Of the state of Europe XIIII. bookes. Containing the historie, and relation of the many prouinces hereof. Continued out of approved authours. By Gabriel Richardson Batchelour in Divinitie, and fellow of Brasen-Nose College in Oxford.

THE SECOND BOOKE. (Book 2)

COntayning the Description of the more great, and famous Mountaines, and Rivers of Great Britaine. The more no∣ted Creekes, and Promontories. Their ancient, and present names. The Etymologyes, and names of Britaine, and Albion. The ancient limits, and extent of Britaine. The first Inhabi∣tants. The conquest of the more Southerne part by the Romans. The estate, and description of Britaine during the Roman go∣vernment out of Tacitus, Dion, Ptolemye, Antoninus, and the Authour of the Notitia, with others. The period, and conclusion of the Roman Empire in Britaine. The estate, and kingdome of the Britons, after the departure of the Romans. The estate hereof after Cadwallader, and the conclusion of the Brittish Mo∣narchie. The originall, and history of the Cornish, VVesh, and Britons of Cumberland. Their Conquests by the Saxons, and Normans, and vnion into the kingdome, and name of England. The history of the Scots, and Picts. The Conquest of the Picts by the Scots, and Vnion of the Northerne part of the Iland into the name, and kingdome of Scotland. The invasion of the Ger∣mans, or Dutch. The Iutes, Saxons, and English. The Saxon, or English Heptarchye. The originall, and fortunes of the king∣domes of Kent, the South-Saxons, VVest-Saxons, East-Saxons, East-Angles, Mercia, and Northumberland. The vnion of the rest into the Monarchie of the VVest-Saxons. The originall of the name, and kingdome of England. The kingdome of England. 1 vnder the VVest-Saxons. 2 vnder the Danes. 3 and vnder the Normans. The vnion of the blood, and rights of the Saxons, or English, Scots, and Normans, and of the whole Great Bri∣taine vnder one Prince in Iames our late Soveraigne of happie memorye. The present estate of the Iland, occasioned through so manie mutations. The kingdomes of England, and Scotland. The names, and Etymologie of the Shires of England.

THE MOVNTAINES OF GREAT BRITAINE

THE bounders, or land-markes, whereof I shall haue occasion to make vse in the discourse following, are the Mountaines and Riuers hereof, with the more no∣ted Promontories, and Creekes of the O∣cean, whereinto the Rivers are disbur∣dened.

The onely Mountaine, noted by an∣cient authours, was Grampiusa 1.1 Mons, mentioned by Tacitus, containing now Braid-Albin, with other hilly regions beyond the Frith of Dunbriton in Scotland. The woods, sometimes co∣vering this Mountainous tract, were namedb 1.2 Saltus Caledonius by Lucius Florus, and Sylvac 1.3 Caledonia by Pliny, inaccessable thorough their intricate, and darke thickets, bogs, lakes, and marishes, safe shel∣ters of the Northerne Britons, invaded byd 1.4 Iulius Agricola, the e 1.5 Emperour Severus, and the Romans.

In the part subject to the Crowne of England, rise the Mountaines of Wales, taking vp the Westerne devision of the kingdome betwixt the Irish Ocean, the Sea of Severne, and the Riuers Wye, and Dee; strong fastnesses of the warlike Silures, and Ordovices, with great ob∣stinacy for a long time resisting the Roman yoake, and not fully sub∣dued vntill Iuliusf 1.6 Agricola, and the raigne of the Emperour Domi∣tian, and afterwards the Rendez-vous of the distressed Britons, shun∣ning the rage of the Saxons, or English.

Beyond the riuer Trent beginneth another long Mountainous ridge, which continued through the North of Staffordshire, then by the West of Darbye-shire, afterwards betwixt Yorkeshire, and Lan∣cashire, lastly by Cumberland, Westmoreland, and Northumber∣land, doth end at Cheviot, or the Scottish borders. This is not known by any one name ancient, or moderne. In Staffordshire, it is named Moreland; in Darbieshire, the Peake; betwixt Lancashire, and Yorke∣shire, Blackestone-edge, Pendle, Craven; betwixt Richmondshire, and Westmoreland, Stane-more, in Cumberland, Copland, and at the bor∣ders of Scotland, Cheviot.

The other hills of the South (Blackamore, Yorkes-would, the Chil∣terne, Cots-wold, Malvern, those of Sussex, Devonshire, and Cornwall, with others) are rather to be accompted Downs then Mountaines. Those many of Scotland seeme all branches of the Grampius.

THE RIVERS, CREEKES, AND PROMONTORIES.

THe Rivers issue from the Mountaines, and hils. The more great, and famous are the Thames, Severne, Trent, Yeure, or Ouse, and the Taye.

The Thames (Tamesis of Caesar,)* 1.7 ariseth amongst the hils of Cots∣wold in Glocestershire, neere vnto a village, named Torlton. Passing by the Townes of Creekelade, Lechlade, and Einsham, then by Ox∣ford, Reading, and London betwixt Kent and Essex it is disburde∣ned into the German Ocean. The part from the head vnto the con∣fluence hereof and the Tame is more properly named the Isis,* 1.8 or Ouse. The whole notwithstanding is vulgarly called the Thames. Lesser ri∣vers emptyed hereinto,* 1.9 are the Churne, springing in Cotswold neere Birdlip, and by Cirencester tooke in at Creekelade. The Wind∣rush out of Cotswold, by Burford, and Whitney, tooke in at Newbridge. The Evenlode out of Cots-wold, by Shipton vnder Whichwood tooke in below Einsham. The Cherwell from the hils by Daintrey in North∣amptonshire,* 1.10 tooke in at Oxford. The Tame out of Buckinghamshire, tooke in neere Dorchester below Oxford. Here beginneth the name of Thames. The Colne betwixt Buckinghamshire, and Middlesex, tooke in neere Stanes. The Lea out of Hartfordshire, betwixt Middlesex, and Essex tooke in below Blackwall. The Roding out of Essex, tooke in at Barking. Vpon the other side of the Riuer, the Kennet out of Wilt∣shire beyond Marleborow,* 1.11 tooke in at Reading. The Wey out of Hantshire, by Farnham, and Guildford tooke in at Otlands. The Mole out of Surrey, at the White-hill diuing vnder ground, afterward breaking out, and tooke in neere Molesey. And the Medway, out of the weald of Kent, below Rochester devided into the East, and West-Swale with the Thames enclosing the Ile of Shepey.

The Severne,* 1.12 (Sabrina of Tacitus,) issueth out of the hill Plinlimon in Montgomerie-shire in Wales. Hauing visited the townes of Shrewes∣bury, Worcester, and Glocester, below Bristow it falleth into the Westerne Ocean. Chiefer riuers flowing into the wider channell hereof, are the Terne out of Staffordshire, thorough Shropshire tooke in at Wroxce∣ster. The Avon,* 1.13 by Warwicke and Eveshom, tooke in at Teuxbury. The Avon (another river thus named) out of Wiltshire beyond Malmes∣bury, tooke in belowe Bristow. From the side of Wales, the Temd thorough Shropshire, and VVorcester-shire, tooke in belowe VVorcester. The VVye out of the Mountaine Plimlimon,* 1.14 betwixt Radnorshire & Brecknockshire, afterwards thorough Herefordshire; lastly betwixt the Forest of Deane in Glocestershire, & Monmouthshire tooke in below Chep∣stow. The Lug out of Radnorshire, tooke into the VVye below Here∣ford. And the Munow betwixt Herefordshire and Monmouthshire tooke into the VVye at Monmouth.

The Trent (Treanta of Beda) ariseth in Staffordshire beyond the town of Newcastle,* 1.15 by Stone, Burton, Nottingham, Newarcke, & Gainsborough,

receiued into Humber (Abus of Ptolemy) at Aukbarow below Burton Stather.* 1.16 Rivers falling hereinto are in Staffordshire, the Sow tooke in below Stafford. The Tame tooke in below Tamworth. The Doue out of the Peake, betwixt Staffordshire, and Darbieshire tooke in belowe Burton.* 1.17 The Darwent out of the high Peake, thorough Darbyshire tooke in belowe Darbye. The Soare, thorough Leicestershire tooke in below Loughborough. And the Idel out of the Forest of Shire-wood in Nottinghamshire, below Bautree, deviding into the Hekdike, falling in at Stockwith, and another streame, below Santoft-ferrie, meeting with Thurne-dike, a part of the Dun, and tooke in at Fokerbie.

The Yeure sourceth out of the English Apennine amongst solitary Mountaines in the Westerne part of Richmondshire.* 1.18 Continued tho∣rough VVentsdale, below Burrow-bridge, and the meeting of the Swale after the receipt of a small rivulet, thus named, out of the West-Ri∣ding of Yorkeshire,* 1.19 it taketh the name of Ouse, from whence by Yorke, and Selbie at Blacktoft below Howden, it falleth into Humber. Greater riuers disburdened herein, are the Derwent from Blackamore hills, be∣twixt the East, and the West-ridings tooke in at Langrike ferie below Selbie.* 1.20 The Swale, out of Mountaines in the VVesterne part of Rich∣mondshire neere vnto the head of the Yeure, thorough Swaledale, and by Richmond, and Catarick tooke in belowe Topcliffe at Mitton. The Nid from Craven hils,* 1.21 thorough Nidherdale took in below Knarsborow. The Wharfe out of the same Mountaines, thorough VVharledale, and by Wetherby tooke in at Cawood below Tadcaster.* 1.22 The Are from the Mountaine Pennigent in Craven, thorough the West-Riding, and by Leedes, and Snath tooke in at Armin aboue Howden. The Calder from the Westerne Mountaines, receiued into the Are below Wakefield at Castle-ford.* 1.23 And the Dan, or Dun, below Sheafield, Rotheram, and Dan∣caster at Thurne devided into Turnebridge-dike, falling into the Are be∣twixt Turnebridge and Rawcliffe; & Thurnedike, at the Ile of Axeye mee∣ting with the Idell, and tooke into the Trent at Fokerby neere to Bur∣ton Stather.

The Taye,* 1.24 the fairest of the Scottish riuers (Taus of Tacitus, and Ta∣va of Ptolemy) springeth amongst the Mountaines of Braid-Albin, be∣low Dunkelden, and Perth, or S. Iohns-towne at Dundee carryed into the German Ocean.

Other better rivers,* 1.25 or mentioned by auncient authours, and having immediate entercourse with the Ocean, are in Cornwall the Vale (Cenio of Ptolemie,) emptyed into the Baye of Falmouth. More Westward lye the Lizard point (the Promontorie Damnonium, and Ocrinum of Ptolemy,) and the Lands-end (Antaevestaeum, and Bolerium of the same authour.) The Tamar (Tamarus of Ptolemie,) betwixt Cornwall, and Devonshire receiued into the English Channell at Plimmouth. The Ex (Isaca of Ptolemie,) thorough Devonshire, tooke in at Exmouth, below Excester. The Avon (Alaunius of Ptolemy,) with the Stoure, tooke in at Christ-Church in Hantshire. The Test, and Alre, at Southanton falling into the great Baye hereof (Trisantonis Ostium of Ptolemie.)* 1.26 Beyond is the Baye of Portsmouth (Magnus Portus of Ptolemie.) The Stoure, below

Canterbury falling into the German Ocean with two branches, or chan∣nells, encompassing the Ile of Tenet, and the North Forland, a promon∣torie of the Iland (Cantium,* 1.27 and Nucantium of Ptolemie.) The Blacke∣water (Idumanius of Ptolemie,) thorough Essex, tooke in below Mal∣don. The Yare (Garrienus of Ptolemy,) out of Norfolk tooke in at Yar∣mouth. In Suffolke betwixt this and Harwich lyeth Easton-Nesse, (Exten∣sio of Ptolemy.) Into the Washes (Metaris of Ptolemy) the Ouse ari∣sing at Brakeley in Northamptonshire, and by Buckingham, Bedford, Huntingdon,* 1.28 and Elye tooke in at Linne. The Nen (Antona of Taci∣tus) from the hils by Daintrey, thorough Northamptonshire, and the Fens of Cambridgeshire tooke in below Peterborough, & Wisbich. The Welland, by Stamford, and betwixt Cambridgeshire, and Lincolneshire, tooke in below Crowland.* 1.29 The Witham out of Lincolneshire, below Lin∣colne, and Boston flowing into the same Arme of the sea. Into Humber the Ankam in Lincolneshire, by Glamford-bridge, and Saxbye (my birth∣place) tooke in at South-Feriby. The Hull, tooke in at the town of Hull in Yorkeshire, and with the sea, and Humber encompassing Holdernes (the Promontory Ocellum of Ptolemy.) Beyond,* 1.30 vnder Flamborough head, quart of Bridlington was the Bay, named of the Gabrantovici by Ptolemy. More Northwards against Whitby in Blackamore is the Bay Dunum of the same Authour.* 1.31 The Tees (Tuesis of Ptolemy) out of Stanemore, betwixt Yorke∣shire, and the bishopricke of Durham falling into the Ocean below Ya∣rum. The Were (Vedra of Ptolemy) accruing from two little rivulets, named Kell-hop, and Burn-hop, in the Westerne part of the bishopricke, tooke in at Monkwermouth below Durham. The Tine (Tina of Ptolemy,) distinguished into the South Tine, arising in Cumberland nere Alstenmore; and the North Tine, from Mountaines in the Scottish borders, through Tindale, and the Picts wall after the receipt of the Riuer Rheade from Rheadesquire-hill in the same borders (naming the valley of Rheadesdale) aboue Hexham meeting with the South-Tine, and together betwixt the bishopricke of Durham, and Northumberland disburdened into the Ocean at Tinmouth below New-castle.* 1.32 The Alne (Alaunus of Ptolemy) in Northumberland,* 1.33 tooke in below Anwicke. The Tweede from Moun∣taines in Scotland, thorough Tweedale, afterwards betwixt the two king∣domes tooke in at Berwicke. Into the Sea of Seuerne, and in Devonshire the Taw, and Towridge,* 1.34 arising neere to Herty-point (Promontorium Her∣culis of Ptolemy,)* 1.35 meeting together, and in one channell tooke in below Barstaple. The Parret in Sommersetshire, below Bridgewater, and Hunt∣spill falling into the Baye,* 1.36 named Vexalla, or Vzella by Ptolemy. The Vske out of the blacke Mountaine in Brecknockeshire, thorough this country, and Monmouth-shire tooke in below Newport.* 1.37 The Taffe (Ratostabi∣us, and Ratostibius of Ptolemy,) thorough Glamorganshire, tooke in below Cardiffe. The Tovy (Tobius of Ptolemy,) thorough Caermardenshire, tooke in below the towne of Caermarden.* 1.38 Beyond, in Penbrokeshire ly∣eth Saint Davids head,* 1.39 or S. Davids land (the Promontorie of the Octopitae of Ptolemy.) Into the Irish Ocean the Tivy (Tuerobis, or Tuerobius of Pto∣lemy,) out of Lhin-Tivy, betwixt Cardiganshire, and Penbrokeshire tooke in below Cardigan. The Ystwith (Stuccia of Ptolemy,) tooke in at Aber-Ystwith

