The merchants mappe of commerce wherein, the universall manner and matter of trade, is compendiously handled. The standerd and currant coines of sundry princes, observed. The reall and imaginary coines of accompts and exchanges, expressed. The naturall and artificiall commodities of all countries for transportation declared. The weights and measures of all eminent cities and tovvnes of traffique, collected and reduced one into another; and all to the meridian of commerce practised in the famous citie of London. By Lewes Roberts, merchant. Necessary for all such as shall be imployed in the publique affaires of princes in forreigne parts; for all gentlemen and others that travell abroad for delight or pleasure, and for all merchants or their factors that exercise the art of merchandizing in any part of the habitable world.

CHAP. CCLXXI.

Of Weights used in England.

THe weight commonly used in and through Eng∣land, is two, the Troy weight, and the Haberdupois * 1.1 weight.

The Troy pound consists of 12 ounces, the ounce * 1.2 of 20 peny weights, the peny weight of 24 grains, and serveth only for Bread, Gold, Silver, and Electuaries, eight pound accounted to the Gallon, & by consequence 16 li. to the Peck, 32 pound to the halfe Bushell, and 64 to the Bushell, and hereby weight and measure is reduced one into another.

Wet Measures are also derived from this pound Troy, both on * 1.3 Land and within Shipboard, as also Corn and Grain, as above is specified, for first this pound of 12 ounces, made into a concave measure is named a Pint, eight of the said Pints, or eight pounds make a Gallon of either Wine, Ale, Beere, or Corn, according to the Standard of the Exchequer, and the Acts of Parliament of 11 and 12 of Henry the Seventh.

From hence is also drawn the measure Assise of all vendi∣ble * 1.4 Caske, each Hogshead to contain 63 Gallons, every Terce 84, every Pipe 126, and every Tun 252 Gallons.

From hence ariseth also the measure for Fish, the Salmon Butt is to be 84 gallons, the barrell 42 gallons, the Herring barrell to be 32 gallons, the Eele barrell to be 42 gallons, the Soape bar∣rell to be 32 gallons, and the halfe, and firkin of these to be ac∣cordingly.

The second weight is the Haberdepois pound, which consisteth * 1.5 of 16 ounces, which are lesser ounces then the former, for these 16 ounces make but 14 ounces and a halfe, and 2 penny weight of Troy, used in the mint, where 136 li. haberdepois subtile, is but 100 li. sutle Troy.

By the haberdepois or averdupois weight, is all commodities weighed, which beareth the name of garble, and whereof issu∣eth a garble or waste, also butter, cheese, tallow, waxe, and other commodities, and 7 li. of this weight is accounted to the gal∣lon of wheate, as is 14 li. the pecke, 28 li. the halfe bushell, and 56 li. to the bushell.

The 7 li. averdupois is 102 ounces Troy, according to which * 1.6 rate the quarter of wheate must weigh 448 li. averdupois, and so 14 li. averdupois, and 16 li. 11 ounces Troy, doe accord in one,

or 56 li. averdupois, and 67 li. 8 ounces Troy, and note that as one penny sterling is the 1/20. part of an ounce Troy, so thereby is found that 7 li. 12 sh. sterling, is 84 ounces, and halfe, and 2 pen∣ny weight of Troy, and 6. li. 18 sh. sterling, is 82¾. ounces and one penny Troy, from the which two assises, the white, whea∣ten, and houshold breads are calculated and drawne.

From the averdupois weight is also drawne the true weight of cheese and butter, called the Waighe, which is 112 li. averdupoi•…•…, * 1.7 to the hundred, and the two hundred is 224 li. containing 32 cloves, and every clove is 7 li. the Waighe of Suffolke cheese being 256 li. and the waighe of Essex cheese 336 li. averdupois.

The sacke of wooll formerly so famoused by the staplers, did * 1.8 weigh 364 li. averdupois, two waighes of wooll, make a sacke, and 12 sacks make a laste.

The last of herrings containeth 10 thousand, and every thou∣sand * 1.9 containe ten hundred, and every hundred six score or 120.

Leade, is sold by the foder, the loade being 175 li. and the * 1.10 fother maketh accordingly 19½. hundred of 112 li. per cent.

