together, is likewise a plea∣sant place. The haven is guarded and shut up with an Iron chaine, the Citie it selfe compassed with a deepe ditch, and on the East and North sides with a dou∣ble ditch and wall. Water is conveyed into the same from a hill di∣stant some miles off: it is seated on a large, plaine, and sandie soyle, and adorned with •…•…e Churches, and sixe gates; on the South side it is washed with the river 〈◊〉〈◊〉, which also putteth a branch into 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 North east the river Alster runneth by to▪ 〈…〉〈…〉 〈…〉〈…〉 〈…〉〈…〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 all the •…•…tie of their 〈…〉〈…〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the other Sea-bordering Cities, 〈…〉〈…〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉, have for the most •…•…t broad •…•…d 〈…〉〈…〉 large hall, the lower part whereof on bo•…•… 〈…〉〈…〉 ware-h•…•…, and in the •…•…per part, lying 〈…〉〈…〉 their chiefe houshold stuff•…•… is placed, and espec•…•… 〈…〉〈…〉 of English P•…•…wter, which being kept bright, makes 〈…〉〈…〉 to them that passe by, so that their 〈◊〉〈◊〉 promise 〈…〉〈…〉 outwardly than they have 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 present 〈…〉〈…〉 tie is great, principally by reason of the residen•…•… 〈…〉〈…〉 Merchants, and some quantitie of shipping of reaso•…•… 〈…〉〈…〉 found belonging to the Citi•…•…ns.

The weigh•…•… of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 is the pound, of whi•…•… 〈…〉〈…〉 120 * 1.547 pound, their quintar, divided into three 〈…〉〈…〉 of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉, of 10 pound to the stone, •…•…0 〈…〉〈…〉 the Skip pound, which is the second, and 20 Lispond of 15 〈…〉〈…〉 the said 300 pound, which is the third; so that it may be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…per∣ly sayd to be two 〈◊〉〈◊〉, one of 120 pound, another of 300 pound.

〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of length is an Ell, wherewith they mea•…•… both * 1.548 〈◊〉〈◊〉, W•…•…, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the 100 •…•…of hath been fo•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…ke 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 about 48, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉〈◊〉, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the 100 yards of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…ound to yeeld here about, 162 or 163 yards, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…ith 〈…〉〈…〉 before mentioned.

The Merchants here are found to exchange for London by the * 1.549 pound sterling, and for all other places upon the Rex Doller, of 54 sh. Lapisto, or 54 stivers.

A Doller is here noted to be worth three whitpence, one whitpeny to * 1.550 be 18 shillings, one shilling to be 12 pence, and one peny two hellers.

Corne is here measured by the Schepel, ninetie making a Last, * 1.551 and 83 Schepels making a last of Corne in Amsterdam, or 10 quarters English.

CHAP. CCV.

Of Lubeck, and the trade thereof.

LVBECKE is an Imperiall and free Citie, and one of those that are accounted Ha•…•…-towns; * 1.552 it is seated on the top of a faire and spacious Hill, upon the very crowne whereof is a beautifull Church, from whence leadeth 〈…〉〈…〉 〈…〉〈…〉 〈…〉〈…〉 〈…〉〈…〉 〈…〉〈…〉 the mariti•…•… 〈…〉〈…〉 〈…〉〈…〉 distant fro•…•… th•…•… to•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈…〉〈…〉 of Bric•…•… •…•…aving 〈…〉〈…〉 〈…〉〈…〉 •…•…alles. The government of th•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈…〉〈…〉 •…•…heir neatn•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 garden•…•… •…•…eous 〈…〉〈…〉, civilitie of manners, and strict execution of 〈…〉〈…〉 is conveyed hither by pipes; and Brewers, that 〈…〉〈…〉 most 〈◊〉〈◊〉 constrained to live together in one 〈…〉〈…〉 of 〈…〉〈…〉 •…•…ater in his owne ho•…•… al∣•…•… 〈…〉〈…〉 •…•…tants 〈◊〉〈◊〉 con•…•…ained •…•…o liv•…•… a st•…•… by 〈…〉〈…〉 •…•…hey are set on worke, and provided for. This 〈…〉〈…〉 ten Churches, one whereof being a decayed 〈…〉〈…〉 to an Armorie of all Amunitions for 〈…〉〈…〉, being the principall, and sea∣ted 〈…〉〈…〉 very summer •…•…f this hill, whereon the 〈…〉〈…〉

〈…〉〈…〉 this Citie at present is great, partly by the industrie of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…tants, and partly by reason of the commodiou•…•… •…•…ti∣on * 1.553 〈◊〉〈◊〉, & the neighbourhood of th•…•… •…•…ique sea 〈…〉〈…〉 〈…〉〈…〉 •…•…ous for the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, an•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 tran•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈…〉〈…〉 by some 〈…〉〈…〉 〈…〉〈…〉 〈…〉〈…〉

The common weight of Lubeck is a pound, of which is made a Centiner * 1.554 and a Skippound: for 112 pound is the centiner or quintar; the stone 10 pound, and 32 stone to the Skip pound, which is 320 pound, and the 20 Lispound of 16 pound marke is also accounted for a Skip pound, which is in London () pounds.

The measure of length of Lubeck is the Ell, 120 elles whereof makes in London 60 elles, and the 100 yards London hath made here 160 * 1.555 elles in circa.

In Lubeck corne is measured by the last, 96 Schepels making a Last, * 1.556 which is 10¼ quarters of London, and 85 schepels is found to make a Last in Amsterdam.

Lasts 7 of 18 Barrels in Lubeck is found to make 100 sackes of Salt, being 122 smal Barels for the 100 sacks at Ar•…•…iden in Zealand, which is found to be 7½ lasts of 18 Barrels of salt in London, but accounted by the weigh in London to make 11½ weyes, and it is accounted 40 Bushels to a Wey, water measure of ten gallons.

〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the B•…•… which is 50 Stoopes of Antwerpe,

〈1 paragraph〉〈1 paragraph〉

CHAP. CCVI.

〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Coin•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in genera•…•…

CONSIDERING the pri•…•… 〈…〉〈…〉 ning * 1.557 of monies •…•…d 〈…〉〈…〉 of Germanie to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that 〈…〉〈…〉 to sundry 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that are 〈…〉〈…〉 within this Empire, it will pro•…•… 〈…〉〈…〉 bour to my confessed ignorance, 〈…〉〈…〉 down all the coyns found currant th•…•… beside 〈…〉〈…〉 accidents of warre, necessities, trad•…•… 〈…〉〈…〉 taintie in all certaine rules and Ed•…•… 〈…〉〈…〉 on for an uniforme val•…•… to bee coyn•…•… 〈…〉〈…〉 for currant, through all this Empire; yet beca•…•… 〈…〉〈…〉 omit what I have in this poynt gathered, I will 〈…〉〈…〉 sam•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 leave the truth to try all and experience: A•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 I 〈◊〉〈◊〉 this part•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of C•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 will not bee 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 accou•…•… •…•…ept in th•…•… •…•…ntrey.

〈…〉〈…〉 kept by 〈…〉〈…〉 〈…〉〈…〉 coynes: 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of 〈…〉〈…〉 is 〈…〉〈…〉

the second is by florins, batchers, and crutchers, the florin be∣ing accounted for 15 batches, and the batch for 4 crutchers, the third is by florins, sold. and deniers, 12 deniers being a soldo, and 20 soldoes a florin, the florin may be valewed at 3 shil. 4 pence starling, or 33 sh. 4 pence tarine, and the batch at 2 shil. starl. and in payments of merchandise, note that a florin is accounted for a common silver guil∣den, of which there is no such coine found, being meerely imagina∣ry, as is the same coine of markes of Collen and Lubecke, likewise imagi∣nary, or at least not now coined, nor in use.

Now for the currant coines, observe that first in Stoad, Hamburg, * 1.558 and Lubecke before-named, the gold Rhenish guilde•…•… was worth, when these notes were taken, 28 〈◊〉〈◊〉 silver misen grosse, or worth 36½ lubecke shil. and the Imperiall doller was worth 33 lubecke sh.

A common silver giulden was worth 28 lubeck shillings.

A french crowne of gold was worth 44 lubecke shil.

An English angel was worth two dollers and a quarter and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 lubecke shillings; or to say otherwise, it was worth 12 flemish shillings and 4 lubeque shillings.

Lubecke shil. 7½, made an English shilling starl.

Lubecke shill. 6, 〈…〉〈…〉 〈…〉〈…〉

〈…〉〈…〉 of 〈…〉〈…〉 is 〈…〉〈…〉 33 •…•…rkes 〈…〉〈…〉 〈…〉〈…〉

〈…〉〈…〉 confines of the Empire and the Low 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈…〉〈…〉 E•…•…den was wo•…•…th 〈◊〉〈◊〉, an 〈…〉〈…〉 * 1.559 〈…〉〈…〉 understan•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 stiver•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 was 〈…〉〈…〉 •…•…ch crowne was worth 3 flemish guil•…•…. •…•…d 6 sti∣ve•…•… 〈…〉〈…〉 as also ó lubecke shillings make one shilling •…•…ish, 〈…〉〈…〉 it is to be •…•…ted, that Princes and Cities doe coine 〈…〉〈…〉, which are found often in their value to differ 〈…〉〈…〉 •…•…ildens. •…•…ine,

〈…〉〈…〉, and in those parts, they haue current coines 〈…〉〈…〉 small pieces stamped, called copstackes, and a * 1.560 doll•…•… 〈…〉〈…〉 •…•…rth 4 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…ckes or 55 groats, a french crowne was wor•…•… 〈…〉〈…〉 •…•…nd on•…•… •…•…pstacke 10 stivers or 12 groats, and this 〈…〉〈…〉 a little more than an English penny, a sesling was wor•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…cke shilling, and they have here halfe seslings.

〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…cke, a doller was 36 maria grosse, which are of equall * 1.561 weig•…•… •…•…th 24 silver misen grosse, also 9 maria grosse make 8 lubeck•…•… shil. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 doller was worth 18 spitzgrossen, whereof 〈◊〉〈◊〉 wo•…•… •…•…ia g•…•…e.

〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…rg, Le•…•…sicke, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and in all the Electorate 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 * 1.562 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 bouring territories to the c•…•… of 〈…〉〈…〉 ler 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 silver grossen, which are the sam•…•… 〈…〉〈…〉 or 3•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉.

A Rhemish gold guilden was worth 27 silver gros. and the Philip doller was of the same value.

A common silver guilden was esteemed at 21 silver grosse.

A french crowne at 33 silver gros.

A Spanish pistolet at 32 silver gros.

A halfe Millres at 36 sil. gros. the hungarian duccat at 30.

A short and long crusado at 35 silv. gros.

A Rose noble at 3 〈◊〉〈◊〉 dollers, the English angel at 2¼ doller; the silver grosse was worth more then 2 pence, and about 2¼ pence starl.

And for the small Coines, a Grosse was worth 4 driers, and 1 drier 2 dreyhellers, and 1 dreyheller was worth a pfeninge and halfe, and 12 pfeninge made a grosse, and two schwerd grossen made one schneberger.

In generall through all the upper parts of Germany, a doller was esteemed at 18 batsen, a silver guilden at 15, a Philips doller at 20, a * 1.563 french crowne at 24 〈◊〉〈◊〉, a gold crowne of Italie at 24, a silver Itolen crowne at 22½ batsen, a Rhenish gold guilden through higher Germany was worth 27 silver misen grosse, a silver guilden there as in Saxony at 21 gros. the bats. may be accounted 3 pence English, and 4 creizers make 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…ts, 4 pfeminge make a cretzer, and three cretzers make a zwelver, 〈…〉〈…〉 silver 〈◊〉〈◊〉.

〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 have 〈…〉〈…〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 common payme•…•… •…•…hich p•…•… 〈…〉〈…〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 occasions, and this being none of t•…•… 〈…〉〈…〉 •…•…ners doe carry out the Coines of the E•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…mmodities 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…he Empire, and there•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 moneys 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to receive 〈…〉〈…〉 than th•…•… commonly do otherwise passe at.

The Kingdome of Bohemia, as also that of Hung•…•… 〈…〉〈…〉 Coines of the Empire in the same value 〈◊〉〈◊〉 at first coin•…•… 〈…〉〈…〉 * 1.564 consent of both those nations, but it is to bee unde•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 well in those free Cities, and by those free Princes 〈…〉〈…〉 priviledge of coining, there is alwaies stamped cer•…•… 〈…〉〈…〉 money that onely passeth currant in their iurisdict•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…∣ther; and these passing in the Kingdome of Bo•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to be these; First, 3 potchandels make one •…•…zer, ni•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…ne potchandel make foure weissgrosse, and 30 grosse of M•…•…ia o•…•… •…•…sse make a doller, also here Merchants reckon two hellers 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and fixe pfenings for a grosse, and 60 grosse for a shocke, and •…•…osse for a marke.

〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…zerland it is found that divers of the Cantons 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…yne * 1.565 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…hich passe currant among themselves the p•…•… of whic•…•… •…•…ts are found to be in Ba•…•…, •…•…rich, and Sc•…•… •…•…he 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 w•…•…reof I will onely note.

〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…oine is the Rappen munts, where•…•… •…•…ed a 〈…〉〈…〉 •…•…ret∣zers:

and 20 plaparts, or 60 cretzers make a common guilden, and 3 pfeninge make a cretzer.

At Zurich it is found that 6 pfenings make a shilling, and may bee worth a penny starling, & 3 pfenings make a sickerling; two great finfers of Basil, and one little finferlin makes a bats of Basil, and in like manner 5 finferlins make a bats, and 5 finfers 2 bats.

But my worke were endlesse to runne through the particular coines currant, and stamped in every particular place of this Em∣pire, therefore this shall suffice for a tast of the variety; and who∣soever carrieth any merchandise into these countries, let him bee sure to know the true worth of the monies hee receiveth for the same, lest he prove in conclusion a loser by his trafficke.

CHAP. CCVII.

The Weights of Germany reduced to the 100 li. of London.

THE Next thing in order to bee handled is the * 1.566 Waights and Measures of the Cities of Trade in this Empire, which I have in part touched already 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈…〉〈…〉, the •…•…est or as many 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…me •…•…hin my collections I shall here 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…ingenious and better skill'd m•…•… adde the 〈◊〉〈◊〉. And 〈◊〉〈◊〉 for the weight, which here I have redu•…•… to th•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉. sutle of London, the which is found to yield in

	li.
•…•…berg	88
〈◊〉〈◊〉	89 〈◊〉〈◊〉
•…•…ce	88
•…•…rge	91
•…•…piers	88
•…•…leberge	92
•…•…ke	92
•…•…ge	92
〈◊〉〈◊〉	116
〈◊〉〈◊〉 * 1.567	92
•…•…ienna	81
Statin	92
Erford	81
Ipsburge	81
Salsburge grosse	79
•…•…itto small	108
•…•…bech	92
•…•…tsen	133
•…•…ostuts	92
Mison of 16 ou•…•…. li.	96
Of 〈◊〉〈◊〉. the li.	142
Of Merchants waigh•…•…	92
Munchen	91
Wessell	91
Saxony in generall	96
Norlinghen	91
Francfort	92
Breslow	116
Canoli	83
Domstreder	92
Regenberge	83
Loosen	141
Offen	92
Basile	92
Paslow	83
Hamburge	92
Copenghen	9•…•…
Basill	92
Zuricke	94
Wallo•…•…s countrey	〈◊〉〈◊〉

CHAP. CCVIII.

Of Measures of Germany reduced to the Measures of London.

HAving done with their Weights in generall, I will doe the same for their long Measures in generall, which I will * 1.568 reduce to the 100 Yardes of London, and note that the same hath beene observed to have produced in these Cities of Germanie.

Embden	163 ells.
Lubecke	160 el.
Munster	80 el.
Collen	160 el.
Erford	218 el.
Francfort	169 •…•…cloth
〈◊〉〈◊〉	80 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
Norimberge	160 el.
〈◊〉〈◊〉 silke	138 el.
Vienna for linnen	103 el.
Ditto for silke	113 el.
Prague	14•…•… el.
Ditto for 〈◊〉〈◊〉	160 el.
Vlme	160 el.
Ditto for wollen	128 el.
Lipsicke	160 el. cloth
Ossenbrigs	84 els.
Breme	163 el.
Hamburge	163 el.
Basill	167 el.
Bantson	148 el.
〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉	〈◊〉〈◊〉 el.
•…•…lle	〈◊〉〈◊〉 el.
〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉	〈◊〉〈◊〉 el. cloth
Ditto 〈◊〉〈◊〉	138 el.
〈◊〉〈◊〉 long 〈◊〉〈◊〉.	1•…•… el.
Ditto short measures	1•…•…3 el.
Zearech	〈◊〉〈◊〉 el.
Statin	〈◊〉〈◊〉 el.
Ocermond	•…•…1 el.
Wismar	157 el.
Gripswald	163 el.

The rest I willingly omit for brevity sake, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to the triall of the better experienced.

CHAP. CCIX.

Of the trade in generall of Germany.

THe particular Trading of severall Cities being 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ob∣served, it will not bee amisse a little to looke 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Trade in generall of Germany, and therewith 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Na∣vigation * 1.569 of this nation, by which wee finde, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in all Cou•…•… almost the same is principally maintained. The Ci∣ties

then found on the Sea-cost on the North-side of Germany, have very great ships; yet more fit for great stowedge and bur∣then, than either for saile or defence; and therefore oftentimes to this end fraighted by the Netherlanders. Neither can I attribute much commendations to the Germaine Mariner, for those Seas in good part, and the Balticke sea altogether, are found free of pirates and piracies, which is the chiefe reason why their ships are found in the generall to be so ill armed, either defensive or offensive, and in one thing they concurre with the Dutch, to the shame of the Christians profession, that there is never found any prayers used a∣board their ships, neither morning or evening, contrary to the laudable custome and godly exercise of our English mariners, who constantly use prayer and Psalmes, at least foure times in foure and twenty houres, which is at the setting of the foure quarterly wat∣ches of the day and night. These Maritime Cities are for the most part either Hans-townes or free Cities, because they enioyed of old in all neighbour Kingdomes, great priviledges of buying any Commo∣dities, as well of strangers as Citizens, and of selling their owne to either at pleasure, and to bring in or carry out all commodities by their owne ships, with like immunities equall to Citizens in all the said do•…•…nions, and no lesse preiudiciall to others, than advanta∣geous to themselves and in London they were wont to dwell to∣gether in the house •…•…lled the S•…•…il-yard, and there enioyed these and many other priviledges, which now for many yeares have ly•…•… dead; partly by reason the English found not these, or the like pri∣viledges in these free Hans-townes; and partly, by reason they have found •…•…re commodious to make use of their owne shipping, as in these •…•…es it is found they do.

Notwithstanding all this, yet it is observed that the Germanes in general apply themselves very industriously to all Trafficke by land, but the free Cities on the sea coasts doe but coldly exercise it by sea; Be•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 found to be spent and exported amongst themselves in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…dible measure and quantity, with an extraordinary gaine, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 therefore noted for one of the prime commodities of this empire, bringing profit not onely to private men, but also to Prin•…•… •…•…nd to free States, there being no Merchandize in the world that •…•…ore easily findes a buyer in Germany, than this: for other commodities, it is observable that Germany sends into Italy Linens, corne and waxe; it sends into England Bords, Iron, Diaper, Rhenish wines, and Norimberg wares, which can hardly be called commodities; into Spaine they send Linens, waxe, brasse, copper, cordage, mastes, gun∣powd•…•… and this is their principall Exportation. Now for their Impo•…•…tions, Italy returnes them Silkes of all kindes; England Lead, Tin, a•…•… wollen cloths; and Spaine returnes them Spanish wines, fruits, eiles, salt some wools, and other commodities.

I formerly noted, that the English had their Staple at Embden, the

Count whereof used them well and courteously•…•…, but warres grow∣ing betweene England, and Spaine, the place grew dangerous for them: for their goods were oftentimes taken, and themselves made prisoners, even in the mouth of the harbour; wherupon they removed to Hamburg, where being oppressed with new impositions, and being denied the exercise of their religion, they removed also thence, and setled their Staple at Stoade.

Then also our English had their Staple at Dansick in Prusen, for the kingdome of Poland; but when the Dansickers under pretence of the Suevian warre, exacted of them a Doller for each wollen Cloth, and as much proportionally upon all other commodities; and after∣wards, though the warre being ended, yet would remit nothing of the same; and withall, forbad the English, by a law decreed, to live in Poland, the commodities whereof were onely sold there, lest they should learne the language, and finde out the mysterie of that trade and Countrey: And lastly, when as they exacted as much weekly of an Englishman dwelling in their Citie, as they did of a Iew dwelling there amongst them, the English thereupon made agreement with the Senate of Melvin for 11 yeares, to pay them six grosse for each Cloth brought in, and accordingly for all other goods, and to pay as much more in the Citie of Kettle to the Duke of Pri•…•… for his giving them free passage to Melvin; •…•…d so •…•…is meane•…•… they set∣led their Staple in Melvin: whereupon the D•…•…kers being offended with the Citizens of Melvin, and the Hamburgers no lesse with those of Stoade, procured all the free Cities by a publique writing to out∣law not onely Melvin and Stoade for receiving the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to the common prejudice of the rest, but also Coningsberg, the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the Duke of Prussen, and the free Citie of Lubeck for favou•…•…g the En∣glish in this their course, and for permitting them being strangers, to sell their goods to any other than the Citizens of each severall Citie. But how these differences came afterward to be reconciled, and their Staples removed thence, I have shewed in o•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉.

And being now entred to speake of the trade of Pr•…•… Ger∣mane * 1.570 Province, but of late yeares annexed to the Crowne of Poland, which of it selfe is of great importance, it will not bee amisse to in∣large my selfe upon some particulars thereof. The English 〈◊〉〈◊〉 are found to bring thither great quantitie of Tin, Lead, and •…•…ollen-Cloathes, and other commodities, and to bring thence hard and li∣quid Pitch, Hempe, Flax, Cables, Masts for ships, Boords, & Timber for building, Linnen Cloth, Wax, Minerall salt, which in Poland they digge out of pits like great stones, and the same being put to the fire, is made pure, and being blacke his colour is more durable, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 lesse subject to giving againe than our boyled Salt. Also th•…•… bring thence Pine Ashes for making of Sope, commonly known to us by the name of Sope-Ashes, and Corne in great quantitie; yet the English are found seldome to have need of their Corne for the use of England,

which many times of their owne they transport to other nations; but they buy it as the free Cities doe, to transport it to other Coun∣tries, which the Low-countrey men do also buy as well for themselves, as to serve Spaine, and other Countries therewith, so great a quan∣tity thereof is hence dispersed into all parts of Europe.

Amber is also brought from thence, but not gathered neither at * 1.571 Melvin nor Dansicke, as some imagine, but on the sea side of Ko∣ningsperg, where, as I said, the Duke of Prusen holds his Court, and so all along the coast of Curland; where, howsoever it lies in great quantitie on the sands of the sea, it is as safe as if it were lockt up in ware-houses, since it is death for any to take up the least piece thereof, and being onely by the law accounted to bee the proper commodity of the Duke, to whom the same appertaineth. And this being as much as I have thought requisite to handle concerning the trade of Germanie in the generall, or of the Imperiall Cities and Hans∣townes in particular, I wil proceed to the next kingdome, which in order is Denmarke, and to the principall Cities, and particular trade thereof.

CHAP. CCX.

Of Denmarke, and the Provinces and Cities thereof.

DENMARKE hath on the East Mare Balticum, on the West the Germa•…•… * 1.572 Ocean, on the North Sweden, on the South Germany.

This Countrey doth afford for Mer∣chandise, Fish; Tallow, hides, and having abundance of Oxen, 50000 are said to be sent hence yearely to Germany, also Buck-skins, armours of all sorts, furniture for shipping, Bords, such as Wainscot, firre∣wood, &c.

This Kingdome now containes Ci•…•…∣bricke, Chersonesse, the Ilands of the Balticke, and part of Scandia, and first this Chersonesse is divided into foure Provinces.

Halsatia is the first, wherein are found the Cities of Niemunster and Bramsted, and is the title of the second Sonne of Denmarke. * 1.573

Dithmars is the second Province, wherein are found the Cities of * 1.574 Marne and Meldorpe, the Inhabitants of this last esteemed so weal∣thy, that they are said to cover their houses with copper.

Slesia is the third, wherein are of note Sleswicke, 2. Goterpe, and 3. Londen a haven towne. * 1.575

Iuitland is the fourth, the townes of note are Rincopen, 2. Nico∣pen, 3. Holne, 4. and Arhansen. * 1.576

The Balticke Ilands are 35 in number, but of them 4 are found to * 1.577 be of principall note, 1. Seeland, 2. Fionia, 3. Borneholme, and 4. Fi∣mera, of which a word.

In Seeland is found thirteene Cities, the chiefe whereof is Haf∣fen the Kings seat, and the onely Vniversity in Denmarke, knowne to * 1.578 other nations by the name of Copenhagen, that is Mercatorum portus, or the Merchants haven: Secondly Elsinour, standing on the sea side, * 1.579 in which towne the Merchants that have passed, or are to passe the * 1.580 Sound, do pay their customes to the King: And thirdly Rotchilt, the

Sepulcher of the Danish Kings, betweene this Iland and the firme land of Scandivonia is the passage called the Sound towards Mosco∣via, which did formerly yield unto this King a great yearely profit, but now much decayed since the English found out the Northerne passage into Russia. This Sound is in breadth 3 miles, and commanded on Scandia side by the castle of Helsenburg, and on this Iland by that of Cronburg, both castles of good defence.

In Fionia is found eight Townes, the principall whereof Osell * 1.581 Scomberge and others.

In Bornholmia is a principall Citie Barnholme. * 1.582

In Fimeria. is found the City of Peterborne, and is the Iland in which that famous Mathematician Tic•…•… Bra•…•… built an artificiall tow∣er, * 1.583 wherein he studied the Mathematicks, and wherein are still reser∣ved many of his rare Mathematicall instruments.

Scandia is the last part of this Kingdome, lying part of it on this * 1.584 side, and part beyond the Articke circle, so that the longest day in the more Northerne part is about three moneths, and containes the Kingdomes of Norway, Swethland, and part of Denmarke; the part of it belonging to Denmarke is divided into three Provinces, 1. Ha∣landia, 2. Schonia, and 3. Blesida.

In Halandia is Halanesoe. * 1.585

In Scania is the City of Londis a faire haven, Falsgerbode and the castle of Elsimbourg, one of the keyes of the Sound before mentio∣ned, and the seas are here said sometimes so to abound with hering•…•…, that ships are scarse able with wind and Oare to breake through them, and the Countrey is the pleasantest of all Denmarke.

In Blesida is found the City of Malmogia, and the strong castle of * 1.586 Colmar against the Swedlander. The principall trade of this King∣dome is contained in Coppenhagen and Elsinour, therfore under the ti∣tle of these two I will comprehend the Trafficke of this Kingdome.

CHAP. CCXI.

Of Coppenhagen, and the trade thereof.

COPPENHAGEN is the Seat of the Kings of * 1.587 Denmarke in winter, and may bee interpreted the Merchants haven, on the East side is the Kings palace or castle, which bordereth on the sea shore, where the haven is found to be, the sea being not farre di∣stant from the North side thereof: the City is of a round forme, affording little beauty, as being but meanly built of wood and clay, and the castle of stone. Here are found some

Merchants, yet for the most part of no great eminence: for the Countrey affoordeth norich commodities that may allure others thither, or serve to bee transported to other regions, whereby a gaine may be expected.

The Monies of this kingdome commonly currant is the Doller, * 1.588 and shilling; two Danish shillings making one Lubecke shilling, and 66 Danish shillings accounted for a Rix Doller, which is five shillings Sterlin.

Their accounts are kept by markes of 16 shillings Danish. * 1.589

Their exchanges are here practised by the Rix doller above mentio∣ned, the common currant coine of these countries.

Their measures and weights I will briefly observe by them∣selves, and therefore hasten to Elsinour. * 1.590

CHAP. CCXII.

Of Elsinour and the trade thereof.

ELSINOVR of it selfe is but a poore Village, but much frequented by Sea-men by reason of his * 1.591 neighbourhood to that straight Sea called the Sound, where the King of Denmarke hath layd so great im∣positions upon all shippes and goods comming out or going into the Baltique sea, as this sole profit surpasseth farre all the revenewes of his kingdome: the strong Castle of Cronburge lies in this village upon the mouth of this straight, to which on the other side of this narrow sea in the kingdome of Norway, another Castle is opposite, called Elsburg, which two are the Keepers of this straight, that no ship can passe in, or come out of the Baltique sea without their leave, and consequently without due payment of this Imposition. On the south side of Cronburge Castle is the largest Road for shippes, toward the Baltique sea where the King is sayd to have his lodgings, which cannot choose but bee a delectable prospect to all men, but especially to him: for shippes goe in and out here by Fleets of hundred, and hee is certaine, that none doe passe either way but according to their burthen and loa∣ding, addes somewhat to his treasurie. The haven is capable to contain a great Fleet, for it hath Cronburge Castle on the North side, the Castle of Elsburge on the East side, and Seeland, the chiefe Iland of the kingdome on the West side, and the Iland

Fimeria, or Wherne on the south side, in which I noted before, that Tycho Brahe the famous Mathematician had his residence. The Danes conceive this Iland to be of such importance, as they have a Fable, that Henry the seventh of England offered for the pos∣session of it, as much Scarlet Cloth as would cover the same, with a Rose Noble at the corner of each Cloth. If any such offer were made, doubtlesse the wisedome and judgement of that Prince, knew how to make that Iland being fortified, peradventure to returne him his charges againe with good interest; but it is not credible, by reason that it cannot benefit a forraine Prince whose territories lyeth out of the Sound, by which hee must needs enter those beforementioned Castles commanding the entrance, though it might prove more beneficiall to some Prince bordering upon the Baltique seas, and to whom the sea is open for passage.

CHAP. CCXIII.

Weights in generall of Denmarke reduced to that of London.

NOW for the Weights of this Kingdome, they are found to differ in many places: so ma∣ny as have come to my hand, I have reduced to the sutle hundred of London, which sutle hundred is found to produce in these Cities of traffique and some others adioyning.

	i.
Aldar	87
Coppingham	92
Cracon	119
Dansicke	116
Hamburg	92
Wilde	116
Elsinour	92

	li.
Lubecke	92
Melvin	120
Revel	116
Rhiga	116
Statar	108
Stralsont	88
Bergen Norway	92

Where it is to bee noted, that generally in Coppenhagen, and in most parts of Denmarke, they have a great and a small hundred, one of 112 pound to the hundred, and another of 120 pound to the hundred, accounted twelve stone of ten pound to the stone: Also they have a Skip-pound, 32 stone of ten pound the stone, or 20 Lis∣pound of 16 marke pound is a Skip-pound, and 20 times 16 pound is 320 pound.

CHAP. CCXIIII.

Measures in generall of Denmarke reduced to London.

AS I have done with their weights, so will I proceede with * 1.592 their measures, reducing them to the hundred yards English, and makes in

Arsnis	166⅔el
Breme	162½el
Breslow for cloth	148 el
Ditto for Silkes	160 el
Conixborough	166 el
Lubecke	160 el
Munster	80 el
Ockermond	141½el
Revel	166 el
Rhosticke	158⅕el
Wisinar	157¾el
Dansicke	162½el
Doinin	163 el
Embden	163 el
Gripswould	163 el
Hamburgh	163 el
Melvin	162 el
Narva	166 el
Osenbrighs	84 el
Rhiga.	166 el
Statin.	141½el

And thus much shall serve to have said for the measures of this Countrey, whereto I have added the measures of some other the adioyning eminent Cities of trade and Commerce.

CHAP. CCV.

Trade in generall of Denmarke.

TO conclude, the trade of Denmarke driven by the inhabitants, is not great, their countrey partly not * 1.593 affoording commodities for Merchandises; and their seas, I meane principally the Baltique, not being for many moneths in the yeare navigable for frost. The inhabitants are frugall in food and apparrell, and therefore not much addicted neither to Silkes nor Spices, and the great traffique and concourse of other nations, through the Sound, that furnisheth them with all necessaries, makes the inhabi∣tants lesse desirous to saile abroad to fetch the same at the first hand. Stockefish and other salted Fish they send into forraigne Coun∣tries,

and so also they doe their Oxen and cattell in great quan∣•…•…ty, besides the commodities which the countrey doth natu∣•…•…lly afford, mentioned in the former part of this countries de∣•…•…ription; neither have I heard any great fame of their Naviga∣•…•…ons or Mariners, which principally saile Northward, and little to •…•…e Southward, though otherwise it is conceived that next to the •…•…nglish their Vessels are the strongest built to indure the blasts of •…•…he colder climates, and the scorchings of the warmer regions; yet •…•…f late daies I have understood, they have undertaken some new •…•…iscoveries and trade into the East Indies, which they have since ful∣•…•…y performed, to the great incouragement of such as shall fol∣•…•…ow them.

CHAP. CCXVI.

Of Norway and the Cities thereof.

NORWAY is bounded on the North with Lappia, * 1.594 on the East with the Dofri•…•…e mountaines, on the other parts with the seas.

The chiefe commodities of this Countrey is Stock∣fish, * 1.595 rich furres, traine Oile, pitch, and takling for ships, as masts, caples, deal-boards, firre, and the like.

Townes are here thinne, and the houses therein poore and mi∣serable. * 1.596 The chiefe of those that are, is Nidrosia, the Arch-bishops seat of Norway, Iseland, and Groinland: The second is Bergen, one of the foure ancient Mart townes of Europe; the other three being London in England, Nomgrade in Moscovia, and Bridges in Flanders; and all of these but London are decayed, for this Bergen hath yeelded to Wardhouse; Nouegrade, by reason of the charge of navigation through the Balticke into the Northerne passage, hath given way to Saint Nicholas, and Bridges being deprived of her trafficke by Antwerpe, it is now also removed to Amsterdam, for the Hollanders by blocking up the haven, but especially by keeping of Bergen up Zome, have such a command over the river, that no vessel can passe or repasse without their licence. But to proceed: Finmarch also appertaineth * 1.597 to this kingdome, and both to the Dane: the chiefe Cities are Saman, secondly Hielso, both Sea-townes, but the principall is Wardhouse, * 1.598 seated in the very Northerne end of all the countrey, being a town of little trade, but great concourse of shipping, that this way are bound for Moscovia, which must needs touch here, and it is so cal∣led, as seated in a little Iland called Ward.

In Bergen in Norway the common waight is a pound, the 100 li. of * 1.599

London hathbeene found to make there 92 li. but weighing with a sling, as they doe, is found to be very uncertaine.

The measure is

The particulars of the trade of this Countrey, here necessarily to be handled, I am inforced to omit, by reason of my ignorance, therefore intreat the better experienced to supply my defect therein.

CHAP. CCXVII.

Of Swethland, and the Cities of trade thereof.

SWETHLAND is bounded on the East with Moscovia, on the West with the Dosrine hills, on * 1.600 the North with the frozen Seas, and on the South with the Balticke seas.

The Commodities that this Countrey affordeth for merchandise is Lead, copper, silver, drawne out of * 1.601 their mines, and it aboundeth also with hides of Buckes, Goats and Ox∣en, tallow, Tarre, Malt, Barley, rich furres, and the like.

It containeth five Provinces, Lappia, Bodia, Finland, Gothland and Sweden; of all which a word.

In Lappia I finde not any City of note, being cold and com∣fortlesse. * 1.602

In Bodia is the towne of Virei•…•… and Helsinga.

In Finland are many strong townes populous and rich, Albo and * 1.603 Narve, both of great strength; also those two strong Cities of Ve∣burg and Ruiallia, which cost the Sweden 100000 crownes yearely the keeping, by nature defending his owne, and offending his Ene∣mies Teritories.

In Gothland stands the chiefe City of this kingdome, Stockholme, * 1.604 seated in the waters, after the manner of Venice, and the residence of the Sweden King, next Lodusi•…•… a towne of great trafficke, then Waldburge and Colmar, two impregnable Cities.

In Sweden are the chiefe Cities of Vpsall a Bishopricke, second * 1.605 Nicopea, a sea town of good strength; third Copperdole, most famous for its abundance of brasse, which is here in such plenty, that there are found 400 brasse pieces in the castle of Stockholme; under which I will comprehend the trade of Sweden.

CHAP. CCXVIII.

Of Stockholme and the trade thereof.

BEcause I intend upon the generall trade of Eastland to handle some particular Cities belonging to the * 1.606 crowne of Sweden therefore I shall be the briefer up∣on the trade of this City of Stockholme the Metropolis of this kingdome. Stockholme then being the resi∣dence of this King, whose armes of late were so pre∣valent in Germany is accounted famous in those Northerne regions for the great concourse of Merchants and traffique here daily practi∣sed, seated in watry marishes, after the manner of Venetia, and sup∣posed to be built upon piles, and therefore beares in their language some construction thereof, which not unproperly may beare in our ancient English the same sense: It is situated in part upon the lake of Meller, and in part on the East sea, out of which the great trade of shipping to this place doth come and enter by a deepe and nar∣row channell, spacious and commodious for ships of the greatest burthen; but the fort of Waxholme on the one side of the passage, and the fort of Digne so fitly seated opposite to the same in the nar∣rowest of the gut and straight, command the whole channell, and guard the lake and City, and no Vessell is suffered either to goe in or out, but here have their conge and admission: It is besides fortified with a strong castle, wherein is found for the defence thereof foure hundred pieces of brasse Artillery; and for the beauty therof, it is adorned with many goodly private and publike bu•…•…ldings, the Kings palace being more renowned for the anti∣quity, than stately structure thereof.

The Commodities for transportation found in this City are * 1.607 principally Iron, Steele, Copper, Wyer, all sorts of graines, Lead and other Mineralls, Honey, Waxe, Tallowe, Hides, and the like: which is hence dispersed into all parts of these Northerne Climats.

The Moneyes in use generally currant throughout the Kingdome * 1.608 of Sweden, is the Doller, which is divided into markes, and eight markes makes a doller, and this marke is divided into clipping, so that two clippings make a marke, and a clipping is accounted for 9½ stivers Flemish, and by this doller they exchange with other neighbouring Countreyes, and it is valued in sterling mo∣ney at ()

The weight in use or this place is the pound, and the 100 pound * 1.609 of London hath produced here 116 li. they have here also two ship∣ponds, the one the proper shippond of this place, which is 320li. of the said weight, and the other shippond is 340 li. the proper shippond of Dansicke of 34 stones, as there in the chapter of Dansicke appeares, and this quintar or pound is found to agree with Narva Riga, Revell, Dansicke, and some townes of trade in the Balticke sea.