in Cardiganshire.* 1.40 Beyond in Caernarvonshire lyeth the great Promontory named Lhein by the Welsh, and Canganum, or Langanum by Ptolemy. The Conwey (Tisobis, or Toisovius of Ptolemy,) betwixt Caer∣narvonshire, and Denbighshire, tooke in at Aber-conwey. The Dee (Seteia of Ptolemy) arising with two heades from the Mountaines beyond Lhin-tegid, or Pimble-meere in Merioneth-shire, thorough Denbighshire, afterwards betwixt Wales, and Cheshire, tooke in below Chester. The Mersey,* 1.41 betwixt Cheshire, and Lancashire tooke in below Lirpoole. The Ribble, (Belisamum, and Bellisama of Ptolemy) out of Craven in Yorkeshire neere the Mountaine Ingleborough, thorough Lancashire tooke in below Preston. The Lune from the hills of Westmoreland, tooke in below Lan∣caster, Beyond, betwixt Fournesse, and Westmoreland is the great Lake Winander-mere,* 1.42 not vnprobably Setantiorum 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or the Lake of the Setan∣tij of Ptolemy. The Eden (Ituna of Ptolemy) out of Richmondshire, through Westmoreland, and Cumberland, by Kirkby-Steven, Appleby, and Carlile tooke into the Frith of Solway.* 1.43 The Leven, Eske, & Sark (bounders here of the English,* 1.44 and Scottish kingdomes) emptyed into the Solway. The great Bay by Holme Cultrain on this side of the Frith seemeth to be Mo∣ricambe of Ptolemy. In Scotland the Annan, by Annandale tooke into the Solway below the towne of Annand. The Nid (Novius, or Nobius of Ptolemy) out of Logh-Cure,* 1.45 tooke into the Solway neere to Dunfreys. In Galloway the Dee (Deva, and Dea of Ptolemy.) The Ken (Iena of Ptolemy.) The Rian (Auravannus, and Abravanus of Ptolemy) out of Logh-Rian. Betwixt the two last lyeth the Mul of Galloway, the Chersonese, or Pro∣montoric of the Novantes of Ptolemy. Beyond, quart of Carict, lyeth the Bay Rherigonius of the same authour. The Cluid, at the castle of Dunbri∣ton falling into Dunbriton Frith, the Glota of Tacitus, and Clota of Ptole∣my.* 1.46 The Levin (Lelaannonius, and Lelanonius of Ptolemy) out of the Lake Lomond, falling into the Cluid at Dunbriton. Beyond the Frith is Cantire, a long,* 1.47 and narrow Chersonese, the Promontory Epidium, or of the Epi∣dij of Ptolemy.* 1.48 In Rosse Lough Longas (Longus of Ptolemy.) Into the Ger∣man, or Easterne sea the Banoc, emptyed in the Forth, or Frith of Eden∣borough, the Bodotria of Tacitus, and Boderia of Ptolemy, with the Glota or the Frith of Dunbriton the furthest limits Northwards of the Roman conquests in Britaine.* 1.49 The Dee (Diva of Ptolemy) out of Marre,* 1.50 tooke in neere to Aberdon.* 1.51 In Murray the Spey. In the same country the Losse (the Loxa of Ptolemy.)* 1.52 In Rosse the Cillian (the Celnius of Ptolemy.) Betwixt this,* 1.53 and Murray lyeth the Bay named Vara,* 1.54 and Vararis by Ptolemy.) In Catnesse the Wifle (probably Ila of Ptolemy).* 1.55 Beyond in Strath-Navern are the Promontories Dunsby (Viruedrum of Ptolemy.) Vrde-head (Veruvi∣um of Ptolemy.)* 1.56 And Howburne-head (Orcas, and Tarvedrum, or Tarvisi∣um of the same Authour,) the extreame parts of the Iland to the North. Many of the riues haue the same names. How this hapned wee knowe not.

THE ANCIENT NAMES OF ENGLAND

THea 1.57 more ancient names hereof in approued Authours were onely those of Albionb 1.58 andc 1.59 Britannia. Vnder the common name of the Brittish Ilands Aristotled 1.60 in his booke de mundo, and 3 Chapter com∣prehendeth both the Ilands of Albion, and Ierna, or Ibernia. The like doth Ptolemy in the 8 booke of his Geographiee 1.61 and 3 chapter. Pliny in his 4 booke and 16 chapter, observeth all those Ilands, situated in the Ocean betwixt Germany, and Spaine, before this times, to haue beene all called by the generall name of Britaine. The common name then of the Countrie, and of all the neighbouring Iles first, and more aunciently was Britaine, or the Brittish Ilands. The particular name he∣reof was Albion, devised first by the Graecians, sayling towards those parts, (for the discoveries of the Latines, or Romans, at what time that we first heare of the name reached not so farre, being then a meane and obscure state, and confined onely within Italy,) either (as some conie∣cture) from Albion, a supposed sonne of their Sea-god,f 1.62 Neptune, an E∣tymologie not altogether absurd, the situation hereof being considered, and the vsuall vanity of the Greekes in giuing names to Countryes from their profane gods; or (which is more probable) from the word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, after Festus signifying White in the Greekish language, imposed in re∣gard of the white chalky cliffs of the high sea-coast hereof, seene by the Mariners a farre of, trading in those Seas. Afterwards (as ing 1.63 Pli∣ny) the name of Albion left of, it tooke the proper name of Britannia, or Britaine. The first of Greeke Authours, who expressely nameth it Britannia was Athenaeush 1.64 in his fift booke. The first of the Latines were Lucretius, and Caesar, followed by Strabo, Pliny, and all other succeeding Historians, & Geographers, Ptolemy excepted, who in his second and eight bookes reviueth againe the long forgotten name of Albion. The word Britannia, or Britaine learned Camden deriueth from the word Brith, signifying Painted with the ancient Britons, & the Greeke word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, signifying a Countrey, expressing together a Countrey of painted men, giuen by the Greekes, the first discouerers, from the manner of the inhabitants, who, after Herodian and others, went naked, and had their bodies painted. Other Etymologies are absurd, and more vnlikely. The best (antiquity being herein silent) can be only coniecturall, and very vncertaine.

THE BOVNDS OF ANCI∣ENT BRITAINE.

THe bounds of the ancient (since of an Iland) were the same with those of the moderne Britaine, vpon the North thei 1.65 Northerne sea; vpon the West the Irish,k 1.66 and thel 1.67 Westerne; vpon the South the English, orm 1.68 British; and vpon the East then 1.69 German Ocean.

BRITAINE VNDER THE FIRST NATIVES.a 1.70

THeo 1.71 first dominion hereof, was vnder the natiue Britons (for more an∣cient inhabitants we finde not.) Of these the Caledonij Tacitus con∣iectureth originally to haue beene Germans from their yellow haire, & the Silures Spaniards from their curled lockes, and more swarthy coun∣tenances. The generality of the Nation he otherwise thinketh to haue beene descended from the neighbouring Gaules in regard of their same religion, and like manners, and language. Their descent from the Gaules is more probable as for the reasons here set downe, so for the si∣tuation hereof, being the next part of the Continent vnto them, & their way from Asia, and the East, from whence the world was first peopled. Their originall from Brute, and the Troians is altogether absurd, and fa∣bulous, since not any more ancient Greeke, or Latine Authours, or bar∣barous monuments make mention hereof, from whom the compilers of that story, might gather their relation; neither were the ruder na∣tiues then so learned, or carefull, that they preserued any memorie of things donep 1.72 vnto after ages. Their government (while they were free) was vnder Kings, commaunded by many after the fashion of barbarous Nations. Amongst these, Caesar maketh mention of Cassivellanus in his 5 Commentary of the warres of Gaule vpon occasion of his warres herewith; Dion of Cataratacus, and Togodumnus, sonnes to Cynobellinus in the raigne of Claudian; Tacitus of Cartismandua, Queene of the Bri∣gantes, in the time of the same Emperour. The Caledonioj for a great part were a free state afterq 1.73 Xiphilinus in his Epitome of Dion, and life of the Emperour Severus, gouerned by the people. What was their estate be∣fore Caesar, ancient Authours relate not, neither (excepting onely Lu∣cretius) doe so much as put downe, and remember the name of Bri∣tons.

BRITAINE CONQVERED BY THE ROMANES.

THer 1.74 Romans were the first of certaine, and knowne forreiners, & of these C▪ Iulius Caesar, who invaded Britaine in the yeare of Rome 699, Cn. Pompeìus, and M. Crassus being Consulls, invited according to Sue∣tonìus through a couetous desire of the fairer pearles hereof, and pre∣tending (as himselfe witnesseth in his Commentaries) the continuall supplies and aides of the Nation sent vnto the Gaules in their great warres hereagainst. After two iourneyes made, and some victories gained, hostages taken, & a tribute imposed, he returned into the Con∣tinent, rather (after Tacitus) affrighting the Ilanders by those inroades, and discouering them to posterity, then making any conquest of them. The Romans afterwards being detained at home by civill warres, and the succeeding Emperours Octavius Augustus, and Tiberius being care∣full rather to preserue what they had gotten, then vncertainely to graspe at more; Britaine is a long time forgotten, and the conquest he∣reof intermitted. Caius Caligula had a purpose to invade the Iland, but being giddy-headed, and his minde soone changing, this project is left of. In the yeare of Rome 797 Aulus Plautius is sent hither from Claudius, sollicited by Bericus, a Britaine, through sedition expulsed the Coun∣trie, accompanied by the two brethren Sabinus, and Vespasianus, who afterwards was Emperour, followed not long after by the Emperour Claudius in person, the successe of whose warre was after Dion the ta∣king of Camalodunum, a chiefe seate of the Kings, the death of King Togodumnus, the subjection of the part hereof lying next to Gaule, and the disarming of the Inhabitants; the first hereof that set firme footing, and fixed a conquest in the Countrie. By Aulus Plautius left by Claudius to end the warre, and his successour Publius Ostorius Scapula, the Silures, and Iceni being vanquished in severall fights, King Caractacus taken pri∣soner, and a Roman Colonie planted at Camalodunum; their conquests here are confirmed, and enlarged, and the higher part of Britaine reduced into the forme of a Roman Province. In the raigne of Domitius Nero, the Britons provoked with injuries, vnder Voadica, Queene to Pratasa∣gus, the late deceased King of the Iceni, take armes, and rebell, sacking the townes of Camalodunum, and Verulamium, and killing no lesse then 70 thousand Roman Citizens, and their confederates, overthrowne shortly after, & slaine in a great battaile to the number of 80 thousand, and forced to a greater servitude by Paulinus Suetonius then Leifete∣nant for the Emperour. By Petilius Cerealis, in the raigne of Vespasian, the great and populous Nation of the Brigantes are warred vpon, and in part overcome. By Iulius Frontinus, his Successour, the warlike Si∣lures after stiffe, and long resistance are subdued. Iulius Agricola Pro∣praetor in the raigne of Domitian set limits here to the Roman greatnes, by armes, iustice, and better moderation, making a full conquest of the Southerne part of the Iland, extended Northwards vnto the seas Glota, and Bodotria, now the Friths of Dunbriton, and Edenborough in Scot∣land,