It is also to be noted, that of this pound of 16 ounces averdu∣pois, * 1.11 is made in England, three severall quintals, for weighing of sundry sorts of merchandise.

The first is a hundred of five score, or 100 li. just, and this is called the hundred sutle, whereby is sold, spices, drugges, and o∣ther * 1.12 fine commodities, which are accounted by the pound, and to which is added by the seller, an allowance of 4 li. upon 104 li. taken from the overplus received from Antwerpe weights in times past in spices, as I have said elsewhere, and called by the name of Tret, yet by some alledged to be an allowance in gar∣bled commodities.

The second is a hundred of fivescore and twelve, or 112 li. * 1.13 the halfe hundred being 56 li. the quarter 28 li. &c. to which all the aforesaid weight is adjousted, and by which all commodi∣ties are weighed, and all fine commodities afterward reduced to the sotle hundred, and by this are sold all grosse goods, Grocery, Saltery, &c.

The third is a hundred of sixscore of the said averdupois pound, * 1.14 by which Tinne is weighed to his Majesties Farmers, and some few other commodities, and is called the stannery hundred. This pound averdupois hath in it selfe a division of 16 ounces, and thereof is formed other weights, as sometimes a stone of 8 li. 7 li. 10 li. 14 li. 16 li. 20 li. sometimes a todde of 7 li. 8 li. 10 li. sometimes a clove of 20 li. 28 li. 32 li. and such like, which is still found to be made out of this pound of averdupois of 16 oun∣ces, and every ounce of 8 drams, and every dram 60 graines. Raw silke of Persia or Turky, is sold also by this pound, but then it is accounted a pound of 24 ounces, or a pound and a halfe of the abovesaid; all which is requisite his learning that is either

to buy or sell in England, that he may know not onely the true weight of his commodity, but also the denomination thereof, and how many pound or ounces is contained therein.

Having now shewed the distinction of the troy and averdupois weight, and how they agree together, and having calculated most of the weights of this booke to the hundred sutle, I will al∣so shew here how the 112 li. is found to respond with some o∣ther Countries, as being the weight common in use amongst Merchants, and in notes of commodities observed abroad.

The 112 l. Londō is in

Europa.

Marselia	125 li.
Venetia sotile	164 li.
Venetiagrosse	104 li.
Sicilia	62 li.
Lisb•…•…ne	100 li.
Florence	143 li.
Anverse	106 li.
Lions	118 li.
Sivill	110 li.
Dansick	129 li.
Bridges	112 li.

Asia, Africa.

Alepp•…•…	22•…•… Rot.
Aleppo Silke	24 Rot.
Tripoli suria	27½ Rot.
Tripoli barbaria	97 Rot.
Alexandria zera	51. 9 Rot.
Alexandria forfar	116 Rot.
Scio and Constantin•…•…	101 Rot.
Rhodes	20. 4. Rot.
Acria	18. 1. Rot.
Babylonia	15. 6 M.
Balsola	—
Ormus	108. 7 li.

I need not further inlarge my self herein by reason of the ma∣ny Tables found in this Book, wherby the said weight of 112 li. may easily be reduced to any eminent place of the World, and for as much as our English Gold and Silver is weighed and valued by the pound Troy, I shall here following insert how the same concurres and agrees with most of the eminent Cities in the World, in their Coines both of Silver and Gold.

It is observed then in most Countries abroad as with us in England, that Gold and Silver is coined and minted by a peculi•…•… * 1.15 weight only proper therunto, which in many great Cities and Countries of trade I have purposely omitted, that I might both •…•…cilitate this my labour, and in one place reduce them together to the pound Troy used, especially to that purpose in England; therfore if I prove here somewhat the larger, it is but what the seriousnesse and due circumstances of the matter requireth.