The common measure of length here used is the Ell, and is the * 1.610 same in all Sweden, except some principall townes of this tract here∣after noted, and the 100 yards of London doth produce 166 ells & 〈◊〉〈◊〉, but note that in Barrow in Sweden this ell is found to be very uncer∣taine, for the bignes of a mans head is measured about with a rope, and this they account for an ell, so that here a great head may bee some benefit to a Merchant, for by this rule the greatest loggerhead shall have consequently the largest measure.

Corne is here sold by a measure, called a Loop, 23 loops doth make a * 1.611 Last in Amsterdam, or 10 quarters in London.

CHAP. CCXIX.

Of Moscovia and the Provinces thereof.

MOSCOVIA is bounded on the East with * 1.612 Tartaria, on the West with Livonia, Lituania, and part of Sweden; on the North with the fr•…•… Ocean, and on the South with the Caspian sea the Turkes, and Palus Meotis.

This countrey affoordeth for Merchandise * 1.613 Furres of many sorts, Flax, Hempe, Whales grease, Honey, Wax, Canvas, Ropes, Cables, Caviare, A∣stracan bides, Tallow, raw bides, and B•…•…gars.

The many rivers that are found to bee in this Countrey, doth * 1.614 much further trading in generall; First, Tanais, which disburdeneth it selfe into Palus Meotis; secondly, Duino, which entreth into the Scythian seas at the Abbey of S. 〈◊〉〈◊〉, where our English since the discoverie of the Northerne passage, use to land and disperse themselves into all parts of this vaste Empire. Thirdly, Boristenes that entreth into Pontus Euxinus. Fourthly, Onega, which openeth it selfe into the Baltique sea. And lastly, Volga, which with no lesse than 70 mouthes disgorgeth it selfe into the Caspian.

This Empire is divided into 9 principall Provinces, which toge∣ther with the chiefe townes thereof, I shall onely touch.

Novogradia is the first, the chiefe Towne being Novegrade, seated on the Dunia, and once one of the foure ancient Mart-townes of * 1.615 Europe, now of late decaied since the discovery of the new passage unto the towne of S. Nicholas by the river of Obye.

Plescovia is the second, wherein is the Citie Plescoue, the onely * 1.616 walled Citie in Moscovia, and yet of no great eminence.

Valadomira is the next, having also a towne of that name. * 1.617

Rhesan is the fourth, wonderfull plentifull in Corne, that neither * 1.618 can birds fly, nor horses run through it for thicknesse, the chiefe towne Rhesan was the Metropolis of Russia, it is the first part of Mos∣covia, abounding in Graine, H•…•…y, Fish, and Fowle without number.

Servia is the fifth, the chiefe townes are Staradub and Pativola.

Permia is the sixth, the chiefe Citie is Sick•…•…iardley, abounding in * 1.619 Stagges.

Candora is the seventh. * 1.620

Petrosa is the eighth: in both these countries the inhabitants doe * 1.621 live under ground, and have for halfe the yeare together perpetuall

day, and the other halfe yeare perpetuall night, as situated beyond the Artique.

Moscovia is the ninth, and so named of the principall Citie of * 1.622 Mosco, being about five miles round, having therein 16 Churches, of which the one halfe are made of wood and durt, as most of the houses are: the Emperours palace standeth in the middest, and * 1.623 fortified with three Bulwarkes and 17 turrets, and continually guar∣ded with 25000 Souldiers. This is the most populous province of all this great Empire: for it extendeth 2000 miles in length.

Besides these, there are yet some petty provinces wherein are * 1.624 found the townes of Smalensko, then Toropiers, next Coloprigod, Landiskron, and some others of lesser note, which I willingly omit, till my information be better.

The trade of the English was here begun in the time of Queene Elizabeth of England, and Basiliades King in this Countrey, about the yeare 1575, and within ten yeares after it was perfectly setled; and because the trade of Moscovia is confined to a small circuit in these vaste dominions, it will not bee improper that I comprehend the same under the title of the Metropolis of this kingdome Mosco.

CHAP. CCXX.

Of Mosco and the trade thereof.

MOSCO is the Metropolis of all this * 1.625 large kingdome, to the which the Em∣perour some yeares past repaired, as most fit for the government of so large an Empire, accounted the midst of all his dominions. It is pleasantly seated on the river Mosca, running into Tanais, where it loseth its name, and passing Assow, disgorgeth it selfe into the Palus Meotis, & so to the Euxine. About fiftie yeares past, it was esteemed ten miles in circuit, and in its height of greatnesse then burned by the Tartars, wherein 80000 persons were consumed, and since reduced to five miles compasse, beauti∣fied with 16 Churches, some of stones, some of timber and earth, and with the Palace of the great Duke situated in the very heart thereof, enriched with the branches of two rivers for use and ornament, which water two strong forts that defend the place. At the Abby of S. Nicholas the Patron of this country upon the river of * 1.626

Dunia, or Obby, the English Merchants use to land, and thence dis∣perse themselves to Smalensko, Novo groad, hither and into all the o∣ther parts of this vast Empire, amongst whom they finde kinde en∣tertainment, and by the favour of the Prince, have larger immu∣nities granted unto them than to anyother nation, their traffiquing attributed to the never dying fame of Queene Elizabeth in whose dayes the trade was here first setled; and to the plausible behaviour of the English Merchants ingenerall.

The Merchants here are observed to keepe their accounts in seve∣rall * 1.627 manner; some, as the English, by Rubbles and pence, or as the in∣habitants terme them, Muskofkins, 200 whereof making a Rubble, which is accounted 2 Rix Dollers. Some againe, as the Dutch, and other nations, by Rubbles, Grevens, and Moskofkins or pence, accoun∣ting 20 pence to a greven, and ten grevens to a Rubble, which is most in use here, this Rubble being found an imaginary coyne, & not reall.

The currant monies here is a Capecke, in value a stiver Flemish, and * 1.628 somewhat more than an English peny: for ten Capeckes is a grevene, which the English call 12 pence sterlin, because that ten grevens is a Rubble, which is 10 shillings sterlin. Three Capeckes they call an Al∣tine, by which name all receipts and payments are made in bargai∣ning and contracts, 33 Altines and one Capecke making a Rubble.

At Archangel is found practised amongst the Merchants an Ex∣change * 1.629 for Monies, rising and falling, according as the Russe Monies are observed to be plentifull or scarce: the English sometimes a∣mong themselves giving 11 shillings, and 11 shillings 6 pence sterlin in England for the Rubble here; and the monies commonly taken there in August, to be paid in London the last of December following.

The weight of Moscovia common in use is the Pood for fine goods, * 1.630 and the Bercovet for grosse goods, the one being derived from the other.

By the Pood is weighed Silke Bever-wooll, Yefts, &c. and is accoun∣ted for 40 pound Russe weight: and three pood hath been observed to make 112 pound English, which by this computation should make 37⅓, pound haberdupois, and all goods there bought by the pood is 10 per cent. losse in England.

By the Bercovet is weighed Tallow, Hempe, Cable-yarne, Coile, or Lard-ropes, and all grosse commodities, and is a Russe Ship-pound: 10 poods makes a Bercovet, which makes 360 pounds sutle haberdu∣pois, so that all goods being bought there by the Bercovet or Ship-pound is held 10 per cent. profit: for commonly the English Mer∣chants reckon the over-weight to pay the fraight of the same goods so bought.

The measure in length here generally used, is called an Archine, * 1.631 being a Brabant ell and ½ a nayle, or something more than •…•…of an English yard, reckoned by the English Merchants there resident two per cent. more, and may be in circa 28 inches, so that the 100 Archines may produce in London 77 in 78 yards, and the 100 yards bee here 128•…•… Archine, or thereabout.

The native commodities of this countrey in generall I have alrea∣dy * 1.632 nominated, it will not be amisse I should more particularly view them and the ordinarie rates they carry in price, together with the particular markes whereby their goodnesse and qualitie is discer∣ned.

Their most precious commodities and merchandise hence expor∣ted by forraignenations, are their rich Furres, the principall is the Sables, bought commonly by the Tymber, which containes 40 skins, * 1.633 which must be large and well coloured, and are found of all prices, as in goodnesse, from 15 to 20•…•… Robbles the Tymber.

Black Fox skins is knowne amongst all Northerne Merchants for the richest Furre in the world, and is here found in great store, bea∣ring * 1.634 price as in largenesse and growth from 5 to 200 Robbles peece.

Otter skins are here found plenty, by reason of the many rivers of * 1.635 this countrey, accounted the region of springs and streames, sold by the Tymber of 40 skins, from 5 Robbles to 40 Robbles the Tymber.

Minikins are also sold by the Tymber of 40 skins, and commonly sold about 6 Robbles the Timber. * 1.636

Martins are also sold by the tymber of 40 skins about 15 Robbles the * 1.637 tymber, rising as found in richnesse of haire.

Ermins sold also by the Tymber of 40 skins, about 2 Robbles per * 1.638 tymber.

Grawerte or Squirrels sold by the thousand, as in goodnesse from 14 Robbles to 30 Robbles the thousand. * 1.639

Red Foxes by the 10 skins, at 12 to 15 Nobbles the 10 skins. * 1.640

White Foxes by the piece about 5 Altins the piece.

Dun Foxes by the piece, about 40 Altins the piece,

Sable rands sold by the paire, from 2 to 6 Robbles the paire.

Bever wooll is a Staple commoditie also of this kingdome, and sold by the pound about 2•…•… Robbles per pound. * 1.641

Bever Wombes also by the pound, being a thin skin & well grown, is commonly worth 1½ Robble per pound.

These are the ordinary Furres which their Northerne clymate affoords for Merchandise, the next found here are these.

Yellow Wax is here found made by the industry of the Bee and hands of man in great aboundance, sold by the pood, which is 40 * 1.642 pound here, the hardest and best coloured beares price here com∣monly about 4 in 5 Robbles the pood.

Tallow is sold by the Berquet, which is 10 poode, being clean white * 1.643 and hard about 7 in 8 Robles the berquet.

Tarre is sold by the Hogshead, being thicke as the best is common∣ly * 1.644 worth () per Hogshead of () gallons English.

Trayne oyle is sold by the Barrel, which is halfe a hogshead, and discer∣ned * 1.645 by its clearnesse without grounds, and of a whitish colour a∣bout 4 robble per Barrel of gallons English.

Hempe is sold by the berquet of 10 poods being cleane and greene * 1.646 beares price commonly from 3 to 5 Robles the 10 pood.

Flax is sold by the Bercovet the bright silver colour is held the best, * 1.647 commonly about 7 robbles the Bercovet.

Cable yarne is sold by the Bercovet, and being well spun, round and * 1.648 not too much twisted from 67½ robble the Bercovet.

Coyles or Tard ropes by the Bercovet about 7 robbles the Bercovet: * 1.649 where note, that the English and other nations hither trading, buy here great quantity of Hempe, and spin it out there into yarn, to save the charges of fraight: every 1000 pood doth cost about 100 or 110 robbles charges; and if the hempe prove good, there is found neere •…•…losse, if bad, so much more, and worth, being in Cable yarne, as I said above from 6 to 7•…•… robbles the Bercovet.

Dryed Cow-hides being large and weightie, are sold by the hun∣dred * 1.650 hide, worth from 40 to 44 robbles the hundred.

Red Evits by the paire at 2½ rubbles per paire, and sometimes sold * 1.651 by the pood, at 40 robbles per pood: and note that the white are com∣monly worst esteemed b•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in price.

Losh hides are sold by the piece, the largest and not worm-eaten * 1.652 is the best, from 6 grevens to 5 rubbles the piece, as in goodnesse.

Duckes feathers sold by the pood, as in goodnesse from 3 to 5 rubble, * 1.653 the pood.

Caviare is also a principall commoditie here sold by the pood, and * 1.654 commonly worth 40 Altines the pood.

Course Linnen is made here in great quantitie sold by the 1000 Ar∣chine * 1.655 of ½ yard, and ¼ the broad from 15 to 20 robbles the 1000 Ar∣chine, as it is found in finenesse. Some other commodities this coun∣trey affoordeth which I omit, as of no great consequence.

CHAP. CCXXI.

Of the trade in generall of Moscovia.

THE excellent commoditie of the great Rivers * 1.656 that in all places of this large Empire are found to water and enrich this Countrey, should much in∣cite this nation to the trade of Merchandise; but it is often found, that where nature is most liberall in her furtherances, the inhabitants prove most backward in their endevours; the naturall coldnesse of the clymate

inclosing the people into their warme stoves, and the neighbour∣hood of the Tartars (who in some respects resembling dogges, nei∣ther suffering the Moscovians to traffique, nor yet traffique them∣selves) by their continuall harrying of the countrey, and the of∣ten incursions and warres of the Swedens, may in some sort serve them for a reasonable excuse; yet it is found that these warres prove main helps somtimes to their traffick, especially in Furres, for their bodies thereby inured to cold and hardnesse, make the pastime of hunting a profitable exercise in the worst season of the yeare, the rest of their Merchandise come to them very neere in the same kinde: for it wholly dependeth upon Manufactories and labour for their cordage, linnens and yarne they have from the earth, as their hides, tallow, and wax upon the same: their Caviare and Traine oyle, and some other such by Fishing, so that it may be supposed they are more addicted to husbandry and fishing, than to merchandising. The English about the yeare of 1575 first discovered the trade, and found here good entertainment, and great priviledges from the then raigning Prince, and the first discoverers were in London in∣corporated into a Societie of Merchants by the name of the Moscovia Companie, by grant of Queene Elizabeth; which companie hath since been subject to some alterations and contingencies in their trade, by reason of certaine crosse accidents happening therein; but be∣ing in England ordered by the advice of a Governour, Deputie; and certaine selected Committies, and in Moscovia by an Agent, who regu∣late * 1.657 the same, by whose wisedome they have of late so prudently setled their trade in general, and reformed their passed errours, that it is now seene to flourish, and in likelihood to increase daily to the particular benefite of that company, and the good both of this and that Kingdome in generall.

CHAP. CCXXII.

Of Polonia, and the Provinces thereof.

POland is limitted on the East with Boristhenes, * 1.658 which parteth it from Moscovia, on the West with Vistula, which parteth it from Germany, on the North with the Baltique sea and Sinus Fri∣nicus, on the South with Hungary.

The chiefe merchandise which this country * 1.659 affordeth for transportation, is Barley, Oates, Amber, Waxe, Hony, Hemp, Pitch Tarre, Rosin, and some cordage, and other commodities.

The chiefe rivers, is first Vistula, navigable 400. miles, and endeth * 1.660 in the Baltique sea, Niger, Ruben, Bog, Mimel, and others. The Pro∣vinces are counted to be 11. and the principall Townes therein are as followeth.

Luconia is the first, in length 500 miles, in bredth 160 miles, where are Riga an Archbishopricke, 2 Derpt, a towne of great commerce, Rui∣alia * 1.661 and Narve, two strong townes.

Lituania is the second, abounding in beasts, which yeeld the inha∣bitants * 1.662 furs for commodities, the chiefe cities are Vilna, second Vil∣comire and Brestia.

Volinia is the third, wherein is found Kiovia and Circassta. * 1.663

Samogitia is the fourth, the chiefe towne is Camia. * 1.664

Podolia is the fifth, affording three harvests of one sowing, the * 1.665 chiefe city is Camiensa, held invincible, seated on high rocks, Orka∣cow, Wincecsa, and others.

Russia Nigra is the sixth wherein is found, Leinburge, Grodeck, &c. * 1.666

Prussia or Spruce, wherein is upon the Sea-coast Amber found, the * 1.667 chiefe cities are Dansicke a famous Mart, especially for all sorts of graine, 1000 measures, whereof being here daily sold, 2 Regiomount, or Conisberge, a famous Vniversity. 3 Heilsperge, 4 Manberge, 5 An∣genberge, 6 Cul•…•…e, and others.

Podlasia is the 8 wherein is Ticocksin, the place where the Kings * 1.668 treasure is reserved, Biesco, K•…•…isen, and others.

Masovia is the 9, the prime city being Marckesowe. * 1.669

Poland is the 10 wherein is the Metropolis of Polonia which is Cra∣covia, seated pleasantly on the river Vistula, here is also the cities of * 1.670 Lublin, Guisua, Siradia and others, and of the principall of these, or others seated in this Tract, as followeth.

CHAP. CCXXII.

Of Cracovia, and the trade thereof.

CRacovia is the chiefe and Metropolis of all the King∣dome * 1.671 of Poland where the King and his Councell have their continuall residence; it is seated in a plaine, having mountaines on all sides, but somewhat di∣stant, it is compassed with two strong walls of stone, and a dry ditch, the building is very faire, of free∣stone 4 stories high, but covered with tiles of wood or shingles, it is of round forme, in the midst whereof stands a large quadrangular marquet place, wherein is seated the Cathedrall Church, and the Se∣nate house for the city, about which are many shops for Merchants, up∣on the East side of the city, is the Kings castle, faire and well built on

a hill, lying open on the South side, without any building above the wall, on the East side are the King and Queens lodgings, on the North side lodgings for feasting, on the West a Chappel where the Kings are in∣terred: it hath not receiv'd any great fame for merch•…•…ndising, many Scotch-men have attained to some estate here by trading, but it may more properly be called pedlerising than merchandising, for they have a moveable Magasin which they transport by horse, from towne to towne wherein their commodities are inclosed; and not a few such are found to have begun this traffique at first by their backes, and af∣terwards by horses, their coynes currant with their weights and mea∣sures I will here insert.

It is not above 300 yeeres since the Polonians used silver coynes stamped; for before that time, they did traffique with little pieces * 1.672 of uncoyned silver, and by the exchange of skins, and other such com∣modities, but at this day they make all contracts by silver guildens, but have no such reall coyne amongst them, the coynes currant are these: A Gold Ducket, knowne by the name of Polander is of the same valew which the Hungarian Ducket, and worth 70 polish grosse, a silver Guil∣den or Florin is worth 30 polish groshe, which is 2 shillings starling, a doller in specie is worth 40 polish groshe; but in all contracts for buying and selling, the doller is accounted 36 groshe: a Creitzer is worth 3 pot∣chanels, 18 deniers make 1 grosh: 〈◊〉〈◊〉 grosh of Poland or Bohemia, is worth 7 potchanels: 16 whites make one Ort, 4 Orts make a doller, valewed in starling mony foure shillings foure pence.

The common weight of Cracovia is the pound, 136^l^' whereof i•…•… * 1.673 here accompted a Quintar, which makes in London, 114^l^' circa, and the 100^l^' of London, hath yeelded here about 120^l^' but the com∣mon pound is reduced to a stone of 40^l^' to a stone, and to a shippond, which is ten of the said stones.

The common measure of length is—an ell which is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 an English * 1.674 ell, but they sell their linnen by shockes which produceth 57½ ells Eng∣lish the shocke.

CHAP. CCXXIV.

Of Dantzke, and the trade thereof.

DAntzke is a very faire City, standing at the foot of a great mountaine that hangs over it, the famous river Vistula * 1.675 passing by it on the East side, and running towards the North, falls into the Baltique sea, a little Brooke enters the City on the South side, and runs through it toward the North, affording many commodities to the City: as first a faire water Conduit,

where by a Mill the waters are drawne into a Cesterne, and thence by pipes serving every private citizens house, then a Corne mill for the Senate (besides their private mils) which affords them in every houre a golden guilden throughout the yeere to their publike treasu∣ry, and besides many other mills; it hath one for sawing of boords and timber, having an iron wheele, which not onely driveth the •…•…aw, but hooketh in, and turneth the boords to the saw without the helpe of hands; the corne Garners of this towne are also faire, re∣markeable and many in number, wherein the citizens do lay up the •…•…orne comming out of Poland, and according to the wants of Europe, •…•…arry it into many Kingdomes, and many times relieve fruitfull Provinces in time of casuall dearth, into which Garners under a great penalty no man may carry either fire or candle lighted, by a Law enacted amongst them.

The city is compassed with one wall, yet containes three severall cities, governed by three distinct Senates, out of which one chiefe •…•…nate is chosen to governe the whole City, and according to the Romane superstition they have S^t. George for their Protector, whose •…•…ed crosse they carry, in their flags, as doth also England, Genoa in Ita∣•…•…, and the Island, Scio, in the arches; the City is seated about one •…•…glish mile from the Baltique shoare, the port being called Dermind, •…•…here the ships of burthen doe ride to lade and unlade their com∣•…•…odities; and the City being acknowledged, a free towne is found 〈◊〉〈◊〉 coyne monies, which as I finde observed, I shall note here, toge∣•…•…her with the weights and measures here in use.

Their accompts are kept here in sundry manners; the common •…•…eing by polish Guilders of 30 grosse and 12 pence to a groshe. * 1.676

But Merchants buy commodities here by the great Marke of 60 grosse, •…•…nd by the lesser of 15 grosse, and also by the doller of 35 grosse, of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 stivers the grosse.

Their monies currant being thus accompted: One great marke * 1.677 〈◊〉〈◊〉 two polish Guilders; one polish guilder, is worth two lesser •…•…arkes; one lesser marke worth 15 grosse, and the grosse 18 pence, •…•…esides which, they coine Hungarian duckets of gold, as they doe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Poland, and they have two coynes in gold called a milres, and halfe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 milres; and each milres is three dollers and two ses•…•…int, 36 polish grosse •…•…aking here a doller.

The weight of Dansicke in use is the pound for fine goods, the 100^l^' * 1.678 〈◊〉〈◊〉 London making here 116^l^'. Besides which, they have a skippond and •…•…pond thus distinguished; 16 marke pound is one lispond, and 20 •…•…pond makes one skippond by the small stone of 24^l^' for spices &c.

But they have also a great stone to weigh grosse wares, as Flaxe, •…•…xe, and the like of 34^l^' whereof 10^l^' to the skippond of 340^l^'.

The measure for length of this City, is the ell, the 100 ells where∣of * 1.679 makes in London about 49 ells, and the 100 yards of London doth here render 162 or 163 ells incirca.

The measure of Beere in Dansicke is the fatt which containes 180 stoopes which is accompted 81 stoopes of Antwerp.

The measure of corne here, is the Last which containes 61 shepells, 56 whereof makes a Last in Amsterdam, or 10¼ quarternes English Lon∣don, 4 sheppells make one mudd, which is the shippond before mentio∣ned of 34^l^'.

Merchants for the most part throughout all Eastland are found to * 1.680 keepe their accompts in Florins, or Guilderns and in groshes and deniers, accompting 12 deniers to the groshe, and 20 groshe to the Guilderne or Florine.

CHAP. CCXXVI.

Of Elbin, and the trade thereof.

ELbin is but a small, yet a faire City, and of late daies i•…•… compassed with walls, growne great and large by the trade and residence of the English merchants, which * 1.681 since, upon some grievance and discontentment are hence removed: in this City lies the grosse of the trade of Prussen, especially for all the gruffe goods of that Dukedome; it once appertained to the Tentonique knights, but now to the Kings of Poland, and who for the present, the citizens acknowledge for their Protector, and otherwise it yeelds him but little obedience, be∣ing of it selfe a free City: from this City towards the North-east, is a channell that runneth up to Coninxburghe, the seat of the Dukes of Prusland, by which all commodities are transported and conveyed from the one to the other.

The coines currant, and the manner of their accompts here kept, I have touched before, and the weight in use in this place, is the * 1.682 pound 40 whereof makes the stone, and 10 stone of 40^l^' makes the ship∣pond, which is 400^l^', which is 350^l^' of their great weight, and the 100^l^' of London hath beene found to make here 120^l^'.

The Last of Wheate is here accompted for 5200^l^'

The measure of length in this place in use, is the Ell, and the 10•…•… yards of London is found to make here 163 ells. There are also in this * 1.683 Tract found for eminent cities of trade, Coninxburghe, Stettin, Starlsont, Reuel, Rhiga, of w^ch a word or two, and first of Coninxburgh.

CHAP. CCXXVI.

Of Coninxburgh, and the trade thereof.

COninxburgh, vulgarly Queensburgh, and in Italian * 1.684 Mont Royall, is the Metropolis of this Dutchie, sea∣ted upon an In-let of the Baltique sea, and washed with the pleasant river of Piegol, it is found to have an Academie for Sciences, and well stored with Merchants from all the Northerne parts of the world; and here the Merchants of Prusen keepe their Factors for the venting of their in-land commodities: upon this shore is also found in some quantitie that excellent Amber, which the inhabi∣tants call Bernstein, which in English may bee translated the Burning stone, of which some writers make three sorts, the first comming from certaine Gummie trees, the second made by art of gold and sil∣ver, and other ingredients, and the third this sort comming natu∣rally from the bottome of these seas, which for 6 months are frozen up, and deny the sea-man and merchant the use of navigation.

The Monies and Accounts here in use are mentioned before: and the common weight used amongst Merchants is the stone, containing * 1.685 40 pound, and 10 stone makes a Ship pound, of 400 pound, and the 100 pound Haberdupois of London, doth yeeld here about 120 pound, or 121 pound: besides which, they have also the Ship-pound of Dansicke in use for some commodities of 350 pound, but this weight is to be avoyded by the stranger, as being ever accounted too favourable to the Citizens.

The common measure of length is the Ell here for all Commodi∣ties * 1.686 measurable: the 100 yards of London hath made here by obser∣vation 166 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in circa. And thus much shall suffice to have sayd of this Citie; from whence proceeding, I come next to Rhiga and Re∣vel two eminent Cities also in this tract.

CHAP. CCXXVII.

Of Rhiga and the trade thereof.

RHIGA is the principall Citie of Livonia, or Liffland, * 1.687 seated neere the Emboseure of the river Dunia, strengthened with an exceeding strong wall, many Ordnance to defend it against all enemies, and bor∣dering upon the Liffeland sea: it was formerly the chiefe residence of the Tentonick Knights, and then and now rein∣forced by the Garison of Dunmund, accounted one of the impregna∣ble fortes of this Northerne clymate, where all shippes entring are searched, and pay a certaine Toll, or Dutie: the inhabitants curious for the preservation of their libertie, acknowledge the King of Po∣land for their Protector, to whom they pay a yearly contribution, but else are governed by their owne ancient lawes and priviledges which they enjoyed from the Knights their old masters, at the resig∣nation of this countrey to that King.

The commodities of this Countrey for merchandising and expor∣tation, * 1.688 is Corne, and graine of all sorts, Hempe, Flaxe, Hony, Waxe, Rosen, Tarre, Horses, and all sorts of rich Furres, as Martins, Ermins, Sables, Bevers, and the like, not wanting any necessary for nourish∣ment save Wine and Oyle, which forraine nations doe bring them.

The weight in use is the pound, 20 pound whereof makes a Lispound, * 1.689 and 20 Lispound makes a Ship-pound, and 12 Ship-pound being 4000 pound, is accounted a Last of Rie both here and at Nerva, and the 100 pound of London hath been observed to make here 116 pound.

The measure is the Ell agreeing with the Ell in use in Revel, Co∣ninxburgh, * 1.690 and Nerva, 100 yards London making 166½ in circa.

The coines and accounts differ not much here in value from the * 1.691 others before mentioned, yet found to differ in appellation: for the Rix Doller, and the Marke Lupes is here all one, which makes two Swedens or common Markes, and one Sweden is 8 Lups shillings: one Lups is 2 shillings, one shilling is 12 pence, and one peny is two hellers.

CHAP. CCXXVIII.

Of Revel and the trade thereof.

REVEL is nothing inferiour for trade to Rhiga, situated on the North part of the Baltique seas, famoused in these * 1.692 Northerne countries for the safetie and commodious∣nesse of the haven: it is well stored of Merchants that frequent the place for the traffique of the commodities thereof, no∣minated in the aforegoing Chapter. The inhabitants stand much upon their ancient priviledges granted them by their old masters Tentonique Knights, and acknowledging the King of Swethland for Protector, to whom they yeeld obedience, the keeping of which cost him 100000 Crowns yearly, as naturally defending his own, and of∣fending his neighbours teritories. This Citie in one thing hath a larger freedome than Rhiga, and is the same as in Lubeck for coyning of monies, which they doe foure square, yet are bound to stampe the same of the same worth and value as the currant coynes of Po∣land, therefore I shall not need further to insist thereupon.

Their common weight is a pound, their Ship-pound is 400 pound, * 1.693 and the 100 pound of London makes here 116 pound.

There is found some Exchanges practised in these parts by the mark * 1.694 Swedens of 16 shil. and by the mark Lups of 32 shil. &c.

Their common measure of length is the Ell, agreeing with that of * 1.695 Coninxburgh and Rhiga, the 100 yards London making by computati∣on in circa 166½ ells here. Narva also seated in this tract, agreeth in weights and measures with Revel, therefore I shall not need to insist further thereupon.

CHAP. CCXXIX.

Of Stralsont and the trade thereof.

STralsont lies also in this tract, and is found seated on the Baltique sea, opposite to the Iland of Raugie, * 1.696 where the late K. of Sweden first landed in his invasi∣on of the Empire: •…•…it is now subject to the Duke of Pomeran, and in whose cause it hath endured a long and straight siege; but being well and strongly for∣tified, by suffering, it over-came, and is now accounted a famous

Mart in these Northerne parts for Graine, Pitch Tarre, Rosen, Hony, Wax, Hides, Tallow, and the like. Here passeth in Merchandise the monies of Norway, Denmarke, Sweden and Germany, of all which I have spoken, and the Duke hath also a peculiar coine, which is stam∣ped in equall value to the Imperial Doller, as above is sayd.

The weight of Stralsont is the pound, 10 whereof is accounted for * 1.697 a stone, and 16 for a Lispound, and the 100 pound in London hath pro∣duced here about 88 in 89 pound.

The measure of length is the Ell, and is found to agree with the * 1.698 Ell of Statin, as is shewed hereafter.

I must not here omit a word in memorie of the ancient Citie of Iulin, seated in this Dutchie, and which once was the principall Ci∣tie * 1.699 of trade in all this sea: for here the Vandals, Saxons, Muscovites, Poloniant, Swedes, English, Danes, and Germanes had their severall quarters of residencie for Commerce; and all the commodities of these Countries were brought hither by these nations. It is noted, that the inhabitants were the last of all these Northerne people, that embraced the Christian Religion, by reason that being in the height of their prosperitie, perceiving the Gospel of Christ to thrive and increase in all their neighbouring territories, strictly prohibi∣ted, that no stranger whatsoever here resident, should embrace the same, nor that any should as much as mention any new religion unto them; but in these latter dayes their great traffique is lost, and they are become religious according to the superstition of that re∣ligion they use, and since have suffered much by the vexations of the continuall warres of the Danes, and appeares now for the most part ruined, where I wil leave it, and passe thence to the next town of Pomeran.

CHAP. CCXXX.

Of Stettin and the trade thereof.

THis Stettin is the Capitall Citie of Pomeran, situated * 1.700 upon the river of Oder, in pleasant & delightsome soyle, and carrieth in these Northerne Regions that renowne, that from hence the Dukes of Stet∣tin in Pomerland have their appellation. The Citie abounds in all commodities for merchandise that the neighbouring Countries affoord; and of it selfe it yeeldeth to merchants the commodities common to Prusson, Sweden, and Polonia.

For its defence, it is strengthned on all sides with ramparts, ditches, and good artillery; the river of Oder is beautified with many use∣full and necessary bridges, the one whereof is purposely made to lead to the Granaries and store-houses, where the corne and graine, either for store or exportation, is laid up, and where their Arsenalls are seated, in which their warlike provision is kept, and where ves∣sels of all sorts both for the sea and river is seene daily to be fabrica∣ted, beside the severall Churches & Colledges that adorne this city, the Dukes Palace must be accompted as the principall ornament, built of that art and sumptuousnesse, that it gives not place to the most excellent in Italy, in fine, Statin is not to be accompted the least of the hauns-townes, and though the Prince be daily there resident, yet it proveth no way prejudiciall to the priviledges thereof.

The commodities of this City are for merchandising, such as all the * 1.701 East Countrey affordeth, viz. Tarre, Pitch, Rosen, Hony, Waxe, Hides, Graine, and all kind of Furres.

The weight of this City is divided into two kinds, derived from the pound weight here in use, the quintar is accompted 112^l^' of this * 1.702 place, and that is the first, and the second is the stone, which is also of two sorts: as a stone of 10^l^' being the small stone, and a stone of 21^l^' accompted the great stone, and it hath beene observed that the 10^l^' of London Haberdupois hath yeelded here incirca 92^l^'.

The common measure in use for length is called the Ell, as the usu∣all denomination thereof in all the East parts, and the 100 yards of * 1.703 London hath beene observed to produce here about 141 ells.

And thus much shall serve to have said of these cities, which I have intitled under the names of Poland and Eastland, though in themselves acknowledging severall distinct Princes, having taken that liberty to my selfe in my first method, rather narrowly to ob∣serve the maritime shoares and the principall cities seated thereup∣on, though acknowledging divers Soveraignes, than precisely to fol∣low the limits and bounds of Princes dominions according to the largenesse and extent of their command and power.

CHAP. CCXXXI.

Of the Weights and Measures of Eastland, to that of London.

NOw, for as much as there be many other eminent cities of trade which in particular I have willingly omitted to handle, therefore according to my observed order I will contract them here, and shew how the weight and measures of Lon∣don doe agree, and are found to accord together.

And first, I finde it observed, that the 100^l^' of haberdupois in London, doth make in these townes following, viz. in * 1.704

	l'
Stralsont as I said,	88
Statin	92
Revell	116
Dansicke	116
Coni•…•…xburghe	120
Rhig•…•…	116
Thore•…•… and Narv•…•…	116
Cracovia	120
Elbin	120
Wild	116

And thus much shall serve for the weights in generall of Eastland, and as for the measures, take here the same observations made upon * 1.705 100 yards of London which produceth in

	Els.
Embde•…•…	163
Hamburg	162½
Brem•…•…	163
Lubecke	160
Munster	86½
Ossenbridges	84
Wismar	156½
Coninxburge	166•…•…
Rhiga and Revel	166•…•…
Rhostique	158
Gripswald	163
Donim	163
Stattin	141
Dansicke	163
Ocermond	141
Melluine	161
Nerva	166 arsius.

CHAP. CCXXXII.

Of corne measures of Eastland reduced to that of other Countries.

THis Country is above all other commodities abounding in corne, which hence is transported into all parts of Europe; it will not be amisse, to see what observations have been * 1.706 made upon the measure thereof, here in use, and concur∣rent with other places.

Schepels 60 in Da•…•…tzke, make a Last, and 4 makes a Mudde, which is the skippo•…•…d of 340^l^', as you finde it there noted.

Werpes 61 makes a Last in Embden, or 15•…•… barrels of 4 werpes.

Schepels 90 make a Last in Hamburge.

Schepels 96 makes a Last in Lubecke.

Schepels 96 makes at Fameren a Last.

Schepels 96 makes a Last in Hileger haven in Denmarke.

Barrels 42 makes a Last in Coppen-haven.

Barrels 36 makes a Last in Ebeltorffe donie:

Quarters 10•…•… makes a Last in London; but in lading of shi•…•…, quar∣ters five are accompted for one tun lading.

Now let us see how these respond together, and how these agree * 1.707 with the Last of Corne in Amsterdam, upon which I finde these notes, and that the same maketh in

Da•…•…zke	56 •…•…chepels.
Embden	55 Werpe•…•….
〈◊〉〈◊〉	85 Schepels.
Lubecke	85 Schepels.
Fameren	78 Schepels.
Hylegher	80 Schepels.
Coppenhaven	23 small Barrels.
Ebolltorffe	23 Barrels.
Sweden	23 Barrels.
Coninxburgh	6/7 of a l•…•…st, for the 6 lasts are 7 at Amsterdam.
Melvin	〈◊〉〈◊〉 of a Last.
Statin	〈◊〉〈◊〉 of a Last.
Rhiga	42 Loopes, Rostique and Mechburgh measure of Lubecke
Antwerpe	372 Vertales
Brussels	10½ Muden & Diffring in all places of Brabant
Middleburgh	40 Sackes 41½ to the last in Zealand.
Roterdam, Delft.	87 Achtellins.
Gronninghen	33 Muddes.
London	10¼ quarters and 5 quarters to a Tun.

CHAP. CCXXXIV.

Of the trade in generall of Poland and Eastland.

HAving thus surveyed the trade of this Coun∣trey * 1.708 in some particulars, it will not bee amisse to looke upon it in the generall. The reve∣newes both of the King and Gentlemen is here esteemed but moderate, and scarce sufficient to maintaine a plentifull table, and to ex∣change with merchants for Wines and Spices, which they yet much covet, as also they doe forraigne stuffes of Silks and Cloth: I have noted that this kingdome aboundeth with Beasts as well wilde as tame, and yeeldeth excellent horses, not great, but quicke, nimble and stirring; it aboundeth al∣so in flesh, fowle, and water-fish, and in all kinde of pulse and graine; it is found also towards the Carpatian mountaines of Hungarie to have some mines of Gold and Silver, of Iron and Brimstone, it yeeldeth also in aboundance, plentie of honey found in hollow trees, besides the husband-mans Hives: it yeeldeth moreover Wax, Flax, and Linnen clothes made thereof, Hempe, Pitch of both kindes, Masts for ships, Boards and timber, rich Furres, Salt digged out of the earth, Amber,

Sope-ashes, and Rie in aboundance, which hath made Danzke famous throughout Europe.

No marvell then if Merchants bring unto them Silkes from Italy, Cloth from England, Wines from France and Spaine, and the very Spices and Drugges from India, since they not onely sell them at good prices, but also bring thence such pretious and staple com∣modities. Poland it selfe is found within land and Prussia with their immunities subject to this kingdome, is found to have the princi∣pall traders therein inhabiting, yet have they but few shippes, using strangers to export their commodities. For the rest of the Polanders they are observed to live content with their owne, and not by way of Merchandising to stir much abroad; yet are they not rich, because they want the above sayd commodities, which the proud Gentle∣men and Nobilitie of these countries buy deere, and wil have, though brought from farre unto them, and they are noted to have so little Gold and Silver, as despising all in respect of it, they sell the rich commodities of their countrey at a low rate, especially those which are for daily food, and thereby made unfit to bee exported. The people themselves are not much addicted to trafficke into remote regions, nor to travell farre out of their owne Countries, yet in imitation of other their neighbours, they sometimes trade with their rich Furres into other countries, of whom I have observed some to come to Constantinople, rather making a rangeing voyage, than comming with intent to trade and reside. Wherein they can∣not be much blamed, in regard that they have in plenty all things that naturally is wanting to mankinde, if they can bee contented therewith: but the inhabitants of Pomerland, East countrey, &c. are observed to be more ingenious, and farre more addict to traffick and commerce, and have some vessels fitter for transport and carriage than for warfare, but yet most proper for their grosse commodi∣ties and large stowage, however their winter colds depriving them of almost halfe the yeares trafficke: the other halfe wherein their seas are navigable, cannot make them any competent amends and their Merchandise being altogether grosse, cannot give them therfore the attribute of Eminent Merchants.