the furthest bounds this way of their Empire, ordering the whole into a province, and civilizing the inhabitants, teaching them letters, and the Roman habit, and manners. Hee also after Dion first discoue∣red the Countrie to be an Iland, which vntill then was doubted of, and not certainely knowne. The further parts beyond the Bodotria and Glo∣ta, as more could, and vnfruitfull, and inaccessable in regard of their great mountaines, and woods, he left free to the more fierce, & barba∣rous Northerne Britons, whom he paled in, and shut out from the more ciuill and Roman by sundry forts, & garrisons of souldiers, planted in the narrow necke of land betwixt the two Friths. The Emperour A∣drian not long after remoued the pale more Southwards, and the better to keepe out the enimy drew a trench, or wall of turfes of 80 miles crosse the Iland betwixt the two seas. The place Aelius Spartianus, my Au∣thour, setteth not downe. Camden coniectureth it to haue beene, where afterwards stood the wall of Severus, extended betwixt the river Tina, & Ituna, now the Tine & Solway Frith neare Carlile. Lollius Vrbicus in the raigne of Antoninus Pius, who next succeeded, beating backe the barbarous people, againe enlarged the province beyond the wall of A∣drian, (as thinketh Camden) vnto the two Friths before mentioned, and the limits of the Empire in the time of Agricola, and Domitian, which after Capitolinus, he likewise entrenched with another new wall of sodds, ouerthrowne not long after, and broken downe by the Caledonij in the raigne of the Emperour Commodus. The Roman Britons, continually molested by the barbarous incursions of the Highlanders, or North∣erne; the Emperour Septimius Severus attempted the conquest of the whole Iland, which yet (the enimies keeping within their fastnesses, & not offering battaill) after much toyle, and the losse of 50 thousand men he could not effect, withdrawing within the pale of Adrian, & more firmely to secure the province vpon, or neere vnto the wall hereof, raising a third wall, or trench, strengthning the same with broad ditches, and towers reared along the wall. Afterwards notwithstanding in the raignes of the Emperours Dioclesian, and of Valentian the first, we finde the Romans possessed of the Countrey betwixt this wall, and the Bodo∣tria; whence neuerthelesse they were alwaies beaten out, vseing it onely as a counterscharf, by their velitations there to keepe the eni∣mie from invading the more inland part of the province. In this man∣ner the Iland in time came diuided betwixt the Romans, and the Nor∣therne vntamed Britons, bounded, and kept asunder by forts, ditches, and walls, continued, when the Romans prevailed, betwixt the Bodo∣tria, and Glota, when the Northerne side had the better hand, betwixt the Ituna, and Tina. The Northern Britons are all called in the Histories r 1.75 of those times by the generall names of the Maeatae, and Caledonii. We after doe heare succeeding in their roomes the Picts, and Scots in the raigne of Constantius, and Iulianus, of whom we are to speake hereafter. The province subject to the Romans was governed by their Propraetours, and other names of Magistrates. In Xiphilinus we finde it distinguished into the higher and the lower Britaine, whereof this contayned the Nor∣therne part, and the other the more Southerne. The Emperour Severus

most probably was the author of this division, whom after his victory against Albinus, we reade in the third booke of Herodian, parting the I∣land into two Praefectureships, or jurisdictions. The authour of the Noti∣tia, after the times of Constantine the great (who altering euery-where the gouernment of the Empire, first thus divided it) nameth here fiue juridicall resorts, or Provinces,z 1.76 Valentia (the part after Camden inclu∣ded within the two walls, and containing now the parts of Northumber∣land & Cumberland, together with Scotland, vnto the Friths of Edinburgh & Dunbriton,) Maxima Caesariensis, Britannia prima, Britannia secunda, & Flavia Caesariensis, wherof the two first were consulary, & governed by Procōsuls, the 3 last Praesidial, cōmanded by Roman Praesides, subject to the Vicar generall of Britaine, vnder the Praetorio-praefectus of Gaule. The same number, & almost names are put by the author of the booke of the Roman Provinces, Britannia prima, Britannia secunda, Flavia, Ma∣xima, and Valentiana, Rufus Festus mentioneth onely foure Provinces, Maxima Caesariensis, Britannia prima, Britannia secunda, and Flavia Cae∣sariensis, omitting Valentia, which probably at that time was lost vnto the Northerne Britons. What parts these now containe, we cannot cer∣tainely define, since their Authors doe not bound them, either place any Cities in them, whereby they might be distinguished. Not vnpro∣bably with Pancirollus Britannia prima comprehended at this day the South-East part of England; Flavia Caesariensis, Cornwall, or the South-west part; Maxima Caesariensis, Wales, or the countreyes within the riuer of Severne; and Britannia secunda, the Northerne parts vnto the wall of Severus. After others Britanniaa 1.77 prima, contained the South part of the Iland, included within the riuer Thames, the British Ocean, and the sea of Severne, Britannia secunda, Wales; Flavia Caesariensis the parts exten∣ded betwixt the Thames and Humber; and Maxima Caesariensis, the part lying betwixt the wall of Severus and Humber. The military affaires hereof were ordered by ab 1.78 Duke of the Britains, guarding the Nor∣therne and Westerne borders against the incursions of the barbarous Nations; a Comes, orc 1.79 Earle of the Britaines, commaunding in the In∣land parts; and and 1.80 Earle Littoris Saxonici, or of the Easterne coasts, quarting the Saxons in Germany, with whose pyracies the Iland was then continually infested. Vnder the first hereof the Authour of the Notitia, placeth the 6. Legion, 16 Cohorts, and tene 1.81 Numeri of foote, with 9 troupes of horse, containing together after Pancirolus his accompt about 900 horse, and 14000 foote, distributed into 34 garrisons vpon the frontires, and along the Wall before mentioned. The Earle of the Ea∣sterne, or Saxon Shore, had commaund ouer the Second Legion, one Co∣hort, and 5 Numeri of foote, & 2 troupes of horse. The Earle of the Britaines had 3 Numeri of foote, and 6 troupes of horse. The two last contained together after Pancirolus about 9000 foote, and some 1000 horse. The whole number of Roman souldiers aweing the Province towards the pe∣riod of the Westerne Empire, and about the raigne of the Emperour Theodosius the second, (for of those times especially the Notitia is to be vnderstood) were (if Pancirolus mistake not in his accompt) some 23000 foote, and 2000 horse. The ordinary Legions attending here, were

in the Itinerarium ascribed to Antoninus,a 1.82 the Second Legion surna∣med Augusta, keeping their station at Isca Silurum, now Caer-Leon in the county of Monmouth; theb 1.83 6 Legion surnamed Victrix at Eboracū, now Yorke; and the Twentiethc 1.84 Legion, in like manner surnamed Vi∣ctrix, at Deva, now West-Chester. Ptolemy long before this, liuing in the raigne of the Emperour Antoninus Pius, mentioneth the Sixt Legion surnamed Victrix at Eboracum; the twentieth Legion surnamed Victrix at Deva; and the Second Legion surnamed Augusta at Isca Damnoniorum, now Excester. Dion Cassius (vnderstanding this of his owne time, which was the raigne of the Emperour Maximinus) remembreth the Sixt Le∣gion, named Victrix, in the Lower Britaine; and the Second Legion, surna∣med Augusta, and the twentieth Legion surnamed Valentiana, and Victrix wintring in the higher Britaine. The Roman souldiers then ordinarily guarding the Province, were the Second, the Sixt, and the Twentieth Le∣gions. Tacitus in the raigne of Domitius Nero, besides the Second, and the Twentieth, nameth here the Ninth, and the Fourteenth Legions. But which were no ordinary guards, brought hither vpon the occasion of the great warre hereof with the Britons.

From the wintering campes hereof, and of their wings, and aydes ma∣ny Cityes, and townes arose heere, and were occasioned (as the like happened in other parts of the Roman Empire,) whereof parte flou∣rish at this time, others through age are now extinguished, or decayed, and reduced vnto the estate of meane villages, knowne only by their Roman coynes, and other markes of antiquity, digged forth of their ruines. Their more true place, and names, with the estate of the whole Iland during those first times, will better appeare in the following description hereof, gathered out of Ptolomye, the Itinerary of Antoni∣nus, and the Authour of the Notitia, with reference to Tacitus, and o∣ther approued Authours, beginning with Ptolomy.

THE DESCRIPTION OF BRITAINE VNDER THE ROMANE EMPIRE.

ALBION.

BY this name Ptolomy calleth the Iland, whose order I haue ob∣serued.* 1.85 The bounds hereof I haue formerly set downe.

The Inhabitants with their Cities, and Interpretations fol∣low.

The Epidij, Cerones, Creones, Carnonacae, Carini, Cornabij, Logi, Mertae, Cantae, Texali, Vennicontes, Vacomagi, and Caledonij, inhabiting the more Northerne part of the Iland, beyond the Bodotria, and Glota, and contai∣ning now together the Countryes of Fife, Strath-eren, Argile, Cantire, Lorne, Braid-Albin, the Sherifdome of Perth, Anguis, Merne, Marre, Bu∣quhan, Murray, Loquuabry, Rosse, Suderland, Catnes, and Strath-Naverne, or the whole North of Scotland, from Straithye head, vnto the Friths of Edinborough and Dunbriton.

Their townes were Banatia, Tamia, Orrea, Devana, Alata Castra, and Tuesis, whose interpretations (as very vncertaine) we let passe. The most doe place Alata castra where now is Edinborough. But whose er∣rours their farre different situations doe plainely manifest, Edinborough standing on this side the Frith, and Alata castra in my Authour much beyond amongst the Vaco-magi. This was the onely part of Britaine which the Romans left vnconquered. By the Roman Historians it is otherwise called Caledonia,a 1.86 and theb 1.87 Caledonij, into whose gene∣rall appellation those lesser names vnited, seuered from the Province, or the Roman Britons by the trench or wall of Lollius Vrbicus, before mentioned, whose tract betwixt the Friths of Dunbriton & Edinborough, called Grahams Dike by the Scots, is yet appearing.

The Novantae (on this side the Frith of Dunbriton) containing now Galloway, Carick, Kyle, and Cuningham.

The cities were Leucopibia, now probably VVhit-herne in Galloway, & Rerigonium, now Bergeny in Carick.

Theg 1.88 Selgovae, now Lidesdale, Eusdale, Eskdale, Annandale, & Nidis∣dale, named thus from their riuers falling into the Solway Frith.

Their townes were Carbantorigum, standing sometimes where now is Caerlaverocke, the dwelling house of the Lord Maxwell.

Vxelumh 1.89. The place is lost. Camden from the name conjectureth it to haue stood vpon the riuer Euse in Eusdale.

Corda. It stood sometimes vpon the Lake called now Loch-Cure in Nidisdale.

Trimontium. The Damnij, now C••luydsdale, the Barony of Renfraw, Lennox, the Sherifdome of Sterling, and Menteth.

Their townes were Colanica.

Vanduara, now Renfraw.

Coria, not improbably where now is Camelot in the country of Sterling.

Alauna.

Lindum, now Linlithquo.

Victoria.

The Gadeni, now Teifidale, Twedale, Merch, and Lothien, or the part of Scotland lying vpon the German Ocean, betwixt the riuer of Tweede, and the Frith of Edinburgh. Hitherto Scotland.

Thei 1.90 Otadeni containing now Northumberland in England.

Their townes were Curia, now Corbridge vpon the riuer Tine in Northumberland; and Bremenium, (Bremenium of Antoninus) conjectu∣red now to be Rochester in Readesdale in Northumberland.

The people hitherto inclusiuely from the Novantae, were in the time of Dion called all by the generall namek 1.91 of the Maeatae. Theyl 1.92 together comprehended the Province, named Valentiam 1.93 by Ammianus Marcel∣linus, and the Author of the Notitia, and Valentiana by the Authour of the booke of the Roman Provinces, included betwixt the two walls of Lollius Vrbicus, and Severus before-mentioned, debated for a long time betwixt the Romans, and the Northerne British Nations, and now reco∣vered by one side, and soone after by the other, yet by turnes held by the Romanes vntill here the expiration of their Empire.

Xiphilinus here contradicting Ptolemy, obserueth then 1.94 Caledonij, and Maeatae, or Northerne Britons not to haue inhabited any Cities or wal∣led townes, liuing then naked in tents, neither doe we finde any men∣tion hereof in those great journeyes made by Iulius Agricola, and the Emperour Severus into Caledonia, and the North which giueth suspiti∣on the places hitherto set downe by my Authour, either not at all to haue beene, or that they were onely some scattered habitations, deli∣uered vnto him by vncertaine and false relation, and named thus.

The Brigantes, (the Brigantes of Tacitus) containing now Cumber∣land, VVestmorland, the Bishopricke of Durham, Yorkeshire, and Lanca∣shire, or the parts of England, lying North of the riuer of Mersee, and Humber, (the Countie of Northumberland excepted.) Here more pro∣perly begun the Roman Province, and the Itinerary of Antoninus, which no where passeth beyond the limits of the Empire.

Their townes were Epiacum, now Pap-castle in Cumberland.

Vinovium (Vinovia of Antoninus.) The town is ruinated. It stood aun∣ciently where now is Binchester, a small hamlet nere vnto Bishop-Auk∣land in the Bishoprick of Durham.

Caturactonium (Caturacton of Antoninus) now Catarick in Richmond∣shire.

Calatum, (o 1.95 Gallatum of Antoninus) where now is VVheallep-castle, neare Kirkbye-Thore in Westmorland.

Isurium, (Isurium of Antoninus) now Ald-burrow in Yorkeshire vpon the riuer Yeure.

Olicana, now Inkley in the same shire.

Rhigodunum, now Rible-chester in Lancashire.

Eboracum, Legio Sexta victrix (Eboracum Legio Sexta victrix of Anto∣ninus, Eboracump 1.96 a Municipium of the Romans after Aurelius Victor) now Yorke.