The weight then used in this case in England is the pound Troy, and that which in use in most other Countries is the Mark which as well as 〈◊〉〈◊〉 can I will here abbreviate, now this pound Troy con∣sisting of 12 ounces, and the ounce of 20 peny weights, and the peny weight of 24 grains, the 100 li. of these abovesaid pound•…•… being vsed for the Standard of Gold and Silver in this 〈◊〉〈◊〉 hath been observed to make in

Antwerp	112 marks each mark being 8 Ounces. 1 O•…•…ce being 20 peny weight. 1 Peny weight 32 grains.
Adler	86 li.
Cairo	105•…•… Besses.
Ancona	116 marks.
Aqu•…•…la	79½ li.
Ausburg	118 marks.
Bavaria	116 marks.
Bohemia	99 marks.
Catalonia	112•…•… marks.
Colen	118 marks.
Constantinople	99 marks.
Crema	116 marks.
Dansick	118•…•… marks.
Florence	158½ marks. 1 Mark 8 Ounces. 1 Ounce is 8 grosses. 1 grosse is 3 deniers. 1 de•…•…er is 24 g•…•…s.
Frankford	118 marks.
Fr•…•…burg	116 marks.

Genoa for Gold 130 Marks

• 1 mark is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ounces.
• 1 ounce 24 de•…•…iers.
• 1 denier is 24 grains.

Genoa for Silver 86½ pounds

• 1 pound is 12 ounces.
• 1 ounce is 24 deniers.
• 1 denier is 24 grains.

Hungary	99 marks.
Lipsich	118 marks.
Lions	1•…•…6 marks
Paris idem	126 marks 1 mark in France is 8 ounces 1 ounce is 8 grosses. 1 grosse is 3 deniers. 1 denier is 24 grains.

Millain	118 marks.
Narsinga	97 marks.
Naples	86½ pound 1 pound Naples is 12 ounces. 1 ounce is 8 Octavos.
Persia	98 Minas.
Peru	99½ Cillats.
Piemont	111 marks.
Meison	118 marks
Saxony idem	118 marks A mark of Mesen is 8 ounces. 1 ounce is 24 deniers. 1 denier, or peny is found to be 24 momenta or grains.
Burgas	120 marks.
Franconia	116 marks.
N•…•…rrimberg	116 marks 1 mark Norimberg is 16 loots. 1 loot is 4 quints. 1 quint is 4 pence primes or nu∣mulies. 1 peny is 4 sesterties.
Turky	98 marks.
Turin	111 marks.
Vicentia	116 marks.
Vienna	98 marks.
New Spain, America, 98½ marks.

Spain in generall 121 marks.

• 1 mark Spanish is 50 Castellianos.
• 1 Castelliano is 8 tomines.
• 1 tominos is 8 grains, and this mark is 29700 marks, or 873½ Rials, or 792 Duckets.

Trevis•…•…	117 marks.
Vlme	116 marks.
Weselburg	115

• ...Venice
• ...Verona

116½ mark.

• 1 mark Venice is 8 ounces.
• 1 ounce is 4 quarts or silices.
• 1 quarta 36 Carrats or Sili∣quas.
• 1 Carrat is 4 grains.

Rome	116½ mark 1 mark Roman is 8 ounces. 1 ounce is 8 drams. 1 dram is 3 scruples. 1 scruple is 2 obolos. 1 obole is 3 siliquas. 1 siliqua is 4 grains or primi.

Lisbone

121 mark. 1 mark Portugal is 8 ounces. 1 ounce is 8 octavos. 1 octavo is 4½ grains.

These are all the stan•…•…ards of the coines both of gold and sil∣ver that I have met withall, and the particulars whereto the said weights are distinguished, which may so farre be needfull to the traffique of Countries, that thereby every Merchant stranger may know of what goodnesse and reall value those coines are stamped and coined for, and what the same will yeeld and af∣ford him in his owne City or place of residence.

Vpon this troy weight doth also depend in Physicke, all * 1.16 drugs and simples, administred by way of potions, which accor∣ding to the custome practised amongst Physitians, is thus distin∣guished into parts.

One Ses quilibra is 1½. pound. or 18 ounces.

One pound is 2 selibra or 12 ounces.

One selibra is 2 quadrans or 6 ounces.

One quadran is a¼ of a li. or 3 ounces.

One sescuntia is 1½. ounce or 12 drams.

One ounce is 8 drams.

One dram is 3 scruples or 60 graines.

One scruple is 20 graines.

One obolus is ½. a scruple or 10 graines.

Now according to this agreement of the weights of silver * 1.17 and gold, I will here reduce the value of some forraigne coines, to the English sterlin.