CHAP. CCXXXIIII.

Of Hungarie and the principall Cities thereof.

HVngarie is bounded on the East with Transilvania and Valachia, on the West with Austria, on the North * 1.709 with Poland, on the South with Sclavonia, &c.

This kingdome now stands divided betweene the Grand Signiour and the Hungarians: the great Turke enjoyes Buda, seated on Danubius, once the Metropolis of this king∣dome * 1.710

and Court of the Kings, also Guilia Pest, Alba Regalis, called by them Wisenberge, next quinque Ecclesiae, Rab, and some others of les∣ser note.

In the Hungarians possessions are these principall Cities, Pres∣berge * 1.711 the present Metropolis of this Countrey; second Strigonium, 3 Agraria, 4 Comara in an Iland of that name, 5 Tertax, 6 Canista, 7 Zegith, before which Soliman the great Turk ended his dayes, and some others of lesser consequence.

This Countrey doth much abound in cattle sufficient to feed all Germany, the store is so great, that they yearly sell to their neigh∣bours * 1.712 80 or 100 thousand Oxen, they have also some Copper, and Tin, some quantitie of Corn•…•…, Hony, wax, and such like commodities, and from hence to Constantinople I have seene Hides, Butter & Cheese, that in great aboundance have come out of these parts through the Black sea. Further matter of trade hath not remarkeably fallen into my hands, therefore for the currant coines of this Countrey, with their weight and measures in use, I must referre to the better experi∣enced, and hence travell to Dacia and the rest of those provinces comprehended within that circuit.

CHAP. CCXXXV.

Of Dacia and the Provinces and Cities thereof.

DAcia is bounded on the East with the Euxine, on the West with Hungary, on the North with the Carpa∣thian * 1.713 mountaines, on the South with He•…•…us dividing it from Greece.

The rivers that inrich this Countrey are Danu∣bius, 2 Aluta, 3 Salvata, 4 Cockle, 5 Morus, and some others.

The commodities that this countrey affoordeth for merchan∣dise, is Butter, Cheese, Hony, Wax, Hides, Oxen, Tallow, and warlicke * 1.714 horses of great worth.

The provinces are these, and are all under the command of the Grand Signiour.

Transilvania the chiefe townes thereof are, 1 Wisenberg, 2 Clan∣senberg, 3 Bristitia, 4 Fogares, and others, and now in possession of * 1.715 Bethlem Gabor the Vaviode thereof.

Moldavia is the next, the chiefe Cities are Saccania, the second is Falsing, 3 Kilim, 4 Chermon, &c. under a Vaviod who is tributary to * 1.716 the great Turke.

Valachia is the third province, the principall townes whereof are 1 Salnium, 2 Praclaba 3 Terg•…•…vista, the Vaviods seat, who is tributary * 1.717 to the Turke. This countrey abounds in mines of Gold, Silver, Iron,

Salt-pits, Wines Cattle, and Brimstone, and esteemed the richest of these provinces.

Servia is the fourth, and hath these Cities. 1 Stoneburg the seate of * 1.718 the Despot, tributary to the Turke, 2 Somandria, 3 Belgrade a famous towne, which cost the great Turkes much blood and money the get∣ting, and was accounted before as the Bulwarke of Christendome on this side.

Rasia is the fifth, the chiefe Citie is Bodin, a famous Mart. * 1.719

Bulgaria is the next, wherein is found Sophia, the seat of the Beg∣lerbeg of Greece, who hath under him 21 Sansakes. Next is Nicopolis, * 1.720 and some others of lesser note.

Bosna is the last province, wherein is Casachium and •…•…siga, the resi∣dence * 1.721 of their former Despots. All which affoord not further matter of trade: for where the great Turke once commandeth, traffique is accounted very rare, and is seldome found of import, and being ig∣norant in that little there is, I am constrained to omit it.

CHAP. CCXXXVI.

Of Sclavonia, and the Provinces and Cities thereof.

SClavonia hath on the East, the River of Drinut, * 1.722 and a line drawne from thence to the S•…•…a, on the West a part of Italy: on the North, Hunga∣ry; and on the South, the Adriatique sea.

The commodities that this country doth af∣ford * 1.723 for merchandise, are Horses for service, Cat∣tell, Oxen, Hides, Tallow, Butter and Cheese, and hath some Mines of Silver and Gold now in the great Turkes possession. The Provinces and Cities of note in Sclavonia are these.

Illyria, now by the Turkes called Windismarque hath in it Zatha seated upon Danubius, 2 Zackaocs, 3 Windisgreets and others. * 1.724

Dalmatia is the second Province, the chiefe City is Ragusa scitu∣ated on the Adriatique Sea, formerly a towne of great traffique * 1.725 and riches, and now tributary to the Turke; next is Scium 3 Zara, both seated on the Sea shoare, and subject to the Venetions: 4 Spal∣latta, a Sea-towne, from whence to Venice, that State keepeth many Gallies for transportation of Merchants goods, and by reason of an unreasonable fraight by them taken, they stand to the hazards and adventures thereof, which they did to their cost in Anno 1619, my selfe being in Naples when as the Duke d'ossuna then Vice-king, tooke two of these their gally grosses laden with a rich booty as was re∣ported

to the import of 300000 Cro. which the state of Venice were enforced to make good principally to Merchants Turks of Con∣stantinople, to whom the greatest part thereof did at that time ap∣pertaine, and who are found at this day to be the greatest traders this way. The next towne is Scodra, famous for the resistance it made against the Turkes, and last, Lissa, famous here for the sepul∣chre of Scanderbeg, whose bones were digged up, and worne by the Turkes at the taking of this City, as conceiving them to be of excel∣lent vertue to make them partake of his good fortunes: This Pro∣vince being now divided betweene the Venetians and the Turke.

Croatia is the next, the chiefe townes are Gardisca, seated on the * 1.726 river Savut, 2 Brumon, 3 Novegrade, 4 Sisgith, and lasty Petro∣via; this country is now subject in part to the Venetians, and in part to the Austrians, of the trade of the most principall of this in briefe, and first of Rhagusa and Spallatta.

CHAP. CCXXXVII.

Of Rhagusa and Spallatta, and the trade thereof.

THe trade of Sclavonia is at this day but of small accompt, and little to our Nation: the two cities of Spallotta and Rhagusa seated therein, merit the principall consi∣deration.

Rhagusa then, formerly called Epidaurus, being scituated on the * 1.727 Adriatique sea a common-wealth of great traffique and riches, was in times past of farre greater fame and name, both in trade and naviga∣tion than now it is: for from hence was the originall of those great ships here built, and in old time famous, as then vulgarly called Ar∣goses, properly * 1.728 Rhaguses, the last which they were noted to have, they lent Philip the second King of Spaine, in 1588 to invade Eng∣land and had her buriall in our Brittish seas, and may all others so thrive, that envie the prosperity of England, since which, I heare not of any they have of any consequence. They now pay 12000 Duckets yeerely to the Turke for a tribute of that trade and liberty they now injoy, which notwithstanding is of no great consequence.

The countrey affords not any commoditie of moment for our Na∣tion, and wee onely send thither some blew Hampshire Kersies, some Lead, Tynne, and little else.

The Monies thereof are such as passe current through the state of * 1.729

Venice, and Turkie their neighbours, and their owne being in cor∣respondence therewith, and a•…•…mpted by grosses.

Grosses 6 is a Liver	Grosses 62 is a Venice Chicquin
Grosses 59 is a Hungar	Grosses 40 is a Naples Ducket
Grosses 38 is a Riall▪	Grosses 59 is also a Sultanie, ac∣compted in England for 8 star.
Grosses 1 is 2 Gassets
A Gasses is 2 Saldes

The Weight is a pound of () ℥ and 100^l^' is the quintall. * 1.730

The 100l^' is English 80l^'	1l^' Rhagusa is 9℥ gros. Ven.
and is Venice sutle 120l^'	1l^' Rhagus. is 14℥ sac. 2 〈◊〉〈◊〉 sutle.
and is Venice grosse 76l^'

The Measure is the Brace, which agreeth with the Brace of Venice: thus the 100 cloth Braces is in Ragusa 124, and of silke 116 Brac. and * 1.731 is in England () inches.

Note that the weights and measures of Spallata doe wholly agree with those in Venetia, therefore I neede not to say further thereof in * 1.732 this place; and by the way, note, that for the weights of Rhagusa, I find this observation made: the 100 Rot. of Alexandria Zero is in Rhagusa 260^l^' the 100^l^' forfori is in Rhagusa 116 l' the 100 ℞ laidin, is in Rha∣gusa 165 l' the 100 ℞ of Damietta, is in Rhagusa 120 l', the 100 ℞ of Roma, is in Rhagusa 666 l', the 100 ℞ of Baruti is in Rhagusa 625 l' the 100 ℞ Damasco, is in Rhagusa 600 l', the 100 ℞ of Tripost in So∣ria, is in Rhagusa 500 l', the 100 ℞ of Alleppo is in Rhagusa 600 l', the 100 ℞ of Rhodes and Gasa, is in Rhagusa 666⅓ l', the 100 ℞ of Cyprus, is in Rhagusa 625 l', the 100 ℞ of Bursia in Natolia, is in Rhagusa 146 l' the 100 ℞ of Constantinople, is in Rhagusa 146 l', and the 100 l' in Rhagusa doth make as followeth:

In Puglia	39 ℞
Puglia	110 l'
Rome	101
Florence	105
Perosa	95
Siena	108
Acquilla	107
Lansan•…•…	106
Vrbino	106
Crema	111
Piemont	101
Forli	111
Faensa	110
In Cesena	106 l'
Ricanati	107
Camerino	108
Bollonia	110
Lucca	106
Millano	111
Verona	108
Bressia	111
Ferara	106
Modena	109
Genoa	114
Fanno	106

Further matter worthy mentioning that concernes either the weight, measure, or trade of this place I have not observed, therefore I passe it over; and hence take my journey to Grecia, the next place which challengeth my survey.

CHAP. CCXXXVIII.

Of Greece, and the Provinces thereof.

GREECE, accounted the mother of Arts and * 1.733 Sciences, is bounded on the East with the Egeansea, the Hellespont, Propontis, and Thracian Bosphorus, on the West with Italy and the Adri∣aticke sea, on the North with the mountaine Hemus, and on the South with the Ionian sea, and is now intirely subject to the Grand Signi∣our.

The generall commodities found here, and transported hence, * 1.734 are Wines, Oyles, Copper, Vitrioll, Brimstone, Silkes, raw and wrought, as into Velvets, Damaskes, Grograines of Goats haire, or wooll, Cute, Aniseeds, Cominseeds, Currants, Sopes, Carpets, Cottons, &c.

The chiefe Rivers navigable are Cephisus, rising in Epirus, and * 1.735 setting in the Egean sea, Erigon, and Aliemon, rising both in Macedo∣nia, and issuing in Thermaicus sinus, then Sirmon in Migdonia, Alicus and Nisus in Thracia, and some others.

The principall provinces are seven, and the Cities therein are as * 1.736 followeth, Peloponnesus is the first, dividing it selfe into sixe lesser parts, wherein is found the Cities of Elis, Olimpia, now ruined, though once famous; then the Cities of Corona and Modona, the now flourishing Townes of this Province: here was also in times past Thebes, Lacedemon, Sparta, Argos, Nemea, Corinth, now a villedge called Crato, all now gone and ruined, and here is now of note in matter of traffique in this circuit, found onely Modon, Corona, be∣fore named, and Pretrasse, and some others of lesser consequence, whereto Merchants doe frequent for traffique sake. Of the trade whereof a word.

CHAP. CCXXXIX.

Of Modona, Corona, and Petras, and the trade thereof.

THese three Cities as situated on the same shores, * 1.737 and subject to the same customes, and found a∣bonnding in Corne, Wines, Oyles, and Currants, Galls, Aniseeds, Silke, and such like, which I have thought good to put into one member, to abbreviate my taske.

In Petros there hath been of many yeares a trade maintained by the endevours of the English, who here by authority of the Grand-Signiour * 1.738 have a protecting Consull resident, who hath the title of the Consull of the Morea: and here is vented from England some Clothes of Suffolke, Sarges, Tin, Lead, &c. In exchange whereof they trans∣port * 1.739 hence these commodities aforenamed, Corne and Oyle being by their lawes prohibited transportation, but by the connivence of Officers found permitted notwithstanding.

The monies of these places is currant with those of Turkie, and those of Venetia, as possessors and borderers, which they account * 1.740 by the Turkish coines, as in Dollers and Aspers.

Aspers 80 accounted to a Doller, or ℞ 〈◊〉〈◊〉 which is the best commo∣ditie: aspers 120 accounted to a Sultany Hungar or Checquine, which coynes are found to rise oftentimes 10, 20, or 30 per cent. in aspers, as the occasion of trade, or misgovernment too oftentimes doth permit.

The weight of Petros is the pound of 12 ounces, ordinarily ma∣king 11 drams to an ounce, 3^l^' making their oake, which is 4^l^' 2 ℥ * 1.741 English, or 400 drams here.

132^l^' makes their quintall, which is 117^l^' London; but their Silke is sold by a pound of 15 ℥. which is 1¼ pound abovesayd: and it hath been found that 112^l^' English have made in Petras 126^l^' the sack of Currants commonly weighing of their weight 140^l^', which in Zant hath produced in circa 118^l^'.

100^l^' of Petras hath been found to make in Venice sotile 130 l', and in the grosse weight of Venice 83½ l', which thus computed may be 88 in 90 l' haberdupois of London.

The measures of these places are two for distinction of length, First the Silke Pico is found to be 25 inches English, and the Cloth Pi∣co * 1.742 27 inches by the rule in England.

Oyles is sold by a measure called the Liver and weigheth 7½ l', * 1.743 20 whereof is found to make a Candye Barrell, which must hold 15 Gallons English. which should be 112½ l' haberdupois.

Corne is here sold by the Bachel, whereof 9 and ⅖ •…•…hath been noted * 1.744 to make in England 8 Bushels Winchester measure.

From Petras it will not bee improper that I trace the Dalmatian shore, and survey the Cities seated on the maritime coast, and found in the gulph of Venice, purposels omitted in the Chapter of Dal∣matia, as more proper to this place; and then proceed to the rest of the Greciam provinces.

CHAP. CCLX.

Of Catarro and the trade thereof.

THough in this tract then Rhagusa and Spallato be the prin∣cipall * 1.745 Cit•…•…es of trade knowne to our Merchants of Lon∣don, yet now coasting this Dalmatian shore, it will not be improper that I take a generall view of such eminent Cities of note as are observable in this tract, the next of conse∣quence being Catarro, seated in a gulph bearing the name of the Citie, enjoying a commodious harbour and safe from all windes, but not enjoying any great trade, by reason of the too neere neigh∣bourhood of Rhagusa yet the place doth affoord for Merchandise which is exported to Venetia, and to other places in that gulph, Wax, Hony Tarre and Pitch or Rosen, some minerals or colours for Painters-tallow and candles Cordo•…•…ts and sheepe Skinnes, Figges, Al∣monds, Nutt, and some other commodities for victuall.

The Monies here, and generally throughout all this coast, are * 1.746 those currant in the State of Venetia, and the dominion of the great Turke, of which more is sayd in its due place.

The weight here used is the pound, and the 100 l' here is in Ve∣netia * 1.747 sutle 133 l', as hath been observed, and may be about 90 l' Eng∣lish and the sayd pound is 16 ℥. And the sayd 100 pound of Catarro hath made in Sicilia 127 pound, and the 100 pound of Sicilia hath made here 78 pound, and the grosse Salmo of Sicilia hath made here 4 stares, the 100 pound of Catarro hath been also observed to yeeld in Lansano, and other parts of Pulia 117 pound.

The measures of Catarro are, * 1.748

From Catarro I will take my passage to the next Citie neigh∣bouring, the most important being Sebenico.

CHAP. CCXLI.

Of Sebenico and the trade thereof.

SEBENICO is also found on this shore, and seated up∣on * 1.749 the river of Cherca, abutting on the gulph of Venetia, and having a commodious harbour lockt from all dan∣gers of windes by sundry small Ilands, Caprano and Standica being the principall, Tina a faire Citie lies upon this river more into the land, which addes to the trade of this place, and were it not for the continuall piracie of Rovers upon this coast, and especially amongst these Ilands, the trade therof would doubt∣lesse increase daily, and grow, by reason of its commodious situa∣tion, to a great height; yet notwithstanding this difficultie, it af∣foordeth for merchandise exportable, Wax, Hony in great plentie, tallow, hides and cheese, excellent Oyle of Olives, and strong Wines, Figs and some other fruit.

This Citie of Sebenico is found to have two severall weights * 1.750 commonly in use; the one for the weighing of fine goods, and the other for grosse goods.

The first being called the sutle hundred, consisting of 100 pound, is in England 80 pound haberdupois.

The second called the grosse quintar of 100 pound, doth also pro∣duce in London 128 pound haberdupois.

The measure of length in use is the Pico, which is accounted to * 1.751 bee about 23 inches English, and is about 10 per cent. lesse than the cloth brace of Venice.

This note hath beene made between the weight of Venice and Sebenico.

• 100 pound sutle Sebenico is sutle in Venetia 120 pound.
• 100 pound grosse Sebenico is grosse in Venetia 120 pound.
• 100 pound sutle Venice is sutle in Sebenico 83 pound.
• 100 pound grosse Venice is grosse in Sebenico 83 pound.
• 1 pound sutle in Venice is in Sebenico 10 ounces.
• 1 pound sutle Sebenico is in Venetia sutle 14 ℥ 2⅖ sases.

And so leaving Sebenico I come to Scutari.

CHAP. CCXLII.

Of Scutarie, and the trade thereof.

SCutarie is accompted the Metropolis of Albania, and situated upon a Lake, called the Lake of Scutarie, or * 1.752 Scodra, through which the river of Bolon•…•… runneth, and so to the Sea, neere the gulph of Lodrin, and in∣cluded in the gulph of Venetia; but being now as the other cities of this Tract in subjection to the Grand Sig^r; the trade thereof is much decayed, and the city ruin'd from its ancient splendour and beautie, yet the industry of the inhabitants, doth afford some silke made here; also waxe, hony, hides, cordovante, and some other skins for merchandise.

In Scutary is used two sorts of weights, a grosse and a sotile; the grosse * 1.753 hundred of 100^l^' is in England 108^l^' in circa haberdupois, by which all grosse commodities are weighed, and the sotile hundred, by which all fine commodities are weighed, is English 64^l^', and it hath beene observed, the 1000^l^' sotile of Venice, hath made here grosse 664 l', and the 1000 l' grosse here in Scutary, hath made in Venice 1600 l'.

The measure of length here in use, is the pico observed to accord * 1.754 with Venice thus: the 100 braces of cloth hath made here 112 picho, and the 100 braces of silke in Venice, hath made here 106 picho, which in England must be accompted for (27) inches.

All sort of graine is sold by the stare not onely in Scutary, but also * 1.755 in Boiano, seated on the mouth of this river, and the 100 stares make in Venice 66⅔ stares which is in England () accompting by this computation every three stares of Scutary to make two stares in Venice.

And thus leaving Scodra with this short survey, with the ap∣plause due to it, for its excellent situation and strength, I hence passe to Valona, or Avalona.

CHAP. CCXLIII.

Of Valona, and the trade thereof.

VAlona is also a faire commodious city, seated on the shoare, betweene the cape of Languetta, and * 1.756 the cape of C•…•…rion and is appos•…•… to the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Ottranto, and occomped the entrance into the gulph of Venice; and though it be in subject 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to the Turkes, who are not alwaies found friends to traffique, yet by the industry of the inhabi∣tants, it affords for merchandise to be exported, raw silke powder of berry or graine, for dying of rich colours, w•…•…xe, ho∣ny Rose•…•…, cottons, carpets, •…•…rdovants, some salt fish, which they call sarrache, and other such commodities in good quantity.

The weight here, is the pound, of which the quintar is composed, * 1.757 being 100 l' which hath beene found to produce in England 88 in 90 l' haberdupois, and hath made in Venice, from whence I gather my notes for these townes 133 l' sotile, so that the pound of Valona makes sutle in Venice 16 onnces, and the pound sotile there, makes in Valona but 9 ounces.

The measure of length here in use, is the picho, common in name * 1.758 throughout all the grand Sig•…•…ours Dominions; the 100 braces silke measure of Venice making in Valona 105 to 105 picho, which is in London () yards English.

And the 100 braces of cloth in Venice, makes here 112 pichos, and having done with Avalona, I proceede in the next place to survey the trade of Larta.

CHAP. CCXLIV.

Of Larta, and the trade thereof.

LArta is a pretty commodious towne for traffique, sea∣ted on a gulph, which beares the name of the towne, * 1.759 having two points of a land fortified, that commands the entrance into the said gulph out of the Mediter∣ranean sea, and is seated also on this shoare, betweene the Ilands of Corfn and Santa Manra; it is as the rest of the cities aforegoing, subject to the grand Sig^r. and doth af∣ford for merchandise to be exported great store of Sheepe skins, and

Cordovanis, raw silke, by us knowne by the name of Morea silke, pow∣der of Berry for Dyers: Cottons, Wa•…•…ce, Hony, Pottargot in great aboundance; being the rowe of the Mullet in great quantity caught in this gulph of Larta.

The weight here in use, is the pound, 100 l' whereof doth make * 1.760 the quintar, and is found to produce in London 88 l' in 89 pounds.

The measure of length is the picho agreeing with the picho before * 1.761 mentioned used in Valona.

And now I come to Lepanto the next towne of consequence.

CHAP. CCXLV.

Of Lepanto, and the trade thereof.

LEpanto is seated in the entrance of the gulph * 1.762 of Lepanto made famous to posterity by the Sea Victory obtained by the Christians over the Turkes, and the overthrow of their fleet herein 1571, it is here opposite to the city of Petras which is seated on the right side of the entrance in this gulph, as Lepanto is on the left. It is subject to the grand Turke, whose coines are here currant, as I shall have occasion to speake of more at large, when I handle the trade of Constantinople the metropolis of all his dominions. This place affordeth for merchandise which is hence exported into other parts, silke raw, called by us Morea silke, powder of graine, or berry for Diers, hony, waxe cottons, correns, cheese, wines, graine, Oyles, Galls, Aniseedes, and some other commodities.

In Lepanto. is used two severall weights, the one called the grosse * 1.763 weight, agreeing with the grosse weight of Venice, which in England is about 107^l^', the other agrees with the weight of Petras, by which is sold silke, graine, waxe, and some other commodities; and by the grosse weight is sold, woolls, cottons, hony, cheese, and all manducable commodities; but the Correns here, are usually sold by the bagge or sacke, at so many aspers a sacke or bagge, the which bagge ought to weigh 140^l^' Petrasin, the which 140^l^', is of Venice sotile 182^l^', which is haberdup•…•…is 120^l^' or 121^l^' incirea, where it is to be noted, that 200 l' petrasin, make 260 l' sotile Venice, which is 174 l' English, and is the staro of Correns in Venice; againe, note, that the 100 l' petrasin, or the 100 l' in Lepanto of Petras weight, is about 86 l' ha∣berdupois,

which is 130 l' sotile in Venice, and 83 l' grosse, and the pound petrasin, makes grosse Venice 10 ounces by observa∣tion.

The 100 l' sutile of Venetia, yeelds here petrasin 77 l'.

The 100 l' grosse of Venetia, yeelds here petrasin 121½.

The measure is here found to be the picho, agreeing with the pich•…•… * 1.764 of Larta and Valona aforementioned.

Before I passe out of this gulph, it will not be unproper, that I in∣site the bottome thereof, where Caranto a small Villedge, now sup∣plies the place of that ancient and famous Corinth, a City commodi∣ous for the command of a brave trade, as enjoying two famous Ports into two different Seas, seated formerly on the Istmos, enjoy∣ing a double harbour, one of each side thereof, the one whereof re∣garding Asia, and the other beholding Italy, and by the commodi∣ousnesse of which situation, the Citie in a short time, came to a great largenesse. Acrocorinth was but little distant thence, on the top of an adjoyning mountaine, upon which mountaine was seated the famous Temple of Venus, neere which was that notable fountaine discovered by the impression of the foot of Pegasus, as the Anci∣ents did feigne.

This Corinth was destroyed and ruined by L. Mummins, because the inhabitants had irreverently, and unworthily handled the Em∣bassadours * 1.765 of the Romanes 952 yeeres after the first building thereof, by Allettus the sonne of Hippottes.

In this continent, if the memory thereof may not here be im∣proper, was the Citie of Misene the dwelling of Agame•…•…on, where * 1.766 the Temple of Iuno stood so much famoused, both for the antiquity and devotion thereof, neere which was the Lake of Lerno, where Hercules slew the Lernian seven headed Hidra: Here was also Argos * 1.767 built, by that all everseeing Argos, so much celebrated by ancient Poets: likewise Epidaurus, renowned for the Temple of Esculapius, * 1.768 filled with the tables of those that had beene healed by him, the sicke who entred into the Temple to be cured, were to sleepe there a night, and imagined that Esculapius healed them, during that their repose and sleepe.

Here is also Lacedemon, by some called Sparta, now Misithie for∣merly great and powerfull, girt not with walles, but with the ver∣tue * 1.769 of the inhabitants: not renowned for the magnificencie of publique workes, but the discipline, instruction, and the manner of their living. Here was also those pleasant Arcadian plaines, and * 1.770 the places where the Olympian games were solemnized; with divers * 1.771 other memorable antiquities, which the injurie of time hath eaten out and consumed; wherefore I here omit them, and returne again to my purpose and prosecute my methode.

CHAP. CCXLVI.

Of Salonica and the trade thereof.

OF Modon, Coron, and Petras, the three prime Ci∣ties of Morea, I have already handled, now * 1.772 there rests a word of the trade of this an∣cient and famous Citie of Solonica, anciently called Thessalonica; to the inhabitants where∣of Saint Paul writ one of his Epistles: it is yet a rich and large Citie, and the residence of the S•…•…giac of Macedonia under the Grand Sig∣niour. The present inhabitants are Greekes, Turkes, and principally Iewes; who are here found to be very rich and eminent Merchants, 80 Synagogues of them being accounted to bee in this towne em∣ploying themselves in severall Arts and Merchandising. It is sea∣ted in the bottome of a gulph called by the Cities name; and by the demurre that happened in the English trade to Turkie some yeares past, these Iewes and inhabitants, and some Moores banished out of Spaine, have here set up some Loomes, and made cloth, in imitation of our English Suffolke clothes, which hath proved a great detri∣ment to the sale of Hampshire kersies; once vented in great quanti∣ty generally throughout Turkie, and especially in these parts; be∣sides which sort of cloth now here made, and hence taking name, the place affoordeth the generall commodities of the Morea, as pou∣der of Berry Orgrame for Diers, Wools, Cottons, Wax, Hony, Cordovants, Aniseeds, and the like.

The weights here in use are two, the one called the quintar turcesco, * 1.773 and the other the quintar petrafin.

The quintar turcesco of 100 pound makes in English pounds 119 pound to 120 pound in Venice grosse 112 pound, in Venice sotil 176 in 178 pound.

The quintar or 100 pound Petrasin make English 88 l' as is before mentioned: by this all silke, powder of graine, and other fine goods are sold; and by the quintar turcesco is wooll, cotton, cavlare, wax, hony, and some other grosse commodities sold and weighed.

The measures of length is the Picho, which is 27 inches English, * 1.774 and the hundred braces of cloth in Venice holds here 112 picho, and the hundred braces of silke in Venice, holds here 106 picho.

Ne•…•…re this Citie is the Towne of Siderocapse, so well knowne to * 1.775 the Turkes for the rich mines of gold there adjoyning, from which the great Turke doth monthly draw for his own share above 20000 Dollers besides the charges.

Neare the entrance of the gulph of Salonica is found the high and craggie hill of Athos, now the holy mountaine; whereon is found * 1.776 foure and twenty monasteries of Colloires, or religious Grecian Friers, with such devotion and zeale, that the Turkes themselves not onely admire their quiet living, but oftentimes communicate to their necessities, giving them gifts and almes. Here it is repor∣ted the ancient learning of many Greeke Fathers •…•…es buried, or at least immured, till by some divine hand they may bee freed and dis∣persed through Christendome.

And now to the rest of the Provinces of this fruitfull and fa∣mous Countrey.

The next province is Achaia, wherein was that famous Athens, * 1.777 now Salines, also Marathron, where Darins was overthrowne.

Then Megara, famous in times of old. Thebes built upon the ri∣ver Cephisus: here is also the straights of Thermopilae 25 foot in bredth, defended by 300 Spartans against Xerxes to the losse of 30000 of his men. Here is also the mount Helicon and Parnassus, * 1.778 famoused amongst Poets, and the Pythian Citie accounted the midst of all the world, and many other remarkeable places, which were here in times past, all having yeelded to age, and therefore merit not a longer stay, or a more serious survey of the trade thereof.

Epyrus is the next province, wherin was found famous, 1 Antigo∣nia, * 1.779 2 Casiope, 3 Ambrasia and others now ruined and or no account.

Albania is the next, wherein is 1 Albanopolis, 2 Sfetigrade, 3 Du∣razzo, * 1.780 a strong towne, 4 Croia, under whose walles Amurath the se∣cond died; now affoording little knowne trade unto us.

Macedonia is the next, wherein is Scidra, Adessa, Eribea, all faire * 1.781 Cities, but little knowne to the English for matter of trade: onely it is not to be forgotten, that this countrey is famous for Philip and Alexander the great his sonne; who from hence had their originall.

Thessalie is the next province, where the Cities of Tricca, Lomia, * 1.782 Demetria, Pharsalia and others stood, now also ruind and forgot.

Migdonia is the next province, wherein was Stagira, next Apollo∣nia, * 1.783 Nepolis, Antigonia, who also are now all ruined; giving prehe∣minence to Thessalonica, now called Salonica, seated in a Bay of that name, as I have mentioned in the chapter beforegoing.

Thracia is the last province comprised in Grecia, wherein is * 1.784 found the Cities of Sestos opposite to Abidos upon the Helle∣spont, famous for the loves of Hero and Leander, and now the Castles or keyes of Constantinople, Abdera the birth place of Democritus, who spent his life in laughing, Calipolis situated on the northerne pro∣montorie of the Chersonesse, the first towne that ever the Turkes took * 1.785

in Europe, Trajanopolis, founded by Tra•…•…anus, and Adrianopolis built by * 1.786 Adrian the Emperour, and by Bajaset taken in 1362, and made the seat of his Empire, till the taking of Constantinople about 90 yeeres after, and Pera, a city of the Genowaies opposite to Constantinople: and lastly, * 1.787 here is found the famous City of Constantinople it selfe the Metropolis of Greece, and the present seat of the Emperors of the Turkes, where∣in having resided for some yeeres, and finding that it comprehen∣deth most part of the traffique of his European Dominions, it will not be amisse for mee to observe it in a particular Chapter, as well meriting the same.

CHAP. CCXLVII.

Of Constantinople, and the trade thereof.

CONSTANTINOPLE, the seat and residence of the great Turke, is situ∣ated * 1.788 upon the streame that passeth from the Euxine seas, to the Meditorra∣nean, and thereby reaping the benefit of all that the winds can convey thi∣ther, both from the black and white seas, as they terme them: It is not more commodious for Merchandise, than for to be the head of an Empire, affronting Asia, and behind it Europe, whereof it is accompted the uttermost limit, estee∣med to be 20 miles in circuit, and comprehending 700000 living soules, as some have conceived, which would grow innumerable, did not the grand Signiours armies yeerely, and the plague once in three or foure yeeres sweepe away abundance of them.

It was first built by Pausanias, a Lacedemonian captaine, 660 yeeres before Christ, and by him called Bisantium, afterward ruined by •…•…everus, and in Anno 313 reedified by Constantine the Great, and made the seat of his Empire, and by him beautified and adorned with mag∣nificent buildings and curious ornaments, and called Constantinople, then it fell into the hands of the Latins, from them to the Grecians, and lastly, in 1453 to the Turkes, who now command it, upon which some have made this observation: That the first Emperour of the Latins who commanded it was a Baldwin, and so was he also, that lost it, also that it was built by a Constantine, the sonne of a Helena, a Gregory being Patri∣arch and lost by a Constantine, the sonne of a Helena, a Gregory being Patri∣arch, and as it was gained by a Mahomet, so have the Turkes a Prophesie, that a Mahomet shall lose it.

The City is formed in manner of a triangle, or more fitly, as we see the composition of a Harp, having its two largest angles borde∣ring on the seas upon a point that stretcheth it selfe into the sea, and the third, which is the least part incompassed with a strong tripled wall, incompassed with dry deepe ditches for defence, and stengthened with sundry towers now daily ruined, for the Turkes hold but few cities fortified, either by walls or bulwarkes, save some principall places, frontiers, or such like.

It hath many goodly moderne buildings, and amongst the rest, many Canes for Merchants strangers to abide; and Besesternes for * 1.789 them to make sales of their commodities in, it hath also many good∣ly * 1.790 Mosces, or Turkish Churches, and that anciently of Santa Sophia con∣verted to their irrelegious devotion, is not the least, though onely the now standing Chancell of the first building, neere which is the grand Signiors Palace, in the very point of the angle incompas∣sed for 3 miles in circuite with a high wall, and fortified with ma∣ny 100 peeces of Ordnance: this city, the common mart of all com∣modities of this Empire receiving and distributing what either comes or goes; the Merchants of London about 1580 here began to have some trade, and brake the ice by their land travell hither through Hungary; afterward it was setled by the benefit of the sea; and the first English ship that came hither, was about 1585, with an Em∣bassadour to refide; who obtained here such favour by the recom∣mendation of Queene Elizabeth, that her subjects in their treaty and capitulations, had many immunities and privileges granted them, and amongst the rest, a toleration of their Religion, freedome to their persons and estates, and that their customes should onely be 3 in the hundred out, and 3 in, whereas all other Christians there resident, paid 5 per cent'. Since which time, the English have here driven a great trade, under protection of divers Embassadours, that have here resided, which have had their Election, Salary, and Mainte∣nance from a society of Merchants incorporated in England under the great Seale: first, by the said Queene Elizabeth, and confirmed af∣terward with new priviledges by our deceased Soveraigne King Iames: and lastly, by our present King Charles under the Title of Merchants of England, trading the levant seas, wherein was at first comprehen∣ded the Easterne Indies, the dominions of the great Turke, and also the Signorie of Venice; this company deriving their originall from the company of Barbary Merchants, which about this time, by reason of the civill warres of Moroco and Fesse, began to decay, and with∣in a short time come to nothing, and who afterward searching more advisedly into the trade of these Easterne countries, this Company setled a Consul in Alleppo, and a vice Consul in Tripolie the then princi∣pall seate of Syria with the titles of Syria and Cyprus: also they placed another Consull in Chios, intitled of Scio, Smirna, and the Arches: as another Consull since in Argier, and another in T•…•…, and

the last in Petras in Morea, strengthened with command from the Port and Durano of the grand Signior, not onely for their peaceable living, but also for the quiet enjoying of these priviledges granted unto them as above is said.

The commodities that this place at first affoorded to our Nation, and which hence in those dayes were brought into England, were * 1.791 Grograins, Chamblet, Moher, Persia silke, Gold in great quantity, Car∣pets, Aniseeds, Cottons, Galles, some Pepper, Indico, and other spices, which now by the benefit of our East India trade, we send thither in farre greater aboundance than ever wee had them thence; and those are yet the common Staple commodities of this countrey.

The commodities which at first this company did send to Constan∣tinople, were Lead Tin, and principally a sort of blew Kersies, called * 1.792 Hampshire, & Stoplists, and some few clothes of Suffolk, Furs of Mar∣tins, Cony, Fitchos, Sables, and such: and now those kersies 〈◊〉〈◊〉 altoge∣ther out of use, and converted into clothes of Suffolk Glosters Coven∣tries, and the like, which they send in colours dyed & drest, to the number of eight or ten thousand clothes yearly; & now we also sup∣ply their markets with Indico, pepper, cloves, maces, antmegs, ginger, ca∣licoes, and other East India commodities.

The Merchants here residing, keepe their accounts as almost is accustomed over all Turkie, in Dollers and aspers, whereof 80 aspers * 1.793 is accounted a doller and though in merchandise it doth passe at 90, 100, or 110, or 150 asp. as I have knowne it; yet the standard of the doller in accounts alter not of 80 asp. to a doller, nor of the 120 asp. to a Sultany.

The coynes currant in Constantinople, are those proper to the whole Empire; which is principally the Sultany in gold, which agrees * 1.794 with the Hungar, Venice, Ch•…•…quine, and Sheriff of Barbary pas∣sing for 120 asp. and the doller of Germany▪ the Rial of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Spanish pas∣seth for 80 asp. so that the 1 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Rial of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 is a Sultany of gold; how beit of late dayes silver is found more plentifull, and gold more scarce, so that the sayd Sultany, Hungar or 〈◊〉〈◊〉 is worth 1 〈◊〉〈◊〉 doller, and 10, 20 or 30 asp. more or lesse, as the same is demanded and sought after: also here are found other dollers, both of Italy and Germany, to passe for a considerable value, as the L•…•… doller at 75 asp. and the Germane Ses•…•…ine at 70 asp. &c. and in fine, most sort of currant coins in the world, if found good silver, finde here a reall price in pay∣ments of merchandise.

The weights used amongst Merchants are these,

A Graine is the least, 4 makes a quillat. * 1.795

A dram is 16 graines, of which all the weights of these countries are composed.

An Tusdrome is 100 drams, and is 1 l'sotile Venice, or 72 mitagales here.

A Lodero is 176 drams about 132 l'haberdupoit 19 ℥

An Oake is 400 drams, which is neere 2 l' 12℥. or 10℥.

Loderot 100 is accounted to be 42 Oakes, and called a quintar; which quintar is accounted to be 118 in 120 l' sutle English.

A Batman is 60 akes, which is 2400 drams, or 16⅓ l' Engl. By which weight silke is here bought, making 10 great l' 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ℥ per Batman, Batman 7 and Oakes 2 makes a quintal, which is 120 l' English. Lode•…•… 13 and drams 112 makes a Batman: all silke is sold by the Batman, and yet weighed by the Lodero; so also is Grograine yarne and other * 1.796 commodities sold by the Oake, yet weighed by Lodero. To bring therefore Loderos into Okes, doe thus, posito, you have 14 Loders, and would know how many Okes it produceth; First multiply your 14 Loderos by 44, which produceth 616: then cut off the two last fi∣gures for the C. will remaine 6 which is Okes: then multiply the 16 you cut off by 4, and it makes 64, which is drams, and so your 14 Loders is 6 Okes 64 drams, and so do of any other summe given.

Drammes

• 720
• 700
• 680

are accounted Rotolos of silke and other commodities in Aleppo, according to the custome in sale of that commoditie which is to bee noted: and this dram is 16 Killats.