Camunlodunum (Camulodunum of Antoninus.) The towne now is not extant. The ruines hereof yet appeare vpō a steep hill nere vnto Al∣mundbury, and the riuer of Calder in the West-riding of Yorkeshire.

The Parisi, part of the Brigantes containing now the East-riding of Yorkeshire.

Their citie was Petuaria, not vnprobably now Beverley.

The Cornavii, now Cheshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Worcestershire, and Warwicshire.

Their cities wereq 1.97 Deunana, Legio vigessima Victrix (Deva, Legio vi∣gessima victrix of Antoninus,) now West-chester; and Viroconium) Vro∣conium of Antoninus,) now Wroxcester in Shropshire.

Ther 1.98 Orduices (the Ordovices of Tacitus,) now Flint-shire, Denbighshire, Caernarvonshire, Merionithshire, and Mountgomerieshire, or North-Wales.

Their cities were Mediolanium (Mediolanum of Antoninus,) now Lhan-Vethlin in Mountgomeryshire, and Brannogenium, now Worcester. This last Towne is misplaced by my Authour, belonging vnto the Cornavii.

The Demetae, now Carmarthenshire, Cardiganshire, and Pembrokeshire, or West-Wales.

Their cities were Loventinum, probably New-Castle in Carmarthen∣shire; and Maridunum, now Caermarthen in the same county.

The Silyres (the Silures of Ptolemy, Tacitus, & Antoninus,) now Here∣fordshire, with Radnorshire, Brecknockshire, Monmouthshire, and Glamor∣ganshire, or South-wales.

Their citie was Bullaeum now Buelth in Brecknockshire.

The Dobuni (thes 1.99 Bodunni of Dion,) now Glocestershire, & Oxfordshire.

Their City was Corinnium, (Corinium of Antoninus) now Cirence∣ster in Glocestershire.

The Catyeuchlani (the Catuellani of Dion,) now Buckinghamshire, Bed∣fordshire, and Hartfordshire.

Their townes were Vrolanium (Verolamium of Tacitus & Antoninus, a Municipium of thet 1.100 Romans after Tacitus,) now Verulam by S. Albans in Hartfordshire.

Salenae. The place is now called Chesterfield, & Salndy, standing in Bedfordshire neere vnto Temesford, and the riuer Ouse.

Theu 1.101 Coritaui, contayning now Lincolneshire, Leicestershire, Rutland∣shire, Nottinghamshire, & Darbyshire.

The townes were Lindum, (Lindum of Antoninus,) now Lincolne; and Rhage (x 1.102 Ratis of Antoninus) now Leicester.

The Simeni corruptly for the Iceni (the Iceni of Tacitus,) now Hun∣tingdonshire, Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, & Suffolk.

Their City was Venta, (Venta Icenorum of Antoninus.)

The place where this stood is named Caster (where some ruines here∣of are yet seene) neare vnto the city of Norwich.

The Trinoantes (the Trinobantes of Caesar) now Essex, ct Midlesex.

Their City was Camudolun (Camulodinum of Dion, and Antoninus, Camalodunum of Pliny, & Camalodunum a Colonyy 1.103 of old Roman souldi∣ers after Tacitus, planted here by P: Ostorius Scapula, Leiftenant for the Emperour Claudius) now Maldon in Essex.

The Cantii (Cantium of Caesar) now Kent.

Their Cities were Darvernum, (Durovernum of Antoninus) now Can∣terbury.

Rutupiae (Ritupae, the port of the Britons after Antoninus, and Ritupae the mansionz 1.104 of the Commander of the secōd Legion, surnamed Augusta, after the authour of the Notitia. The place now is named Richborough, and is plowed ground neere vnto the towne of Sandwich.

Londinium (Londinium of Antoninus, Londiniuma 1.105 a famous Mart-town after Tacitus, Lundonium, anb 1.106 ancient towne, more lately surnamed Augu∣sta after Am: Marcellinus) now London. It is misplaced by my Authour, since standing on the further side of the river Thames in the Country of the Trinobantes.

The Rheginic 1.107 now Surrey, and Sussex, and the sea-coast of Hantshire.

Their Citie was Naeomagus (Noviomagus of Antoninus, distant to miles from Londinium.) Certaine shadowes, and ruines hereof, yet ap∣peare vpon a woody hill, named Woodcote, some two miles from Wim∣bleton in Surrey.

The Atrebatij, now Barkeshire. Their Citie wasd 1.108 Nalcaea (Calleva of Antoninus,) now Wallingford. The Belgae, now Hantshire, Wiltshire, and Somersetshire. Their Cities were Iscalis, now Ivelcester in Somersetshire. Aquae Calidae (Aquae Solis of Antoninus,) now Bath. Venta, (Venta Belgarum of Antoninus) now Winchester. The Durotriges, now Dorsetshire. Their City was Dunium (Durnovaria of Antoninus) now Dorcester. The Dumnonij, now Devonshire, & Cornwall.

Their Cities were Isca, the station of the second Legion, surnamed Au∣gusta, now Excester. Antoninus more rightly placeth this Legion at Isca Silurum, now Caer-Leon in Monmouthshire.

Tamare, now Tamerton in Cornwall. Vxelae 1.109 now Lestuthiel in Cornwall. Voltba, neere Falmouth. The distinct place is not knowne.

Such was the face of Britaine in the time of Ptolemy, liuing in the raign of the Emperour Antoninus Pius, about the yeare of Rome 892, and some 95 yeares since the first conquest hereof by the Emperour Clau∣dius Caesar. Afterwards towards the waine of the Westerne Empire, the Country being growne more ciuill, rich, and better accommodated through the long peace, and happy subjection thereof to the Romans, we heare of sundry new Cities, or forts, in the part which was the Pro∣vince, not mentioned by Ptolemy, or any former authour, whereof some notwithstanding we guesse rather to haue beene certaine more famous passages, through-fares, or lodging-places, standing in the high military roades. Their names we haue added out of the Itinerarium, ascribed to Antoninus, together with their interpretations.

In the Roade betwixtf 1.110 the Picts wall, and Praetorium, now Patrington in

Holdernes in Yorkeshire.

Vindomara,g 1.111 (Vindobala of the Notitia, the station of the first Cohort, na∣med of theh 1.112 Frixagori) now Wall••send, neere vnto the mouth of the riuer Tine in Northumberland.

Derventio (Derventioi 1.113 of the Notitia, the station of a foote company, na∣med from the place by this authour the Derventionenses,) now Auldby vpon the riuer Derwent in Yorkeshire.

Delgovitia, now Wighton vnder Yorkes-would in the same County.

Betwixt thek 1.114 Picts wall, & the Port of Ritupae, or Richborough neere the towne of Sandwich in Kent.

Blatobulgium, now Bulnesse, a small hamlet vpon the left shore and mouth of Solway Frith in Cumberland.

Castra Exploratorum, probably old Carlile in the same Countie.

Lugwallum, now Carlile.

Voreda. The towne I finde not.

Brovonacis, (Braboniacuml 1.115 of the Notitia the station of a foote company named the Defensores) now Brougham.

Verteris (Veteres of the Notitia, the station of a foote company named of the Directores,m 1.116 now Brough vnder Stane-more.

The two last lie in Westmoreland.

Lavatris,n 1.117 (Lavatrae of the Notitia, the Mansion of a foote company, named the Exploratores) now Bowes vnder Stane-more in Richmondshire.

Calcaria, now Tadcaster in Yorkeshire. Mancunium, Manchester in Lancashire, Condate, Congleton in Cheshire. Bovium, Bangor in Flintshire. Rutunium, Routon in Shropshire. Vxacama, Oken-Yate, a village in Shropshire vpon Watlingsteete. Pennocrucium, Penckridge, a village in the same shire. Etocetum, the wall in Staffordshire distant about a mile from Lichfield.

Manduessedum, now Manchester, a small village vpon the riuer Anker in Warwickshire.

Venonis. The place now is called the High Crosse standing vpon the military way neere vnto Bensfordbridge in Leicestershire.

Bennavenna, Wedon on the streete in Northamptonshire. Lactodorum, Stony-Stratford in Buckinghamshire. Magiovintum, Dunstable. Durocobriuis, probably now Redborne in Hartfordshire. Sulloniacis, Brockley-Hill neere Ellestre in the same Countey. Vagniacis, Maidstone in Kent. Durolevum, Lenham in Kent.

Betwixt Londinium,o 1.118 and Lugwallum vpon the wall, now Carlile.

Caesaromagus, about Brentwood in Essex. Colonia, Colchester. Villa-Faustini, S Edmundsbury in Suffolke. Iciani, probably Ich-borough in Norfolke. Camboricum, Cambridge.

Duroli Pons, Gormanchester by Huntington.

Durobrivae, Caster vpon the river Nen neere Wamlsford in Northamp∣tonshire.

Causennis, Bridge-Casterton vpon the river Wash in Rutlandshire.

Sigelocis,p 1.119 Litleborough vpon the Trent in Nottinghamshire.

Danum (Danumq 1.120 of the Notitia, the mansion of a troupe of horse, named by my Authour the Crispiniani) now Dancaster in Yorkeshire.

Legeolium, now Castleford neere Pontfreict.

Brocavum, the same with Brovonacis, mentioned before in the Reade betwixt the Picts wall, and the Port Ritupae.

Betwixtr 1.121 Londinium & Lindum, or Lincolne.

Isannavatia, the same with Bennavenna before mentioned. Tripontium, Torcester in Northamptonshire. Verometum, Borough vpon the hill in Leicestershire. Margidunum, about Belvoir Castle. Ad Pontem, Paunton in Lincolneshire. Crococalanum, Ancaster in the same countie.

Betwixt Clanoventa,s 1.122 (Clannibanta of the Notitia, the stationt 1.123 of the first Cohort of the Morini) now vpon the river Wents-Beck in Northumberland, & Mediolanum, or Lhan Vethlin in Mount∣gomery-shire.

Galava, not vnprobably Walle-wic vpon the Picts wall in Northum∣berland.

Alon (Alionu 1.124 of the Notitia, the station of the third Cohort of the Nervii.) The place is now vnknowne. Camden from the name coniectu∣reth that it stood vpon the rivulet, now called Alne in Northumber∣land.

Bremetonacis, now Overborough in Lancashire.

Betwixtx 1.125 Segoncium, now Caer Siont neere Caernervon, and De∣va, or West-chester.

Conovium, Caer-hean in Caernarvonshire.

Varis, Bod-vary in Flintshire.

Betwixty 1.126 Muridonium and Viroconium, now Wroxcester in Shrop∣shire.

Vindonis, not vnprobably old Wilchelsey neere Wilchelsey in Sus∣sex. The place is worne into the sea.

Brage, probably Broughton a village in Hantshire. Servioduris, old Salisbury. Vindogladia, Winburne in Dorsetshire. Muridunum, not vnprobably Seaton in Devonshire. Leucarum, Loghor in Glamorganshire. Nidus, Neath in the same shire. Bomium, Boverton in the same shire. Burrium, Vske, in Monmouthshire. Gabannium, Aber-gevenny in the same county.

Magnis, (Magi of the Notitia the station of a foot company named of thez 1.127 Pacenses) now Radnor.

Bravonium.

Betwixta 1.128 Regnum, now Ringwood in Hantshire, and Londinium, or London.

Clausentum, now Southampton. Pontes, Colebroke.

Betwixt Ventab 1.129 Icenorum, or Caster neere Norwych, and Londiniū.

Sitomagus, Thetford in Norfolke. Adansa, probably Coggleshall in Essex. Canonium, Chemsford in the same county. Durolitū, not vnprobably Leiton vpon the riuer Ley in the same shire.

Betwixtc 1.130 Isca of the Silures, or Caer-Lheon in Monmouth∣shire, vnto Calleva, or Wallingford in Barkeshire.

Blestium, the Old towne, a small village in Herefordshire. Ariconium, now Kenchester neare vnto the citie of Hereford. Clevum, Glocester.

Durocornovium, the same with Corinium, & now Cirencester in Gloce∣stershire.

Spinae, now Spene by Newbury in Barkeshire.

Betwixt thed 1.131 same townes by another way.

Venta of the Silures, now Caerwent in Monmouthshire.

Abon, Avington a village towne vpon the Severne in the Forest of Deane in Glocestershire.

Traiectum, the passage of the Severne neere Aust in Glocestershire vp∣on the other side of the riuer.

Verlucio, now Werminster in Wiltshire.

Cunecio, not vnprobably Marleborough in the same county.

In the 3 Itinerarye 1.132.

Portus Dubris (Dubraef 1.133 of the Notitia, the station of a foote company of the Tungricani,) now Dover.

In the 4 Itineraryg 1.134.

Portus Lemannis (Lemannaeh 1.135 of the Notitia, the station of a foote com∣pany of the Turnacenses) now Limehill in Kent a village neere Hide.

Some of these Itineraryes are exceedingly crooked, and much about, the Authour obseruing rather the more noted, and chiefe places, then the next wayes betwixt his stages.

Thei 1.136 Booke of the Notitia addeth, which are not named by the Itine∣rarium, the townes, or forts of Othona, thek 1.137 station of a foot company, named the Fortenses. The place and name is lost. Camden coniectureth it to haue stood in Dengey hundred in Essex.

Anderida, the stationl 1.138 of a foote company, named of the Abulci, now Newenden in the Weald of Kent vpon the river Rother.