The crowne of Camera of Rome is sterlin—00 li. 07 s. o d.

The sols Of Genoa is sterlin—00 01 6.

The duccat of Venice of 6 li. 4 sols is sterlin—04 6.

The duccat of Naples is—sterlin—04 9.

The crowne of gold of Florence is—sterlin—06 0

The 20 sols of Millan is—sterlin—01 0.

The Carlin of Cicilia is—sterlin—00 3.

The sol of grosse of Antwerpe is—sterlin—00 7¼.

The lire of Valencia, Barselona and Saragosa is—05 6

The liver or franke of France is sterlin—02 0

The florin of Turin and Savoy is sterlin—00 3⅜.

The 34 Marvedes or single, Royall of Spaine is sterlin 00 6.

The 40 Res of Lisborne in Portugall is sterlin—00 6.

The lire of Bollonia is—sterlin—01 3½.

The crowne of Lucca is—sterlin—05 9.

The florin of Noremburgh and Franckford, sterlin 3 4.

The Chequin of Turky is—sterlin—7 10.

Where note that in Europe, the exchange ever maketh the accoun∣ted value of their coines with us, which are seene sometimes to differ much from the abovesaid rules, yet according to the esti∣mation of our English minte, this carrieth a neere concordancy, & therfore I have the rather thought fit to insert it in this place.

I have in many places of this Book shewed how the 100 li. sutle doth agree with London, and in the leaf aforegoing, shewed how the 112 li. doth also respond with some of them: now I will shew by a new invented Table out of the Works of Master Hunt * 1.18 the Arithmetician, a method reducing the pounds of forraigne Counties to the pound of London, which I finde thus.

	M	D
Ancona—	13	10
Antwerp—	24	25
Archipelago—	497	448
Acquilla—	143	100
Avignon—	11	10
Ausburg—	19	20
Barselona—	91	10
Besenson—	91	100
Bridges—	1	1
Burgois—	23	25
Calice—	24	25
Castile—	51	50
Cicilia—	37	25
Colen—	19	20
Corfu—	497	448
Dansick—	29	24
Deep—	359	400
Ferrara—	133	100
Florence—	131	100
Frankford—	396	448
Genoa—	141	100
	M	D
Geneva—	81	100
Lipsich—	99	100
London troy—	29	24
London averd—	127	120
Lubeck—	389½	448
Lions—	21	20
Lisbone—	83	100
Marselia—	497	448
Naples—	71	50
Norrimberg—	396	448
Paris—	19	20
Padua—	33	25
Parma—	34	25
Presla•…•…—	538½	448
Rochel—	81	100
Roan—	127	100
Sicilia—	250¼	448
Sivil—	439	448
Tholousa—	491	448
Venice grosse,—	423	448
Venice sotle—	151	100
Vienna—	256	448

For the understanding of this Table, note that one pound of London is in Ancona 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of a pound, and so in the rest 〈◊〉〈◊〉 is 1 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 first then against the names of the places are two numbers, as a∣gainst Avignon, you have 11 for to multiply, and 10 for divis•…•…, or 11 for numerator, & 10 for denominator, multiply then pounds of Avignon by 11, and divide it by 10, and they are pounds of London, so do for other places as the Table directs.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Weights in England.
• * 1.2

  Troy weight.
• * 1.3

  Weight with measure.
• * 1.4

  Assise.
• * 1.5

  Haberdupois.
• * 1.6

  Troy and Ha∣berdupois com∣pared for the weight of bread.
• * 1.7

  Cheese weight
• * 1.8

  Wooll weight.
• * 1.9

  Herrings measure.
• * 1.10

  Lead weight.
• * 1.11

  Three Quin∣tars in England used.
• * 1.12

  Num. 1 100 li.
• * 1.13

  Num. 2. 11•…•… l•…•….
• * 1.14

  Num. 3. 120 l
• * 1.15

  Troy weight for gold and silver compa∣red with other Countries.
• * 1.16

  Weights used in Physick & their parts.
• * 1.17

  The reduction of some for∣raigne currant Coines to the English sterlin.
• * 1.18

  Pounds for∣rain to pounds English redu∣•…•….