A Mitigall is 1 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Drams, which is 24 Killats 20 Mitigals of gold is 3℥ English.

A Chicquine Sultanie or Hungar is 18 Killats or Carats.

Rotolos 3 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 20 Drammes in Aleppo is a Batman in Constantinople, foure hundred Drammes making an Oake consisting of foure Yus∣dromes or pounds, ten ounces to the yusdrome, and ten drammes to the ounce; and hereby I have estimated neere fourtie eight drams to sixteene ounces haberdupois. Where note, that here (as in Alep∣po) severall commodities are sold by a severall Oake, as there by se∣verall Rotolo, as the Oake of Saffron is here 120 drams, and no more; and so in others. * 1.797

Now having considered this weight in it selfe, let us consider it as it is found to agree with other Cities of trade, which may best be done upon the 100 Loderos as the knowne beame; here the Oake, and Batman and Rotolo being fained and compounded thereof.

London	120 l' & found by often triall but to be 117 & 118 l'
Aleppo	24 2℥
Ditto silke ℞	25 2℥
Tripoli Suria	29 4℥
Tripoli Barbaria * 1.798	104 l'
Bar•…•…ti	23 6℥
Alex. Zera	56
Alex. Forfori * 1.799	125 l'
Rhodes	22 ℞
Acria	19 6
Babylonia	16 8¾
Balsora	4 8⅓
Milan, and Verona,
and Mantua	163 l'
Lucca	157 l'
Genoa	160 li.
Florence	151 li.
Venice sotle	176 li.
Venice grosse	112 li.
Cairo	123 Rot.
Cyprus	25½ Rot.
Corfu	112 li.
Lorta and Cattarro	132 li.
Rhigusa and Spallato	146 li.
Mesina grosse	62 Rot.
Sicilia sotle	69 Rot.
Naples and Puglia	60 Rot.
Anchona.	148 li.
Rome and Bolonia	146½ li.

The measures of lengtth in Constantinople used in trade, are * 1.800 three, and all called Picos: the first is the Cloth Pico: foure where∣of hath been observed to make three yards English, and is about 26½ inches, and if heedfully noted, twenty seven inches very neare.

The second is the Grograine or Chamblet Fico, containing 24 inches, and observed to make 24 pico 16 yards English.

The third is the linnen pico, which is onely the former dou∣bled: and note that in the measuring here of all commodities of length, here is no allowance made nor given in curtesie, as the inch is over-plus in England; but the sayd picos are found to bee made flat of Iron, and no more allowance given than the thick∣nesse of the pico at the end, which commonly exceeds not the thick∣nesse of an English shilling.

Corne is sold by a measure concave, called the Killow, and weigh∣eth about 20 Oahes; and it hath been observed, that 8⅔ of a Killow is * 1.801 a London quarter, and doth make a Salmo in Lighorne; and five Killows in Zant make 6 Bushels English.

Wine and Oyle, and almost all liquid commodities is sold by a me∣ter, * 1.802 which makes 8 Oakes and is accounted ⅔ of a gallon English.

Note that in Constantinople all fuell to burne, fruit, fish, flesh, and for the most part all commodities are sold by weight, and very few by the concave measures, which is a good benefite to the provident. Observe that Scio doth agree with these measures and weights; and so also should Smyrna by the observations of Mer∣chants, some yeares past; but some difference is now found per∣adventure

crept in by the abuse of the weighers, and the falshood of beames; and this difference is found more grosse upon cottons and galls, than upon any other commodity which may proceed both from the foulenesse of the first, and the greennesse of the later, which I referre to the reformation of the more judicious.

The customes paid in Constantinople is divers: as the Italians, and * 1.803 other frankes and Iewes pay upon all commodities, both outward and inward, 5 per cent.

The Turkes themselves are free from all customes.

The English and Dutch pay 3 per cent, inward, and as much out∣ward, upon all commodities, and this is paid in species, and not in mony, except that the Merchants doe compound, as oftentimes they doe, with the customer, that an indifferent rate be made upon the commodities, and upon that rate is 3 per cent. taken accordingly. * 1.804

Note, that over and above this custome paid by agreement and ca∣pitulation of forraine Princes for their subjects, there is paid upon all ponderous commodities a duty of 1½ per cent. and upon all measureable commodities is paid 1 per cent. and these customes are called Miseteries, and ever paid betweene the buyer and the seller, the Turke, if hap∣pening to be either, is ever exempted, which duty, both by the buyer and seller is paid to the Brokers, who repay it to the Farmer thereof, and both 〈◊〉〈◊〉 for the collectour, and is a rent setled for the maintenance of an Hospitall founded by Sultan Achmet, as hoping by this new custome levied upon strangers, and thus disposed of to charitable uses to gaine heaven at the charges of Christians. * 1.805

Opposite to the City of Constantinople, is the City Gallatta, for∣merly Cornubisantium, and in times past belonging to the Genoes, who in the declining state of the Grecian Empire were possessors of this City, and many other in this Empire both of great trade and consequence which are now in the possession of the grand Signiour, betweene which a river now runneth, wherein all shipping finde both a safe and convenient harbour, and in which all the Westerne Christians, either English, French, Dutch, or Vendian Merchants have their common residencie, intermixt with Grecians, Iewes, Armenians and some few Turkes, where also is placed a custome-house opposite to another on Constantinople side, both commonly farmed by one and * 1.806 theselfe same Emine or Farmer, who is the Receiver of the Grand Sig∣niours customes, which are found commonly payable, the one halfe in aspers, of 80 aspers to a doller, and the other halfe in sultaines of gold, or otherwise, as the Farmer and Merchant can agree for, and com∣pound the same.

I have shewed before, how that the Company of English Mer∣chants * 1.807 incorporated by the name of the society of the levant Compa∣ny in England, doe elect and nominate an able and skilfull, well qualified man in Merchants affaires, who with his Maiesties consent

and approbation resideth here, as Leger Ambassadour, to protect both the said Companies Factors, and their Estates here in matter of trade, whose charges and salary is paid and defraied wholly by the said Levant Company, and for the honour of the English Nation, and as necessary to his Port, and the said Companies traffique through the grand Signiours Dominions, they are found also to maintaine at pre∣sent, and to pay salarie to 6 Consuls in 6 severall places of this Empire, and to wait upon these and their Factors, they give pay to 40 Ieni∣saries 20 druggermen, or Interpreters: 6 Secretaries: 3 Ministers, be∣sides * 1.808 sundrie other needfull officers. And for the government of this trade in England, they have a Governour, who is alwaies yeerely chosen in London, and is ever one of the most eminent of the said Company, then a Deputy, and thirdly a Husband, in which last, the said Company have for some yeeres honoured my employment, and thought my paines worthy their acceptatic•…•…, and these in consideration of their care, have a yeerely courtesie or gratuity for their paines: also to these is added a Secretarie, accomptant, and some other offi∣cers receiving salarie, and for the better regulating of this trade, and as assistants to the above said, they have a Treasurer, and 18 Committies yeerely chosen, and are ever the greatest traders, and the most eminent of the said Societie, and commonly the deepest interessed in the generall trade; and in this nature hath it conti∣nued since the first erection and incorporation of this Society in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 1585, by Queene Elizabeth, whose love to her Merchants pro∣tured them in Turkie many priviledges, and granted them in Eng∣land the immunities aforesaid. Now for the levying and supporta∣tion of this charge annually thus happening, and for the raising of the present that is given to the grand Signiour, at the change of every Ambassadour, there is levied a lanto upon the Merchandise, ei∣ther imported or exported, in or out of Turkie, upon the members * 1.809 of the said Company, which in England is called by the name of im∣positions, and in Turkie, by the name of consoledge, which the said Company doe impose upon themselves, and set the same either higher or lower, as their occasions and necessitie of their charge doth re∣quire, and these are the most eminent of all the Merchants Christians that traffique hither.

The second eminent traders into this city, are the Venetians, and * 1.810 the subjects of that Signiory, to protect whom, and for reasons of estate, because of their neere neighbourhood, that Common wealth maintaines here an Ambassadour, commonly intitled the Bailo, toge∣ther with 10 Consuls in sundrie parts of the grand Signiours domini∣ons, together with 60 Ienisaries, 30 druggermen, and sundry other of∣ficers, which are all paid and defraid out of the office of Cottinio, in Venice, from whence also issueth all avenies, and other losses and charges that happen for the preservation and maintenance of the

trade of Turkie, or the liberties and immunities granted thereto throughout all the Grand Signiors Dominions.

The third eminent traders into this Citie, are the French, and * 1.811 the subjects of that crowne: to protect whom, and also for preser varion of amitie setled between them, that King maintaineth here an Embassadour, together with twelve Consuls, dispersed into sundry parts of this Empire; together with 80 Ianisaries, 34 Drug∣germen, and sundry other Officers, all payd and defrayed out of the Coffers of the French King, who willingly contributeth the charge for the ease of his Merchants, and hath but small leviations upon them for the same.

The fourth and last is the Dutch Nation, who in some manner are * 1.812 found to have some traffique hither; to which end that State main∣taineth in this City an Embassadour, whom they intitle their Orator, besides whom they have onely three Consulships, twelve Ianisaries, ten Druggermen, and some other Officers dispersed through the Grand Signiors dominions, whose charge is borne by the state of the Merchants of that nation, trading hither at a tanto per cent, and not by the purse of the sayd provinces.

Besides these, some small trade is driven here by the subjects of the King of Poland, as also by the subjects of the King of Hun∣gary, and by the Emperours subjects; who each of them have here their Embassadours: but the trade thereof is of so little conse∣quence, and subject to such change and variation by reason of the warre and peace, which sometimes is truely observed, and some∣times againe as little regarded, that it merits no great considera∣tion in this place.

As for the traffique driven here out of Armenia, Moscovia., Tar∣taria, Egypt, Georgia, Persia, and other Countries of Asia, and Affrica, I passe them over in silence, having handled them particularly in those severall kingdomes; to which I referre the reader.

Now the trade of other Nations hither I have noted, it is not unproper I should give a touch of the trade of the inhabitants of * 1.813 this Citie into other places: foure sorts of people are found hence to use a traffique such as are the native Greekes, Turkes, the Arme∣niant, and the Iewes. The Iewes bend much of their trade into the land, as to Adrianople with English Clothes, Tinne and Spices, brought hither by other nations: To Angora for grograines, Mohers, and grograine yarne: to Salonica and other Cities in Peloponnesus for silkes and other manufactories. the Armenians drive most of their trade into Georgia, Armenia and Persia for raw silkes, galles, and some drugges; and carry thither Clothes, Tinne, and other Eu∣ropean commodities, and Rials of silver. The Turkes bend their traf∣fique to Venice with grograines and Chamblets, and other commodi∣ties

of Dalmatia and Slavonia; and thence returne Sattins, Velvets, and some Wollen clothes, and Venice gold: then to Mecca, Damasco, and Cairo, with European commodities; sometimes by sea, but oftner by land; and bring thence Iems, Spices, Drugges, and Callicos, and other Indian commodities. The Greekes for the most part found to bee either shop keepers, and so cannot be tearmed Merchants; or else Mariners, which saile to Capha, to Da•…•…ius, to the Arches, Cyprus, and Alexandria; and these are noted to drive some small trade, that it merits not here any further observation.

Having thus as briefly and succinctly as I could, handled the trade of the maine continent of Europe; and being come to this Citie of Constantinople, one of the most eminent and fairest Cities, not onely of Europe, but also of the whole world, whose trade I have also duely & yet briefly related: It is now high time for me to looke homewards; and so leaving this famous Citie, saile downe the Thracian Bosphorus to the Hellespont, leaving in view and sight on Europe side the once famous Galipolis, the late Station for the * 1.814 Grand Signiors Gallies; whose materials either for the matter or for the manner of traffique, differs not from this used in the Citie of Constantinople it selfe, though otherwise it yeeldes to the Merchants for transportation good quantitie of raw Hides, sheepes wooll, Ani∣seeds, and some other commodities; and taking aboord me one qua∣lified here who according to the custome of the place supplies the roome of generall Consull for all westerne nations, I saile with him to the Castles of Sestos and Abidot, the now keyes of this sea and sayd Citie, famoused by the ancients for the sad and disastrous love of Hero and Leander; where staying three dayes to cleare my Vessell, according to the manner of each that would depart hence, discharging 101 Dollers 6 aspers to the Custome-houses of Con∣stantinople and Galatta, and to the Captaine of these Castles, and here 124 Dollers 54 aspers more, I and my ship are cleered & dis∣charged hence: and being freed, and my sailes flowne, I begin to descry the Arches, and there survey what Ilands of note and conse∣quence I finde in those seas, leaving behinde me the maine conti∣nent of Europe; and having thus performed my land-travaile, and fully discovered and layd open the traffique and commerce thereof I am called upon in the next place, to survey the trade of the princi∣pall Ilands comprehended under this part of the world Europe.

CHAP.. CCXLVIII.

Of the trade of the Isles seated in the Egean, Ioniam, Mediteranean and Adriatique Seas.

THe first Island falling in view, comming out of the Helespont is the Isle of Tenedos opposite to Troy, * 1.815 which hath a prettie towne in it, and inriched with excellent wines.

The next is Samothracia in the Egean sea, afford∣ing * 1.816 at S•…•…ia a good harbour for ships and nought else of consequence.

Lemnos is the next in the said seas affording that soveragine Mine∣rall * 1.817 against infection called Terra Sigillata, the earth thereof is made into little pellets, and sealed with the Turkes Character, and so dis∣persed * 1.818 over all Christendome for an excellent Antidote.

Scio or Chios is the next of note, affording that excellent Gumme, * 1.819 called Mastique, which in Iuly and August the inhabitants doe force out of trees, by making of deepe incisions into the barke thereof, with sharpe instruments, out of which the juyce dropping is after∣ward hardned like unto a bright Gum, and in September following gathered, which Mastique is farmed of the Grand Signiour, as his * 1.820 peculiar commoditie, and therefore ever maintained at a constant price, and hence dispersed throughout the world.

CHAP. CCXLIX.

Of SCIO, and the trade thereof.

I Have already declared in the trade of Smyrna, * 1.821 how that of late daies the principall seate of traffique was in this Iland in the towne of Scio, where a Consul for the English and other nations did reside; but finding the Port of Smyrna sea∣ted on the continent more proper for lading of Cottons and Cotton-yarne, and other grosse goods, the principall commodities of this seate, they removed their habitation thither, and with them is that trade that was here also removed, yet in that it was found a place where

great concourse of Merchants was found, we owe it a touch of its weights and measures, &c.

Accompts were and are kept in dollers of 80 aspers, and of Aspers as * 1.822 in Constantinople.

The monies are the same ingenerall mentioned in Constantinople, save that commerce, doth often-times make them be here 2 or 3 per cent. better esteemed.

The weights here, are derived from the dra•…•… of Turk•…•… that I * 1.823 mentioned in Constantinople.

100 drammes make a Rotolo, which is 19 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ℥ V•…•…ca sotile. 400 drams make an Oake. 100 Rotolos make a quintar, accompted in circa 118^l^' English, and should hold as in Smirna 120^l^', but daily expe∣rience findeth the contrary, both here and in Smirna, not making above 118^l^' sotile haberdupois.

Their measures are here two, the linnen picho q^t. 26 ynches, and the * 1.824 cloth picho usuall in Constantinople of 27 ynches, for other passages, vide further Constantinople and Smirna.

I will now proceed to the rest of those Islands in these seas, which are first Lesbos, in which, Mitylena is noted for the principall towne, * 1.825 where was borne Sapph•…•…, the inventresse of the sapphique verse, Pittacus, one of the Sages of Greece, Arion the Dolphin harper, and which have famoused this Island to posterity.

Negroponte is the next, where the Sea ebbeth and floweth 7 times * 1.826 a day, which because Aristotle cold not unriddle, he here drowned himselfe: the chiefe City is Col•…•…his, Caristia and others.

Here is also Seiros, Salamis, the 12 Sporades, also Delos, where * 1.827 Oracles were given to the Petitioners, and the 53 Islands of Ciclades, which afford nothing note worthy: also Samos the habitation of that fortunate infortunate Policrates, and Coos the birth-place of * 1.828 Apelles and Hippocrates, then Pathmos where S^t. Iohn wrote his Reve∣tions * 1.829 being confined hither by Domitian, which are now of small accompt, save onely in their number, and so I come in the next place to Rhodes.

CHAP. CCL.

Of Rhodes, and the trade thereof.

THE same of this Iland and Citie is suf∣ficiently knowne through Europe; and * 1.830 the valour of the ancient Knights the masters thereof sufficiently restified, in the defence thereof; it now (in matter of traffique) by reason of the commodious harbour and situation dai∣ly increaseth, and many Merchants Christians are found to frequent the place by day; but must by night get lodging in the suburbs, so fearfull are the Turkes of the losse or sur∣prisall of this place, which cost them so much blood in the gai∣ning.

This Citie is a Mart for most of the commodities of the Arches, as of Corne, Wines, Oyles, Rasins, Wax, Honey, Cordivants, some cotton * 1.831 woolls, and yarne and stuffes made thereof, as Dimitties, Vermilion, and as also some Damaskes and other stuffes of silke, &c.

Their accounts are kept in aspers, onely amounting by increase, after the manner of the great Turkes treasures, to hundred and * 1.832 thousand, and so to Loads or cargo, which is 100000 aspers.

Their Movies is the same as throughout Turkie, all other coines being rather esteemed here as a commoditie than a coyne: for they * 1.833 rise and fall according to contract, so that in all bargaines here, the price of the money by the buyer as well as the price of the commo∣dity by the seller, must be agreed upon.

Their weight is a Rotolo: the quintar is 100 Rotolos, which Roto∣lot 100 doe make in England 536 l', and by consequence the Rotolo of * 1.834 Rhodes is haberdupois 5l' 6℥. in circa, and hath made in Venice 800 l' sotle, and 506 l' grosse by observation; and in Genoa hath made 762 pound sotle, in Florence 701 pound, in Rome 676 pound, in Rhagu∣sa 666 pound.

Their measure is a Cone which is about 84 inches English. Other * 1.835 notes have not come to my hands, therefore from hence I will saile to Candia, anciently Creete.

CHAP. CCLI.

Of Candia and the trade thereof.

THis Iland is situated in the mouth of the Egean * 1.836 Seas, and is very fruitfull in these commodities which it affordeth for Merchants; first, Muskadels, whereof there is above 2000 tonnes yearely ex∣ported, then in Sugars refin'd, and hence called * 1.837 Candid, in Gummes, Honey, Waxe, Sugars, Dates, Olives, Apples, Oranges, Lemons, Reysins, but deficient in corne.

The chiefe Cities herein are Candia, the Metropolis, Canea, Rhetmio, Sittia, and Suda not to be forgotten, being the best har∣bour * 1.838 in all these Seas, & capable to receive 1000 saile of ships.

The coynes of Venice is here current with little difference, and * 1.839 their accounts kept as there, and twice a yeare the Gally grosses from Venice come hither to furnish the inhabitants with all those commodities which nature hath denied them of, and which other, Germany, Italy, France, or England can afford them.

There is here used two weights, or two quintals, as in Venice, a * 1.840 sotile and a grosse quintar, which is found thus to agree with the said Citie of Venice.

100 li. grosse of Candia is 110 li. grosse Venice, & 118. li. Engl.

100 li. sutle of Candia, is 114 li. sutle Venice, & 76 li. English.

100 li. grosse of Venice, makes here about 90 li. grosse.

100 li. sutle of Venice, make here about 86 in 87 li. sutle.

There is here also used two picos, a cloth pico, and a silke pico, * 1.841 100 braces cloth in Venice, is here in cloth 106 picos, () 100 braces silk in Venice is here also 100 pico silk, which by ob∣servation hath made in London () inches.

Muskadels are here sold by a measure called the Mestach, 100 * 1.842 Mestach of cleare Malvoise, makes 24 quarts of the Begonso mea∣sure in Venice, or 21 of the Sechio measure, which is in England, () gallons.

To proceed then in the Ionian Iles, I finde next Cerigo, which * 1.843 is plentifull in Marble, and out of the Castle of the chiefe towns of this Ile, was Helena the wife of Menelaus stolne by Paris, where during my abode here, the Castelan did shew me, and lodged me in the chamber whence as he would have me beleeve, she was ravished; but if it were so, her lodging I am confident was better then mine, for a soft boord was my best bed, & God knowes with what sorry coverings and appurtenances.

The Strophades or strivali, are the next, giving onely a poore * 1.844 livelihood to some few Greeke Colonies or •…•…ryers.

And then Cursalari, noted onely as silent spectators to the bat∣tell * 1.845 of Lepanto, fought in Anno 1571. neere them.

Then Corfu the key of the Venetian State, being in the center * 1.846 of their dominions by Sea, of which a word by the way.

CHAP. CCLII.

Of Corfu and the trade thereof.

THis Iland having the principall towne of that * 1.847 name, is now reputed to be one of the bul∣warkes of Christendome, and the key of the Venetian State, and is a reasonable fruitfull Iland, specially in waxe, honey, wine, oyle, and some other commodities.

Their monies and accounts as in Venetia.

Their weight is two as in Venice, a sotile and a grosse pound, and quintar, which thus is found to agree together: * 1.848

100 li. sutle of Corfu, makes sutle Venice, 133 li. & 90. li. London.

100 li. grosse of Corfu makes grosse Venice.

Their measure in Corfu is a brace, which is () En∣glish inches. * 1.849

Their corne measure is a Moija, which is 4 degalatros, which is 1½. stai•…•… of Venetia, and in England is () gallons.

Wine is sold by the Iarre, 4 whereof makes a quart in Cerfu, which makes of the Sechio measure in Venetia, 6 Sechis, an•…•… jar•…•…s * 1.850 2 and ⅚. makes one quart Venetian in wine, which is in Eng∣land () gallons.

Salt is sold by the M•…•…yetta, 1000 whereof makes in Venice 23. * 1.851 in 24 Moya incirca, and in London () bushels.

Then comes in view Saint Maur•…•…, where stood a Temple, fa∣mous for curing unfortunate Lovers, but the medicine was by * 1.852 casting themselves headlong into the Sea, and so I imagine they may be cured in any Country else whatsoever: the chiefe town is S. Maur•…•…, inhabited by Iewes only.

There resteth yet of note in these Seas, the Ilands of Itheca, now called Val de campare, being 50 miles in compasse, and * 1.853 North-east from the Iland of Sephalonia, being 66 miles in com∣passe, and wherein are found the townes and havens of Argusto∣li, Guiscard•…•… and N•…•…llo, and on the South East thereof, is the I∣land of Zante or Zacynthus, about 40 miles in compasse, fortifi∣ed * 1.854 with a strong Castle on the East side, which commands the town of Zante, and the harbour thereunto adjoyning, the trade * 1.855 whereof I here for brevity sake comprise together.

CHAP. CCLIII.

Of the Iland of Zante, Zeffalonia, and Ithecea, and the trade thereof.

HAving before treated of these Ilands, and their si∣tuation, I now come to the trade thereof, as * 1.856 found at the times of my being there which was in Anno 1619. and Anno 1624. with the needfull observations remarkable thereupon.

The commodities that these three Ilands do yeeld for merchan∣dise, * 1.857 are Honey, Waxe, Oyles, Wines, and Corance, of which last here is found growing such abundance, that some yeares the English have laden here 3000 tonnes and upwards, besides what the Dutch, French, and other Countries do export, and is com∣puted to yeeld to the inhabitants 300000 Chequins incirca year∣ly, &c. and to the Signorie of Venice for custome, which is hereon very great 40000 Chequins.

Of these Corance, Sefalonia doth yeeld the greatest quantity, but is commonly the smallest, and least esteemed: Zante doth * 1.858 next yeeld a lesser proportion, but a better and larger sort: Itha∣ca, vulgarly Theaca, doth commonly produce the best and fai∣rest, but withall, the fewest in quantity.

The commodities that this place doth vent comming from Eng∣land, is little, some Cloaths, Perpetuan•…•…s, Sarges, Lead and Tinne, and some Fish of New-found land, also some Herrings and Pil∣chards, but the principall commodity brought hither is Rials Spa∣nish, with which these Corance above said are usually provided and bought, and no other commoditie is so welcome amongst them.

Their moneyes currant are those of the Signior of Venice, as be∣ing under their government, and especially the Rials Spanish, * 1.859 which is hither by the English brought in great quantity, and also by all such other nations as have occasion of this fruit.

Their accounts are kept by the Ilanders, as in Venice, but by the Merchants Strangers here resident, in Dollers, which are those * 1.860 Rials of 〈◊〉〈◊〉. and gassets 80 to a doller.

Their weight is the pound of 12 ounces, and the quintart is * 1.861 100 li. and found thus to agree with Venice and other places.

100 li. sotile of Venice makes here 63½ li. in these Ilands.

100 l. grosse of Venice, agrees with the common 100 l. hereof.

The pound sotile in Venice, makes here 7 ounces, 2 sac. 16 per c.

Corance are here bought by the 1000 li. which by the com∣putation of concordancie, specified in this tract, should be sutle English 1070 li. which is grosse of London 9. C. 2. 6 li. but either by the deceit of weights, the falshood of staying, or the fraud of factors, it commonly produceth not so much by 2 or 3 per cent. and this mischiefe is increased to that height of late yeares, that it is found often times to produce but 9 C. grosse, or about 1020 li. sutle English, but let them that are herein guilty, indeavour to amend it in the future for their credit sake: for the 100 li. grosse Venice, is never found to yeeld lesse then 107 or 106 li. in England, and what is found wanting thereof to their principals, commeth by all probability by their default.

Their measure is the brace, and found to be twofold in use, the long brace being for Cloth, Linnens, &c. agreeing with the * 1.862 cloth brace in Venice, and found to be 27 inches English, and the short brace for silkes to be 6 in 7 per cent. the lesser oile is sold by a measure called the liver, and should weigh 13 li. English, 10 * 1.863 whereof makes a candie barrell.

Wine is sold by a measure called a Iarre 3½ is a candie barrell. * 1.864 Corne is sold by the measure called a Bachelo, 3 whereof is a staro, and weigheth 44 li. and 5 killowes make 6 Bachellos, which * 1.865 Bachello hath been observed to be in England gallons, and a Moya of corne here makes 2 staro in Venetia, and 7 Iarres of wine here, makes 3 quarts in Venetia. * 1.866

The customes of these Ilands some few yeers past upon Corance, were small, till the Venetians perceiving the trade of that City to decay, thought to augment the revenues by the customes of the fruit of these Ilands, which accordingly they have effected, for seeing the English to covet the same unmeasurably, which at first the vulgar judged they used in the dye of their cloathes, or which was worst, in the feeding of their Swine, and finding on a time, sundry ships of burthen laden therewith, and ready to depart, their departure was stayed till the Merchants were com∣pelled to pay 5 Duckets, which is 25 sh. star. the 1000 li. upon which the Merchants English made complaint in England therof to his Majestie deceased, and for the taking away of that custome, it was thought fit to put as much more here in England thereup∣on, by way of an imposition, which hath been found to be so far from gaining a remedy, that the same continues in England, contrary to the first intent, and the State of Venice hath added 10 D. more to the former, as imagining England cannot subsist without this commodity, at what charge or discommodity whatsoever, yet it is now levied with this proviso, that the Co∣rance be laden in a vessell that doth come hither purposely to lade them, but if she landeth her outward fraught in Venice, or the•…•… thereof, and then commeth hither, she is freed therof, as I have shewed in the trade of that City.

CHAP. CCLIIII.

Of the Ilands of the Adriaticke seas, and the trade thereof.

THe Ilands found in these Seas are many, as Absyr∣tides; * 1.867 secondly, Cherso, Vegea, Grissa, Lesina, Cur∣sola, Brassia, Lissa, and Zara, all the rest are small, and appertaining to the Signior of Venice.

The commodities that are hence exported for * 1.868 merchandise, is wood for fuell, Wines, Graine, Cattell, and some •…•…iles.

CHAP. CCLV.

Zara and the trade thereof.

ZAra being for the goodnesse of its harbour, con∣ceived one of the best of the abovesaid, though * 1.869 small in circumference, yet most commodious for trading, therefore I will note what is observe∣able therein, and make it the principall of the rest, to which the trade of all the others may be reduced.

Their moneyes I account the same as used in Venice, and the Dalmatian and Slavonian coynes are here passable, by reason of * 1.870 their situation, which is bordering all along that continent.

Their weights are two, a grosse and sotile, as is used in Venetia, * 1.871 but found thus to agree together.

100 li. sotile of Zara is Venetia sotile 120 li. English, 80 li.

100 li. grosse of Zara, is Venetia grosse 120 li. English, 128 li.

100 li. sutle Venetia, is grosse 83 li. Zara.

100 li. grosse Venetia, is grosse 83 li. Zara.

Their common measures of length, is a brace 29 inches London, * 1.872 the 100 braces cloth in Venice, makes here 112 braces, and the 100 braces silke in Venice is here 106 or 107 braces, most of the other Ilands concurre with this in weight and measure. Now •…•…∣ling hence, and getting out of these Ilands into the Mediterrane∣an Seas, in which survaying the most eminent of the European Iles therein contained: I finde in the first ranke the Ilands of Sici∣lia, Malta, Corsica, Sardinia, Majorque, Minorque, and some o∣thers now comming to be handled, and first for Sicilia.

CHAP. CCLVI.

Of Sicilia and the Cities of trade thereof.

SIcilia, anciently for its fertility in corne, accoun∣ted * 1.873 the granary of Rome, is held to be 700 miles in compasse, and is beautified with sundry Rivers and Cities, which I shall handle in order as my methode requireth. The commodities exported * 1.874 hence for merchandise, and here abounding, are Wines, Oyles, Ho•…•…y, Wa•…•…, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, Sug•…•…s, Salt, All•…•…, Corall, Agats, and some other G•…•…es, and wonderfull fruitfull in all sorts of graine, also it hath some mines of gold and silver, also good quan∣tity of silke is here made, which is exported, both raw and wrought, into divers fabriques: here is also famous the hill Hi∣bla for Bees and Honey, and Mount Aetna for its continuall burning * 1.875 and evaporating of flames. The Country is divided into 3 Pro∣vinces, the first is Vallis de Notto, wherein the City of Syracusa stands, once containing 22 miles in circuit, and the Metropolis of this Iland, and some others. The second Province is Masara, wherein is the Cities of M•…•…ntreal, 2 Gergenti and Palermo, now the chiefe City of Sicilie, whereto I will reduce the trade of this part of the Iland.

CHAP. CCLVII.

Of Palermo and the trade thereof.

PAlermo, anciently Panormus, and a colony of the Ph•…•…icians, is now the chiefe City of Sicilia, and * 1.876 the seat of the Spanish Viceroy, don Ferdinando de Castro, being Viceroy at my being here in 1619. from whom I and my company received so much honour, that I cannot without ingratitude, forget in this place to commemorate his noblenesse: the City is situate on the west cape of the Iland, and is beautified with large streets, deli∣cate buildings, strong walles, and magnificent Palaces and Temples: here I found a Dutch Gentleman attendant upon the

said Viceroy, who was intituled the English Consull, from whom I gathered these my observations in the trade of this place and Iland.

Their accounts are here kept by ounces, taries, and graines. * 1.877

One ounce is 30 taries.

One tarie is 20 graines.

Their moneyes are also ounces, taries, and graines, accounted one * 1.878 ounce to be 30 taries, which is 5 Florins, of carlins 1•…•… the Florine.

One tarie to be 20 graines, and is 12 sol. 6 den. small money.

One tarie to be two Carlins.

One Carlin to be 10 grains, and is 12 li•…•…res.

One graine is 6 Picholies, and is 7•…•… den. money Siciliano:

One poncto is 8 picholis.

A duccat of gold is worth 13 taries.

Note that for the money which they pay by bils of Exchange, they give allowance 1•…•…. per cent. for bad money.

It is to be observed that throughout all the Kingdom of Sicilia, there is but one weight in use, onely in Mesina excepted, which * 1.879 I shall shew in its due place: now this weight of Sicilia in gene∣rall is the Rotolo of (30) ounces, which is 2•…•… li. Siciliano, 100 Rot. making the cantar, which 100 li. hath been observed to have made in London 173 li. circa, or properly in grosse to say, 1 C. 2 * 1.880 quarters 4 li. incirca, and in Venetia sotile, to have produced 260 li. or Venice grosse 163 li. circa, and hath been found to ren∣der in Florence 225 in 230 li. but yet by the calculation I made, it should be but 221 li. just, it is in Rhagusa 218 li. in cattarro 78 li. Alexandria Zera, 83 Rot. dito forfori 185 Rot. in Damasco 43½. Rot. &c.

Their measure of length is the cane, which is in London about * 1.881 80 or 81 inches by the rule, which is 2¼. yards English; this cane is divided into 8 palmes, which is about 10 inches, the cane ma∣king 3 cloth braces in Venetia.

Corne which is the prime commodity of this place and king∣dome, * 1.882 is sold by the Salmo, of which there is the grosse salme, and the generall Sicilian salmo, which is the small salmo, upon which generall salme, these observations have been made, and that the same is found to agree thus with these countries.

• In Ragusa staro 3•…•….
• Dalmatia staro 3•…•….
• Ancona somma 1½.
• Ric•…•…i somma 1•…•….
• R•…•…ine staro 1•…•….
• Bolonia corbe 3½.
• In Andalusia 5 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• ...

• ... In Portugall 22½ Alquiers.
• In Florence 11¼ staios.
• In Avignon 5 sesteros.
• In Venetia 3 staros and 1 quarter.
• In Pisa 11 18 staros.
• Bergamo staro 13.
• Milan mesni 4⅛.
• Genoa measure 2 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• In Ferrara staro 9.
• In Tripoli cafesi 15.
• In Tunis cafice 51.
• Alexandria ribebe 1 li. 1.
• Candia measures 14.
• Corfu mosi 2⅓.
• Catarro staro 3¼.
• Verona minali 7 quartero.
• Vicensia staro 9¼.
• Padua staro 9¼.
• Treviso staro 3.
• Modena staro 3 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• Parma staro 6½.
• Mirandola staro 3 1/7.

The grosse salmo of Palermo and Sicilia hath been observed to make in

Spalatt•…•…	staro 4.
Ragusa	staro 3 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
Segnia	quart. 12.
Arbe	staro 4.
Istria	staro 4.
Padua	staro 12.
Vincentia	staro 12.
Ferrara	staro 11.
Forli	staro 3 quarteroli 14.
Belonia	corbe 4 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
Mantua	staro 10.
Cremona	sommas 2.
Bergamo	staro 16.
Verona minali	8 & 11½ quartroli.
Brassia	sommas 2 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
Millan	Mesini 5 1/9.
Florentia	staro 14.

Wherin I have been somwhat the larger by reason of the gene∣rall use of this measure in the Levant Seas.

Note that both the grosse and generall Salmo are divided into 16 Tomelos, and that the grosse Salmo is greater then the generall

Salmo about 17 per cent. and observe that the ordinary charges of corne here bought is 3 taries, and 15 grains the salmo, but if corne be above 18 taries per salmo, it payes also a new impost, which is per salmo.

Salt is also sold by the salmo, which in Trappano is made in * 1.883 great quantity, where at my being here I observed to be as great as 3 ordinary salmos, of Corne, divided also into 16 tomelos, which made Sicilia weight about 7 Cantaros.

Oile is here sold by the cantaro, which is 2¾ barr. of Florence, * 1.884 and hath made 180 li. English.

The custome of the Iland is commonly 9 and 10 per cent. but * 1.885 fish and other commodities for food pays 12 per cent.

Palermo is also a place of great Exchanges, which briefly at * 1.886 my being there did run thus with other places, alwaies noting that all bils comming from abroad, pay one Carlin per ounce to make good money: and they exchange by ponctos as I have noted elsewhere: and they give in Palermo 160 pomutos incirca, * 1.887 to have in Naples a duccat Corrant, and their account is made as in the particular of Naples is expressed. They give in Palermo 26 or 27 Carlins, to have in Rome a ducc. de Camera. * 1.888

They gave in Palermo which is 6 taries accounted, and 1 Car∣lin per * 1.889 ounce more, to have in Valentia 10 sold. 3. den. and a crown of 12 taries, is 20 solds, and a duccat of 13 taries, is there estima∣ted for 21 sold.

With Messina and Siracusa, and other places of the king∣dome, * 1.890 they exchange with the crown and the same moneyes.

This note of Equality or Par, I also learned here for currant.

For Valentia sold 9 dc. 10¾. per Florin.

For Barselona sol. 11 d. 3⅖. per Florin.

For Majorca sold 14 d. 10½. per Florin.: and for the afore∣said places, they consider the interest, to him that takes by Ex∣change at the rate of one carlin per ounce, which they recover accordingly, for the other particular circumstances thereof, I referre the reader to the end of this tract, where the Exchan∣ges of this place and Mesina is largely handled, and as the same may more amply there appeare in the Chapters 419. 420. 421. 422. 423. 424. and 425. with all particular circumstances, wherto I desire to be referred for better satisfaction.

And in the next place survay the trade of Messina the second eminent City of traffique in this Iland.

CHAP. CCLVIII.

Of Messina, and the trade therof.

THe last Province of this Kingdome and Island is Mona, wherin are Cities of Nicosia in the * 1.891 Midland, Milaso on the North Promontory, and Messina in the face opposite to Reggio in Calabria, which fare hath in times past been accounted to be very dangerous by reason of those anciently accounted perils, Scilla and Charybdis, the one a Sand, and the other a Rock, opposing each other at the entrance thereof, now not so much feared by our Seamen by being more expert: this towne is the most eminent towne of trade in all this Island, and inhabited by many Mer∣chants, which the benefit of the Haven doth much further, and the commodiousnesse of the situation, and the privileges and the immunities of the yeerly Fairs much augmenteth.

The Commodities proper hereto, as also to the whole Island, as also the manner of keeping their Accounts, I have noted, but Monies finding some variation, and diversity by reason of trade, I will here briefly touch the same, first then

A crown of gold of Italie, is worth 14 taries. * 1.892

A crown of the place they account, 12 taries.

A Tarie as in Palermo, 20 graines, is 2 carlins.

An Ounce is as in Palermo, 30 taries.

A Groine is 5 pecholies.

A Florence duccat did passe for 11 taries, 4 gr.

A duc. of Camera of Rome, for 12 taries 6 gr.

A duc. of Carlins of Naples, for 10 taries 16⅔ gr.

A crowne of Marc{que} is 12 taries.

A liver grosse of Venice is 3 ounces, 21 taries, and 1 gr.

One pound of grosse of Anvers is 1 •…•…ance and 10 taries.

Marvedes 29½ of Spaine, is one tarie.