Portus Adurni, the station of a foote company,m 1.139 named of the Explora∣tores, now Ederington, a small village vpon the sea-coast of Sussex.

Branodunum, the stationn 1.140 of a troupe of Dalmatian horse, vpon Brand∣chester, a village vpon the sea-coast of Norfolke neere vnto Walsing∣ham.

Gariannonum, the stationo 1.141 of a troupe of h••rse, named the Stablesiani,

now Burgh Castle vpon the right shore of the riuer Yare in Suffolke, neere Yarmouth.

Regulbium, the stationp 1.142 of the first Cohort, named of the Vetasii, now Reculver in Kent, a country towne vpon the sea-coast, and mouth of the river Thames.

These 6 with the Ports of Ritupae, Lemannae, & Dubrae before mentio∣ned lay in the part of the Province, named then Littus Saxonicum, or the Saxonshore by my Authour, continued now, (as doth appeare from hence) along the sea-coast from Sussex, vnto Norfolk, and the Washes▪ of Lincolneshire, commanded with their souldiers, & garrisons by a Comes, or Earle,q 1.143 thus entituled, & attending here the Saxons from the oppo∣site coasts of Germany with continuall excursions molesting the Iland.

Praesidiumr 1.144 the station of a troupe of Dalmatian horse, now Warwyck.

Dictum,s 1.145 the station of a foote company of the Nervij, surnamed from hence the Dictenses, probably where stood Diganwey, neere Abercon∣wey in Caernarvonshire. This last is likewise now entinguished, con∣sumed with lightning.

Morbiumt 1.146 the station of a troupe of great horse, probably Moresby a village vpon the sea-coast in Cumberland.

Concangij, the stationv 1.147 of a foote company, named the Vigiles, pro∣bably Kendall in Westmoreland.

Maglova, the stationx 1.148 of a foote company, named the Solenses, now Macleneth in Montgomeryshire in Wales.

Longovicus, they 1.149 station of a foote company, called from hence the Longovicarii, now the towne of Lancaster.

Segedunum, thez 1.150 station the 4 Cohort, named of the Lergi, now Seghill in Northumberland vpon the sea-coast.

Pons Aelii; the stationa 1.151 of a Cohort of the Cornovii, Pont-Eland in the same countrie.

Procolitia, theb 1.152 station of the first Cohort of the Batavi, not vnproba∣bly Prudhow Castle in the same.

Borcovicus, the station of thec 1.153 first Cohort of the Tungri, Borwic in the same countie.

Vindolana, thed 1.154 station of the 4 Cohort of the Gaules, Old Winchester, or Winchester in the wall of the same county.

Aesica, the station of thee 1.155 first Cohort of the Astures, Netherby, a vil∣lage vpon the river Eske in Cumberland.

Magnae, the stationf 1.156 of the second cohort of the Dalmatians, Chester in the wall neere Haltwesel in Northumberland.

Amboglanna, the stationg 1.157 of the first cohort, named Aelia of the Daci, perhaps now Ambleside vpon the lake Winander-mere in Westmore∣land.

Congavata, the station of theh 1.158 second Cohort of the Lergi, vpon the ri∣ver Caudebec in the same countie.

Axelodunum the station of the first Cohort ofi 1.159 the Spaniards, now Hex∣ham

in Northumberland.

Gabrosentum, the station of the second Cohortk 1.160 of the Thracians, proba∣bly Newcastle vpon the Tine in the same county.

Tunnocelum, the station ofl 1.161 the first Cohort, named Aelia Classica, now

Tinmouth in the same county at the mouth of the Tine.

Virosidum, the station of the 6 Cohortm 1.162 of the Nervij, Werwick vpon the river Eden in Cumberland.

Condercum, the stationn 1.163 of the first wing of horse of the Asturians, now Chester vpon the street in the Bishopricke of Durham.

Hunnum, the stationo 1.164 of a wing of horse named Saviniana, probably now Seavensheale in Northumberland.

Petrianae, the stationp 1.165 of a wing of horse called Petriana from hence, Old Perith in Cumberland.

Aballaba, the stationq 1.166 of a foote company of Moores, Applebye in West∣moreland.

Olenacum, the station of the first wing of horse,r 1.167 named Herculea, now Linstock Castle in Cumberland.

Bremetenracum, the stations 1.168 of a wedge, or troupe of heavy armed horse, Brampton in the same shire.

Those last stations, and their garrisons, with those of Danum, Lavatres, Veterae, Braboniacum, Magae, Derventio, Vindobala, Glannibanta, and Ali∣on, formerly mentioned, together with the 6 Legions, whose place is o∣mitted by my Authour, were all vnder the commaund of the Duke of thet 1.169 Britaines, guarding the Northerne, and Westerne limits against the barbarous people. Of these 22 were placed onely along the wallu 1.170 of Severus, or the Northerne frontire (Vindobala, Glannibanta, and Alion, with those which follow from Segedunum) manned with 16 Cohorts, and one Numerus of foote, and 4 wings, and one troupe of horse, and attending the motions of the Picts, & Northern Scots. The rest for the most part were planted along the Westerneshore in the parts where now are Cumberland, Westmoreland, Lancashire, and Wales, as to keepe in awe those mountai∣nous regions, so to defend the Province against the Irish Scots.

This was the state of Britaine during the Roman gouernment. In the raigne of the Emperour Honorius (the Legions being drawne out into the Continent, and the natiues left vnto the spoile of the barbarous na∣tions by Constantine, Leiftenant of the Province vsurping then the domi∣nion of the Westerne Empire against Honorius) the Britons (as inx 1.171 Zosi∣mus) euery where rebell, and shake off the Roman yoke, followed by the neighbouring Gaules, the Roman Magistrates, and officers being e∣very where thrust out. After this notwithstanding, and the death of the Tyrant Constantine we finde the Province yet vnder the Roman subie∣ction, and the Legions returned, commaunded by Victorinus the last Roman gouernour in the Iland. By Honorius not long after Victorinus, the Legions are againe recalled home for the defence of Rome and Italy, invaded by Alaricus, and the Gothes, at what time the long lan∣guishing Empire of the Romans (after Beda)y 1.172 here tooke end, about the yeare of Christ 707, & some 470 yeares after their first invasion here∣of

by C. Iulius Caesar. The Province at this time after Beda extended Northwards beyond the wall of Severus vnto the Friths of Edenborough & Dunbriton, for thus we interpret the two armes of the Eastz 1.173 and Westerne seas, mentioned by my Authour, the bounders then of the Picts, and Scots, from the Roman, or Southerne Britons.

BRITAINE RECOVERED BY THE NATIVES.

THea 1.174 Romans hauing quite abandoned the Iland, the dominion of the Southerne part vnder their king Vortigern returned vnto the na∣tiue Britons. These become lazie & effoeminate through their long ease, and disvse of armes vnder the Roman government, and being vn∣able to withstand the fury of the Scots, and Picts, pressing vpon them with great violence from the North, at their earnest suite a new Legion is sent from the Emperour Honorius, and the Romans, not now so much their Lords, as confederates, by whom the enimy is beaten backe. By the meanes and perswasion hereof with better advantage to exclude these forragers a fourth trench, or wall of turfes is raised vpon, or neere vnto the wall of Lollius Vrbicus betwixt the two seas of Edenborough, and Dunbriton, so often before mentioned. They returning home, and the Scots, and Picts falling to their wonted spoile, and outrages, another Roman Legion vnder Gallio of Ravenna is obtained from the Empe∣rour Valentinian the third, by whom againe with great slaughter the e∣nimy is repulsed, and a fift more firme wall of stone erected more South∣wards vpon the old trench of the Emperour Severus, famous, & almost entire in the time of Beda my Authour; which done, the Legion depar∣teth againe into the Continent, busied in the defence of Gaule invaded by Attilas, and the Huns. After this time the Westerne Empire mise∣rably languishing, and drawing towards its last period, the distressed Britons, destitute of their Roman succours, although with teares, and much importunity desiredb 1.175 of them, implore the aide of the neigh∣bouring Saxons, and English, inhabiting the opposite shore of Germany, with whose valour through their long piracies vpon the Eastern coasts hereof they formerly had bin well acquainted. In the yeare 449, and raigne of the Emperour Valentinian the third in the Ile of Thanet vnder two brethren Hengist, and Horsa, their Captaines, ariue first those Dutch rovers, who, the common enimy (the Scots & Picts) beatē home, & sup∣pressed by them, after the manner of forreine aides, when they grow too strong for their friends, turning their swords hereagainst, by force, and agreement with King Vortigern got seazed of the countrie of Kent, which vnder Hengist they erected into a kingdome, re-enforced, and followed by sundry new Colonies of the same nations, planting in o∣ther parts of the Iland, encouraged by the good fortune of those first intruders, the weakenes of the natiues, and the riches, and fertility of the land. Not long after this first inroade, his brother Otha, and sonne Ebusa, are sent for by Hengist, by the good leaue of Vortigern, taking possession of the Northerne parts beyond Humber, pretending their

defence against the Picts, & Scots, occasioning afterwards the kingdome of Northumberland. About the yeare 488 by Ella, another Saxon Cap∣taine, is begun the kingdome of the South-Saxons, named thus from their situation; In the yeare 519, by Cerdicus the kingdome of the West-Saxons; by Erchenwin about the yeare 527 the kingdome of the East-An∣gles; by Vffa in the yeare 575, the kingdome of the East-Saxons; Lastly by Crida in the yeare 582, the kingdome of the Mercians. In this man∣ner the more Easterne, & plaine countrey being subdued by the Sax∣ons, the dominion of the Britons after stoute, & long resistance became straitned within the Severne, and the Westerne Mountaines, which af∣ter Florilegus hapned by the raigne of Caretius their King, succeeding in the yeare 586, some 4 yeares after the beginning of the Mercian king∣dome, oppressed, and driven ouer that bounder by a ioynt war of the Sa∣xon Kings. In Cadwallader, their last Prince, ended the kingdome here∣of, quitting his Realme, & departing vnto Rome, where he turned Vo∣tary, deceasing in the yeare of Christ 689. The Brittish Kings vnto Cadwallader followe out of Mathew of Westminster, for better authority we haue not, or continuing their succession. Vortigern elected King of the Britōs after the departure of the Romans, noted for his vnchast life, vnnaturall lust, slougth, and many vices, the husband of his own daugh∣ter, in whose raigne the Saxons first entred Britaine. Marrying to Rowe∣na, daughter vnto Hengist, hee gaue Kent by way of composition vnto this his father in law. By the permission hereof, another English Colo∣ny vnder Octa, & Abissa, before mentioned, are planted in the North beyond Humber. Exasperated against him, in regard of this his Dutch affinity, and friendship, & the daily incroaching of the Saxons through his badde gouernment, he is deposed by his subiects in the yeare 454, succeeded vnto by Vortimer. Vortimer, king of the Britons, sonne to Vortigern by a former wife. VVarring vpon the Saxons, he forced them backe (after my Authour) into Germany their first countrey; after Fabi∣an onely into the Iland of Thanet in Kent. Malmesburiensis otherwise (whom I rather beleeue) maketh mention of the death of Horsa, brother vnto Hengist, slaine in fight by Vortimer, and of diverse battailes then fought betwixt the Brittish, and English Nations, but in most whereof the English still should haue the better. He deceased in the yeare 460, after he had raigned six yeares according to my Authour, poysoned by his stepmother Rowena; after 20 yeares warre according to Malmesbu∣riensis. Vortimer deceasing, his father Vortigern reassumed the king∣dome, pursued not long after, and burnt in his castle named Genorium by my authour (seated amongst the Welsh Mountaines) by Aurelius Ambrosius; by fire from heauen after Henry of Huntington. In this last raigne of Vortigern hapned (after my authour) the murther of the British nobility, to the number of 460 persons perfidiously slaine by Hengist (after his returne from Germany, recalled by Vortigern) at a parlee of the two Nations in the towne of Ambri neere Sarisbury; at a banquet, or feast after Huntingdonensis. Aurelius Ambrosius, sonne to that Constan∣tine, who vsurped the VVesterne Empire against the Emperour Honori∣us, about the yeare 464, called home out of Gaule Armorique, and ele∣ctesd