And a pound starlin is here ()

The weights of Messina is found to be two, the first being the * 1.893 grosse Cantar, wherby is weighed all manner of food, as flesh, cavier, fish, Tonnies, cheefe, &c. which is noted to be 10 per cent. greater then the second Cantar, and hath produced by com∣putation pound English 196, in 198 pound, and the smaller Can∣tar contains as the former 100 Rotolos of 30 ounces, or 2½ pound

Sicilano, doth agree with the summe mentioned in Palermo, as being the common weight of all the Island, and accounted (as I said before) to be 173 lib. but found by experience of some Eng∣lish Merchants, 184 lib. which I referre to triall, and they ac∣count 20 pesos to make a sotele cantar, and 22 peso the grosse, which is the generall Cantar of Palia.

Their Measures is the same as mentioned in Palermo, which is * 1.894 the cane divided into 8 palmes for length, and the salmo divided into 16 tomelos for corne and so forth, as I have more at large handled under the Chapter of Palermo, as serving for great use to the Merchants that traffique in the Mediterranean Seas.

All Stuffs of Linnen or Woollen (measurable) of this King∣dome, * 1.895 selling or not selling pay at Messina 6½ per cent.

All Commodities of waight from without the Kingdome, selling or not selling pay at Messina 3 per cent.

Remmoving from ship to ship pays, 3 per cent. or 3¼, all Mer∣chandise that is conveyed out of the Kingdom, at the Port of Mes∣sina, pays 6⅓ per cent. unlesse at the Fairetime, when as some * 1.896 commodities pays lesse then some others, so that Silke then pays only 3 per cent.

I have noted an old printed observation between London and Messina to be thus, which I referre to the triall, that the 100 lib. of Palermo is in London, 172 lib. the 100 lib. of Messina in Silke makes silke weight in London 43½, and the Rotolo of Palermo, hath made in London, 1 lib. 9 ounces, the 100 yards hath made 44 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Canes, and that the Cane hath made in London 2 1/4 yards or Ells 1 1/2 goad of Freezes and Cottons, and thus I will leave this City and Iland, and sail to Malta.

Malta is the next Island of note in these Seas, famoused more * 1.897 by the Knights the now possessors, then by any traffique that is found therin, it is the place where Saint Paul suffered shipwrack, and where hee shook the Viper from his hand into the flame, which yet the inhabitants would perswade travellers hath left some vertue and relickes therof behinde him, which I referre to the relation of others, it aboundeth in Cotton-wooll, Oranges, Le∣mons, Citrons, Hony, Waxe, and some other fruits, the townes of note are 〈◊〉〈◊〉, Saint Hermes, and Malta and some others.

Corsica is the next, and seated opposite to Genoa, to whom it * 1.898 belongeth being 300 miles in compane, Bastia is the chief City, and the residence of the Genoese Governour, with a commodious Haven and a strong Garrison, the principall Ports for shipping, are Saint Florence in the Northern part, and Saint Boniface in the South; the commodities therof are, Oiles, Figs, Reisins, Wines, Hony, Wax, Allom, Box-wood, Iron, good Horses, and fierce Mastives, little other Commodities it affordeth not, their weights and measure agreeth with Genoa.

Sardinia is the next, and accounted 550 miles in circuit, & sub∣ject to the Spaniard, divided into two parts, first, Cape Luggudory * 1.899 towards Corsica, and secondly Cape Cagliares towards Afrique, it affordeth for Merchandise corne in good plenty, and Oiles in rea∣sonable manner, but abundant of all sorts of cattle, as appeareth * 1.900 by the great abundance of Hides and cheese, which in an homely manner is made here, and hence dispersed through Italie, Spain, and other Countries: there is here many towns, such as is Bossa, Sainta Reparata, Alquilastro, and lastly, Callary the Metropolis, of which a word: together with the trade therof.

CHAP. CCLIX.

Of Callary and the trade therof.

CAllary is the principall City of this Iland, opposite * 1.901 to Afrique, the seat of the Spanish Vice-kings, en∣joying a goodly Haven, and much frequented by Merchants, and is an Archbishops See, and well sto∣red with eminent Citizens.

Their monyes are generally the monyes of Valentia in the King∣dome * 1.902 of Spain, but they have proper to the Island, some Copper or black monyes, to which the duccats and livers of Valentia are reduced, and their Accounts are kept in the same manner, as in that City.

The common weight is the pound, consisting of 12 ounces, * 1.903 100 li. thereof being their quintar, is English 88 in 89 li. and in Marselia 101 li. in Florence, 125 li. circa.

Their common measures is a Vare and a Brace, the Vare found to agree with Valentia, and the Brace with Florence, the first used * 1.904 in cloth and linnen, and the latter in silkes, &c.

Further observations on the trade of this Iland, hath not come to my hand, therfore I will hence saile to the next Ilands, which are those of Majorca and Minorca.

CHAP. CCLX.

Of Majorca and Minorca, and the trade thereof.

MAjorca is seated also in these seas 300 miles in cir∣cuit, * 1.905 and 30 miles distant from the continent of Spaine, the principall City is Majorca, an Vniversi∣ty, and the seate of the Spanish Viceroy.

Minorca is 9 miles distant from Majorque, and 150 miles in compasse, wherein is Minorca and Iava, the princi∣pall townes, but Mahon therein is found to be an excellent Port, able to containe 500 sayle of very great ships in safety from all weathers, whatsoever. This Country affordeth for merchandise, * 1.906 Corne, Wines, Oiles, this last being the principall commodity of this country, which the English doe here lade above 500 tunnes yearely, and some times more, and hence exported by them, if the Spaniard have not otherwise occasion for it for his own use, for from hence provisions are made for all the Eastern and We∣sterne Navigators. Their moneyes have reference to those currant in Spaine, and principally in Barselona and Valentia, and they ac∣count * 1.907 7 Rials Spanish, and two Marvedes to make a liver here, by which their accounts are kept, being in liures, sold, and denieres, * 1.908 12 deniers to the sold, and 20 sold to the liver, which liver is 3 s. 8 d. star. but all commodities are here sold by the sold, 20 making a liver, which may be accounted 3 s. 8 d. starling as afore∣said, and they account 17 doublers is a Riall Span. Their weight is * 1.909 in Majorca and Minorca two, the one the Rotolo, which 100 Ro∣tolos makes a cantar, called the cantar Barbaresco, which is 117 li. of the other weight, which they call a cantar of Majorca or Ma∣jorina, and consists of 104 li.

The cantar barbaresco hath made

• in Pisa and Florence 141 li.
• in Venetia, sutle—163 li.
• in Venetia grosse—103 li.
• in London—110 li.

The cantar Majorca which is 104 li. hath made in Valentia 116 li.

104 li. cantar Major.

• in Forence—120 li.
• in Venetia sotile—140 li.
• in Venetia grosse—110 li.
• in Genoa—130 li.
• in London—117 li.

Some commodities are also sold by the cargo of three cantares, * 1.910 but each cantar contains 104 li. by which cargo is Pepper, Ginger, Sinamond, Rise, Spices, and other things, and the cargo hath made in Venice 420 li. sotile, by the cantar barbaresco is weighed, wooll, hides, skins, metals, lead, tinne, and such grosse goods, and fine goods by the other quintar, or the cargo aforesaid.

Their measure of length is a cane, which hath made in London, 67 in 68 inches, which is 1⅞. yards London measure. * 1.911

Their measure of Oiles is a quarter, or quartano, 12 whereof is contained in an Odor or skin of Oyle, and 212 quartans I have found here in 1617. to be a tunne of 236 gallons, and 214. a tunne of 252 gallons or thereabouts, and 41¼. quartans, hath made in Venice, one Miara, and in Alexandria hath weighed 5 cantars, and 20 Rotolos.

Oiles are commonly laden at Porcupin, and were found in my time to have there these charges for custome, 8 doublers per * 1.912 lieur, which is 7 Rialls, and 2 Marved. Spanish, and 17 doblers, as I said before, being a Riall, for part 3 doblers per oder for measu∣ring 3 den. per oder for pipes at 3 livers the pipe, for sea custome at 9 dob. per liver, brokered at 1 den. per liver for halledge of the pipes at 5 sh. the pipe, stoadge at 8 den: the pipe, barkedge to Parcapin 2 sol. 6 den. the pipe, provision according to the cu∣stome of the place, at 3 per cent. A briefe of all which charges may be comprehended in this rule, certainely observe that accounting 214 quartans to a tunne, and for every soldo that a quartane doth cost here first penny, if you reckon 47 sh. 6. d. star∣ling for every the said soldo, so much infallibly will your tunne of oyle stand you in cleare abord of all charges, and thus much out of my owne triall I have thought good to insert in lading of Oiles in this place.

Neare unto these Ilands are the Ilands of Ivisa, 100 miles in * 1.913 circuit, the chiefe City is Ivisa, the chiefest commodity that it affordeth, is salt, of the trade of which a word.

CHAP. CCLXI.

Of Ivisa, and the trade thereof.

THe Iland of Ivisa, the chiefe City whereof▪ being * 1.914 Ivisa, consisteth wholy in making of salt, which is here sold by a measure called the Modino, which weigheth in summer by the weight of Valentia, which is here in use, is 33 cantars, and in winter, 36 cantar grosse, of the said place of Valentia, and cor∣responds with other places thus,

• in Majorca it maketh cantars 38. * 1.915
• in Florence staros 50 in 52.
• in Genoa •…•…me. 9 in 9½.
• in Valentia Caffico 8.
• in Flanders, 100 Lutos, which is in Ivisa 13 Modini.
• in London () bushels.

Their measures and weights I must referre to the better skild.

Here is also Fromentary, Pantcleria and Lipara Iles, with the * 1.916 Iles of Naples, as Capra, Ischia, Progitu, Elba, Gades or Cales, and some others which I passe by, and so saile into the Ocean, and observe the Ilands thereof.

CHAP. CCLXVII.

Of the Ocean Ilands, and the trade thereof.

BEing entred into these seas, I will begin with the * 1.917 most Northerne Ilands thereof, and so drawing towards England, the place of our abode, and there determinate my traffique and peregrinati∣on. In the north then the report is credible, that the end of nature and of the world is, wherein by late discove∣ry are found these Ilands: first, Sir Hugh Willougbbies Iland, who * 1.918 by his death gave life and knowledge to us of this Iland, search∣ing here a new way to China, Cathai, and Molluccos: then there is Nova Zembla only discovered, else not famous for any thing. * 1.919 Next, Frisland, subject to the King of Denmarke, and much * 1.920 frequented by Dutch, English, and French for fish here taken in great abundance in the summer season onely. Then have we Island or Ici•…•…land, plentifull in Ling; the chiefe townes are Hal∣len * 1.921 and Schasholton, and subject to the King of Sweden. Then Gronland, seated under the Northerne cold Zone, where their * 1.922 longest summers daies is 3 moneths and a halfe, abounding in fish, of which there is a society now incorporated in London, by the name of Greeneland Company: the trade whereof principally consisteth in the fishing of Whales, for Fi•…•…es and Oiles, and onely lasteth the summer season, and no longer, and then they are inforced to returne, by reason of the extremity of the cold and frosts. Now to come out of these cold Seas to the Ocean, as into more temperate Regions, I meet in my way with the O•…•…∣cades, * 1.923 or Iles of Orkney, being 32 in number, the principall of which is Pomonia, stored with Tinne and Leade, next 〈◊〉〈◊〉, then * 1.924 Shetland, anciently imagined the last Iland of the world, and called Thule.

Then the Hebrides, which are 44. the prime whereof is Ila, a∣bounding * 1.925 in red Deare. 2 Iona famous for the Sepulchers of the Scottish Kings. 3 Mula, whose inhabitants are called the red shankes, the rest as of little note I omit.

Then the Sorlings, which are 145. the principall being Ar∣math, * 1.926 Agnes, Sampson, and Silly, the name-giver to the rest and others.

Here I meet also with 5 Ilands, which cannot be comprised within the former account, first the Ile of Man: which is ten * 1.927 miles in length, and 10 in bredth, abounding in flaxe, hempe, •…•…ates, barley, and wheat, and some cattell; the chiefe townes are Ballac•…•…ri and Russin or Castleto•…•…e.

Then appeares the Ile of Anglesey, which is accounted a shire * 1.928 of Wales, in length 24. in bredth 17 miles, and for its abundant fertility in all things, is called by the neighbouring shires, M•…•…

Cimbri, the mother of Wales, as having plenty of all food and o∣ther provision necessary to preserve the life of man, out of which is yearely sent 3000 head of cattell to supply the wants of other Countries adjoyning, together with a good quantity of corne, butter, cheese, &c. the same had in times past 360 Towns and Villages, now it hath but one of consequence remaining, called Beaumares, commodious for trade, as commanding a faire, * 1.929 safe, and capacious haven and roade, to which as being the place of my birth, I owe this gratefull remembrance. Iarsey is the * 1.930 next, in compasse 20 miles, the chiefe townes are S. Hillarie and Saint Mollo, abounding in sheep, &c. Then Garnsey, 20 miles di∣stant * 1.931 from Iarsey, rich in good harbours, the chiefe towne is S. Peters. The last is the Ile of Wight, being 20 miles long, and 12 * 1.932 broad; the principall townes being Yarmouth, Newport, and Bra∣dring, it is well fortified and strengthened against all forraine at∣tempts whatsoever. There be also some other petty Ilands round about this shore, but I will passe them to come to those of greater note and consequence, which are Ireland and great Britaine, the last Ile & place, both of this my travell & traffique.

CHAP. CCLXIII.

Of Ireland and the Provinces thereof.

IReland standeth West of Britaine, containing in * 1.933 length 400 miles, and in bredth 200 miles, in∣joying this prerogative by nature, that no veno∣mous Serpent will neither live here, if brought from other Regions, nor yet doth naturally breed here: it is divided into 5 Provinces, which according to my former methode, I will in order touch, and see what townes of note they containe.

Munster is the first, wherein is found the Cities of Limerick, seated on the bankes of Shenin, 2 Corke, 3 Kinsall and 4 Water∣ford: * 1.934 the first ground that ever I trod on out of my native soyle, being about 13 or 14 yeares old, and then began to be imployed by my Parents in trade of merchandising.

Connaght is the second Province, the chiefe Cities are Dunrat∣tie and Gall•…•…aie; the third City in Ireland, both for fairenesse, * 1.935 largenesse, and for pleasant dwellings and situation.

Vlster is the third Province, the chiefe townes are Dundale, 2 Dungannon, 3 Armath, an Archbishopricke, 4 Dongall, & 5 Landes * 1.936 derry, lately built, & peopled by the Citie & Citizens of London.

Meth is the fourth, the chiefe towns are Kelly, 2 Tri•…•…, and last∣ly, Tredagh, a fine town, where also I refided in these my yonger * 1.937 yeares of travell and first imployment in traffique.

Lemster, is the last Province, wherin is found the Cities of Mer∣•…•…rge, Philips town, Kildare and Dublin, of the trade whereof 〈◊〉〈◊〉 * 1.938 word.

CHAP. CCLXIIII.

Of Dublin, and the trade therof.

DVblin is seated on the liffe, being the Metropolis of * 1.939 Ireland, and the residents of the Lord Deputy for the King of England, who is Soveraigne here, it being also an Archbishopricke and an Vniversity. The commodities the country doth afford for mer∣chandise, * 1.940 are these, first, the country abounds in cattell, each af∣fords tallow and hides in great abundance, which is hence expor∣ted to Spaine, France, and Italy, also Salmon is here caught good store in Iuly, August, and September, which is salted and expor∣ted, and in summer, the quantity is so great in some parts of this Iland, that the servants doe covenant with their masters, they must not feed thereon but certaine daies in the weeke. Herrings are here also caught, and accounted the best, as also Pilchards in August, September, and October, and thence vented to Spaine, France, and into the straights of Gibralter; here is also some but∣ter, cheese, pipe slaves, Calve-skins, and other commodities of late daies prohibited to be exported by the lawes of the King∣dome.

The coines of this Kingdome in the standard, carrieth a concur∣rence * 1.941 with those of England, which also are here current for the value, as being subject to one and the same Scepter, yet in di∣stinction of the true and reall worth, are found thus intituled.

The pound of Ireland consisteth of 20 shillings Irish, yet in sterling is accounted but 15 shillings.

The shilling by this account is but 9 d. sterling, and the sixe pence Irish is 4½ d. sterling.

Here is also an Exchange found and practised, but not for any * 1.942 forraigne part, saving England, and principally for London and Bristoll, commonly running at 8 d. upon the pound, and when most, at 12 d. per li. which is 5 per cent.

Dublin, and in generall, all Ireland, hath the measures and * 1.943 weights of England in use in their trassique, and agreeing there∣with in all particulars, I need not insist further therein.

Now a word of the trade in generall of Ireland, as it is found observeable in these daies.

The daily conversation of the English nation, and the late un∣partiall and found administration of justice in this country, hath * 1.944 redeemed this Iland from the jawes of barbarisme, wherein it was ready to fall and suffer a ruine, and since by little and little, peace being firmely established, hath brought the inhabitants to a desire of inriching themselves, and this desire hath so well been seconded by their industry, that I may say it hath brought store and plenty into their dwellings, which hath hitherto met with so good a successe, that wheras few yeares past, this Coun∣try was with all necessaries supplied out of Englands and Scot∣lands abundance, it now returneth that courtesie, and contribu∣teth some yeares not onely to the wants of both, but to the wants of Spaine, France, and some other adjoyning Countries, for now it is found that the Earth and Seas addes to the inhabi∣tants labour and paines, as first the Seas and Rivers in their sea∣son affords them great plenty of Cod-fish, Hake-fish, Pilchards, Herrings, and these of both the largest, best, and in abundance, which they take, kill, and salt, and so disperse as a merchandise into France, Spaine, England, Scotland, and other Countries.

Then the earth yeelds them a good breed of cattell, especial∣ly sheepe and oxen, in such store, that they have thereof in great abundance, as also of Hides, Woolles, Tallow, Butter, Cheese, and Beefe, and the Wooll, they by manufacturies convert into Cloth, Mantles, Rugges, Frises, and Yarne, whereof it is reported that there commeth yearely to the town of Manchester in Lancashire, to be there woven into stuffes, at least two hundred thousand weight fine and coarse: besides which, the bowels of the earth yeelds them Lead, Iron, and Tinne, and by their owne industry they have many other manufacturies, as also pipe-staves, waxe, honey, furres, hempe, linnen cloth, salt, and some others: all this considered, what should want here to make them eminent Mer∣chants, but shipping and skill in the Art of Navigation, and a de∣sire to imploy their talents in forraine Countries, which yet is not seen to be perfected amongst them: nature having to this end fitted them with many goodly Ports and navigable Rivers, and will in time I hope fit them with an inclination to second by their endeavours, what is so plentifully bestowed by her upon them, which by little and little may be brought to passe by the conversation and direction of the civilised English, that daily are seene to come and reside amongst them: and thus leaving Ire∣land, and my good wishes to the increase of her traffique, I hence passe over to Scotland, (a part of Britan) and view the pre∣sent trade thereof.

CHAP. CCLXV.

Of Scotland, and the Provinces and Cities thereof.

SCotland is the Northern part of Brittain, and * 1.945 separated from England, by the River Tweed and Salwaie, and the Chenio•…•…-hils, extending from thence to the other, which being a Kingdome, and varying in the manner of trade from England; I have thought good here to insert by it self.

The Commodities that this Country affordeth for Merchan∣dise * 1.946 are coarse Clothes, Freezes, Fish salted, Hides, Tallow, Lead, Oare, some Graine, Feathers, and other Commodities, as Sea-coale, Allome, Iron, &c.

This Country is divided into two parts, the high-land and the low-land, and the same into severall Sherifdomes, or Provinces, in which are found these Towns of consequence.

CHAP. CCLXVI.

Of Edenburgh, and the trade thereof.

FIrst Edenburgh, wherein, is seated the Kings Palace, * 1.947 and the Court of Iustice, consisting principally of one street of a mile in length, whereto doth lead many other pretty Lanes, making the whole neer three miles in circuit, the second Town is Glasco, an Archbishops See, and an Vniversity; the third is Saint Andrews in Fiffe, honourd with many Prerogatives; fourthly, Sterling: then is Perth, Aberdon, Dondes, Saint Iohn's Town, and some others of lesser note.

Their currant Monyes in Merchandise is the proper Coynes of * 1.948

that Kingdome both in Gold and Silver, which are usually found to be in Gold

Pieces of	22 shill. sterl.
Pieces of	11 shill. sterl.
Pieces of	5 6 d. sterl.
Pieces of	2 9 d. sterl.
Pieces of	4 4•…•… d. sterl.
In Silver, first Pieces of	1 shill. 1½ d. sterl.
Pieces of	½ the ¼ and ⅛ therof.
Pieces of	9-9 d. being ⅔ of the 13 d. ½ ster. one Mark.
Pieces of	½ which is 4½ d. being 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the a∣bove said.

• Againe, 13•…•… d. sterl. is Scotch Marke, or 13 shill. 4 d. Scotch.
• 6⅔ is a Scotch Noble, 6 shill. 8.
• 20 d. sterl. is 1½ Mark Scotch. or 1 pound Scotch of 20 shill.
• 20 shill. sterl. is 18 Soctch Marks.

Besides which are here found currant the Coynes of England, and hee that would see further into the intrinsecall value and weight of these Coynes either of Silver and Gold, must have re∣course to a Proclamation set out by our Soveraigne King Iames de∣ceased, dated in 1609, which will also shew their conformitie to the Coynes of England in waight and goodnesse, and the currant va∣lue and estimation therof through this Kingdome.

Here is practised for England an Enchange for monyes as is * 1.949 done upon the Scotch Mark for 12 pence sterling in London, &c.

Their Accounts are now kept severall ways, some following the custome of England, by sterling pounds, shillings and pence, and * 1.950 some by their own ancient manner also in pounds, shillings & pence Scottish, 20 pence sterling being their pound, 13 d. ½ being their Mark, and pence Scottish, of which they had some black or cop∣per Monyes, as Babaes, esteemed by them for six pence, wherof two made a penny sterling, Placks which they esteemed for four pence, but three of them made a penny sterling, and lastly, pie∣ces called hard-heads, esteemed by them at 1½ pence, but eight of them made a penny sterling mony, and some of these are yet cur∣rant amongst them.

They have in generall (as is also the custome of England) but * 1.951 one weight for weighing of their Merchandise, and for buying and selling throughout the Kingdome, which is the pound of 16 ounces, 100 of which pound makes their Quintall, which is

found to make. In London and all throughout England 108 lib. haberdup•…•…is, and the 100 li. London sotile is found to render here 92 lib. incirca, or the 112 lib. to give 103•…•… lib. or thereabouts.

Their common Measure in length for Linnens, Cloth, Silke, or * 1.952 Stuffs, is an Ell common in use throughout Scotland, which is a∣bout 4 per cent. differing from our English yard, as being greater, * 1.953 so that wheras we allow 36 inches to the yard by Rule, their Ell may make incirca 34½ inches, it having beene observed by Traders hither, that 75 yards in London or Ells, 60 Ells hath made here 72 Scotch Ells, but in their hundred by tale in mea∣sure they account six score or 120 for 100.

In other Measures of Corn, Coal, Salt, or liquid measures of Beer, Ale, Wines, Oiles, and such like, imitate the better experien∣ced to supply my defects therin, for I hasten now towards Eng∣land, and so to London, the City of my aboad, and the end of my present labours, and by the way wil observe that the Inhabi∣tants of this Country, are much addicted both to Trade and Na∣vigation, and have many good helps and furtherances there both by the naturall and artificiall Commodities of the Country, and the good Ports of the same, so that in briefe I may conclude, this Kingdome, to be more addicted to Traffique and Navigation then the Irish, and yet not so much as the English, which yet by the gracious aspect of our Soveraigne is seen daily to increase, and may in time come to a greater perfection.

CHAP. CCLXVII.

Of Brittaine, and the Provinces and Cities thereof.

HAving now set my foot upon the happy shoare, and * 1.954 run through the trade of most of the greatest knowne Cities of Commerce and Traffique in the World, give me leave to survay the distinct ports of this Kingdome, that I may not do lesse to our own then in this Tract I have done to other Forrain Countries. Brittain then the Queen of Islands is found to be in circuit 1836 miles, extending it selfe (comprehending England, Wales, and Scotland as of one entire Island, which wee now know by the name of Great Brittain) 800 miles, being divided into 3 parts, as into England and Wales, whose trade wee have now in hand, and Scotland whose traffique we have already declared.

CHAP. CCLXVIIII.

Of Wales, and the Cities thereof.

WAles then being the second part of this divi∣sion, is bounded on all sides with the seas, except the East, where it is separated from * 1.955 England by the River Dee, and a line drawn to the river Wie, but by some by Claud Offa, or Offas ditch, or more proper by interpre∣tation, Offas Hedge or Rampire, beginning at the influx of Wie, into Severne, reaching unto Chester for 84 miles, where the River of Dee entreth into the Sea.

The Country is in many places mountainous and barren, yet able of its selfe to subsist without assistance of any neighbour∣hood, partly by the industry of the inhabitants, and partly by the plenty of some of the shires thereof, the most fruitfull affor∣ding supply to others that are found the most barren & deficiēt.

The commodities which this Country doth yeeld and vent abroad for merchandise, are first cattell in abundance, bred in ge∣nerall through the whole Country, waxe, honey, herrings white * 1.956 and red, butter and cheese in great plenty, woolles also in some measure; also this Country is well stored with Mines of Silver, Lead, Lead •…•…are, Cole, and some Tinne, Milstones and good quar∣ries of freestone for building, Hides, Calfeskins, Frises, Baies, some linnens, and great quantity of cottons, knowne by the name of welsh Cottons and plaines, which in Oswestry, seated in Shropshire, is every Munday (as the common •…•…rie of all Wales) vented in great abundance, and thence dispersed throughout England, and so thence is shipped and conveyed to supply the defects of Normandy, Britaine, and Picardy, and of late have found a cur∣rent vent in Spaine, Turkie, and other countries: therefore I would incourage my countrymen to goe on in their manufactures of woolls seeing that nature hath done her part to give them the materials, their industry must be added, and that will soon bring forward the art, and all these conjoyned, will bring a benefit for a reward of all, and to all of them.

Wales is found at this day to containe 4 circuits for the admi∣nistration of Iustice, 1 Fl•…•…t, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 shires being the first, •…•…nor, Glamorg•…•…, and Breck•…•…cke shires being the * 1.957 second, Cardigan, C•…•…then, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 shires, being the third, Meri•…•…, Ca•…•…narvan, and the Ile of Anglesey, the fourth,

also to containe 4 Diocesse for Ecclesiasticall discipline, and these comprehended in twelve shires, wherein is also found 1 Chase, * 1.958 13 Forrests, 36 Parkes, 99 Bridges, 230 Rivers, 1016 Parishes, wherein are noted to be 56 market townes, being no Cities, and in them 41 Castles, and 4 Cities, being the seats of so many Bi∣shops, as 1 Saint Davids in Pembrokeshire, 2 Bangor in Carnar∣vanshire, 3 Assaph in Flintshire, 4 Landaffe in Glamorganshire: Lastly, the inhabitants are accounted men of faithfull carriage one to another, most especially in a strange Country, and to strangers in their owne, and use a peculiar language that hath remained without alteration or commixture with any other in the world, from the originall thereof to this day.

And lastly, to their everlasting praise and commendation, have for many yeares valiantly withstood all their enemies by their owne proper valour, and being joyned to the Crowne of England, have beene found to be true and loyall to the same, and have so continued in all amity, love, and faithfulnesse.

CHAP. CCLXIX.

England and the Cities thereof.

ENgland is the principall part of Britaine and now the last in my labours, bounded on the East with * 1.959 the Germane, on the West with the Irish, on the South with the British Oceans, and on the North with Scotland, as is afore mentioned. The Orna∣ments of this Country hath in times past beene expressed unto us by this verse,

Anglia, M•…•…ns, Pons, Fons, Ecclesia, Famina, Lana. England is stord' with Mountains, Bridges, Woll, With Churches, Rivers, Women beautifull.

But these are not the commodities that Merchants looke after, therefore I will shew you in his proper place, those commodities which England doth naturally afford for merchandise, and in the meane season, it will not be improper that I runne over the Pro∣vinces of this kingdome, and the rein see what particulars may be gathered out of each, conducing other to traffique, or to the honour and commoditie of the Country, and thereto adde also the Provinces of Wales, purposely omitted for this place. The Provinces or more properly the shires of England and Wales, ac∣cording to Cam•…•…en, whom I gladly follow in this description, are these.

The first is Cornewall, in it self a barren and mountanous coun∣try, but the bosome thereof incloseth rich mines of Tinne, which * 1.960 for the excellence thereof, is famous throughout the world, also therewith is digged gold and silver, and a certaine stone is found upon the earth of it selfe transparent, and naturally formed into angles and points, which if found in forraine countries, would be held admirable: here is also upon this coast taken Pilchards and Herrings in great abundance, which the inhabitants do salt and dry in the smoake, and so transport into France, Spaine, and Italie, to good advantage: the sea-coast is beautified with many Townes, and Havens, capable of many ships, Famouth being the chiefe, and here is found that famous Mount Michael, by the in∣habitants called Cana, which hath for many ages beene noted for its steepenesse and antiquity.

The second is Devonshire, no lesse rich in veines of Tinne, and withall beautified with many Towns and good havens then the * 1.961 former, Ex•…•… being the principall Town, and an inland Citie, but Dartmouth and Plimouth the best havens, this last being from a poore fishing village▪ become to be a f•…•…ire towne, by reason of the Castle and commodiousnesse of the haven, and the rather it is to be mentioned, as giving birth to Sir Francis Drake, Knight, who in our fathers dayes accomplished at Sea so ma∣ny notable exploits, and was the chiefe glory of that age for Navigation.

The third is Dorsetshire, Dorchester being the chiefe town, and Waiemouth the chiefe haven. * 1.962

Somersetshire is the fourth, happy in the fruitfull soile, rich pa∣stures, * 1.963 multitude of inhabitants, and commodity of havens: the chiefe townes are Bridewater, next Bath, famous for those me∣dicinall Bathes there found, and lastly Bristoll, incompassed with a double wall seated on the River Severne, beautified with ma∣ny faire private and publike buildings, and next to London and Yorke it is preferred to all other Cities of England, but in ampli∣tude of traffique, shipping, and eminence of Merchants, next to London it selfe, and else in my opinion second to none.

Wiltshire is the fifth, altogether an inland Country, the chie∣fest * 1.964 towns are Malmsbury, famous for the cloths of wooll made here, Salisbury for the Bishopricke, and Wilton of old, the chiefe of this County, now a little village.

Hampshire is the sixth, wherein is found the little faire City of * 1.965 Southampton, Winchester the pleasant, and Portsmouth the onely now Garison towne of England.

Barkshire is the seventh, wherein is found the towne of New∣bery, * 1.966 famous for clothing, and Windsore for the Kings Castle, and where the ceremony of the Knights of the Garter is solemnised.

Surry is the eighth, wherin is seen O•…•…lands and Richmond, two beautifull & stately Pallaces, belonging to the Kings of England. * 1.967

Sussex is the ninth, Chichester being the chiefe City, & R•…•…ie the * 1.968 chiefe sea town.

Kent is the next, rich in Medows, Pastures, Groves, Apples, and * 1.969 Cherries, wherin is found seated the Cinque Ports, Deptford, the Kings yard for the building of his ships, Rochester the seat of a Bishop, •…•…ltham and Greenwitch, two Palaces of the Kings, Dover a famous Sea Port, and one of the Keys of this Iland, and lastly, Canterbury, the prime of this County, and the seat of the Arch∣bishop and Metropolitane of all England.

Glocestershire is the 11, the principall Townes are Tewksbury, * 1.970 famous for Cloth-making, and Glocester the chief of the Coun∣ty, here are also found the famous Hils of Cotswold, upon which great flocks of sheep are found to feed, yielding that excellent Wooll, so much esteemed amongst all nations.

Oxfordshire is the 12. which is a fruitfull County, both in * 1.971 corne and pasture, and wherein is found Woodstocke, a house of the Kings, and an inclosed Parke with a stone wall, imagined the first in this land, and Oxford, an Vniversay famous through the world, and chiefe of this Iland.

Buckinghamshire is the 13. wherein is found the good towns * 1.972 of Ailsbury, S•…•…nistratford, and Buckingham, the principall of this County.

Bedfordshire is the next, and shewes the towne of Bedford for * 1.973 the first of this County.

Hertfordshire is the 15. wherein is the stately house of Theo∣balds, * 1.974 a house of the Kings, Saint Albans, a faire through-fare, and Hertford the principall of the County.

Middlesex is the 16. wherein is found the Kings Palace, Hamp∣ton * 1.975 Court, and London, the prime Citie of this kingdome, and the Chamber of the Kings of England, so famous abroad in forraine Countries, that it needs no mans commendation: it is beautified with sundry Colledges, for the study of the Municiple lawes, with the Churches of Westminster and London, besides divers o∣thers, with the Hall of Westminster, where the Parliaments ex∣traordinary, and Courts of Chancery, Kings Bench, and other Courts are ordinarily kept, with the two Pallaces of White Hall and Saint Iames, with an Exchange or Burse for Merchants to meet in, with a sumptuous and wonderfull Bridge of free-stone, besides many other excellent private and publique edifices.

Essex is the next, abounding in pasturedge, corne, and saffron, * 1.976 and in which is found Chelmsford the chiefe towne, Colchester, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and others abounding with •…•…ayes, sayes, and other new dropery, and lastly, Harwich, a safe haven for ships.

Suffolke is the next, which affords quantity of butter, cheese, * 1.977 and cloths, known by the names of Suffolke cloth, wherin is found S. Ed•…•…ds B•…•…y, and Ipswich, which hath a commodious haven.

Northfolke is the 19. a large champaine Country, abounding * 1.978 in C•…•…ies and Sheepe, affording the two good haven townes of Linne and Yarmouth, and Norwich, the first of the County,

which deserves to be numbred amongst the chiefest Cities of England.

Cambridgeshire is the 20, which is found to abound in corne, * 1.979 and wherein is seene the Vniversity of Cambridge, and Ely fa∣mous for being the seate of a Bishop.

Huntingtonshire is the 21. the chiefe towne being Hunting∣ton. * 1.980

Northamptonshire is the 22. abounding in corne, Peterborough * 1.981 being here the seate of a Bishop, and Northampton the chiefe Citie.

Leycestershire is the 23. abounding in corne, Leicester the chiefe towne is more famous for the antiquity, then for the beauty * 1.982 thereof.

Rutlandshire is the 24. and accounted the least County in this kingdome, Vppingham being the chiefe towne. * 1.983

Lincolnshire is the 25. rich in corne and pasture, abounding with * 1.984 fish and fowle; Lincolne once a great City, is yet the greatest in this County.

Nottinghamshire is the 26. wherein is Nottingham, the chiefe * 1.985 towne, and the Forrest of Sherwood, feeding many fallow and red Deare.

Darbishire is the 27. the chiefe City is Darby, famous for the Ale thereof; in this County are also many Mines of leade, * 1.986 and other minerals.

Warwickshire is the 28. wherein is found Warwicke, the prime City, and Coventry a faire walled City, and accounted the * 1.987 fairest inland City of this Iland, wherein now great quantity of cloth is made.

Worcestershire is the 29. wherein is found the City of Worster, * 1.988 famous now for clothing, and the seate of a Bishop.

Staffordshire is the 30. which affordeth Salt-pits, and Wels, * 1.989 and Coals, taken out of the earth, stone, and Lichfield being the principall Towns of the County.

Shropshire is the 31. wherin is found Ludlow, of more beautie then antiquity, honour'd with a Councell and Court of Iustice for * 1.990 Wales, and a Palace for the Princes therof, Shrewsbery the chief of this County, much inriched by their trade for Cottons and Fri∣ses, with their neighbours the Welsh, whom yet notwithstanding they greatly affect not.

Cheshire is the 32. abounding in pastures, and in excellent Chee∣ses hence transported throughout England, it hath Chester for the * 1.991 chief City seated on the River Dee.

Herefordshire is the 33, and boasteth to be for its fertility and abundance of all things the first Shire in England, Hereford is * 1.992 the chiefe Citie, and Le•…•…ster justly boasteth of the sheeps wooll, feeding in those grounds, with which no part of Europe can e∣quallize.

Yorkeshire is the thirty fourth, and the largest County of * 1.993 all England, abounding in corne, pasture, and meadowes, yeelding clothing by the industry of the inhabitants in abundance; Yorke being the chiefe City, and the second in England, and the seate of an Archbishop, here is a Court of Iustice held for the neighbou∣ring Marches, according to that of Ludlow; in this County is also the towne of Hull, seated on the River of Humber, where are found Merchants of good quality, and here is also the Castle of Scarborough, where in the adjoyning sea is the great fishing found annually for herrings.

Richmond is the 35. in which is found mountaines to yeeld * 1.994 plentifull leade, pit-coales, and some brasse, and the chiefe City of this County is called Richmond.

The Bishopricke of Durham is the 36. pleasant in Meadowes, * 1.995 Pastures and Groves, and aboundeth in sea coales, which is digged out of the earth, Durham is the chiefe City.

Lancashire is the 37. wherein is Manchester, an old towne in∣riched * 1.996 by the industry of the inhabitants, by cloth of linnen and woollen, the City of Lancaster being the first of the Shire.

Westmerland is the 38. the chiefe towne is Kendall, famous * 1.997 for making of cloth of wooll.

Cumberland is the 39. affording Mines of brasse, and some * 1.998 veines of silver, and blacke leade in abundance, Carlile being the principall towne, here are found apparent ruins of that wall which the Romans built, to keep out the Picts from making in∣cursions upon the Britans, being as it seemes, then so poore, as they cared not to subdue them.

Northumberland is the 40. wherein is found the sea towne of * 1.999 Newcastle, which affords such abundance of seacoale, that the same is thence transported into many kingdomes of the world: here is also Barwicke, one of the strongest fortified townes of * 1.1000 England, formerly strengthened against the incursions of the Scots, by a strong garrison of souldiers, and now dismissed by the happy union of England and Scotland.

Having thus briefly run over the shires of England, it will be necessary I should here adde the like cursorie view of woolles, comprehended under the government of England, and included within the same limit, and omitted to this place, as being parts of the said kingdome, which I finde to be in number these.

Anglesey I account the first, which I have touched amongst * 1.1001 the Ilands, being esteemed a County of Wales, having Beawma∣ris for the principall town of the County.

Flintshire is the second, plentifull in corne and pasture, famous * 1.1002 for the Spring of Holy Well, called here S. Winifreds Well, and Flint towne being the chiefest of the County.

Denbishire is the next, affording some mines of leade, wherein * 1.1003 is found Wrexham that boasts of its holy tower, and musicall Or∣gans, and Denbigh, the chiefe of this County.

Carnarvanshire is the next, anciently called Snoden Forrest, be∣fore * 1.1004 that Wales was reduced to Counties, wherein is found the high hils, the alpes of Britaine, also Aberconwaie, a strong and faire little towne; Bangor the seate of a Bishop, and Carnarvan the chiefe of this Province, famous for the birth place of Ed∣ward the second, and the first Prince of Wales of English bloud.

Merionethshire is the next, a mountainous Country, affording * 1.1005 notwithstanding good pasture for cattell. The chiefe towne is Balla, a poore towne yet principall of these Mountenars.

Montgomeryshire is the next, having the chiefe towne of the * 1.1006 same name.

Cardiganshire is the seventh, and hath the towne of Cardigan * 1.1007 for the chiefe towne of the County.

Pembrokeshire is the eighth, Pembroke is the chiefe towne, and here a long necke of land makes a haven, called Milford Haven, * 1.1008 then which Europe hath not a more Noble, more safe, or more large, with many creekes and safe roades, wherein 1000 saile may ride out of sight one of another, and made the more fa∣mous by the landing of Henry the seventh.

Caermardenshire is the next, abounding in corne, sheepe, and in pit coale, Caermarden being the chiefe towne. * 1.1009

Glamorganshire is the next, Cardiffe is the chiefe town, having a commodious haven for shipping. * 1.1010

Monmouthshire is the next, wherein is found Chepstow and Mon∣mouth, * 1.1011 the last glorious in giving life to Henry the fifth, Conquer•…•… of France.

Brecknockshire is the next, Brecknocke being the chiefe towne. * 1.1012

Radnorshire is the next and last, wherein is found Radnor for the chiefe towne. These are in briefe the shires of Wales. * 1.1013

To observe now my former method, having particularly thus surveyed the continent, let me now search into those commodi∣ties which England in generall affords for merchandise, and is thence exported into forraine Regions, as being the principall motives of trade in all kingdomes which it produceth severall waies. First, by manufacturies it yeeldeth, woollen cloths of all * 1.1014 sorts, broad and narrow, known and called by the name of se∣verall shires, also Perpetuanes, Bayes, Sayes, Sarges, Cottons, Ker∣sies, Buffins, Mocados, Grogram, Sattins, Calimancaes, Velvets, Plushes, Worsteds, Fustians, Durances, Tukes, and infinite others; there is made in this Iland, yearely 250000 clothes by compu∣tation, and by this may be guessed the quantity of the rest of o∣ther sorts, also Furres and skins, as Cony skins, Squirrell skins, Fitches, Calfe skins, Hides, and sundry others.

Also it produceth by mines, and out of the earth, 1 Tinne

1200000 li. yearely, l•…•…de, 800 fodres yearely, aliome 800 tunnes yearely, Copperes 500 tunnes yearely, Iron of all sorts, 800 fur•…•…aces daily set on worke, besides Ordnance of Iron, and such like, sea coale yearely () chaldrons, salt, () tunnes, also all manner of graine, Oates, Pease, Barley, Rie, and Wheate in great plenty, also linnen cloth, all iron wares, Tallow, Leather, Glasse, and Glasses of all sorts, Venice gold and silver, traine oyle, Salmons, Pilchards, and Herrings, Hake, Conger, and Haberdine, Hops, Wood, Butter, Cheese, Beere, Salt-peter, Gun∣powder, Hony, Waxe, Alablaster, and some other stones, Woolles, Wolfills Yarne, Yernsey, &c. and to conclude, many other good and rich commodities is here found.

The beauty and wealth of this kingdome is demonstrated in * 1.1015 325 Rivers, 8 therof being great and Navigable for some miles, whereon is found 857 Bridges, 30 Chases, 55 Forrests, 745 Parkes, here are also reckoned 26 Deanries, 60 Archdeaconries, 544 dignities and Prebends, 5439 Parochiall benefices, besides Im∣proprtations * 1.1016 and Vicaredges, and the whole divided into 6 circuits for the administration of Iustice, into 22 Episcopall Dioces for Ec∣clesiasticall discipline, and into two Archbishoprickes, under whom the rest are subordinate: and lastly, into 40 shires, over each of which, is a yearely Sheriffe appointed, who is to assist the Itine∣rary Iudges in executing Iustice, and to gather in the Kings a∣mercements: and these shires are divided into hundreds, and these hundreds into tithings, and to conclude, in England is found 145 Castles, 9527 Parishes, besides Chappels whereof 585 are market Towns, and 22 Cities, the principall wherof are these, 1 Oxford, 2 Cambridge, both being Vniversities, 3 Excester in De∣vonshire, 4 Norwich in Norfolke, 5 Bristoll watered by Severne, ac∣counted the second for trade in this Country, 6 Yorke, on the River Vre, accounted the second City for beauty and greatnesse in England; and lastly, London, under which I will comprise the trade of this whole Iland.

CHAP. CCLXX.

Of London, and the trade thereof.

LOndon, the Metropolis of England, the prime City of trading this day in the world, is pleasantly sea∣ted * 1.1017 on the River of Thames, which divideth it in∣to two parts, her circuit may be 8 miles, wherein is found 122 Parish Churches, with the Pallace of the King, the houses of the Nobility, Colledges for the study of the Lawes, and divers other stately publique edifices, and may contain 400000 people. Here have their residencie, the rich and most eminent Merchants of this Iland, whom divers Princes of * 1.1018 this Kingdome have incorporated into severall societies and companies, partly to incourage their indeavours, and partly in reward of the discoveries of those Countries and Regions, whereof they take their name, and by the power and immuni∣ties granted them, doe make acts and orders for the benefit of commerce in generall, and of their Companies in particular. The ancientest of which companies have had their originall and con∣tinuance since Edward the first his raigne, called the Company * 1.1019 of Merchants adventurers, grounded at first upon the exportati∣ons of wooll onely as the prime and staple commodity of this kingdome, since which it is grounded upon clothing, into which this wooll is now converted, for he at the request and being in league with the Cities and Townes of Flanders, made Brudges, which was then the greatest Mart of Christendome, the staple for 〈◊〉〈◊〉 woolls, where it continued for 15 yeares, when as by some discontent with the Flemmings, and by experience seeing what the benefit of these staples were, removed them from Brudges to England, and for the ease, as well of his subjects, in bringing their woolls into those parts, as of such forraine Merchants as came to buy the same, he placed his staples at Exon, Bristoll, Win∣chester, Westminster, Chichester, Canterbury, Norwich, Lincolne, Yorke, and Newcastle, for the kingdome of England; at Caermar∣den for Wales; at Dublin, Waterford, Corke, and Tredath for Ire∣land, and enacted that no English, Irish, or Welshman, should transport this stapled commodity, (nor not by licences, if any such should be granted) on paine of confiscation, during the Kings pleasure.

Lastly, he allured over hither divers Flemmings, which taught our nation the making of cloth, who are now growne the best cloth workers in the world, and to incourage them in that Art, in the 27 of his raigne, it was by statute enacted to be fellony, to trans∣port

hence woolles unwrought. Now when England had thus for some time enjoyed the benefit of these staples, he removed the same to Callais, which he had then conquered, and which he desired to inrich: from hence they were at severall times and occasions removed, now to one, now to another towne in Bel∣gium, and still happy was that Towne in whaat Country soever where the said Company kept a house for their traffique and residence, the confluence of all people thither to buy, infinitely inriching it. Antwerpe for a long time enjoyed their company, till upon some discontents between Henry the seventh, and Maxi∣milian, Arch duke, they removed thence, but at their return again, they were received by the Antwerpians with solemn processions, Princely triumph, sumptuous feasts, rare banquettings, and ex∣pressions of much joy, and more love: here they continued till the surprisall and sacke of this towne by the Spaniards, in Anno () where by reason of the wrongs and hard measure there received, they removed into two places, the one to Mid∣dleborough, the other to Stoade, afterward from Middleborough to Delph, and from Delph, now to Rotterdam, where they have lately seated themselves, with many immunities granted them, and a Pallace appointed them for their residence; the other from Stoade by some vicissitude of change, is now placed at Hamburge, where also they have many priviledges, and the said Company being now inlarged, and all new Draperie comprised therein, they intend to implant more factories in other places, and this is the most ancient of all our Societies, which is observed to be governed beyond the Seas in the said places, by a deputy and certaine assistants, and in England by a Governour, Depu∣ty, and certaine assistants, Sir Thomas Mouls•…•… Knight, and Al∣derman, being the present Governour, to whose worth and go∣vernment, I owe here this acknowledgement, as being a mem∣ber of this so ancient and worthy a society.

The next to these are the Barbary Merchants, which had their originall in Henry the sevenths time, being indeed the age where∣in * 1.1020 our nation did begin, by imitation of the Portugals and Spani∣ards, to discover new regions: and this flourished and continued till the end of Queene Elizabeths raigne, wherein it fell when as civill warres was not in Morocco and Fesse, amongst the preten∣ders to that Empire.

Out of whose ashes about that time, did rise the Levant Com∣pany, * 1.1021 or Turky Merchants, and by their Discoveries and Trade first made the Traffique into the Signorie of Venice, and then to the Dominions of the Great Turk, including as then within their privileges the East Indies Navigation which was as then known to them only by Land, and to the Portugals by Sea. since which the said Indies are raised to a great and eminent Company, and by themselves incorporated, imploying in a joynt stocke, a great

Capitoll, by which trade and stock they have built many war∣like Ships, and brought all those Indian Commodities to our * 1.1022 homes, which before were brought to us by other Nations, both which Companies now supplyeth our Land, and by their second transportation many other Countries, with those rich Commo∣dities, which Venetia, Turkie, Arabia, Egypt, Persia, China, and India yieldeth, and is found governed in England by Sir Maurice Ab∣bot Knight and Alderman, and by Master Henry Garraway Alder∣man, the former Governour of the East India Company, and the latter of the Turkie Company, to which are joyned certain Com∣mittees and Assistants, to whose worth and government I also here do owe this acknowledgment, as being now both a mem∣ber, and intrusted with a particular charge in both the said Companies.

Other Countries and Companies in the latter end of Queen * 1.1023 Elizabeths Raigne, and some in the beginning of Kings Iame's Raigne have beene discovered, setled, and continued, as to the Northward the Muscovy Company, the East-land Company, the Greenland Company, and of late dayes, there is erected a Compa∣ny for France, governed here by Sir Iames Cambell Knight and Alderman, to whom also I owe this acknowledgment as being a member therof; and now there is also in agitation a Patent for a Company for Spain, of which also when confirmed, I may also intitle my self a member.

These Companies then and Societies, besides others not at all incorporated, incouraged by sundry Privileges, granted unto them, governe themselves by setled Acts and Orders, under certain chosen Governours, Deputies, and a selected number of Assistants, which have been found to be so profitable to these Kingdomes by exporting the native Commodities therof, by set∣ting the poor on work, by building of many brave Ships and by importing hither of sundry necessaries both for use and orna∣ment, that the benefit thereof cannot here be certainly expres∣sed. But one particular in the Levant Merchants may in part de∣monstrate the great benefit that the rest may produce, for it was found that in our last Voyage to Cales, and to the Isle of Rhee, they were the Owners of 20 great sayle of Ships that served in both those Voyages, and it is probable that they are Owners of 30 sayle more, which one with the other may containe 12 or 13000 tuns of burthen, & which may have for further defence 1200 pieces of Ordnance at the least, and imploy about 4000 or 5000 Sailers yeerly, besides Porters, Weighers, Bargmen, Lightermen, Carmen, which cannot be lesse then 2000 or 3000 persons more, and they are found, if report may gaine credit to pay his Majesty by way of customes and imposts above 50000 li. yeerly, partly outwards by their Exportations of Cloth, Tinne, & other commodities, and partly Inwards by the importation of

Silks, Cottons Galls, Grograms, Spices, Drugs, Corance, and other Levantine commodities, this being then briefly to shew the bene∣fit of a well governed trade, and the profits arising therby to the Common-wealth, I leave it to others to consider the generall good accruing to this Iland, by all the rest of the said Compa∣nies and Societies of this Kingdom, and come in the next place, according to my method, to handle the other principall parts of Traffique comprised in this City, and generally of all this King∣dome.

The Coines of this City and Kingdome are partly of Gold, and * 1.1024 partly of Silver, as in other Countries the principall in use are these.

The Silver currant Coines are

Pieces of	5 shil. sterl. Crown.
Pieces of	26 d.
Pieces of	12 d. called shillings
Pieces of	6 d.
Pieces of	4 d. 3 d. 2 d. 1 d. ster.

Which are accounted 4 farthings to a penny sterling, 12 ob. to a shilling, 5 shillings to a Crown, 4 Crowns, or 20 shillings to a pound sterling.

The Gold coines currant are

Pieces of	22 shill. ster.
Pieces of	11 shill. ster. * 1.1025
Pieces of	5 shill. 6 d.
Pieces of	2 shill. 9 d. the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of 22 shill.
Also Pieces of	20 shill.
Pieces of	10 shill.
Pieces of	5 shill.
Pieces of	2 s. 6 d. the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of 20 sh.

Accounted also in the former accounts of pounds, shillings and pence sterling, the goodnesse and finenesse, and intrinsecall value may be more particularly knowne by a Proclamation in Anno 1609, published by our deceased Soveraigne King Iames, to which I refer the Reader, or otherwise to a Table inserted in the end of this Chapter of the equality and valuation therof with the Coines of sundry other Countries.

Their accounts are kept throughout England, by pounds, shil∣lings, and pence sterling, accounting 12 pence to the shilling, and * 1.1026 20 shillings to the pound, but the accounts of the revenues of the Kingdome have been, and yet are in some Offices kept in Marks, containing 13 shill. 4 pence, per Mark.

CHAP. CCLXXI.

Of Weights used in England.

THe weight commonly used in and through Eng∣land, is two, the Troy weight, and the Haberdupois * 1.1027 weight.

The Troy pound consists of 12 ounces, the ounce * 1.1028 of 20 peny weights, the peny weight of 24 grains, and serveth only for Bread, Gold, Silver, and Electuaries, eight pound accounted to the Gallon, & by consequence 16 li. to the Peck, 32 pound to the halfe Bushell, and 64 to the Bushell, and hereby weight and measure is reduced one into another.

Wet Measures are also derived from this pound Troy, both on * 1.1029 Land and within Shipboard, as also Corn and Grain, as above is specified, for first this pound of 12 ounces, made into a concave measure is named a Pint, eight of the said Pints, or eight pounds make a Gallon of either Wine, Ale, Beere, or Corn, according to the Standard of the Exchequer, and the Acts of Parliament of 11 and 12 of Henry the Seventh.

From hence is also drawn the measure Assise of all vendi∣ble * 1.1030 Caske, each Hogshead to contain 63 Gallons, every Terce 84, every Pipe 126, and every Tun 252 Gallons.

From hence ariseth also the measure for Fish, the Salmon Butt is to be 84 gallons, the barrell 42 gallons, the Herring barrell to be 32 gallons, the Eele barrell to be 42 gallons, the Soape bar∣rell to be 32 gallons, and the halfe, and firkin of these to be ac∣cordingly.

The second weight is the Haberdepois pound, which consisteth * 1.1031 of 16 ounces, which are lesser ounces then the former, for these 16 ounces make but 14 ounces and a halfe, and 2 penny weight of Troy, used in the mint, where 136 li. haberdepois subtile, is but 100 li. sutle Troy.

By the haberdepois or averdupois weight, is all commodities weighed, which beareth the name of garble, and whereof issu∣eth a garble or waste, also butter, cheese, tallow, waxe, and other commodities, and 7 li. of this weight is accounted to the gal∣lon of wheate, as is 14 li. the pecke, 28 li. the halfe bushell, and 56 li. to the bushell.

The 7 li. averdupois is 102 ounces Troy, according to which * 1.1032 rate the quarter of wheate must weigh 448 li. averdupois, and so 14 li. averdupois, and 16 li. 11 ounces Troy, doe accord in one,

or 56 li. averdupois, and 67 li. 8 ounces Troy, and note that as one penny sterling is the 1/20. part of an ounce Troy, so thereby is found that 7 li. 12 sh. sterling, is 84 ounces, and halfe, and 2 pen∣ny weight of Troy, and 6. li. 18 sh. sterling, is 82¾. ounces and one penny Troy, from the which two assises, the white, whea∣ten, and houshold breads are calculated and drawne.

From the averdupois weight is also drawne the true weight of cheese and butter, called the Waighe, which is 112 li. averdupoi•…•…, * 1.1033 to the hundred, and the two hundred is 224 li. containing 32 cloves, and every clove is 7 li. the Waighe of Suffolke cheese being 256 li. and the waighe of Essex cheese 336 li. averdupois.

The sacke of wooll formerly so famoused by the staplers, did * 1.1034 weigh 364 li. averdupois, two waighes of wooll, make a sacke, and 12 sacks make a laste.

The last of herrings containeth 10 thousand, and every thou∣sand * 1.1035 containe ten hundred, and every hundred six score or 120.

Leade, is sold by the foder, the loade being 175 li. and the * 1.1036 fother maketh accordingly 19½. hundred of 112 li. per cent.

It is also to be noted, that of this pound of 16 ounces averdu∣pois, * 1.1037 is made in England, three severall quintals, for weighing of sundry sorts of merchandise.

The first is a hundred of five score, or 100 li. just, and this is called the hundred sutle, whereby is sold, spices, drugges, and o∣ther * 1.1038 fine commodities, which are accounted by the pound, and to which is added by the seller, an allowance of 4 li. upon 104 li. taken from the overplus received from Antwerpe weights in times past in spices, as I have said elsewhere, and called by the name of Tret, yet by some alledged to be an allowance in gar∣bled commodities.

The second is a hundred of fivescore and twelve, or 112 li. * 1.1039 the halfe hundred being 56 li. the quarter 28 li. &c. to which all the aforesaid weight is adjousted, and by which all commodi∣ties are weighed, and all fine commodities afterward reduced to the sotle hundred, and by this are sold all grosse goods, Grocery, Saltery, &c.

The third is a hundred of sixscore of the said averdupois pound, * 1.1040 by which Tinne is weighed to his Majesties Farmers, and some few other commodities, and is called the stannery hundred. This pound averdupois hath in it selfe a division of 16 ounces, and thereof is formed other weights, as sometimes a stone of 8 li. 7 li. 10 li. 14 li. 16 li. 20 li. sometimes a todde of 7 li. 8 li. 10 li. sometimes a clove of 20 li. 28 li. 32 li. and such like, which is still found to be made out of this pound of averdupois of 16 oun∣ces, and every ounce of 8 drams, and every dram 60 graines. Raw silke of Persia or Turky, is sold also by this pound, but then it is accounted a pound of 24 ounces, or a pound and a halfe of the abovesaid; all which is requisite his learning that is either

to buy or sell in England, that he may know not onely the true weight of his commodity, but also the denomination thereof, and how many pound or ounces is contained therein.

Having now shewed the distinction of the troy and averdupois weight, and how they agree together, and having calculated most of the weights of this booke to the hundred sutle, I will al∣so shew here how the 112 li. is found to respond with some o∣ther Countries, as being the weight common in use amongst Merchants, and in notes of commodities observed abroad.

The 112 l. Londō is in

Europa.

Marselia	125 li.
Venetia sotile	164 li.
Venetiagrosse	104 li.
Sicilia	62 li.
Lisb•…•…ne	100 li.
Florence	143 li.
Anverse	106 li.
Lions	118 li.
Sivill	110 li.
Dansick	129 li.
Bridges	112 li.

Asia, Africa.

Alepp•…•…	22•…•… Rot.
Aleppo Silke	24 Rot.
Tripoli suria	27½ Rot.
Tripoli barbaria	97 Rot.
Alexandria zera	51. 9 Rot.
Alexandria forfar	116 Rot.
Scio and Constantin•…•…	101 Rot.
Rhodes	20. 4. Rot.
Acria	18. 1. Rot.
Babylonia	15. 6 M.
Balsola	—
Ormus	108. 7 li.

I need not further inlarge my self herein by reason of the ma∣ny Tables found in this Book, wherby the said weight of 112 li. may easily be reduced to any eminent place of the World, and for as much as our English Gold and Silver is weighed and valued by the pound Troy, I shall here following insert how the same concurres and agrees with most of the eminent Cities in the World, in their Coines both of Silver and Gold.

It is observed then in most Countries abroad as with us in England, that Gold and Silver is coined and minted by a peculi•…•… * 1.1041 weight only proper therunto, which in many great Cities and Countries of trade I have purposely omitted, that I might both •…•…cilitate this my labour, and in one place reduce them together to the pound Troy used, especially to that purpose in England; therfore if I prove here somewhat the larger, it is but what the seriousnesse and due circumstances of the matter requireth.

The weight then used in this case in England is the pound Troy, and that which in use in most other Countries is the Mark which as well as 〈◊〉〈◊〉 can I will here abbreviate, now this pound Troy con∣sisting of 12 ounces, and the ounce of 20 peny weights, and the peny weight of 24 grains, the 100 li. of these abovesaid pound•…•… being vsed for the Standard of Gold and Silver in this 〈◊〉〈◊〉 hath been observed to make in

Antwerp	112 marks each mark being 8 Ounces. 1 O•…•…ce being 20 peny weight. 1 Peny weight 32 grains.
Adler	86 li.
Cairo	105•…•… Besses.
Ancona	116 marks.
Aqu•…•…la	79½ li.
Ausburg	118 marks.
Bavaria	116 marks.
Bohemia	99 marks.
Catalonia	112•…•… marks.
Colen	118 marks.
Constantinople	99 marks.
Crema	116 marks.
Dansick	118•…•… marks.
Florence	158½ marks. 1 Mark 8 Ounces. 1 Ounce is 8 grosses. 1 grosse is 3 deniers. 1 de•…•…er is 24 g•…•…s.
Frankford	118 marks.
Fr•…•…burg	116 marks.

Genoa for Gold 130 Marks

• 1 mark is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ounces.
• 1 ounce 24 de•…•…iers.
• 1 denier is 24 grains.

Genoa for Silver 86½ pounds

• 1 pound is 12 ounces.
• 1 ounce is 24 deniers.
• 1 denier is 24 grains.

Hungary	99 marks.
Lipsich	118 marks.
Lions	1•…•…6 marks
Paris idem	126 marks 1 mark in France is 8 ounces 1 ounce is 8 grosses. 1 grosse is 3 deniers. 1 denier is 24 grains.

Millain	118 marks.
Narsinga	97 marks.
Naples	86½ pound 1 pound Naples is 12 ounces. 1 ounce is 8 Octavos.
Persia	98 Minas.
Peru	99½ Cillats.
Piemont	111 marks.
Meison	118 marks
Saxony idem	118 marks A mark of Mesen is 8 ounces. 1 ounce is 24 deniers. 1 denier, or peny is found to be 24 momenta or grains.
Burgas	120 marks.
Franconia	116 marks.
N•…•…rrimberg	116 marks 1 mark Norimberg is 16 loots. 1 loot is 4 quints. 1 quint is 4 pence primes or nu∣mulies. 1 peny is 4 sesterties.
Turky	98 marks.
Turin	111 marks.
Vicentia	116 marks.
Vienna	98 marks.
New Spain, America, 98½ marks.

Spain in generall 121 marks.

• 1 mark Spanish is 50 Castellianos.
• 1 Castelliano is 8 tomines.
• 1 tominos is 8 grains, and this mark is 29700 marks, or 873½ Rials, or 792 Duckets.

Trevis•…•…	117 marks.
Vlme	116 marks.
Weselburg	115

• ...Venice
• ...Verona

116½ mark.

• 1 mark Venice is 8 ounces.
• 1 ounce is 4 quarts or silices.
• 1 quarta 36 Carrats or Sili∣quas.
• 1 Carrat is 4 grains.

Rome	116½ mark 1 mark Roman is 8 ounces. 1 ounce is 8 drams. 1 dram is 3 scruples. 1 scruple is 2 obolos. 1 obole is 3 siliquas. 1 siliqua is 4 grains or primi.

Lisbone

121 mark. 1 mark Portugal is 8 ounces. 1 ounce is 8 octavos. 1 octavo is 4½ grains.

These are all the stan•…•…ards of the coines both of gold and sil∣ver that I have met withall, and the particulars whereto the said weights are distinguished, which may so farre be needfull to the traffique of Countries, that thereby every Merchant stranger may know of what goodnesse and reall value those coines are stamped and coined for, and what the same will yeeld and af∣ford him in his owne City or place of residence.

Vpon this troy weight doth also depend in Physicke, all * 1.1042 drugs and simples, administred by way of potions, which accor∣ding to the custome practised amongst Physitians, is thus distin∣guished into parts.

One Ses quilibra is 1½. pound. or 18 ounces.

One pound is 2 selibra or 12 ounces.

One selibra is 2 quadrans or 6 ounces.

One quadran is a¼ of a li. or 3 ounces.

One sescuntia is 1½. ounce or 12 drams.

One ounce is 8 drams.

One dram is 3 scruples or 60 graines.

One scruple is 20 graines.

One obolus is ½. a scruple or 10 graines.

Now according to this agreement of the weights of silver * 1.1043 and gold, I will here reduce the value of some forraigne coines, to the English sterlin.

The crowne of Camera of Rome is sterlin—00 li. 07 s. o d.

The sols Of Genoa is sterlin—00 01 6.

The duccat of Venice of 6 li. 4 sols is sterlin—04 6.

The duccat of Naples is—sterlin—04 9.

The crowne of gold of Florence is—sterlin—06 0

The 20 sols of Millan is—sterlin—01 0.

The Carlin of Cicilia is—sterlin—00 3.

The sol of grosse of Antwerpe is—sterlin—00 7¼.

The lire of Valencia, Barselona and Saragosa is—05 6

The liver or franke of France is sterlin—02 0

The florin of Turin and Savoy is sterlin—00 3⅜.

The 34 Marvedes or single, Royall of Spaine is sterlin 00 6.

The 40 Res of Lisborne in Portugall is sterlin—00 6.

The lire of Bollonia is—sterlin—01 3½.

The crowne of Lucca is—sterlin—05 9.

The florin of Noremburgh and Franckford, sterlin 3 4.

The Chequin of Turky is—sterlin—7 10.

Where note that in Europe, the exchange ever maketh the accoun∣ted value of their coines with us, which are seene sometimes to differ much from the abovesaid rules, yet according to the esti∣mation of our English minte, this carrieth a neere concordancy, & therfore I have the rather thought fit to insert it in this place.

I have in many places of this Book shewed how the 100 li. sutle doth agree with London, and in the leaf aforegoing, shewed how the 112 li. doth also respond with some of them: now I will shew by a new invented Table out of the Works of Master Hunt * 1.1044 the Arithmetician, a method reducing the pounds of forraigne Counties to the pound of London, which I finde thus.

	M	D
Ancona—	13	10
Antwerp—	24	25
Archipelago—	497	448
Acquilla—	143	100
Avignon—	11	10
Ausburg—	19	20
Barselona—	91	10
Besenson—	91	100
Bridges—	1	1
Burgois—	23	25
Calice—	24	25
Castile—	51	50
Cicilia—	37	25
Colen—	19	20
Corfu—	497	448
Dansick—	29	24
Deep—	359	400
Ferrara—	133	100
Florence—	131	100
Frankford—	396	448
Genoa—	141	100
	M	D
Geneva—	81	100
Lipsich—	99	100
London troy—	29	24
London averd—	127	120
Lubeck—	389½	448
Lions—	21	20
Lisbone—	83	100
Marselia—	497	448
Naples—	71	50
Norrimberg—	396	448
Paris—	19	20
Padua—	33	25
Parma—	34	25
Presla•…•…—	538½	448
Rochel—	81	100
Roan—	127	100
Sicilia—	250¼	448
Sivil—	439	448
Tholousa—	491	448
Venice grosse,—	423	448
Venice sotle—	151	100
Vienna—	256	448

For the understanding of this Table, note that one pound of London is in Ancona 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of a pound, and so in the rest 〈◊〉〈◊〉 is 1 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 first then against the names of the places are two numbers, as a∣gainst Avignon, you have 11 for to multiply, and 10 for divis•…•…, or 11 for numerator, & 10 for denominator, multiply then pounds of Avignon by 11, and divide it by 10, and they are pounds of London, so do for other places as the Table directs.

CHAP. CCLXXII.

Of measures used in England.

HAving now done with the Weights of England, * 1.1045 whereby all Merchandise of weight is weighed; I come now to those measures that are in use through the Kingdome of England, which are three: the first is the yard, the common measure * 1.1046 of all woollen cloth, stuffes, silkes, and such like, which is compo∣sed of three foot, every foot being 12 inches, and every inch 3 barly cornes, so that the yard doth containe 36 inches, and there is in the measure of all commodities given in measure, an inch, which doth make the yard to be 37 inches, when compu∣ted with the measure of other Countries.

The second is an elle, wherewith all linnens are measured, * 1.1047 and it containeth 44⅔. inches, or 45 inches by the rule, and herewith is also allowed an inch, for measure by custome of the Country.

The third is a goade, onely used in welsh Frizes, Frizadoes, and * 1.1048 the like, being the ancient measure of Wales, and as some ima∣gine, of England, before the setling of the yard wand, and by the inch rule is found to be (55 inches) at this time.

In London there is found a custome both in weighing and mea∣suring * 1.1049 of some commodities not found or practised in any other place, and called beyond Seas, the courtesies of London; the which is first in commodities weighed by 4 in 104 li. allowed and cal∣led tret, which I have noted before; next by 2 li. allowed upon * 1.1050 every draught and commodity, which exceedeth 336 li. or three hundred grosse, called cloffe, and lastly in the measure of * 1.1051 broad cloth by retaile in Drapers shoppes, allowing to the buyer, a shaftnet upon each yard, in lieu of the inch before specified, which is as much as is in length at the yards end, from the bot∣tome * 1.1052 of the wrist, to the end of the thumbe, which commonly may be about 5 in 6 inches in length, according to the dimensi∣on of the hand. I have already shewed what agreement some of these measures, especially the yard hath with the measures of length of many other places: it is requisite I should also here shew how our English Elle is found to respond with other Coun∣tries, which I finde to be by the observations of some ingenious Merchants thus,

Antwerp	166⅔ Ells.
Frankford	208⅔ Ells. * 1.1053
Dansicke	138⅓ Ells.
Vienna	145 Ells.
Lions	101⅔ aln.
Paris	95 aln.
Roan	103 aln.
Lisbone	100 Vares.
Sivil	135 Vares.
Madera Iles	103 2/7 Braces.
Venice linnen	180 Braces.
Venice Silk	196 Braces.
Lucques	200 Braces.
Florence	204 Braces.
Millain	230 Braces.
Genoa	480⅚ Pal.
Bridges	164 Ells.
Arras	165 Ells.
Callice	157 alns.
Norrimberg	174 Ells.
Rome	56 Cans.
Colen	208 Ells.
Lisle	166 Ells.
Mastriche	157 Ells.

How true these observations are I must referre to triall by ex∣perience, and forasmuch as I would not omit any materiall col∣lection that might adde to the perfection of this knowledge, which doth oftentimes so much concern Merchants in their nego∣tiations; I have here also inserted M. Hunts table of respondency * 1.1054 of other Countries, Measures of length to the above said English Ell and Yard.

	M	D
Antwerp—	3	5
Arras—	23	35
Bridges short—	25	41
Castile—	20	27
Calice—	150	157
Colen—	25	52
Frankford—	25	52
Flemmish Ells.—	6	10
French alns—	6	5
Florence—	25	47
Gant long—	50	77
Gant short—	25	41
Genoa—	150	721
Lions—		1
London yard—	4	5
Lisbone and Lisle—	50	83
	M	D
Lucca—	5	8
Malins—	3	5
Mastriche—	100	173
Madera—	25	26
Millain—	50	57
Norrimberg—	100	137
Paris—	19	20
Roan—	100	103
Rome—	14	25
Sivil—	20	27
Venice long—	5	9
Venice short—	25	49
Vienna—	20	29
Vincentia—	100	133

The use of the former table is three-fold, first, to know what proportion one of our London Elles will beare unto any of the * 1.1055 measures of the aforesaid places, which is thus performed, looke the place in the table posito Florence, against it you shall finde these two numbers, 25. under the title of M. which signifieth Multi∣plicate, and 47 under the title of D. which signifieth divisor, di∣vide then the greater by the lesser, viz. 47 by 25. the quotient is 1 and 22 is the remainder, which is numerator to 25. making the fraction 22/25. so that our Elle at London is at Florence 1 of their measures, and 22/25. parts thereof, and so in the rest.

Secondly, it reduceth forrain measures to the London Elle thus, * 1.1056 posito the question were; how many Ells are there in 387 of the measures of Dansicke, then look Dansicke, against which you shall finde two numbers, the first is 20 your multiplicate, the second 27 your divisor, the order of the question then is thus,

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

Thirdly and lastly, it reduceth Ells of London, to any of the a∣foresaid * 1.1057 forraigne measures, posito in 597 Ells of London, how ma∣ny Lucca braces doe they containe? to doe this, looke lucca in the table, and right against it you have the two numbers of 5 and 8. and note by the way, that in questions of this nature that you multiply by the second number under D. and divide by the first under M. multiply therefore 597 by 8. and divide by 5. and the quotient is 955⅓. of the braces or measures of Lucca. And this shall suffice concerning measures of length, the truth of which tables I referre to the inquisition of the curious.

There is also in use in England, divers measures, for severall distinct commodities, which orderly I will here observe.

First, a measure whereby land is measured, and this hath some * 1.1058 correspondence with all things that are measured by a square proportion in bredth and length, and this done also by the a∣fore mentioned yard, which beginning from the least part and is thus reckoned.

Grains 3	is an inch.
Inches 12	a foot.
Foot 3	a yard.
Feet 3 inches 9,	an ell.
Yards 5½ is	a perch.
Perch 1 in breadth	a farthindole.
and 40 in length
Farthindole 2	is half an acre.
Farthindole 4	is an acre.

40 Rod in length is a Furlong, 8 Furlongs is a Mile English, which is 320 perches, 1760 yards, 5280 foot, or 63360 inches, note that a Rod-land, Yard-land, and Farthendale is onething.

So that hereby it may be discerned, that a foot being 12 in∣ches every way, as 12 in length and 12 in breadth, making 12 times 12 is 144 inches, and so in the yard which is 3 foot in breadth, & 3 foot in length, which is 9 foot, is 1286 inches, and * 1.1059 thus is Board, Glasse, Pavement, Hangings, Wainscot, and the like Commodities measured in England.

Next let us observe dry Measures in themselves, for so farre * 1.1060 forth as they concurre with weight, I have noted before, dry measure principally is for grain.

	Gallons	Potles	Quarts	Pints.
The Gallon is found to be by the Statute of England,	1	or 2	or 4	or 8
A Peck is	2	or 4	or 8	or 16
Half a Bushell is	4	or 8	or 16	or 32
A Bushell is	8	or 16	or 32	or 64
A Strike is	16	or 32	or 64	or 128
A Cornock is	32	or 64	or 128	or 256
A Quarter is	64	128	or 256	or 512
A Way is	384	768	1536	3072
A Last is	640	1280	2560	5128

It is here to be noted, that severall commodities are measured by a severall different measure: as for example, Corne is mea∣sured by the quarter, which contains 8 bushels as above is men∣tioned, five quarters making a tunne lading, and 10 quarters to a laste, but yet 10¼. or 10½. goes for a last of Holland, so also in salt, which is sold by the weight, which is 40 bushels water mea∣sure of tenne gallons; yet note that in Plimouth, and in some o∣ther Sea-ports of England, they measure by a bushell alien mea∣sure, whereof 24 makes a tonne, and 8 doth make a quarter, so three quarters make one tunne, and every bushell is 18 gallons, so that a tunne of salt at Plimouth, is greater than a weigh of London,

by 32 gallons. And note that as in salt, so also in corne, they have 2 measures, the water measure, large for shipboord, and the land for shop-measure, the difference in some places, as from 6 to 7. also from 3 to 4. which is to be observed.

The next measure observable is liquid measures, which in Eng∣land * 1.1061 are found to vary much, and to be of divers kindes, both in the quantity it selfe, and in the commodity or liquor, which I will here for method sake collect together thus.

	Gallon	Potles.	Quart.	Pints.
Of Ale. Ale the Firkin ought to be Kilderkin of Ale ought to be Barrell of Ale ought to be	8	or 16	or 32	or 64
16	32	64	128
32	64	128	256
Of Be•…•… Beer the Firkin ought to be Kilderkin of Beer Barrell of Beer	9	or 18	or 36	or 72
18	36	72	144
36	72	144	288
Of Wine. Kilderkin of Wine ought to be Barrell of Wine to be Hogshead of Wine to be A Tertian of Wine Butt or Pipe of Wine Turn of Wine	18	or 36	or 72	or 144
31	62	124	248
63	126	252	504
84	168	336	672
126	252	504	1008
252	504	1008	2016
Of Sope. A Firkin of Soap ought to be A Kilderkin to be A Barrell to be	8	or 16	or 32	or 64
16	32	64	128
32	64	128	256
Of Ecles and Sal•…•… on. A Firkin of Salmon and Eels to be A Barrell ought to be A Butt ought to be	10½	21	42	84
42	84	168	236
84	164	236	572
Of O•…•…le. A Tun of Oile and Hony ought to be A Pipe of Oiles to be A Hogshead to be A Rundlet to be	252	504	1008	2016
126	252	504	1008
63	126	252	504
18½	37	74	148

But note that the custome of London sometimes is found to dis∣agree with the statute in the measures of some commodities, as in oyles it is observed, that 236 gallons which by Merchants is called the civill Gadge, is sold ordinarily for a tunne, and not 252 gallons, as above is mentioned.

Now for as much as cloth, tynne, lead, and some other commo∣dities, * 1.1062 are the staple of the trade of England, and that divers good lawes have been enacted for preservation of the said commodi∣ties in their true nature: It will not be unproper that I mention here some heads of such orders as have been made, and princi∣pally for the true making of cloth, being the prime of the native

commodities of England. The sacke of wooll then of which our En∣glish cloth is made, doth containe as I said before 364 li. the tod of wooll is 28 li. 13 toddes making a sacke, every tod being 4 nails, and every naile being 7 li. This sacke of wooll is accounted to * 1.1063 make 4 standard clothes of cleane wooll, called sorting clothes, weighing 60 li. the cloth, and being 24 yards long of 6½. quar∣ters broad. Now in the weight is to be observed that the clothes be well scoured, thicked, milled, and fully dryed: and in the mea∣sure that the same be measured by the yard and inch, within the list, concerning the bredth, all which I will for the benefit of cloth-traders insert in this following collection.