king, Vortigerne being againe deposed. To this Prince my Author ascribeth the erection of the monument, now called Stone-henge by Ambresoury in VViltshire, set vp in memory of the Brittish Nobles slaine there by Hengist in the raigne of Vortigerne. Vter, surnamed Pen∣dragon, brother to Aurelius Ambrosius, succeeding in the yeare 498. Ar∣thur, son to Vter Pendragon, succeeding in the yeare 516. Of this Prince Geffrey of Munmouth, and his followers, report wonders, not onely false, but for the most part monstrous and incredible, besides his great conquests against the Saxons, advancing the Christian banner, & his victorious ensignes ouer the chiefe parts of the continent of Eu∣rope, & subduing Princes, & people which neuer were, or then were not in being. His high valour, and many and great victories against the English vnpartiall, & graue authors haue willingly acknowledged. Constantine, sonne to Cador Duke of Cornwall, by the appointment of King Arthur, whose kinsman he was, succeeding in the yeare 542. He was slaine in battaile after Fabian by Aurelius Conanus. Aureli∣us Conanus, Nephew to Constantine, succeeding in the yeare 545. Vortoporius, after Fabian sonne to Aurelius Conanus, in the yeare 581. These foure last Princes seeme otherwise out of Gildas (who liued a∣bout those times) to haue ruled together, and not successiuely one af∣ter another, since spoken vnto, and personally reprehended by him in his invectiue Epistle de excidio Britanniae. Wee adde that Gildas in the same place expressely mentioneth diuerse Kings of the Britons, and nameth Vortoporius the tyrant of Dimetia, containing a part onely of the present Wales. In the raigne of Malgo, and yeare 585 after my au∣thour, or according to others in the yeare 582 vnder their king Creod∣da, or Crida, begun the kingdome of the Mercians, the last and greatest of the seauen kingdomes of the Saxons, the victorious English by this time ouer-spreading the whole East and Southerne part of the Iland, and the Britons confined within a narrow compasse along the Irish, or Westerne Ocean, much weakned doubtlesse since the decease of king Arthur through the euill, and licentious gouernment of the Princes here mentioned, called tyrants by Gildas, vehemently taxed by him for their cruelty, injustice, lust, and other sinnes, and impieties. Caretius, or Caereticus after others, king of the Britons, succeeding in the yeare 586. Set vpon after my Authour by the joint Armes of the Saxon Princes, he was forced out of the plaine Country beyond the riuer Se∣verne, amongst the Welsh mountaines. Since this time the Severne was the furthest bounds Eastwards of the Brittish Dominions. The Author of the Welsh History maketh mention of one Gurmund an arch-pirate, and Captaine of the Norvegians, assisting the Saxons in this their war against Caereticus. Geffrey of Munmouth more absurdly would haue this Gurmund to haue beene a king of Afrique. Neither people, or names were at that time extant. Cadwan, succeeding according to Fabian after many yeares civill dissention in the yeare 613. Cadwallin, succeeding in the yeare 633. By Beda he is named Cedwallo; by Malmesouriensis Cedwalla. Cadwallader, sonne to Cadwallin, succeeding in the yeare 676. Moued with a superstitious zeale, he went vnto Rome to receiue the

habit of Religion, where shortly after he died in the yeare 689, and Papacy of Sergius, Bishop of that sea, the last king of the Britons. The like voyage during the Papacy of Sergius, anda 1.176 agreeing in euery circumstance with this of Cadwallader, Venerable Bede, (to whom more credit is to be giuen) relateth of Ceadwalla, king of the West-Sa∣xons. With no better certainly the Scholiast of the Welsh history, attri∣buteth this pilgrimage vnto Edwal, son to Cadwallader. The relations of the Brittish affaires since the Romans, are very vncertaine, and many times fabulous through the impudent liberty of Geffrey of Monmouth, followed by the vulgar Historians, and the ordinary vanity of other their Writers, more zealous to maintaine and encrease the honour of their Nation, then carefull to preserue the truth.

After this sort the kingdome of the Britons begun by Vertigern, be∣ing extinguished, and the weake remainders hereof shut vp within the mountaines of the West, the Iland became divided amongst many dif∣ferent, and for the most part stranger names, and inhabitants, the Bri∣tons, Picts, Scots, Saxons, Iutes, and English, whose fortunes we are in the next place to relate.

The Britons scattered and divided asunder by the interveening of the Saxons, became after this, better knowne by the names of the Cornish, Welsh, and Cumbri, or Britons of Cumberland, of whom seve∣rally.

THE CORNISH BRITONS.a 1.177

THey* 1.178 were named Cornwealer by the auncient Saxons, by the La∣tin authors from hence Cornwalli, and their country Cornwallia, & by later writers Cornubia. Malmeshuriensis would haue them thus cal∣led from their situation to Cornu-Galliae, or Cournovaille in France. The more judicious fetch their name frō the word Corn, which in the Bri∣tish language, as almost in the Latin, signifieth a horne, or wedge, in re∣gard of such a resemblance of their country, inhabiting a long & nar∣row promontory, & from the word Walsh, signifying strange, or forrein with the Saxons, as they accounted all the Britons. VVhen this name begun we finde not, as neither what was the forme of their gouerne∣ment. The British authours make mention of Dukes of Cornwall before Cadwallader, but of whose truth we much doubt. Vpon the conquest of the country where now is Somersetshire by the VVest-Saxon kings, they became severed from the rest of the Britons, divided afterwards from the Welsh by the Sea of Severne. They contained the present Cornwall, & the whole, or part of Devonshire, or the country of the Dan∣monij of Ptolemy. By great Egbert, the first Monarch of the English, in the yeare 809, after Matthew of Westminster they were subdued, and made a Province of the Saxon Empire, euer since continuing English, al∣though to this day in part retaining the British language. By King A∣thelstan, succeeding about the yeare 924, at that time extending East∣ward as farre as Excester, (which Citty then they inhabited together

with the English) they were after Malmesburiensis remoued more VVestward, confined within the river Tamar, the moderne bounds of Cornwall from Devonshire, and the rest of England.

THE BRITONS OF CVMBERLAND.a 1.179

THE* 1.180 word Cumberland signifieth the country of the Kimbri, or Cymbry, by which appellation the auncient Britons (as now are the Welshmen) were called in their natiue language. By the taking in of Caer-Legion or Chester, & the neighbouring Regions by the Northum∣brian, and Mercian Saxons, they were excluded from the vnion & com∣merce of the other Britons. They contained then the parts, where now lye Cumberland, Westmorland, and Fournesse Fells in Lancashire, with part of Scotland beyond Solway Frith, secured by their mountaines and wastes, wherewith those countryes are on all sides environed. After∣wards notwithstanding wee finde them subject to the Saxon kings of Northumberland. About the yeare 685, and in the raigne of king All∣frid, they shooke off the yoake hereof; for of those onely can we inter∣pret the Britons, mentioned by Beda, assuming liberty after the decease of Ecgfrid his predecessour, ouerthrowne, and slaine in a great battaile by the Picts. VVe doe not reade notwithstanding of the name of Cum∣bri, or Cumbria, vntill the Monarchie of the West Saxons, and the great warres hereof with the Danes. In the Scottish Histories about the yeare 875, we heare of one Constantine, king of the Britons of Cumbria, inva∣ding the Scottish Dominions, and slaine in fight by Gregorius, king of that Nation, succeeded vnto by his brother Hebert. More distinctly in Malmesburiensis we finde mention of Eugenius, king of the Cumbri, made subject to great Atheistan, Monarch of the English. Vnder Dummailus their last king, in the yeare 946 after Matthew of Westminster, they were at length totally subdued by Edmund, Monarch of the Saxons, ai∣ded by Lewelin king of Dimetia, or Southwales, and giuen by Edmund vnto Malcolme king of the Scots, to be held vnder the sief of the kings of England, with condition to defend the Northerne frontire of the English against the Danes; and forraine invaders. After this time Cum∣berland, and Westmoreland, or the countrey hereof for aboue the space of one hundred yeares were possessed by the Scottish Nation, whose Praefects (as the Scottish writers tearme them) or immediate Princes, were the eldest sons, or next Heires of Scotland. By king William sur∣named the Conquerour, they were taken from the Scots, and with the rest of England subjected to the Normans. King Stephen ingaged in a dangerous war against Ma••de the Empresse, restored Cumberland to the Scots to be held with the old conditions, recouered againe not long after by king Henry the second, his successour, disliking this liberalitie of Stephen, and so great a diminution of his kingdome, and incorpora∣ted with the Crown of England, in which vnion the country hath euer since continued, the name, language, and accompt of the Britons tho∣rough their English and Scottish subjection, being long since here worne out and extinguished.

THE VVELSH BRITONS.a 1.181

THese* 1.182 in their natiue language call themselues C••mro, Cymero, and Cymbri, as their Latihe Authours Cambri, and their countrey Cam∣bria, which they would haue to be deriued from Camber, one of the sonnes of Brutus, their progenitour, vnto whose share this part of the Iland should fall in the devision hereof with his brethren, a fable begunne by Geffrey or Monmouth, and yet maintained by all their Historians, & Commentatours, men otherwise learned, and skilfull in antiquities, but over zealous to preferre the glory of this their Troian descent. The name, (as before we haue shewed) was common to the Britons of Cumberland, and to the rest of the nation, the words (Britons, & Britaine) not being British originally, but imposed by the Greekes, and forreiners. The Etymologie hereof, we cannot conjecture vnlesse from Gomar, the sonne of Iapheth, first peopling these VVesterne parts of Europe; and from whom after Iosephus, and Zonaras the Gaules were aunciently called Gomarenses, and Gomares; of which nation the first Britons were a colonie. Their name of Welsh, or Walsh was Dutch, and of a later imposition, signifying strangers with the Saxons, in which accompt the English still held the Britons. They were a more great & strong remainder of the vanquished Britons, vnder their King Careti∣cus before mentioned, driuen ouer the Severne by the victorious Sax∣ons, and sheltering themselues amongst the Silures, & Ordovices, and the Mountaines of the VVest. The name notwithstanding of the Welsh we finde not vntill afterwards, and the yeare 708, at what time we first read in Henry of Huntington of one Gerent, Kingb 1.183 of the Welshmen, ouer∣come in so attaile by Ina the VVest-Saxon some 19 yeares after the de∣cease of Cadwallader, and end of the British kingdome. The more aun∣cient bounds hereof were vpon the South the sea of Severne, by which they were diuided from the Cornish Britons; vpon the West, the Irish O∣cean; and vpon the North, & East, the rivers Dee, & Severne from the Mercian Saxons. By the raigne of Offa King of the Mercians, succee∣ding in the yeare 758, all the plaine Country beyond the Severne (where now is Herefordshire, with parts of Glocestershire, Shropshire, and Worcestershire) being subdued, and taken in by the Saxons of Mercia, they were wholy shut vp within their Mountaines, for their better di∣stinction enclosed by Offa, and severed from his English, with a wide, and deep ditch continued from Basingwerk vpon the Dee betwixt Che∣ster & Ruthland in Flintshire along the hills vnto the mouth of the ri∣ver Wye neere Bristoll, whose tract in many places is yet seene, and na∣med Claudh Offa in their language, or Offa's ditch, afterwards the com∣mon bound of both nations. Others notwithstanding, as a more known limit, make the river Wye to be the bounds of both. Their government after Cadwallader was vnder diverse Lords, whom their Histories call Kings. Amogst these their Chronicle maketh mention of Edwall, Ro∣derique, and Conan Tindaethwy descended from Cadwallader, and follow∣ing in a direct line, the progenitours of the succeeding Princes. After∣wards

Roderique surnamed the Great, grandchild by his mother vnto Conan Tindaethwy attained to a Monarchy of the whole Wales, which a∣bout the yeare 870, he deuided into three parts, or provinces, which limited and distinguished with their meeres he left vnto his three sons with the authority, & name of Kings; Guinedh, or Northwales, bounded with the Dee, the Ocean, & the riuer Dovi, the part of Anarawd his eldest sonne, Deheubarth, or South-wales lying beyond the riuer Dovi; & Powys extended vpon the East toward England, the portions of Codelh, and Mervin his two yonger sonnes. These likewise subdeviding their e∣states amongst their numerous issue, as did continually their successours after them (for such was then the bad custome of the Welsh,) the coun∣trey againe became shared amongst many petty Lords, each sonne ha∣uing a part of his fathers inheritance, whereof some notwithstanding (the eldest sonne most commonly, or who otherwise overtopped the rest in power, or favour with the people,) still bore the titles of their ge∣nerall divisions, knowne in their histories by the names of Kings of North, and South-Wales, and Lords of Powys continuing those stiles vntill towards their subiection to the English. Amongst these likewise one was still accompted soveraigne, or chiefe Lord, to whom the rest were to pay tribute, and to doe seruice, which honour by the order of Rode∣rique the great, and of Howell Dha their lawgiuer, was due vnto the suc∣cession of Anarawd before mentioned, & the Kings of Northwales, the first borne, or chiefe of the house of Cadwallader. These their soueraigne lords are named kings in the Welsh historie vnto Owen, surnamed Guy∣neth, succeeding about the yeare 1137, who first is called Prince, which title is continued vntill the time of Edward the first, King of England, & to L••evelyn, their last prince, taken vp since by the heires of the house of England. By Egberta 1.184 the great Saxon Monarch, the nation is first made subject to the tribute, and homage of the English, ruled neuerthelesse after their owne lawes, and free from forreine yoake vntill the Kings of England of the Norman race. By Bernard de Neumarck, a Norman gentleman, assisted by the Aubryes and other of the French & English nobility in the raigne of William Rufus king of England, Brechiniauc, now Brecknockshire after a long and hard warre is wrested herefrom, and annexed to the English Empire. By Robert Fitz-hamon in the same raigne Morganwc, now Glomorganshire. By Arnulph of Mountgomerie, and Girald of Winsore his successour in the warre, in the raigne of King Henry the first, the Country of Dyvet, now Pembrokeshire; at what time a colonie of the Flemmings, whose countrie had beene drowned by the Ocean, by the permission hereof were planted in Ros, a part of Dyvet, continuing here euer since their succession, and English language, and occasioning the name of little England beyond Wales. By the Earles of Chester, War∣ren, and Mortimer with others about the same times the parts of Flint, & Denbigh, together with Caeretica, and the land of Gwent, now Cardi∣gan, & Monmouthshire are likewise taken in, and subdued. The valour, or fortune of King Edward the first put an end to this languishing estate of the Welsh; after some yeares warre vanquishing, and killing Lhewe∣lyn ap Gruffith, their last prince, and annexing the whole Wales to the

English, subiecting the people to his English lawes. King Henry the eight of later yeares descended from the Welsh by the fathers side, in∣corporated the country with the kingdome of England, investing the Welsh with all the rights, and priviledges of his English subjects, in which ranke, and vnion they now remaine. The princes hereof from more certaine & cleare times follow with that truth which their Hi∣stories will afford. Roderique surnamed the Great, Monarch of the Welsh, sonne to Meruyn Vrych a nobleman of Wales, & Esylht daugh∣ter to Conan Tindaethwy, son to Roderique Molwynoc, son to Edwal, son to Cadwallader, the last king of the Britons. Parting Wales into the di∣visions before mentioned, he allotted Guynedh, or Northwales vnto Ana∣rawde his eldest son; and vnto Cadelh, & Mervyn Deheubarth, or South∣wales, & Powys, with condition that the two younger brethren, & their successours should be leigemen, & acknowledge the soveraignety of A∣narawd, & the kings of Northwales, confirmed afterwards by the lawes of Howel Dha. He deceased in the yeare 876, slaine by the English.