	Bredth.	Weight.	Measures.
Kent, Yorke, and Reading clothes of	6½. qu.	86 li.	30 & 34 yds.
Suffolke, Norfolke, and Essex clothes of * 1.1064	7 quar.	80 li.	29 & 3•…•… yds.
Worster, Coventry, and Hereford cloths of	6½. qu.	78 li.	30 & 33 yds.
Wiltshire, Gloster, Oxen. Somerset of	7 quar.	76 li.	29 & 32 yds.
Suffolke sorting clothes	6½. qu.	64 li.	23 & 26 yds.
All sorting clothes of divers shires of	6½ qu.	60 li.	24 & 26 yds.
Broad cloth, Taunt. Bridgwaters & Dunst.	7 quar.	30 li.	12 & 13 yds.
Broad and narrow of York shire•…•…of	4 quar.	30 li.	24 & 25
Devonshire, Kersies and dossens of	4 quar.	13 li.	12 & 13
Check. Kersies, strait and plaine grayes	4 quar.	24 li.	17 & 18
Ordinary penistons or forests,	5½. qu.	28 li.	12 & 13
Sorting penistons of	6½ qu.	35 li.	13 & 14
Washers of Lancashire, and others.		17 li.	17 & 18.

See further the said statute for the manner of making of all the said woollen clothes, and orders for workmen, with the view∣ing, searching, and all other needfull circumstances there and therunto belonging, for further direction whereto I referre you. As for Tinne, which is also one of the staple commodities of this * 1.1065 kingdome: many good orders are enacted for the true casting and assay thereof, and is accounted as the Princes peculiar commo∣dities, farmed to certaine Merchants, who have the sole prehem∣tion thereof, and thereto belongeth a peculiar weight called the stannery weight, the hundred thereof making 120 li. sutle haber∣dupois, as I said before. Lead is also one of the staples of this I∣land, * 1.1066 knowne throughout all the parts of the world, and is in England sold likewise by a particular weight called the foder, which is 19½. hundred of 112 li. to the hundred, and making sutle pounds 2184 li. for other the staple commodities of England, I need not further insist, referring the same to the search of the inquisitour at his owne leisure.

I have already noted that sundry commodities are in England weighed and measured by sundry & distinct weights and measures, the principall thereof being of silver and gold. I have already shewed as the standard of our English coines, and shewed how the

same agreeth with other places, then of salt, wine, and corne, which in the next place I meane here to shew, and withall de∣monstrate how the same holdeth correspondency with other Countries, which in most Cities I have omitted as purposely in∣tended here to be inserted by it selfe, as reducing all others to the City of London.

Corne then as the most necessary commodity, is sold, as I have * 1.1067 shewed before in England, by the quarter, accounting five quar∣ters for one tunne lading ordinarily, though otherwise 10¼. quar∣ters, is a last of corne, and this last then of corne doth make:

In Embden 55 Werpes, whereof 61 made a last, there, or 15½. barrels of 4 Werpes.

In Hamburgh 83 schepels, whereof 90 make a last there.

In Lubecke 85 schepels, whereof 96 make a last.

In Dansicke 56 schepels, whereof 60 there make a last, the 4 schepels make one muid, which is the skippound of 340 li.

In Fameran 78 schepels, whereof 96 to the last.

In Haleger haven in Denmarke, 80 schepels, 96 to the last.

In Coppen haven 23 small barrels, whereof 16 to the last.

In Ebbetorff Danic 23 barrels, whereof 36 to the last.

In Nelbogge 23 barrels, whereof 42 to the last.

In Sweden 23 barrels.

Conixburgh 6/7. of a last, the 6 last are 7 at Amsterdam.

In Milain 〈◊〉〈◊〉. of a last.

In Statin in Pomerland, 6/7. of a last.

In Riga 42 loopes.

In Antwerpe 37½. Vertules.

In Bruxels 10½. mudden, and differing in all places in Brabant.

In Gant 4 mudds, 7 halsters of 12 to one mudd is 55 halsters.

In Bridges 7½ hoot.

In Dunkirke 18 Rasiers water measure.

In Middleburg 40 sackes is 41½. to the last in all Holland.

In Dort 28 sackes.

In Rotterdam and Delph, 87 atchtelings.

In Schoon haven 88 achtelings.

In Enchusen, Horne, Medenblicke, 42 sackes.

In Groennighen 33 mudds.

In Tenell 58 loopes.

In Callais 18 Rasiers.

In Roven 20 untill 30 mines, every mine is 4 bushels.

In Rotchell 128 bushels, 4 to every sestier.

In Bourdeux 38 Boiseaux, whereof 33 to the last.

In Sivil 54 Haneges, a last is 4 Ca•…•…is of 12 Haneg•…•….

In Lixborne 225 alquiers, whereof 240 to the last, or 4 Moyos of 60 alquiers to the Moyo, and so in all the Ilands of Portugall.

In Venice 32 stares.

In Genoa 23½. Minas.

In Sicilia 38 Medinos of 6 Moyos.

In Puglia 32 Cara 36 timans.

In Ciprus 40 Medinos of 2 cipros.

In Amsterdam a last, and it is observeable here, that corne is found so farre to differ in goodnesse, that the measure of this place will weigh of East-land wheate 156 li. of French wheate 180 li. of Sicilia wheate 224 li. and of Africa 236 li. and this last o•…•… Amsterdam is 27 Moyos or Muddens, each mudden is 4 schepels, or every last is 29 sackes, and each sacke 3 achtelings, so that a last may be said to be 108 schepels or 87 atchtelings.

Now for as much as salt is not a native commodity of our Country, we must borrow the originall of the measure thereof * 1.1068 from these places which produceth the greatest quantity or from those Cities which hold the principall staple thereof. It will be necessary then we bring it to the great hundred of Ze∣land, which is accounted for 4 small hundred, and because it is the best knowne in all places, they measure their salt with bar∣rels, 18 barrels to a last, and 7 last to the hundred, which is 126 barrels.

In Armuyden in Zeland, they reckon 8 〈◊〉〈◊〉 weighs for one hun∣dred: every weigh is 11½. sackes, every sacke 4 measures, and 15 waighs of Browadge salt, makes the great hundred. The sacke of salt of Arminden, being 122 small barrels, for the 100 sacke shall be my computation, and it maketh in

In Browage 4/7. parts of one hundred of 28 moyos, and 12 sackes to the moyo, also by charges or loads, ten load to the hundred, and 48 moyos or moys to the last of 21 barrels.

In Lixborne 25 moyos.

In Saint Mary Port 28 moyos.

In Saintubal 20 Cays.

In Calis 22 Cays.

In Saintlucar 21 Cays.

In Gaunt 108 sackes or barrels.

In Antwerpe 144 vertels of 24 to the last, and 6 last to the hun∣dred, and the white salt is measured with a lesser measure of 12 upon 100.

In Dunkerke 92 water measures, or 104 land measures.

In Ostend 98 measures.

In Damme and Axels 102 measures.

In Bridges 104 measures.

In Ypres 144 measures.

In Rotterdam 100 whereof 6 make one mud of 18 to the 100.

In Amsterdam, Vtricht, Druenter 102 schepels.

In Calis in France 130 barrels, 19 to the last, but 20 by fraigh∣ting.

In Roven and almost all France 6½. Muyes.

In Hamburgh 7 last, whereof 80 barrels makes 100.

In Denmarke, 6⅔. last.

In Sweden 111 tunnes or barrels, 16 to the last.

In Emden 100 barrels, 14 to the last.

In Lubecke, 7 lasts of 18 barrels.

In London, 7½. lasts of 18 herring barrels, but by weighs 11½.

In Venice and Prian, 70 Mose.

Pit-coale is a commodity peculiar and native, and is sold by * 1.1069 the Chalder, which must be taken from the measure of Newca∣stle, where the greatest quantity of coales is found, and they measure there by the Chalder, filled up whereof 7½. Chalder is a last, and is measured in giving 21 for 20. the correspondence thereof is,

The last of Newcastle of 7½. chal∣der is

• London and Yarmouth 10 chalders.
• Roven 100 barrels giving 104 for 100.
• Bridges and Oastend 100 measures for Oats.
• Dort 12 hort, also by weighs of 144 li. of 24 stone, of 6 li.
• Gaunt 144 sackes, or 24 muds.
• Alst 200 muds.
• Antwerpe 175 Vertils.
• Condet 44 Muys the 80 makes a cherke.
• Zeland 68 herring barrels.
• Middleburgh by weigh of 180 li.
• Amsterdam 13⅓. L•…•…ot of 38 measures.

Wines are sold in England by the tunne of 252 gallons, and by * 1.1070 reason of the diversity of wines of the growth of sundry coun∣tries comming to England, it is fit I should set downe how the tunne of 252 gallons doth correspond with other places.

It then makes in Antwerp 6 ames, containing 300 stoopes, every stoope weighing 6 li. called a stone, every •…•…me being 50 stoopes, or 42 gallons, and every stoope being 9½. pintes English.

In Paris and Orleance, 4 hogsheads lacking 10 stoopes, every hogshead 312 stoopes, and at Paris 36 sextiers, each sextier being 4 quarts, every quart two pints, is 288 pints and each pinte is 2 chapins.

In Burdeaux 4½. hogsheads.

In Lixborne 5½ hogsheads.

In Auxere in Burgundy 3 punchons.

In Poito•…•… 2¼. pipes.

In Coniaque 2 pipes or 4 hogsheads.

In Ay and Artois, 4⅔. hogsheads.

In Seres or Canary, 2 pipes of 150 stoops or 1 But and 〈◊〉〈◊〉. every But is in Antwerpe, 158 stoopes, they measure by the Rove of 30 li. is 5 stoopes of Antwerpe, which is about 5 〈◊〉〈◊〉 gallons, and every But containeth 30 Roves, and the pipes containe 30 Roves of 28 li. weight.

In Condado is 2 Buts.

In Madrid 2 pipes lacking 16 stoopes, or about 19 gallons.

In Sivil 56¼. Rove of Romani, a Rove is 8 somers, every so∣mer is 4 quartils, every quartil is 〈◊〉〈◊〉. of a stoope, of Antwerpe, which is about 1½. pintes English, and they doe deliver 27 and 28 Roves in a pipe, but of oile measure by 40 and 41 Roves in a pipe.

In Ansoy or Bastard 2 pipes 16 stoopes for the said 6 ames.

In Lixborne 37½. almudes of 1½. Rove of Sivil, every almu∣das is 12 covados or somer at Sivill, cavado is 4 quarts oile measure by alqueri or cantar, every alqueri is 6 covados, every cantar is 4 stoopes of Antwerpe, or 4½. gallons English.

In Algorne 34 starre.

In Florence 16⅔. barrels of 20 fiaschi or 18 stoopes of Antwerpe, the 3 barrels is one starre, and each starre is 54 stoopes of Antwerpe, or 64 gallons English.

In Rome 7½. brontons, every Bront is 96 Bocals or 13½. Rubes or stones of 10 li. of 30 ounces in one Brent, or 42 stoopes of Ant∣werpe for honey the pound being 44 ounces.

In Candia 80 mostaches in a But of 34 and 35 mostaches of 3¼. stoopes of Antwerpe or circa 4¼. gallos English.

In Bollonia 13 corbes incirca 19½. gallons English each corbe.

In Padua 1 and 1/25. Cara, the oile is by the Millier of 1185 li. is in Antwerpe 1100 li. makes 152 stoopes in a But.

In Venice 80 Mostati, the 38 make one But, and 76 make an amphora, 16⅘. quarti Besonts measure the 4 one Bigonts, Bigonte is a French hogshead, one quart 18 stoopes of Antwerpe, 15 〈◊〉〈◊〉. quar•…•… measure, Secchio or small measure of 4 Tischaufer.

Amphora

• 4 Bigonts or Bigontins.
• 16 quarti bigots measure.
• 18 〈◊〉〈◊〉. quarti secchio.

Lagol is a punchon, amphora is 2 ames, which is 84 gal∣lons, and for oile, they measure by amphora also, and for honey, but most by millier of 1210 li.

In Verona 1½. cara.

14 Brents, every brent is 16 bases.

Oile by the millier of 1738 li. is 8 brenten & 11 bases

In Ferrara 12 mastilli of 8 sechio, each mastilli is 21 gallons.

In Vicentia 1 1/26. cara, and the oile by the millier of Venice.

In Treviso 11 consi, the 10 consi makes one carra.

In Corfu and Zante 37 Zare or Sare, and each Sare is neere 6½. gallons

In Istria 15 Venas, neere 17 gallons.

In Prian 12 Vrnas, each Vrna is 21 gallons.

In Tunes 60 matali of 32 Rotolos, every matali making about 4¼. gallons English.

In Tripoli in Barbary 45 metares of 42 Rotolos, and each metara being somewhat more then 5½. gallons English.

In Constantinople 180 almes, each alme being about 20 pintes, and 96½ almes of oile here, is at Venice a Millier.

In Callabria 8 Salmes.

In Puglia 8 salmes, are French barrels, oile also 8 salmes, every salme is 10 star, each star is 32 pignatoli.

Hereto it will not be unfit I should adde Malines his observati∣on upon these wet measures in generall.

The Romans in times past, called the wet measure by ounces, as we doe now the weight; accounting ten ounces ponderales, for 12 ounces mensurales, so Sestarius Bonianorum was 18 ounces weight measure, and 21 〈◊〉〈◊〉. ounces mensurales or wet measure. Now this custome of measuring and correspondencie of wet measure and weight is yet in use in sundry places:

As at Meyson in Saxony, 20 ounces ponderales, make 24 ounces mensurales.

Also at Lipsich, 32 ounces wet measures, goes to 26½. ounces weight measure, the difference of correspondence being of 5 to 6. This is further demonstrated in many commodities.

As a hogshead of wine weigheth 500 li. the caske 50 li. so that in net wine there is 450 li.

Also a hogshead of corne weigheth 400 li. the caske 50 li. the net corne is 350 li. so that by this computation, the tunne of wine weigheth 1800 li. and with the caske 2000 li. and the tunne lading of corne, weigheth 1600 li. and with the caske 1800 li. So that for the la•…•…ing of a ship, by weight and measure, these observations are to be noted.

Two tunnes are accounted for one last, so two tunnes of wine * 1.1071 is 4000 li. and somewhat more, and in hogsheads there should be but ⅔. parts of a last.

At Dort in Holland they call a great vessell, a rod of wine, which weighed 4500 li. as a last of corn, comparin•…•… these 4500 li. men∣surales by reduction of 6 to 5. as above is noted, are 3750 li. pon∣derales, is 12½. ames, now if you account the gallon of wine of Ant∣werpe to weigh 6 li. the capacity of this vessell is 15 ames, being 750 gallons.

The rod is a rod quadrant, of 10 foot long, and 10 foot broad, and one foot deep, every foot containing 7½. gallons Antwerpe

measure, or 4⅔. foot Cubice. And this is as much as I thinke fit to insert in this place concerning the wine measures of England, with other Countries, for other liquid commodities, the table aforegoing will more largely demonstrate.

The Exchanges practised in England, and principally in Lon∣don, * 1.1072 are confined within a narrow scantling, being but as a Riv•…•…∣let issuing out of the great streame of those Exchanges that are used beyond the Seas, and therefore limited but to some few places, as to Antwerpe for Flanders, to Roven and Paris for France, to Amsterdam and Rotterdam for the Netherlands, to Dansicke for the East Country, to Venice for Italie, to Edenburgh for Scotland, to Dublin for Ireland, all the other parts of the Exchanges pra∣ctised in England, have their derivation hence, and he that would exchange for any other forraigne Country (these afore∣named excepted) must first have recourse hither, and by a se∣condary exchange, have his desire fulfilled, all which exchanges, and the manner how the same are calculated, and the places with which London hath in former time been seen to exchange. I have at large demonstrated in the 443, 444, 445, 446, and 447 chapters of this ensuing treatise: whereto for better sa∣tisfaction I will referre the reader.

CHAP. CCLXXIII.

Of the trading in generall of England.

WHen I consider the true dimensions of our * 1.1073 English traffique, as at this day to me it ap∣peareth to be, together with the inbred commodities that this Iland affordeth to preserve and maintaine the same, with the present industry of the natives, and the a∣bility of our Navigators: I justly admire both the height and eminencie thereof: but when againe I survey every kingdome and great City of the world, and every petty Port and Creeke of the same, and finde in each of these some English prying after the trade and commerce thereof, then againe I am easily brought to imagine that either this great traffique of England is at its full perfection, or that it aymes higher then can hitherto by my weake sight be either seene or discerned: I must confesse, England breeds in its owne wombe, the principall supporters of its present splendor, and nourisheth with its owne milke the commodities that gives both lustre and life to the continuance of this trade, (which I pray may neither never decay, nor yet have the least dimination. But Eng∣land being naturally seated in a northerne corner of the world, and herein bending under the weight of too too ponderous a burthen, cannot possibly alwaies, and for ever finde a vent for all those commodities that are seene to be daily imported and brought within the •…•…mpasse of so narrow a circuit, unlesse there can be (by the policy and government of the state) a meane found out to make this Iland either the common Emporium and staple of all Europe, or at least wise of all these our neighbouring northerne Regions.

The staple commodities of England, such as are Clothes, Lead, Tynne, some new late draperies, and other English Reall and Royall commodities, shipped hence in former times, yeelded by their returnes from forraigne parts, all those necessaries and wants we desired, or stood in need of: but the late great traffique of this Iland hath been such, that it hath not onely proved a boun∣tifull Mother to the inhabitants, but also a courteous Nurse to

the adjoyning neighbours: for what in matter of traffique they have lost, we have been found to have gained, and what they have wanted, or have been noted to have supplied them with.

Hath the proud and magnificent City of Venice lost her great * 1.1074 traffique and commerce with India, Arabia, and Persia? England hath got it, and now furnisheth her plenteously with the rich commodities thereof. Hath all Italie lost Venice, that fed it with those dainties? London now supplieth her place, and is found both to cloth and nourish it. Hath France almost lost the excellent commodities of Constantinople, Alexandria, and Aleppo, and ge∣nerally of Turky? London can and doth furnish it. Nay, is Turky it selfe deprived of the precious spices of India? England can and doth plentifully afford them. Will you view Moscovia, survey Sweden, looke upon Denmarke, peruse the East Country, and those other colder regions, there shall you finde the English to have been, the inhabitants from the Prince to the peasant, weares Englands woollen livery, feeds in English pewter, sauced with En∣glish Indian spices, and send to their enemies sad English leaden messengers of death. Will you behold the Netherlands, whose eyes and hearts envy Englands traffique, yet they must perforce confesse, that for all their great boasts, they are indebted to London for most of their Siria commodities, besides what other wares else they have of English growth? Will you see France, and travell it from Marselia to Callais, though they stand least in need of us, yet they cannot last long without our commodities. And for Spaine, if you pry therein from the Princes Palace to the poore mans Cottage, he will Voto, a dios, there is no clothing comparable to the English Baye, nor Pheasant excelling a seasonable English red Herring.

The East India Company of London, are yearely seen to visite * 1.1075 Persia, frequent India, and traffique in Arabia, and the coasts thereof, and for our English commodities, and some other expor∣ted hence, they are found to import Pepper, Cloves, Maces, Nut∣megs, Cottons, Rice, Callicoes of sundry sorts, Bezar stones, Aloes, Borax, Calamus, Cassia, Mirabolans, Mirrhe, Opium, Rhubarbe, Cinamond, Sanders, Spicknard, Muske, Civet, Tamerinds, pretious stones of all sorts, as Diamonds, Pearles, Carbuncles, Emeralds, Iacincts, Saphirs, Spinals, Turques, Topases, Indico, and Silkes, raw and wrought into sundry fabriques: Benjamin, Camphir, Sandal∣wood, and infinite other commodities, and though in India and these parts, their trade equaliseth not, neither the Portugals nor the Dutch, yet in candid, faire, and Merchant-like dealing, these Pagans, Mahumetans and Gentiles, hold them in esteeme farre

before them, and deservingly have here the Epithete of far more currant and square dealers. And although for the present this trade and Company doe suffer under some adverse clouds, and grone under some unkinde losses by the falshood of the Nether∣landers, and sad accidents at sea, yet their adventures and acts are praise worthy, and their faire indeavours for Englands honour in point of trade, meriteth due commendations, and just applause.

The Turky Company of London, for its height and eminency, is * 1.1076 now second to none other of this land, for not yearely, but mo∣nethly, nay almost weekly their ships are observed to goe to and fro, exporting hence the clothes of Suffolke, Gloster, Woster, and Coventry, dyed and drest, Kersies of Hampshire and Yorke, Lead, Tynne, and a great quantity of the above said India spices, Indico and Callicos, and in returns thereof import from Turkie, the raw silkes of Persia, Damasco, Tripoly, &c. Galles of Mosolo and Toccat Chamblets, Grograms, and Mohayrs of Angora, Cottons, and Cot∣ton yarne of Cyprus and Smirna, and sometimes the Iemmes of In∣dia, and drugges of Egypt, and Arabia, the Muscadins of Candia, the Corance and Oiles of Zante, Zeffalonia, and Morea, with sun∣dry others, and in all these parts are accounted also second to none, nor give place to any nation, neither in the greatnesse of their traffique, nor yet in their faire and Merchant-like performance.

The ancient company of the Merchant Adventurers of Lon∣don, * 1.1077 hold the same proportion in the integrity of their dealings, and in the squarenesse of their performance with both the a∣fore named: their excellent government, and their ancient or∣ders preserved and maintained, is every where both applauded and commended. The Cities of Hamburgh, Rotterdam, and o∣thers in the Netherlands by their submissive seeking for their resi∣dence, and their privileges and immunities granted them during that time, is a sure testimony that speaks their welcome every where, and an assured token of that Cities decay. that they leave from England, they furnish them with clothes of sundry shires, & some other commodities monethly, as by the shortnesse of their navigation they finde it needfull and proper to their traffique, and from thence furnish England with Tapestries, Diaper, Cam∣briques, Hollands, Lawnes, Hoppes, Mather, Steele, Rhenish wines, and many other manufacturies, as Blades, Stuffes, Sope, Lattin, Wier, and plates, &c. and here also this nation is accounted the most current and onely Merchant-like nation that traffique or have com∣merce amongst them.

The East country Merchants, and the Moscovia Company, doe * 1.1078

also challenge a part in this great trade of England, and adde some perfection to the traffique of the City of London: neither doth their faire dealing there, come behinde any of their fel∣low citizens, nor are they there lesse esteemed then any other forraigne nation there resident. They export hence principally, cloth, as the best commodity, as also tinne, leade, with some o∣ther spices of India, and other Southerne commodities, and re∣turne thence, ashes, clapbord, copper, deales, fish, rich furres, masts, pipe staves, rye, timber, wainscot, wheate, fustians, iron, latine lin∣nen, mathers, quicksilver, flaxe, hempe, steele, caviare, cordage, hides, honey, tarre, ropes, tallow, pitch, waxe, rosin, and sundry others.

What shall I say to the French Company, the Groenland Com∣pany, the Merchants trading into Spaine, Barbary, Geanny, Benin, Italie, Scotland, and Ireland, but that they also challenge a great interest in the traffique of this City and Kingdome, for the French Merchants carry hence, English clothes, Kersies, and Bayes, * 1.1079 Galles, Silke, and Cottons of Turky, and for the same returne, Buckrams, Canvas, Cards, Glasse, Graine, Linnens, Salt, Claret and white Wines, Woade, Oiles, Almonds, Pepper, some silke stuffes, and some other petty manufacturies.

The Merchants trading into Spaine, carry hence bayes, sayes, * 1.1080 serges, perpetuanos, leade, tynne, herrings, pilchards, salmon, new∣land fish, calfe skins, and many other commodities, and in returns furnish England thence with wines of Xeres, Mallaga, Bastard, Candado •…•…nd Aligant, Rosins, Olives, Oiles, Sugars, Sopes, Ani∣seeds, Liquoris, Soda barillia, Pate, and sundry west India commodi∣ties: neither have the Spanish and Portugall any ill opinion in the dealing and traffique of the English nation, for though of all o∣ther nations, they have the best conceit and opinion of their owne greatnesse, and punctuall worth, and have of late exchan∣ged the name of Mercader into Cargador, (how unproper I refer to their own language) yet account they the English (after them∣selves) the principall and fairest dealing Merchants in the world.

The Merchants of England trading into Naples, Sicilia, Genoa, Leghorne and Venice, &c. which here I tearme Italie, are not ob∣served * 1.1081 to have any joynt society or company, yet to the honour and benefit of this Kingdome and City therof, transport hence, bayes, sayes, serges, perpetuanos, kersies, lead, tyn, cloth, and many other native commodities, besides pepper, indico, cloves, and other Indian commodities in great abundance, and for returnes thence, have clothes of gold and silver, satins, velvets, taffataes, plushes, tabins, damaskes, al•…•…me, •…•…yles, glasse, aniseeds, rice, Venice gold and

silver, great quantity of raw silkes, of sundry sorts, and divers o∣ther commodities; and here likewise all other forraigne nations give willingly place to the English, as the prime and principall Mer∣chants that either abide amongst them, or negotiate with them. I need not to insist here upon the reliques of that famous Barbary trade, nor yet mention the petty adventures of the English to Guyny and Benny, though that otherwise they are concurrent to the traffick of this nation, neither need I nominate the homeland commerce of this kingdome to Scotland and Ireland, neither goe a∣bout to particularise the large traffique of this Iland to their late Plantations of New found land, Sommer Ilands, Virginia, Barba∣dos, and new England, and to other places which rightly challenge an interest in the present trade and traffique of this kingdome.

Therfore omitting what may be further said in this point, and having thus survayed the trade of this Iland in the particular, and shewed the commodities exported and imported by every no∣ted Company and Societie, I shall now speake a word concer∣ning the Navigation of this Nation, which is one of the maine and principall meanes by which this traffique is observed to be preserved unto them at this day.

I shall not need to looke backe into former ages, nor trouble * 1.1082 my selfe to search after old records that expresse the worth of the English nation at sea in the times of old; it sufficeth me to un∣derstand, and know that these present times wherein we live, is not any waies inferiour (in this point) to the former, nor the reall value nor valour of the English any wayes decayed or alte∣red from its former ancient greatnesse, to its present splendor: what they have done, let Histories remember, and what they now doe, let the world witnesse and testifie throughout Europe. What Creeke or Port in Europe have they not sought out and * 1.1083 found? nay how many of them have fought against hunger, cold, and all extremities, to finde new northerne passages to the southerne Regions, and though the South Seas, and a great part of America be at this day debarred to them and to their Navigati∣on, * 1.1084 yet their wils herein are more boūded to their Princes plea∣sure in a faithfull obedience to his treaties and peace with that Don that challengeth those vast Countries, then any way in feare of his greatnesse, or his navall power at Sea, as may well witnesse their Attempts, Navigations, and Plantations in many parts of that Country not limited or forbidden by that treaty. As for their Navigations to Africa, begin at Alexandria in Egypt, * 1.1085 and so saile to Tunes, Argire and Seuta, and thence alongst the coast of Guiny and Benyn, to cape Bona, Esperansa, then to Mom∣basa, Melinda, Brava, Cape, Guarde fuy, and into the red sea gulfe,

and tell me where is it that they have not beene, or what place or Port is not acq•…•…ainted to them. And if you survey the Mari∣time shore of Asia, and beg in at Sues in the aforesaid Gulfe, an•…•… * 1.1086 so to Aclon, Dieu, Cambaia, Ormus, Surrat, Goa, Cochin, Mesulapa∣tam, Pegu, Camboi, Cauch, China, Maccau, and to the utmost bounds of China, and the Iles of Iapan, and Cathay, and all the adjacent Ilands they have all borne for many yeares, both well acquainted to our sea men, and not unfrequented by our Mer∣chants and traders, and for the Casplan Sea, the Euxine and the other parts of Asia comprised from thence by Constantinople to Scanderone, and so to Alexandria, every weeke brings us tidings of the currant advises of those places. To conclude then by what hath been said, may be clearely discerned, the present height and amplitude of our English commerce, and the greatnesse of Englands Navigations, the continuation whereof my devoti∣ons shall ever second, and my prayer shall be, that neither our fained friends, nor yet our sroward foes, may ever have just cause to rejoyce at the decrease, nor least diminution thereof.

Having thus happily ended my peregrination, and drawn out the utmost bounds and limits of this my Mappe of Commerce, and concluded there the manner and matter of the generall and par∣ticular traffique of most of all the eminent Cities and Countries of the world, I will now here cast anchor, and finish in this place my voyage, till the next faire gale doth offer and present it selfe, to imbarke both my time and pen in the survey and calculation of the Exchanges of Europe, as at this day they are seen practised amongst the Merchants of Christen∣dome.

FINIS.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Europe 15. parts.
• * 1.2

  Spaine.
• * 1.3

  Commodities of Spaine.
• * 1.4

  Leon 1. Oucedo 2.
• * 1.5

  Navarre 3.
• * 1.6

  Corduba. 4.
• * 1.7

  Account kept in Sivill and Madera.
• * 1.8

  Coines of Sivill.
• * 1.9

  Exchanges in Sivill.
• * 1.10

  Weights of Sivill.
• * 1.11

  Spanish wooll.
• * 1.12

  Raw Silke.
• * 1.13

  Measures 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Sivill.
• * 1.14

  Of Oil.
• * 1.15

  Of Corne.
• * 1.16

  S. Lucar.
• * 1.17

  Customes of Sivill.
• * 1.18

  Andalusia.
• * 1.19

  Granado. Mallaga.
• * 1.20

  Weights used in Granado.
• * 1.21

  Coines in Mallaga.
• * 1.22

  Customes of Mallaga.
• * 1.23

  Weights of Mallaga.
• * 1.24

  Measures of Mallaga.
• * 1.25

  Of Corne.
• * 1.26

  Almeria.
• * 1.27

  Gallicia.
• * 1.28

  Q. Baiona.
• * 1.29

  Biscay, and the trade thereof.
• * 1.30

  Weights of Bilboa.
• * 1.31

  Measures of Bilboa.
• * 1.32

  Customes of Bilboa.
• * 1.33

  Toledo.
• * 1.34

  Murcia. Cartagena.
• * 1.35

  Alicante, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.36

  Coines Alicant.
• * 1.37

  Account kept.
• * 1.38

  Weights of Alicante.
• * 1.39

  A generall rule in Alicante Weights.
• * 1.40

  Measures of Alicante.
• * 1.41

  Custome.
• * 1.42

  Castile.
• * 1.43

  Segovia.
• * 1.44

  Valiadolid.
• * 1.45

  Burges.
• * 1.46

  Salamanca.
• * 1.47

  Madrid.
• * 1.48

  Alcala.
• * 1.49

  Escuriall.
• * 1.50

  Castilia and the trade thereof.
• * 1.51

  Coines of Ca∣stilia.
• * 1.52

  Quento.
• * 1.53

  Exchanges in Castilia.
• * 1.54

  Faires of Ca∣stilia.
• * 1.55

  The paiments.
• * 1.56

  Portugall.
• * 1.57

  Commodities of Portugall.
• * 1.58

  Lixborne and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.59

  Coines of Por∣tugall.
• * 1.60

  Waights of Portugall.
• * 1.61

  Measures of length in Por∣tuga•…•….
• * 1.62

  Of Corne in Portugall.
• * 1.63

  Of Salt. ni Portugall
• * 1.64

  Customes of Lisbor•…•….
• * 1.65

  Observations upon the dry measures of Lisb•…•….
• * 1.66

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.67

  Valentia and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.68

  Coines of Valentia.
• * 1.69

  Accounts in Valentia.
• * 1.70

  Weights of Valentia.
• * 1.71

  Cargo fine. Ditto grosse.
• * 1.72

  Note in weights.
• * 1.73

  Measures of Valentia.
• * 1.74

  Of Corne.
• * 1.75

  Of Salt.
• * 1.76

  Of Wines.
• * 1.77

  Commodities of Valentia.
• * 1.78

  Genia.
• * 1.79

  Customes in Valentia.
• * 1.80

  Catalonia.
• * 1.81

  Barselona.
• * 1.82

  Coines in Barselona.
• * 1.83

  Weights in Barselona.
• * 1.84

  Measures of length.
• * 1.85

  Of Corne.
• * 1.86

  Tortosa.
• * 1.87

  Aragon.
• * 1.88

  Saragos•…•….
• * 1.89

  Waights of Spaine reduced to the 100. li. of England.
• * 1.90

  The 100. li. of London.
• * 1.91

  Measures of Spaine reduced to 100. yards in London.
• * 1.92

  Of the trade in generall of Por•…•…gall and Sp•…•…e.
• * 1.93

  France and the Provinces thereof.
• * 1.94

  Commodities of France.
• * 1.95

  Aquita•…•…ia.
• * 1.96

  Tholousa and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.97

  Coines and accounts.
• * 1.98

  Weights of Tholousa.
• * 1.99

  Measures of Tholousa.
• * 1.100

  Woade of Tholousa.
• * 1.101

  Burdeaux and the trade thereof.
• * 1.102

  Monies and account.
• * 1.103

  Weights of Burdeaux.
• * 1.104

  Measure of Burdeaux.
• * 1.105

  English subje∣ction at Blaie upon the river Geron.
• * 1.106

  Rotchell and the trade thereof.
• * 1.107

  Weights of Rotchell.
• * 1.108

  Measure of Rotchell.
• * 1.109

  Poitou.
• * 1.110

  Anjou.
• * 1.111

  Maine.
• * 1.112

  Touraine.
• * 1.113

  Britanie.
• * 1.114

  Locrams. S. Mallos and Morlais.
• * 1.115

  Normandy.
• * 1.116

  Roven and the trade of Nor∣mandy.
• * 1.117

  Commodities of Roven.
• * 1.118

  Monies and ac∣counts in Roven
• * 1.119

  Weights in Roven.
• * 1.120

  Measures in Roven.
• * 1.121

  Faires in Roven.
• * 1.122

  The English hall in Roven for sale of woollen cloth.
• * 1.123

  Exchanges of Roven.
• * 1.124

  Isle of France.
• * 1.125

  Paris and the trade thereof.
• * 1.126

  Coines of France.
• * 1.127

  Accounts in France.
• * 1.128

  Note of mo∣nies inhansed lately 〈◊〉〈◊〉 France.
• * 1.129

  Weights of Paris.
• * 1.130

  Measures of Paris.
• * 1.131

  Exchanges of Paris.
• * 1.132

  The French not addicted to trade.
• * 1.133

  La Beause.
• * 1.134

  Orleans.
• * 1.135

  Berry. Bourges.
• * 1.136

  Burbon. Nevers. Mollins.
• * 1.137

  Beavois.
• * 1.138

  Avergne.
• * 1.139

  Limosin.
• * 1.140

  Perigort. Quercu.
• * 1.141

  Deulphine. Vienna.
• * 1.142

  Valencia.
• * 1.143

  Lions and the trade thereof.
• * 1.144

  The Mart of Lions formerly in Geneva.
• * 1.145

  Coines and ac∣counts in Lions. An ancient Marke in Ex∣change in Lions.
• * 1.146

  Exchange now of Lions.
• * 1.147

  Faires of Lions.
• * 1.148

  Termes of the bils o•…•… ex∣change in Lions.
• * 1.149

  Weights in Lions.
• * 1.150

  Milla•…•… with Lions.
• * 1.151

  Turine with Lions.
• * 1.152

  Genoa with Lions.
• * 1.153

  Florence with Lions.
• * 1.154

  Lucca with Lions.
• * 1.155

  Bollonia with Lions.
• * 1.156

  Naples with Lions.
• * 1.157

  Venetia with Lions.
• * 1.158

  Messina with Lions.
• * 1.159

  Bergamo with Lions.
• * 1.160

  Mantoua with Lions.
• * 1.161

  Modena with Lions.
• * 1.162

  Antwerpe with Lions.
• * 1.163

  London with Lions.
• * 1.164

  Constantinople with Lions.
• * 1.165

  Aleppo with Lions.
• * 1.166

  Spaine with Lions.
• * 1.167

  The weihts of dive•…•… Ci∣ties of France with Lion•…•….
• * 1.168

  Measures of Lions with o∣ther places.
• * 1.169

  Languedoc.
• * 1.170

  Beaveaire.
• * 1.171

  Prov•…•…nce.
• * 1.172

  Tholl•…•…n, & the tra•…•…e thereof.
• * 1.173

  Province Oy•…•…es how bo•…•…ght and cast up.
• * 1.174

  Measures for Oyles.
• * 1.175

  For Wine.
• * 1.176

  For Corne.
• * 1.177

  Commodities of Province.
• * 1.178

  Customes paid in Province.
• * 1.179

  Marselia, and the trade thereof.
• * 1.180

  Coines in Marselia.
• * 1.181

  Weights in Marselia.
• * 1.182

  Weights a∣greed with other places.
• * 1.183

  Measures of Marselia.
• * 1.184

  Customes in Marselia.
• * 1.185

  Avignon.
• * 1.186

  Orange.
• * 1.187

  Picardy. Callais.
• * 1.188

  Callais and the trade thereof.
• * 1.189

  Weights of Ca•…•….
• * 1.190

  Champaigne.
• * 1.191

  Burgondy.
• * 1.192

  B•…•…esse.
• * 1.193

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.194

  Loraine.
• * 1.195

  Savoy and the cities thereof.
• * 1.196

  Turine and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.197

  Coines of Savoy.
• * 1.198

  Accounts in Savoy.
• * 1.199

  Waights o•…•… F•…•…ance red•…•…ced to Londo•…•… 100. l•…•….
• * 1.200

  Me•…•…sures of Fra•…•…ce reduced to the 100. yards o•…•… Lon∣don.
• * 1.201

  The generall Trade of France.
• * 1.202

  Geneva and the trade thereof.
• * 1.203

  Coines in Ge∣nev•…•… and ac∣counts.
• * 1.204

  Waights of Geneva.
• * 1.205

  Measures of Geneva.
• * 1.206

  Italie, and the Provinces thereof.
• * 1.207

  Naples and the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.208

  Terra di La∣voro.
• * 1.209

  Stai•…•… of Gaeta i•…•… 43 li. o•…•… that waight.
• * 1.210

  Naples and the trade thereof.
• * 1.211

  Coines of Na∣ples.
• * 1.212

  Account kee∣ping.
• * 1.213

  Waights of Naples.
• * 1.214

  Measures in Naples.
• * 1.215

  Corne, &c.
• * 1.216

  Oyle.
• * 1.217

  Customes of Naples.
• * 1.218

  Abruzzo.
• * 1.219

  Taranto.
• * 1.220

  Ottranto.
• * 1.221

  Callabria, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.222

  Coines of Callabria.
• * 1.223

  Weights of Callabria.
• * 1.224

  Measures of Calabria.
• * 1.225

  Of oyle.
• * 1.226

  Apulia, and the trade thereof.
• * 1.227

  Measures of corne.
• * 1.228

  Of almonds.
• * 1.229

  Of oile.
• * 1.230

  Of olives.
• * 1.231

  Of wine.
• * 1.232

  Papacy, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.233

  Bollonia, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.234

  Accounts in Bollonia.
• * 1.235

  Weights in Bollonia.
• * 1.236

  Measures in Bollonia.
• * 1.237

  Corne.
• * 1.238

  Commodities of Bollonia.
• * 1.239

  Ferara and the trade thereof.
• * 1.240

  Weights of Ferara.
• * 1.241

  Measures of Farara.
• * 1.242

  Modena.
• * 1.243

  Accounts in Modena.
• * 1.244

  Weights in Modena.
• * 1.245

  Measures in Modena.
• * 1.246

  R•…•…ano, and the Trade of it.
• * 1.247

  Waights▪ Measures.
• * 1.248

  Ravenna, and the trade thereof.
• * 1.249

  Weights of Ravenna.
• * 1.250

  Measures of Ravenna.
• * 1.251

  Loretto.
• * 1.252

  Recanti in Istria.
• * 1.253

  Waights.
• * 1.254

  Measures.
• * 1.255

  Ancona and the trade.
• * 1.256

  Waights.
• * 1.257

  Measures. Ancona.
• * 1.258

  Spallata.
• * 1.259

  Civetavechia.
• * 1.260

  Rome and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.261

  Coines in Rome.
• * 1.262

  Accounts in Rome.
• * 1.263

  Waights in Rome.
• * 1.264

  Measures in Ro•…•…e.
• * 1.265

  Venetia, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.266

  Treviso, and the trade thereof.
• * 1.267

  Weights of Treviso.
• * 1.268

  Measures of Treviso.
• * 1.269

  Padoua, and the trade thereof.
• * 1.270

  Weight•…•… of Padoua.
• * 1.271

  Measure of Padoua.
• * 1.272

  Vicentia, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.273

  Waights of Vicentia.
• * 1.274

  Measures.
• * 1.275

  Bressia, an•…•… the trade thereof.
• * 1.276

  Weights of Bressia.
• * 1.277

  Measures of Bressia.
• * 1.278

  Verona.
• * 1.279

  Weights in Verona.
• * 1.280

  Measures in Verona.
• * 1.281

  Crema, and its trade.
• * 1.282

  Weights in Crema.
• * 1.283

  Measures in Crema.
• * 1.284

  Venetia, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.285

  Commodities of Venetia.
• * 1.286

  Monies of Venetia.
• * 1.287

  Weights of Venetia.
• * 1.288

  Weights of Venetia agree∣ing with other Countries.
• * 1.289

  Measures in V•…•…a of length.
• * 1.290

  Of wines.
• * 1.291

  Of oile.
• * 1.292

  Of corne.
• * 1.293

  Accounts in Venetia.
• * 1.294

  Exchanges of 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.295

  Difference be∣tweene money in banco and out of •…•…onc. in Ve∣n•…•…c. 21. per centum.
• * 1.296