Anarawd prince of Guynedh, or Northwales, soveraigne, or chiefe King of the VVelsh, eldest son to Roderique the Great. The order of the kings of Southwales, & Lords of Powys (for thus were they called,) and of the many inferiour Lords or Princes in each devision (for (as before) eue∣ry son after the custome of the present Germans had a share of his fa∣thers possessions) I haue omitted in regard of their number.

Edwal Voel, prince of Guynedh, & chiefe King of VVales, sonne to Anarawd, succeeding about the yeare 913. In the raigne hereof Athel∣stan King of England forced a tribute vpon the Welsh of 20 pounds of gold, and 300 of silver, with 200 head of cattaile, remitted afterwards by King Edgar for a tribute of wolues.

Howel Dha Prince of Deheubarth, or Southwales, & Powys, soveraigne King of VVales, succeeding in the yeare 940, descended from Cadelh, brother to Anarawd, the sonnes of Edwal Voel, the right heires, exclu∣ded. Hee made lawes for the VVelsh, obserued by the nation vntill their subjection to the English.

Iames, and Ievaf, sonnes to King Edwal Voel, joynt princes of Guy∣nedh, and chiefe Kings of VVales, succeeding after the decease of Howel Dha, Owen with other the sonnes of Howel, Lords of Southwales, and Powys, contending with them for the soueraignety, being overthrowne by them in battaile, and their elder brother Meyric omitted, as vnfit for government. Vnto these princes Edgar the King of England forgaue the tribute of money imposed by Athelstan, exchanged for a certaine number of wolues, constantly brought in by the VVelsh (after my Au∣thour) vntill they were all destroyed.

The relation I leaue to the censure of the reader.

These afterwards falling out, Ievaf is taken prisoner, and Iames re∣maineth sole king, overcome not long after, and chased out by Howel, sonne to Ievaf.

Howel, Prince of Guynedh, & chiefe King of Wales, sonne to Ievaf, succeeding about the yeare 973, his father freed by him, and set at li∣berty, but not restored to the soveraignty. He was slaine fighting a∣gainst

the English without any male issue.

Cadwalhon, Prince of Guynedh, & soveraigne King of Wales, son to Ie∣vaf, and brother to Howel, succeeding about the yeare 984. He was slaine in battaile with Meiryc his brother by Meredith, son to Owen king of Southwales.

Meredith, Prince of Guynedh, and chiefe king of Wales (having slaine Cadwalhon, & Meyric) son to Owen king of Deheubarth, or South-wales. After the decease of his father, he likewise got seized of Southwales. He afterwards lost Guynedh, or Northwales vnto Edwal, son to Meyric, the eldest son of Edwal Voel, the right heire, in his absence set vp by the inhabitants.

Edwal, prince of Guynedh, & chiefe King of Wales, son to Meyric, el∣dest son to Edwal Voel, succeeding in the yeare 992. He was slaine in fight by the Danes, leaving behind him a young son, named Iames. In the yeare 998 died also Meredith aforesaid, King of Southwales, lea∣ving one onely daughter, named Angharat, marryed to Llewelin ap Sit∣sylht. By meanes hereof for want of heires, or fit to goyerne, Conan ap Howel, & Aedan ap Blegored, contended for the gouernment, when comming to battail Conan is slaine, and Aedan vsurpeth the king∣dome.

Aedan ap Blegored, prince of Guynedh, and soveraigne king of Wales, succeeding in the yeare 1003. He was slaine with his foure sons in the yeare 1015 by Llewelin ap Sitsylht, husband to Angharad.

Llewelin ap Sitsylht descended from king Anarawd, and Angharad his wife, daughter to Meredith, king of Southwales, after the decease of Aedan the vsurper soveraigne kings of Wales. Hee was slaine in the yeare 1021 by Howel, & Meredith, sons to Edwin, son to Eneon, brother to king Meredith, leauing a son named Gruffith ap Llewelin. After the death of Llewelin ap Sitsylht, Iames son to King Edwal, tooke vpon him the gouernment of Northwales, as right heire.

Iames the second, prince of Guynedh, & chiefe king of Wales, son to king Edwal. He was ouerthrowne, & slaine in the yeare 1037 by Gruf∣fith son to Llewelin, & Angharad.

Gruffith prince of Guynedh, & chiefe king of Wales, son to Llewelin ap Sitsylht, & Angharad. He also subdued Southwales, slaine by treason.

Blethyn, & Rywalhon, sons to Angharad aforesaid, & Conwyn ap Gueri∣stan her second husband, princes of Guynedh, and chiefe kings of Wales after the decease of king Gruffith. Rywalhon being slaine in the yeare 1068 in a battaile fought betwixt these, & Meredith, and Idel sonnes to king Gruffith, Blethyn by this meanes remaineth sole King of North∣wales. He was slaine in the yeare 1073 by the treason of Rees ap Owen ap Edwyn.

Trahern ap Caradoc prince of Guynedh, or Northwales, and chiefe king of Wales, cosen german to king Blethyn. Hee was slaine in battaile by Gruffith son to Conan, son to king Iames the second.

Gruffith ap Conan, prince of Northwales, & chiefe king of Wales. In the yeare 1079 after my Authour, and the raignes of Gruffith ap Conan, & Rhees ap Theodor king of Southwales William the Conquerour king of

England tooke the homages of the Welsh princes. Not long after vnder William Rufus by the good leaue hereof Morganwc Brechiniauc, and the Countrie where now is Cardiganshire parts of Deheubarth, or South∣wales, with some part of Northwales neighbouring vnto Chester are subdued by Robert Fitzhamon, Bernard de Neumarck, & other valiant Norman adventurers, and added to the English government. In regard hereof Matthew Paris maketh William Rufus the Conquerour of Wales. Gruffith ap Conan in a full age deceased about the yeare 1137, the last whom the Welsh history nameth king of Wales.

THE PRINCIPALITIE OF VVALES.

Owen Guyneth prince of Guynedh, and Wales, eldest son to king Gruf∣fith ap Conan succeeding about the yeare 1137. At this time Rhees ap Gruffith descended from Howel Dha was chiefe Lord of Southwales, named King by the English, by the Welsh the Lord Rhees.

David prince of Guynedh, and Wales, younger son to Owen surna∣med Guyneth, succeeding in the yeare 1169; his elder brother Iorwerth in regard of some deformity excluded. Hee was deposed in the yeare 1194 by Llewelin the son of Iorwerth.

Llewelin prince of Guynedh, and Wales, son to Iorwerth, eldest son to Owen Guyneth. He tooke the oathes, and acknowledgements of the ma∣ny inferiour Welsh princes, which duety for some yeares had beene o∣mitted through their civill dissentions, and other defects.

David prince of Guynedh, & Wales, succeeding in the yeare 1240, son to Lhewelin ap Iorwerth. He did homage at Glocester for the principality of Wales to Henry the third King of England. He deceased without issue.

Lhewelin prince of Guynedh, & Wales, son to Gruffith, son to prince Lhe∣welyn ap Iorwerth, the last prince of VVales of the British of-spring, and race of Cadwallader. By this time through the daily encroachings of the English, in a manner the part onely of Guynedh, or Northwales, contay∣ning now Merionith, and Caernarvonshire, with Anglesey were left vnto the Welsh princes, better defended by their inaccessable mountaines, & bogs. Refusing, or rather deferring the accustomed homage due from the Welsh, he was pursued with hot war by king Edward the first, and forced to a composition, amongst other hard conditions conclu∣ding after his decease a surrendry to the English of the principality of Wales, and the parts he now enjoyed. Not long after (as it seemeth) repenting himselfe of his act, and the more incensed through the insti∣gation of his brother David (excluded from all hope of succession by this agreement) pretending the English tyranny, & iniustice, he againe fatally tooke armes; the successe whereof was his owne death, hapning shortly after, slaine in the prosecution of the warre, nere the towne of Buelth, (as the Welshmen say) betraied, the execution of David his bro∣ther by the hand of iustice, the finall abolition of the Welsh govern∣ment,

and the conquest of the whole country by the English. The Welsh line extinguished, the king of England invested with this title and honour their eldest sons, or who were next to succeede them in the English Monarchy. Their order, and names we haue inserted vnto our times. Edward of Caernarvon, son to Edward the first, prince of Wales, and afterwards king of England by the name of Edward the second. Ed∣ward of VVinsore, sonne of Edward the second, king of England by the name of Edward the third. Edward surnamed the blacke prince, eldest son to Edward the third. Richard of Bourdeaux, son to Edward the blacke prince, king of England by the name of Richard the second. Henry of Monmouth, son to Henry the fourth, king of England by the name of Henry the fift. His sonne Henry the sixt is not accompted amongst the princes of Wales, his father deceasing onely some few moneths after his birth. Edward son to Henry the sixt, slaine by the faction of Yorke af∣ter the battaill at Tewkesbury. Edward sonne to Edward the fourth, king of England by the name of Edward the fift. Edward, son to Richard the third. Arthur, eldest son to Henry the seventh. Henry younger sonne to Henry the seventh, king of England by the name of Henry the eight. Ed∣ward, son to Henry the eight, king of England by the name of Edward the sixt. Henry eldest son to Iames king of great Britaine of happy me∣morie. Charles, son to King Iames, and brother to prince Henry, now King of great Britaine, whom God long preserue..

THE PICT'S.a 1.185

THe* 1.186 name hereof signifyeth painted in the Latine tongue, which was first giuen vnto them by the Romans, in regard of their pain∣tings. That the Picts were accustomed to paint themselues, the authori∣ties of Claudianb 1.187, andc 1.188 Isidore make manifest. Pompoinus Laetus, Buchanan, and others, would haue them to haue beene a Colonie of the opposite, and neighbouring Germans. But which nation wee reade not in Tacitus or in any classique authour ever to haue beene painted. Beda of much better authority fetcheth their pedegree further of from the Scythians, who should arriue in the Northerne parts of the Iland in the yeare 78 after Christ, yet which he doth not constantly affirme, but delivereth onely as receiued by tradition. The errour hereof, and of the like for∣reine derivations, the generall consent of auncient Geographers, and Historians doth plainely evince, placing here the Caledonii, and other names of the Britons, but not mentioning the Picts vntill two hundred yeares afterwards. The most probable assertion is that they were no other then the natiue Britons, inhabiting the wilde parts of Caledonia, who afterd 1.189 Herodian, vsing to paint their bodies with sundry shapes of birds and beasts, and going naked to haue their braverie seene, be∣came at length thus named by the Romans from such their straunge habit, and for their better distinction from the civill Britons of the Pro∣vince wearing cloathes, and attired after the Roman manner. Some

reasons inducing herevnto might be their like fashions, and manner of liuing with the more auncient Britons, and the many British words yet left in the townese 1.190, and parts of Scotland, which they sometimes inhabited, arguing as the same language, so the same nation of both. We adde the great silence of the Romans, who neighbouring close vn∣to them, and possessing the Southerne part of the Iland long before their supposed arrivall by Beda, yet make no mention of their descent hither from forreine parts. We adde likewise the testimony of Eume∣nius in his Panegyrique vnto the Emperour Constantine the Great, who ma∣keth the Caledonij to be a part of the Picts, intimating hereby as the Picts to be Britons (for such were the Caledonij,) so this not so much then to haue beene the name of a people, as some agnomination, or by-name given to all the wild, & barbarous Britons in regard of their disfiguring, or painting. They are first mentioned by Eumenius in his Panegyrique a∣forsaid, liuing in the time of Constantine the great. The part of Bri∣taine they then possessed, was the whole Northerne part hereof not yet conquered, or brought into a Province by the Romans; for by this name all the barbarous Britons begun now to bee called, neither were the Irish Scots at this time arriued, & had setled here their habitation. The Westerne part of Caledonia being overwhelmed by a deluge of the Scots, (which hapned about the raigne of the Emperour Honorius) they withdrew wholy into the Easterne part hereof bordering vpon the German Ocean, bounding vpon the South with the Bodotria, now Edenbo∣rough Frith; (for thus farre Northwards extended the Roman, or civill Britons, as did afterward the Saxons of Northumberland;) vpon the West, with the Scots; and vpon the East, and North, with the German, and Nor∣therne Oceans. The kingdome of the Northumbrians after their last Ethel∣red, and the yeare 794 becomming extinct, or miserably languishing through a 33 yeares ciuill dissention, and the invasion of the Danes, by the advantage hereof they enlarged their bounds Southwards as farre as the river Tweed gotten from the English. The contayned a little be∣fore their finall ouerthrow by the Scots the Countryes now of Tividale, Tweedale, Merch, Lauden, Fife, Cuningham, Merne, Anguish, Straith-ern, and Marre with others, or the whole Easterne part of the present Scot∣land from the Tweede Northwards. By the Scots vnder their King Ken∣neth after a fierce, and bloody warre about the yeare 830, they were to∣tally subdued, and their name, and memory quite rooted out, their countrey hauing beene since added to the accompt, and name of Scot∣land. Their language most probably was the British. Beda maketh it di∣stinct herefrom, and one of the fower generall of the Iland: But whom the more iudicious interpret not of languages, but of Dialects. That the Dialect, and many words hereof should in Beda his time be much diffe∣rent from those of the Cornish, or Welsh Britons, their long disvnion through the comming betwixt of the Northumbrian Saxons, and the an∣cient subiection, and commerce of the other with the Romans must ne∣cessarily enforce. Their government was vnder Kings. Their order, and succession we finde not. Their last was Druskenus slaine with the ex∣tirpation of the whole Nation by Kenneth, and the Scots.