  Customes of Venetia.
• * 1.297

  Injurious de∣crees of Venice against the trade of the English in the Levant seas.
• * 1.298

  The present T•…•…ade of Ve∣nice survaied.
• * 1.299

  Florence and the Provinces thereof.
• * 1.300

  Commodities of Tuscame.
• * 1.301

  The Duke of Florence a great Mer∣chant.
• * 1.302

  Florence, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.303

  Accounts in Florence.
• * 1.304

  Coines currant in Florence.
• * 1.305

  Waights of Florence.
• * 1.306

  Measures of Florence.
• * 1.307

  Of wine.
• * 1.308

  Of 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.309

  Of corne.
• * 1.310

  Of salt.
• * 1.311

  Agreement of dry measures of E•…•…nce.
• * 1.312

  Agreement of dry measures of sun•…•…ry cities of Italic, &c.
• * 1.313

  Pisa, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.314

  Weights.
• * 1.315

  Measures.
• * 1.316

  Customes in Pisa.
• * 1.317

  Siena, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.318

  Waights in Siena.
• * 1.319

  Measures in Siena.
• * 1.320

  Dukedome of Millan.
• * 1.321

  Millan, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.322

  Accounts in Millan.
• * 1.323

  Coires in Millan.
• * 1.324

  Weights in Millan.
• * 1.325

  Measures of Millan.
• * 1.326

  Exchanges of Millan.
• * 1.327

  Cremon•…•… and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.328

  Waights.
• * 1.329

  Measures.
• * 1.330

  Come, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.331

  Weights.
• * 1.332

  Measures.
• * 1.333

  Mantoua, and the trade thereof.
• * 1.334

  Commodities of Mantou•…•….
• * 1.335

  Accounts in 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.336

  Waights in Manto•…•….
• * 1.337

  Measures in Mantoa.
• * 1.338

  Aste a Faire.
• * 1.339

  Vrbin, and the Trade thereo•…•….
• * 1.340

  Accounts in Vrbino.
• * 1.341

  Weights.
• * 1.342

  Measures in Vrbino.
• * 1.343

  Parma, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.344

  Accounts in Parma.
• * 1.345

  Waights in Parma.
• * 1.346

  Measures in Parma.
• * 1.347

  Placentia, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.348

  Accounts in Placentia.
• * 1.349

  Waights in Placentia.
• * 1.350

  Measures in Placentia.
• * 1.351

  Mirandola, and trade thereof.
• * 1.352

  Measures.
• * 1.353

  Waights.
• * 1.354

  Leghorne and the trade thereof.
• * 1.355

  Accounts in Leghorne.
• * 1.356

  Coines as in Florence.
• * 1.357

  Waights in Florence.
• * 1.358

  Measures in Flore.
• * 1.359

  English com∣mo•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ven ted. n Leghorne.
• * 1.360

  Commodities of Tuscanie.
• * 1.361

  Custome in the Port o•…•… Leg∣borne.
• * 1.362

  Genoa, and the trade thereof
• * 1.363

  Accounts in Genoa.
• * 1.364

  Monies in Genoa.
• * 1.365

  Waights in Genoa.
• * 1.366

  Measures in Genoa.
• * 1.367

  Of corne.
• * 1.368

  Of oile.
• * 1.369

  Of wine.
• * 1.370

  Exchanges.
• * 1.371

  Lucca, and the trade thereof.
• * 1.372

  Accounts in Lucca.
• * 1.373

  Monies in Lucca.
• * 1.374

  Weights in Lucca.
• * 1.375

  Measure in Lucca.
• * 1.376

  Account of sale of silkes in Lucca.
• * 1.377

  Waights of Italie reduced to London.
• * 1.378

  Measures of Italie reduced to London.
• * 1.379

  The trade in generall of Italie observed.
• * 1.380

  The seventeen Provinces and the Cities thereof.
• * 1.381

  Limburge. Liege.
• * 1.382

  Luxenburge.
• * 1.383

  Sidan.
• * 1.384

  Gue•…•…derland. Nimmegen.
• * 1.385

  Brabant. Lovaine. Bruxels.
• * 1.386

  Mastri•…•…t. Breda.
• * 1.387

  Marquisate. Antw•…•…rpe.
• * 1.388

  Antwerpe, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.389

  Accounts in Antwerpe.
• * 1.390

  Coines in Antwerpe.
• * 1.391

  Waights in Antwerpe.
• * 1.392

  The conceived originall•…•… our treat in London.
• * 1.393

  Weights of Antwerpe com∣pared with that of other places.
• * 1.394

  Measures of Antwerpe com∣pared with tho•…•…e 〈◊〉〈◊〉 other Countries.
• * 1.395

  Of beere.
• * 1.396

  Of corne.
• * 1.397

  Of wine.
• * 1.398

  Exchange of Antwerpe.
• * 1.399

  Gaunt.
• * 1.400

  Bridges.
• * 1.401

  Dunkirke.
• * 1.402

  Scluse.
• * 1.403

  Newport.
• * 1.404

  Ostend.
• * 1.405

  Lisle.
• * 1.406

  Torney.
• * 1.407

  Artois.
• * 1.408

  S. Paul.
• * 1.409

  Henalte.
• * 1.410

  Cambray.
• * 1.411

  Bevais.
• * 1.412

  Namurce.
• * 1.413

  Zutphen.
• * 1.414

  Holand.
• * 1.415

  Dort.
• * 1.416

  Harlem.
• * 1.417

  Delph.
• * 1.418

  Alkmer.
• * 1.419

  Roterdam.
• * 1.420

  Amsterdam.
• * 1.421

  Amsterdam, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.422

  Accounts in Amsterdam.
• * 1.423

  Monies of Am∣sterdam and all the Nether∣lands.
• * 1.424

  Waights of Amsterdam.
• * 1.425

  Measures in Amsterdam.
• * 1.426

  Exchanges in Amsterdam.
• * 1.427

  Weights of Amst•…•…dam with other Cities.
• * 1.428

  Measures of Amsterdam with other Cities.
• * 1.429

  Zealand.
• * 1.430

  Middleburgh.
• * 1.431

  Flushing.
• * 1.432

  Well frisland.
• * 1.433

  Utreicht.
• * 1.434

  Oversell.
• * 1.435

  Mailin.
• * 1.436

  Gro•…•…neing.
• * 1.437

  Waights in ge∣nerall of the Netherlands re∣duced to the 100. li. in Lon∣don.
• * 1.438

  Measures in generall of the Netherlands re∣duced to the 100. yards of London.
• * 1.439

  Of the trade ingenerall of the Nether∣landers and Flanders.
• * 1.440

  The ancient staple of Brid∣ges.
• * 1.441

  The original of Burses, of pla∣ces of meeting for Merchants, which in Eng∣land is now termed the Ex∣change.
• * 1.442

  Germanie and the Provincos.
• * 1.443

  Germanie bounded.
• * 1.444

  Commodities of Germanie.
• * 1.445

  Hans-townes 72.
• * 1.446

  Imperiall Ci∣ties 60.
• * 1.447

  Principalities.
• * 1.448

  Danubius.
• * 1.449

  Rheine.
• * 1.450

  Albis.
• * 1.451

  Odera.
• * 1.452

  East Frisland.
• * 1.453

  Emden and the trade thereof.
• * 1.454

  Weight of Em∣den.
• * 1.455

  Measure of Emden.
• * 1.456

  Westphalia.
• * 1.457

  Breme and the trade thereof.
• * 1.458

  Ossenbridge
• * 1.459

  Weight in Breme.
• * 1.460

  Measures in Breme.
• * 1.461

  Collen and the trade thereof.
• * 1.462

  Weight of Col∣len.
• * 1.463

  Measures of Collen. Exchanges of Cullen.
• * 1.464

  Cleveland.
• * 1.465

  Alsatia.
• * 1.466

  Strasburg and the trade ther∣of.
• * 1.467

  Weights of Strasburg.
• * 1.468

  Measures of Strasburge.
• * 1.469

  Franconia.
• * 1.470

  Bacarac.
• * 1.471

  Wittenberge.
• * 1.472

  Stutgard
• * 1.473

  Auspach.
• * 1.474

  Baden.
• * 1.475

  Ments.
• * 1.476

  Bainsberge.
• * 1.477

  Westberge.
• * 1.478

  Norimberge.
• * 1.479

  Francfort.
• * 1.480

  Wormes and the trade ther∣of
• * 1.481

  Spiers and the trade thereof.
• * 1.482

  Weights of Spiers.
• * 1.483

  Measures of Spiers.
• * 1.484

  Heidelberg & the trade thereof.
• * 1.485

  Weights of Heidelberg.
• * 1.486

  Measures of Heidelberg.
• * 1.487

  Norimberge & the trade ther∣of.
• * 1.488

  Waight of No∣rimberge.
• * 1.489

  Measure of Norimberge.
• * 1.490

  Exchanges of Norimberg.
• * 1.491

  Frankfort and the trade ther∣of.
• * 1.492

  Weights of Frankfort.
• * 1.493

  Measures of Frankfort.
• * 1.494

  Exchanges of Frankfort. Helvetia.
• * 1.495

  Zuricke and the trade ther∣of.
• * 1.496

  Weights of zurick.
• * 1.497

  Measures of Zurick.
• * 1.498

  Basil and the trade thereof.
• * 1.499

  Weight of Ba∣sil.
• * 1.500

  Measure of Basil.
• * 1.501

  Valesia.
• * 1.502

  Boetia.
• * 1.503

  Suevia.
• * 1.504

  Ausburg and the trade ther∣of.
• * 1.505

  Weight of Ausburg.
• * 1.506

  Measure of Ausburg.
• * 1.507

  Bavaria.
• * 1.508

  Northgola.
• * 1.509

  Austria.
• * 1.510

  Gratse.
• * 1.511

  Vienna & the trade thereof.
• * 1.512

  Weights of Vienna.
• * 1.513

  Measures of Vienna.
• * 1.514

  Exchanges of Vienna.
• * 1.515

  Bohemia.
• * 1.516

  Preslan. Gorlitse. Olmuts.
• * 1.517

  Prague & the trade thereof.
• * 1.518

  Weight of Prague, and of Bohemia.
• * 1.519

  Measures of Prague and of Bohemia.
• * 1.520

  Brandenburge.
• * 1.521

  Pomeriana. Wallen.
• * 1.522

  Meklinburg.
• * 1.523

  Saxony
• * 1.524

  Lipsick & the trade thereof.
• * 1.525

  Waights of Lipsicke.
• * 1.526

  Measures of Lipsicke.
• * 1.527

  Accounts and exchange of Lipsick.
• * 1.528

  Wittenberge & the trade of Saxony.
• * 1.529

  Dresden and the trade ther∣of,
• * 1.530

  Weights of Saxony.
• * 1.531

  Measures of Saxony.
• * 1.532

  Brunswicke.
• * 1.533

  Brunswicke and the trade thereof.
• * 1.534

  Luneburg and the trade ther∣of.
• * 1.535

  Salt fountain in Luneburg.
• * 1.536

  Hassia.
• * 1.537

  Veteravia.
• * 1.538

  Friburg & the trade thereof.
• * 1.539

  Silver Mines in Friburg.
• * 1.540

  Weights of Friburg.
• * 1.541

  Measures of Friburg.
• * 1.542

  Stoade and the trade therof.
• * 1.543

  Coins of Stoade.
• * 1.544

  Weights in Stoad.
• * 1.545

  Measures in Stoade.
• * 1.546

  Hamburg & the trade thereof.
• * 1.547

  Weights of Hamburg.
• * 1.548

  Me•…•…e of Hamburg.
• * 1.549

  Exchange in Hamburg.
• * 1.550

  Doller.
• * 1.551

  Of Corne.
• * 1.552

  Lubeck and the trade ther∣of.
• * 1.553

  Beere o•…•… Lu∣beck 〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.554

  Waights of Lubeck.
• * 1.555

  Measures of Lubeck.
• * 1.556

  Of Corne.
• * 1.557

  •…•…rrant •…•…anie.
• * 1.558

  Coines in Stoad. Ham∣burg, and Lu∣becke.
• * 1.559

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.560

  Coines 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Breme, Of∣denburg, &c.
• * 1.561

  Coins currant in B•…•…nswicke.
• * 1.562

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.563

  Coines cur∣rant through the upper parts of Ger∣many.
• * 1.564

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.565

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.566

  Waights in ge∣nerall of Ger∣many reduced to the 100 li. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 London.
• * 1.567

  The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Lo•…•… doth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in
• * 1.568

  Measures of Germany.
• * 1.569

  The generall trade of Ger∣many.
• * 1.570

  Trade of Pru∣•…•…ca.
• * 1.571

  Amber.
• * 1.572

  Denmarke and the Provinces thereof.
• * 1.573

  Holsatia.
• * 1.574

  Dithmars.
• * 1.575

  Slesia.
• * 1.576

  Iuitland.
• * 1.577

  Baltick Ilands.
• * 1.578

  Seeland.
• * 1.579

  Copenhagen.
• * 1.580

  Elsinour.
• * 1.581

  Fionia.
• * 1.582

  Bornholme.
• * 1.583

  Fimeria.
• * 1.584

  Scandia.
• * 1.585

  Halandia. Scania.
• * 1.586

  Blesida.
• * 1.587

  Coppenhagen, and the trade thereof.
• * 1.588

  Coins of Cop∣penhagen.
• * 1.589

  Accounts in Denmarke.
• * 1.590

  Measures and weights, &c.
• * 1.591

  Elsinour and the trade ther∣of.
• * 1.592

  Measures in∣generall of Denmark.
• * 1.593

  The generail trade of Den∣mark.
• * 1.594

  Norway, and the cities thereof.
• * 1.595

  Nidrosia.
• * 1.596

  Bergen, one of the 4 ancien•…•… Marts of Eu∣rope.
• * 1.597

  Finmarke.
• * 1.598

  Wardhouse.
• * 1.599

  Weight in Bergen.
• * 1.600

  Swethland and the cities thereof.
• * 1.601

  Commodities of Sweden.
• * 1.602

  Lappia.
• * 1.603

  Bodia. Finland.
• * 1.604

  Gothland.
• * 1.605

  Sweden.
• * 1.606

  Stockholme, and the trade thereof.
• * 1.607

  Commodities of Stockholme.
• * 1.608

  Monies cur∣rant in Sweth∣land.
• * 1.609

  Weights of Stockholme.
• * 1.610

  Measure of Stockholme.
• * 1.611

  Of Corne.
• * 1.612

  Moscovia and the Cities ther∣of.
• * 1.613

  Commodities of Moscovia.
• * 1.614

  Famous Rivers of Moscovia.
• * 1.615

  Novograde. 1.
• * 1.616

  Plescovia. 2.
• * 1.617

  Valadomira. 3.
• * 1.618

  Rhesan. 4.
• * 1.619

  Servia. 5. Permia. 6.
• * 1.620

  Candora.
• * 1.621

  Petrosa.
• * 1.622

  Moscovia.
• * 1.623

  Mosco.
• * 1.624

  Smalensko.
• * 1.625

  Mosco and the trade thereof.
• * 1.626

  S. Nicholas.
• * 1.627

  Accounts in Moscovia.
• * 1.628

  Co•…•…nes currant in Moscovia.
• * 1.629

  Exchange at Archangell.
• * 1.630

  Waight of Mescovia.
• * 1.631

  Measures in Moscovia.
• * 1.632

  Commodities of Moscovia.
• * 1.633

  Sables.
• * 1.634

  Black Fox.
• * 1.635

  Otters.
• * 1.636

  Minikins.
• * 1.637

  Martins.
• * 1.638

  Ermins.
• * 1.639

  Squirels.
• * 1.640

  Foxes red and white and dun.
• * 1.641

  Bever.
• * 1.642

  Bee Wax.
• * 1.643

  Tallow.
• * 1.644

  Tarre.
• * 1.645

  Traine.
• * 1.646

  Hempe.
• * 1.647

  Flax.
• * 1.648

  Cable yarne.
• * 1.649

  Coiles.
• * 1.650

  Cowe hides.
• * 1.651

  Evyts.
• * 1.652

  Losh hids.
• * 1.653

  Feathers.
• * 1.654

  Caviar.
• * 1.655

  Linnens.
• * 1.656

  Of the trade in generall of Moscovia.
• * 1.657

  Mr. Henry Ga∣raway Alder∣man being at present Go∣vernour.
• * 1.658

  Poland and the Cities thereof.
• * 1.659

  Commodities of Poland.
• * 1.660

  Rivers of Po∣land.
• * 1.661

  Luconia.
• * 1.662

  Lituania.
• * 1.663

  Volinia.
• * 1.664

  Samogitia.
• * 1.665

  Podolia.
• * 1.666

  Russia.
• * 1.667

  Prussia.
• * 1.668

  Podlasia.
• * 1.669

  Masovia.
• * 1.670

  Poland.
• * 1.671

  Cracovia, and the trade there∣of.
• * 1.672

  Coynes cur∣rant in Polo∣nia.
• * 1.673

  Weights of Cracovia.
• * 1.674

  Measures of Cracovia.
• * 1.675

  Dantzke, and the trade thereof.
• * 1.676

  Accounts kept in Dansicke.
• * 1.677

  Coines cur∣rant in Dan∣sicke.
• * 1.678

  Wei•…•…hts of Dantzke.
• * 1.679

  Measures of Dansicke.
• * 1.680

  Accompts in Eastland.
• * 1.681

  Elbin, and the trade thereof.
• * 1.682

  Weights of Elbin.
• * 1.683

  Measures of Elbin.
• * 1.684

  Coninxburgh and the trade thereof.
• * 1.685

  Weights of Coninxburg.
• * 1.686

  Measures of Coninxburg.
• * 1.687

  Rhiga and the trade thereof.
• * 1.688

  Commodities of Rhiga.
• * 1.689

  Weights of Rhiga.
• * 1.690

  Measures of Rhiga.
• * 1.691

  Coines in Rhiga.
• * 1.692

  Revell and the trade thereof.
• * 1.693

  Weights of Revell.
• * 1.694

  Exchanges of Revell.
• * 1.695

  Measures of Revell.
• * 1.696

  Stralsont and the trade there∣of.
• * 1.697

  Weight of Stralsont.
• * 1.698

  Measures of Stralsont.
• * 1.699

  Iulin.
• * 1.700

  Stettin and the trade thereof.
• * 1.701

  Commodities of Stettin.
• * 1.702

  Weights of Stettin.
• * 1.703

  Measures of Stettin.
• * 1.704

  The agree∣ment of 100^l^' London to divers of Po∣land.
• * 1.705

  Agreement of the 100 yards London to di∣vers of Po∣land.
• * 1.706

  Corne mea∣sure in East∣land.
• * 1.707

  With the a∣greement ther∣of with other countries.
• * 1.708

  Of the trade in generall of Po∣land and East∣land.
• * 1.709

  Hungarie and the Cities thereof.
• * 1.710

  Buda.
• * 1.711

  Presberg.
• * 1.712

  Commodities of Hungarie.
• * 1.713

  Dacia and the cities therof.
• * 1.714

  Commodities of Dacia.
• * 1.715

  Transilvania. 1.
• * 1.716

  Moldavia. 2.
• * 1.717

  Walachia. 3.
• * 1.718

  Servia 4.
• * 1.719

  R•…•…sia.
• * 1.720

  Bulgaria.
• * 1.721

  Bosna.
• * 1.722

  Sclavonia.
• * 1.723

  Commodities.
• * 1.724

  Illyria.
• * 1.725

  Dalmatia.
• * 1.726

  Croatia.
• * 1.727

  Rhagusa, and the trade thereof.
• * 1.728

  Rhaguses.
• * 1.729

  Monies cur∣rant in Rha∣gusa.
• * 1.730

  Weights of Rhagusa.
• * 1.731

  Measure of Rhagusa.
• * 1.732

  Spallata.
• * 1.733

  Greece and the Cities thereof.
• * 1.734

  Commodities.
• * 1.735

  Rivers in Greece.
• * 1.736

  Peloponnesus, or Morea.
• * 1.737

  Modona, Co∣rona, and Pe∣tras, and the trade therof.
• * 1.738

  Petras.
• * 1.739

  Exchange.
• * 1.740

  Monies of Morea.
• * 1.741

  Weights of Morea.
• * 1.742

  Measures of Morea.
• * 1.743

  Of Oyles.
• * 1.744

  Of Corne.
• * 1.745

  Cattarro and the trade ther∣of.
• * 1.746

  Monies in Cattarro,
• * 1.747

  Weights in Cattarro.
• * 1.748

  Measures of Cattarro.
• * 1.749

  Sebenico and the trade ther∣of.
• * 1.750

  Weights of Sebenico.
• * 1.751

  Measures of Sebenico.
• * 1.752

  Scutary, and the trade thereof.
• * 1.753

  The weights of Scutary.
• * 1.754

  Measures of Scutary.
• * 1.755

  Of Graine.
• * 1.756

  Valona, and the trade thereof.
• * 1.757

  Weights of Valona.
• * 1.758

  Measures of Valona.
• * 1.759

  Larta and the trade thereof.
• * 1.760

  Weights in Larta.
• * 1.761

  Measure of Larta.
• * 1.762

  Lepanto, and the trade thereof.
• * 1.763

  Weights of Lepanto.
• * 1.764

  Weights of Lepanto.
• * 1.765

  The ancient Corinth.
• * 1.766

  Misene.
• * 1.767

  Argos.
• * 1.768

  Epidaurus.
• * 1.769

  Sparta.
• * 1.770

  Arcadian plaines.
• * 1.771

  Olimpians.
• * 1.772

  Salonica and the trade thereof.
• * 1.773

  Weights of Salonica.
• * 1.774

  Measures of Salonica.
• * 1.775

  Syderocapse rich in mines of gold.
• * 1.776

  Mount Athos.
• * 1.777

  Achaia. Athens. Marathron. Megara. Thebes. Thermopila.
• * 1.778

  Parnassus.
• * 1.779

  Epyrus.
• * 1.780

  Albania.
• * 1.781

  Macedonia.
• * 1.782

  Thessalia.
• * 1.783

  Migdonia.
• * 1.784

  Thracia.
• * 1.785

  Calipolis.
• * 1.786

  Adrianople.
• * 1.787

  Pera.
• * 1.788

  Constanti∣nople, and the trade thereof.
• * 1.789

  Canes.
• * 1.790

  Besesternes.
• * 1.791

  Commodities found in Con∣stantinople.
• * 1.792

  Commodities sent from Eng∣land to Con∣stantinople.
• * 1.793

  Accounts in Constantino∣ple.
• * 1.794

  Coines currant in Turkie.
• * 1.795

  Weights in Constantino∣ple.
• * 1.796

  To bring Lode∣ros into Oakes.
• * 1.797

  Weights of Constantinople, with other Countries.
• * 1.798

  500 Loders in Constanti∣nople make in
• * 1.799

  In •…•…ergams 160 li. In Crom•…•… 163 li.
• * 1.800

  Measures of Constantino∣ple.
• * 1.801

  Corne measure
• * 1.802

  Wine & Oyle.
• * 1.803

  Customes in Constanti∣nople.
• * 1.804

  Miseteria.
• * 1.805

  Gallata.
• * 1.806

  Emin.
• * 1.807

  The governe∣ment of the trade of the English in Cō∣stantinople.
• * 1.808

  M^r. Alderman Garaway at present being governor, and M^r. William Cockaine De∣puty, to whom I owe this gratefull ac∣knowledge∣ment, as to those who have lent me their ready furthe∣rance in this worke.
• * 1.809

  The English nation the greatest tra∣ders into Turkie of Christians.
• * 1.810

  The Venetians being the se∣cond.
• * 1.811

  The French being the third,
• * 1.812

  The Dutch be∣ing the last and least.
• * 1.813

  The trade of the citizens of Constantino∣ple.
• * 1.814

  Galipolis.
• * 1.815

  Tenedos.
• * 1.816

  Samothracia.
• * 1.817

  Lemnos.
• * 1.818

  Terra Sigillata.
• * 1.819

  Scio.
• * 1.820

  Mastique.
• * 1.821

  Scio, and the trade thereof.
• * 1.822

  Accompts in Scio.
• * 1.823

  Weights of Scio.
• * 1.824

  Measures in Scio.
• * 1.825

  Le•…•…bos.
• * 1.826

  Negroponte.
• * 1.827

  Seir•…•… Salamis. Delos. Samos.
• * 1.828

  Coo•…•….
• * 1.829

  Pathmos.
• * 1.830

  Rhodes and the trade ther∣of.
• * 1.831

  Commodities of Rhodes.
• * 1.832

  Accounts in Rhodes.
• * 1.833

  Coine currant in Rhodes.
• * 1.834

  Weights in Rhodes.
• * 1.835

  Measures in Rhodes.
• * 1.836

  Candia and the trade therof.
• * 1.837

  Commodities of Candia.
• * 1.838

  Suda a brave Harbour.
• * 1.839

  Coines cur∣rant in Candia.
• * 1.840

  Weights in Candia.
• * 1.841

  Measures in Candia.
• * 1.842

  Of Wines.
• * 1.843

  Cerigo.
• * 1.844

  Strivast.
• * 1.845

  Cursalari.
• * 1.846

  Corfu.
• * 1.847

  Corfu and the trade therof.
• * 1.848

  Weights in Corfu.
• * 1.849

  Measures in Corfu of Corn.
• * 1.850

  Wine and
• * 1.851

  Salt.
• * 1.852

  Saint Maur•…•….
• * 1.853

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.854

  Zefal•…•…ia.
• * 1.855

  Zant.
• * 1.856

  Zante, Zeffalo∣nia, and trade therof.
• * 1.857

  Commodities of these I∣lands.
• * 1.858

  Corants in Zant, Seffalonia and The•…•…ca.
• * 1.859

  Coines currāt in Zant, &c.
• * 1.860

  Accounts in Zant, &c.
• * 1.861

  Weights of Zant, &c.
• * 1.862

  Measures in Zante, &c.
• * 1.863

  Of Oiles.
• * 1.864

  Of Wines.
• * 1.865

  Of Corn.
• * 1.866

  Customes of Zant, &c.
• * 1.867

  Adriatique Ilands.
• * 1.868

  Commodities
• * 1.869

  Zara and the trade therof.
• * 1.870

  Monyes of Zara.
• * 1.871

  Weights of Zara.
• * 1.872

  Measures of Zara.
• * 1.873

  Sicilia and the Cities therof.
• * 1.874

  Commodities
• * 1.875

  Mount Hibla▪ Mount Aetna. Division into 3 Provinces.
• * 1.876

  Palermo and the trade ther∣of.
• * 1.877

  Accounts in Palermo and al Sicilia.
• * 1.878

  Monys currant in Sicilia.
• * 1.879

  Weights in Palermo.
• * 1.880

  Some have found it to yield 184 lib. English.
• * 1.881

  Measure of length.
• * 1.882

  Of Corn.
• * 1.883

  Of Salt.
• * 1.884

  Of Oiles.
• * 1.885

  Customes of Sicilia.
• * 1.886

  Exchanges.
• * 1.887

  With Naples.
• * 1.888

  With Rome.
• * 1.889

  With Valencia.
• * 1.890

  With Mesina.
• * 1.891

  Messina and the trade ther∣of.
• * 1.892

  Coines cur∣rant in Messi∣na.
• * 1.893

  Note:
• * 1.894

  Measures in Messina.
• * 1.895

  Customes of Messina.
• * 1.896

  Faires of Messina.
• * 1.897

  Malta.
• * 1.898

  Corsica.
• * 1.899

  Sardinia.
• * 1.900

  Commodities of Sardinia.
• * 1.901

  Callary and the trade therof.
• * 1.902

  Monyes of Callary.
• * 1.903

  Weights in Sardinia.
• * 1.904

  Measures in Sardinia.
• * 1.905

  Majorca and Minorca, and the trade therof.
• * 1.906

  Commodities of Majorca, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 &c.
• * 1.907

  Monyes in Majorca.
• * 1.908

  Accounts.
• * 1.909

  Weights of Majorca.
• * 1.910

  Car•…•….
• * 1.911

  Measures in Majorca, &c.
• * 1.912

  Of Oiles, and how they are laden, and the account therof made up in Majorca.
• * 1.913

  Ivisa.
• * 1.914

  Ivisa and the trade therof.
• * 1.915

  Of Salt.
• * 1.916

  Les•…•…er Islands of the Medi∣terranean seas.
• * 1.917

  Northern Islands.
• * 1.918

  Willougbbies.
• * 1.919

  Nova Zemb•…•….
• * 1.920

  Frisland.
• * 1.921

  Island.
• * 1.922

  Gronland.
• * 1.923

  Orchades 32.
• * 1.924

  Pomonia.
• * 1.925

  Hebrides 44.
• * 1.926

  Sorlings 145.
• * 1.927

  Man.
• * 1.928

  Anglesey.
• * 1.929

  Beaumares.
• * 1.930

  Iarsey.
• * 1.931

  Garnsey.
• * 1.932

  Wight.
• * 1.933

  Ireland and the Provinces therof.
• * 1.934

  Munster 1.
• * 1.935

  Co•…•…ght 2.
• * 1.936

  Uls•…•… 3.
• * 1.937

  Math 4.
• * 1.938

  Lemster 5.
• * 1.939

  Of Dublin and the trade ther∣of.
• * 1.940

  Commodities of Ireland.
• * 1.941

  Coines of Ireland.
• * 1.942

  Exchanges of Ireland.
• * 1.943

  Weights and Measures as in England.
• * 1.944

  Of the trade in generall of Ireland.
• * 1.945

  Scotland and the trade therof.
• * 1.946

  Commodities of Scotland.
• * 1.947

  Edenburgh and the trade therof.
• * 1.948

  Monyes of Scotland.
• * 1.949

  Exchanges in Scotland.
• * 1.950

  Accounts in Scotland.
• * 1.951

  Weights of Scotland.
• * 1.952

  Measures of length.
• * 1.953

  120 for 100.
• * 1.954

  Brittain and the Provinces therof.
• * 1.955

  Of Wales and the Cities therof.
• * 1.956

  Commodities of Wales.
• * 1.957

  Foure Circuits in Wales.
• * 1.958

  Foure Dio∣ceses. Twelve Shires.
• * 1.959

  England and the Cities therof.
• * 1.960

  Cornwall.
• * 1.961

  Devon. 2.
• * 1.962

  Dorset. 3.
• * 1.963

  Somerset. 4.
• * 1.964

  Wiltshire 5.
• * 1.965

  Hampshire 6.
• * 1.966

  Barkshire 7.
• * 1.967

  Surrey 8. 〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.968

  Sussex 9.
• * 1.969

  Kent 10.
• * 1.970

  Glocester 11.
• * 1.971

  Oxford 12.
• * 1.972

  Buckingham 13.
• * 1.973

  Bedford 14.
• * 1.974

  Hertfordshire 15
• * 1.975

  Middlesex 16.
• * 1.976

  Essex 17.
• * 1.977

  Suffolke 18.
• * 1.978

  Norfolke 1•…•…
• * 1.979

  Cambridge 20.
• * 1.980

  Huntington 21.
• * 1.981

  Northāpton 22.
• * 1.982

  Leicester 23.
• * 1.983

  Rutland 24.
• * 1.984

  Lincoln 25.
• * 1.985

  Nottingham 26.
• * 1.986

  Darby 27.
• * 1.987

  Warwick 28.
• * 1.988

  Worcester 29.
• * 1.989

  Stafford 30.
• * 1.990

  Shropshire 31.
• * 1.991

  Chester 32.
• * 1.992

  Hereford 33.
• * 1.993

  Yorkshire 34.
• * 1.994

  Richmond 35.
• * 1.995

  Durham 36.
• * 1.996

  Lancashire 37.
• * 1.997

  Westmerland 38
• * 1.998

  Cumberland 39.
• * 1.999

  Northumber. 40
• * 1.1000

  Barwick.
• * 1.1001

  Shires of Wales. Anglesey 1.
• * 1.1002

  Flint 2.
• * 1.1003

  De•…•…igh 3.
• * 1.1004

  Car•…•…van 4.
• * 1.1005

  Merioneth 5.
• * 1.1006

  Montgomery 6.
• * 1.1007

  Cardigan 7.
• * 1.1008

  Pembrock 8.
• * 1.1009

  C•…•…marden 9.
• * 1.1010

  Gla•…•…gan 10.
• * 1.1011

  Monmouth 11.
• * 1.1012

  Brecknock 12.
• * 1.1013

  Radnor 13.
• * 1.1014

  Commodities in England.
• * 1.1015

  Beauty of England.
• * 1.1016

  Six Circuits.
• * 1.1017

  London and the trade therof.
• * 1.1018

  Merchants of London.
• * 1.1019

  Merchant Ad∣venturers, and their originall and places of residencie.
• * 1.1020

  Barbary Mer∣chants their originall and ruine.
• * 1.1021

  Levant Mer∣chants & their originall.
• * 1.1022

  East India Merchants & their originall
• * 1.1023

  Moscovi•…•…, Eastland, Greenland, French and Spanish Mer∣chants & their originals.
• * 1.1024

  Coines cur∣rant in Eng∣land of •…•…lver.
• * 1.1025

  Of Gold.
• * 1.1026

  Accounts in England.
• * 1.1027

  Weights in England.
• * 1.1028

  Troy weight.
• * 1.1029

  Weight with measure.
• * 1.1030

  Assise.
• * 1.1031

  Haberdupois.
• * 1.1032

  Troy and Ha∣berdupois com∣pared for the weight of bread.
• * 1.1033

  Cheese weight
• * 1.1034

  Wooll weight.
• * 1.1035

  Herrings measure.
• * 1.1036

  Lead weight.
• * 1.1037

  Three Quin∣tars in England used.
• * 1.1038

  Num. 1 100 li.
• * 1.1039

  Num. 2. 11•…•… l•…•….
• * 1.1040

  Num. 3. 120 l
• * 1.1041

  Troy weight for gold and silver compa∣red with other Countries.
• * 1.1042

  Weights used in Physick & their parts.
• * 1.1043

  The reduction of some for∣raigne currant Coines to the English sterlin.
• * 1.1044

  Pounds for∣rain to pounds English redu∣•…•….
• * 1.1045

  Measures in England.
• * 1.1046

  1 A Yard.
• * 1.1047

  2 An Ell.
• * 1.1048

  3 A Goad.
• * 1.1049

  The courtesies of Londo•…•….
• * 1.1050

  Tret.
• * 1.1051

  Cloffe.
• * 1.1052

  Shaftnet.
• * 1.1053

  Measures of London com∣pared.
• * 1.1054

  Measures For∣rain to English measure redu∣ced.
• * 1.1055

  Use of the for∣mer Table threefold.
• * 1.1056

  2 Use.
• * 1.1057

  3 Use.
• * 1.1058

  Measure of land in use.
• * 1.1059

  Board, Glasse, Hangings, &c.
• * 1.1060

  Dry measures of grain.
• * 1.1061

  Liquid mea∣sures in Eng∣land.
• * 1.1062

  A declaration of the Stan∣dard for cloth making made in the fourth yeer of King Iames.
• * 1.1063

  Sack of wooll.
• * 1.1064

  Breadth, weights and Measures of English clothes.
• * 1.1065

  Tinne in England.
• * 1.1066

  Lead in England.
• * 1.1067

  Corn measure with other Countries.
• * 1.1068

  Measure of Salt compared with other places.
• * 1.1069

  Measure of Sea coal com∣pared with o∣ther places.
• * 1.1070

  Measures of Wine.
• * 1.1071

  Observations for the lading of a ship by weight and measure.
• * 1.1072

  The Exchan∣ges of London.
• * 1.1073

  Of the trade in generall of England.
• * 1.1074

  The reall worth of the English trade.
• * 1.1075

  The East In∣dia Company.
• * 1.1076

  The Turkie Company.
• * 1.1077

  The Merchant Adventurers.
• * 1.1078

  The Eastland and Moscovia Company.
• * 1.1079

  The French Merchants.
• * 1.1080

  The Spanish Merchants.
• * 1.1081

  The Italian Merchants.
• * 1.1082

  The navigati∣on of the Eng∣lish famous,
• * 1.1083

  throughout Europe.
• * 1.1084

  In America.
• * 1.1085

  In Africa.
• * 1.1086

  In Asia.