THE SCOTS.a 1.191

THE* 1.192 Scots after Giraldus Cambrensis, were a Colony of the neighbouring Irish. Orosius liuing in the raigne of the Emperour Honorius, calleth the many people in his time inhabiting Ireland by the generall name of the Scots. The like doth Beda in the first booke of his Ecclesiasticall story of the English, and first Chapter. Eginhartus in his life of the Emperour Charles the Great, nameth Ireland, an Iland of the Scots. Isidore more plainly maketh Ireland, and Scotland onely to be two different names of one, and the same Iland, distinct from Bri∣taine. Gildas more to our purpose tearmeth the Scots then inhabi∣ting Britaine, and infesting the Natiues with their dayly forragings Irish grassatores, or free-booters. That the Scots originally were Irish, besides these authorities the present language, habit, and barbarous manners of the High-landers, or Westerne Scots, agreeing with the pre∣sent Irish, doe plainly demonstrate. The Scots in Ireland, Ptolemy and the auncient Geographers mention not. The name doubtlesse was new, & affected, vpon some accident (which we know not) giuen vn∣to, or taken vp by the Irish towards the waine of the Romane Empire, in that manner, as were about the same times those of the Picts, Almans, French, & Sclaues, with others by the Britons, Germans, & Sar∣matians, leauing their former old names, and vniting into these com∣mon. Concerning the Etymologie hereof, learned Camden after much search professeth himselfe to be ignorant. Porphyrius is the first of an∣cient Authours, in whom we finde the Scots mentioned, liuing in the time of the Emperour Aurelian, and as he is cited vpon an other occa∣sion by S. Hierome, in his Tract against the Pelagians ad Ctesiphontem. In auncient and approued Histories we first reade of them with the Picts (with whom they are still joyned) in the raignes of the Emperours Con∣stantius the second, Honorius, and the first, and third Valentinians. Their mention after this is common vnto this present. The time of their first plantation in Britaine is vncertaine. In the 20, 26, and 27 bookes of Ammianus Marcellinus, wee heare of them ransacking, and spoyling the Roman Province, but from what parts my Authour setteth not downe, whether from Caledonia, and the Northerne parts of Britaine, or rather from Ireland, which is more probable. Claudian in his second booke de laudibus Stiliconis relateth of them attempting vpon the Con∣tinent hereof from Ireland, and stopped, and driuen home by Stilico where also hee accompteth them amongst the neighbouring Nations infesting Britaine; which maketh it almost manifest, that in the begin∣ning of the raigne of Honorius, vnder whom Stilico then serued, they had not yet arriued here, or set firme footing. Shortly afterward not∣withstanding, & before the intrusion of the Saxons, we find them in Be∣da with the Picts possessing the Northerne part of Britaine, invading from hence the Province, and (the Britons being vnable to withstand them) twice ouercome, and beaten off by fresh Roman supplies sent

from Honorius, and Valentinian the third. From these proofes wee strongly conjecture their first descent hither, and fixed dwelling to haue hapned towards the latter end of the raigne of the Emperour Ho∣norius. The part here they first tooke vp was the Westerne moity of Caledonia, formerly inhabited by the Picts, bounding vpon the East with this Nation, and vpon the South with the Roman Province, from the which they were diuided by the Glota, now the Frith of Dunbriton, which they held without any sensible addition, till after the time of Beda. After the yeare 794, and the decease of King Ethelred before mentioned, through the advantage of a long ciuill dissention amongst the Saxons of Northumberland, & of the Danish wars which together hapned, they got seazed of the parts lying betwixt the Friths of Sol∣way, & Dunbriton, belonging aunciently to the Northumbrian kingdome of Bernicia. They contained by that time the present Countries of Ca∣rict, Galloway, Cantire, Argile, Braid-Albin, Lorn, & Rosse, with others, or the whole Westerne part of the present Scotland, from Solway Frith coasting Northwards along the Irish Ocean. King Kenneth the second a∣bout the yeare 830 (the Picts being subdued) enlarged the Dominion hereof, and the name, and accompt of Scotland Eastward vnto the Ger∣man Ocean, extended by this meanes ouer the whole Northerne part of the Iland, and seuered from England by the Frith of Solway, and the Ri∣ver Tweede, the more certaine bounds euer after betwixt the two king∣domes. Malcolme the first about the yeare 946 added Cumberland, and Westmoreland, parts of England, to the Dominion of the Scottish Kings by the gift of Edmund King of England, to bee held vnder the fief of the English Monarches, recouered by Henry the second, and incorpo∣rated with the English Crowne. Their government was Monarchicall, yet where more aunciently, not alwayes the next of bloud, but the ri∣pest in yeares, and the most fit to rule of the kingly Race, succeeded. Kenneth the third, succeeding about the yeare 976, by the consent of the States made the Kingdome first haereditary, and to descend vnto the next ofkin, confirmed by his son Malcolme the second, and continued vnto our times.

Their first King (after the Scottish Historians) was Fergusius, the son of Ferchard, an Irish Scot, chosen by the Nation shortly after their arrivall in Britaine, & about the yeare 330 before Christs Incarnati∣on, succeeded vnto by Ferithari••. Mainus. Dornadilla. Nothatus. Reutherus. Reutha. Thereus. Iosina, Finnanus. Durstus. Evenus the first. Gillus. Evenus the second. Ederus. Evenus the third. Metellanus. Caratacus. Corbredus. Dardannus. Corbredus the second. Luctacus. Mogaldus. Conarus. Ethodius. Satrael. Donaldus the first. Ethodius the second. Athirco. Nathalocus. Findochus. Donaldus the second. Donaldus the third. Crathilinthus. Fincormachus. Romachus. Angusianus. Fethelmachus. and Eugenius slaine with the whole strength and flowre of the Nation by the joint armes of the Picts and Romans vnder Maximus, Lieftenant of the Pro∣vince for the Emperour Gratian, after whom (the remainder of the van∣quished Scots being banished their Countrey by an edict of the Ro∣mans) should follow a vacancie, or Interregnum of 27 yeares. The vn∣truth,

and absurditie of this whole narration, the consent of auncient, and approued Authours doth sufficiently manifest, placing here the Novantae, Caledonij, and other names of the Britons without mentioning the Scots, vntill the raigne of the Emperour Honorius. Wee adde that the Roman Historians (as neither the more auncient Brittish, or English) relate not any such conquest of the Scots, or Northerne part of Britaine vnder Gratian, and Maximus, of which more great, and remarkeable vi∣ctory they would not doubtlesse haue beene silent, if any such had beene.

Their succession from more certaine, and cleare times follow. Fer∣gusius, named by the Scottish Historians Fergusius the second, (whom they suppose to be the son of Erthus, son to Echadius, or Ethodius, bro∣ther to Eugenius, slaine in battaile by Maximus, and the Romans) in the yeare 404, and raigne of the Emperour Honorius returning from ex∣ile, and through the aide and confederacy of the Picts, and the absence of the Roman Legions, drawne out into the Continent against the barbarous Nations by Honorius, with the rest of the banished Scots, recouering their lost countrey, created King in the yeare aforesaid some 27 yeares after the decease of Eugenius. The more vnpartiall and judicious make this Prince to be the first king of the Scots of Britaine. That the Scots were possessed of a part of Britaine in the raigne of Honorius we haue before proued. The manner, we leaue vnto the cre∣dit of our Scottish Relaters. Beda otherwise calleth the King, or Cap∣taine of the Scots, vnder whom they first inhabited this Iland, by the name of Reuda. The time he setteth not downe. Eugenius eldest son to Fergusius. The kingdome of the Scots contained at this time the part of present Scotland extended along the Westerne Ocean from the Frith of Dunbriton Northwards. He deceased in the yeare 449, slaine in battaile against Hengist, and the Saxons. Dongaldus brother to Euge∣nius. Constantinus brother to Dongaldus, and Eugenius. Congallus, son to Dongaldus. Goranus, brother to Congallus. Eugenius the second, son to Congallus. Congallus the second, brother to Eugenius the second. Kinnatellus, brother to Engenius, and Congallus the second. Aidanus, son to Goranus in the time of S. Columbanus, and of Austine the Monke, the Apostle of the English. He deceased in the yeare 604. Ken∣nethus the first. Eugenius the third, son to Aidanus. Ferchardus the first, son to Eugenius the third, succeeding in the yeare 622. Donal∣dus, brother to Ferchardus the first. Ferchardus the second, son to Fer∣chardus the first. Maldvinus, son to Donaldus. Eugenius the fourth, son to Donaldus, and brother to Maldvinus. Eugenius the fift, son to Fer∣chardus the second. Amberkelethus, son to Findanus, son to Eugenius the fourth. Eugenius the sixt, brother to Amberkelethus. Mordacus, son to Amberkelethus. Etfinus, son to Eugenius the sixt, succeeding in the yeare 730. Eugenius the seauenth, son to Mordacus. Fergusius the second, son to Etfinus Solvathius, son to Eugenius the seauenth. Achaius, son to Etfinus, he deceased in the yeare 809, Charles the great then com∣maunding ouer the French Empire. Vnder these two Princes after my Authours, begun first the auncient league betwixt the French, & Scot∣tish

Nations. Congallus the third, cosen German to Achaius. Dongallus, son to Solvathius. Alpinus, son to Achaius. His mother was sister vnto Hungus king of the Picts, in whose right (the heires of Hungus being deceased) he made claime to the Pictish kingdome, the occasion of a long, and bloody warre betwixt the two nations, the issue whereof was the death of Alpinus, overcome in battaill, and slaine by the Picts, and the finall ouerthrow, and extirpation of the Picts not long after by king Kenneth, and the Scots. Scotland at this time contayned onely the Westerne moity of the present (extending from Solway Frith North∣wards) together with the Redshanks, or Westerne Ilands, hauing the Picts vpon the East; vpon the South, the Britons of Cumberland; and vpon the North, and West, the Ocean from Ireland. Kennethus the se∣cond, son to Alpinus. He vtterly subdued, & droue out the Picts, and en∣larged the Scottish Empire ouer the whole North part of the Iland, di∣vided from the Britons, and English by Solway Frith, and the riuer Tweede. He deceased in the yeare 854. Donaldus the second, brother to Kennethus the second. Constantinus the second, son to Kennethus the second. He was slaine in fight against the Danes in the yeare 874. E∣thus, brother to Constantine, and son to Kenneth. Gregorius, son to Dongallus. Donaldus the third, son to Constantine the second. Milco∣lumbus the first, son to Donaldus. He added to the Scottish dominions the Countryes of Westmoreland, and Cumberland (part sometimes of Northumberland) given vnto him, and his Successours by Edmund Monarch of the West Saxons, to be held vnder the right, and ho∣mage of the English. Indulfus, slaine against the Danes. Duffus, sonne to Milcolumbus the first. Culenus, sonne to Indulfus. Ken∣nethus the third, brother to Duffus. By the consent of the states as∣sembled in Parliament he made the kingdome haereditary, or to descend vnto the next ofkin to the deceased, which vntill that time had vncer∣tainely wandred amonst the princes of the royall blood, the vncles most commonly being preferred before the nephewes, & the elder in yeares before those who were yonger. He was slaine by the malice and trea∣son of Fenella, a woman, in the yeare 994. Constantinus the third, son to Culenus, chosen king by his faction against the law of Kenneth the third, opposed by Milcolumbus, son to Kenneth. He was slaine in fight by Kenneth, base brother to Milcolumbus, Grimus, son, or nephew to King Duffus, elected against Milcolumbus, and the law of Kenneth, overthrown in battaill, and slaine by Milcolumbus. Milcolumbus the second, sonne to Kenneth the third, king by right of conquest, and the law of Kenneth. He confirmed by act of Parliament the Law touching the succession, made by his father. After this Prince the eldest sons of the Kings, or the next of their blood ordinarily succeeded in the Scottish kingdome. Hee de∣ceased without male issue, slaine by treason. Duncanus, son to Crinus, chiefe Thane of the Westerne Ilands, and Beatresse, eldest daughter to Mil∣columbus the second. He was slaine by the treason of Macbethus. Mac∣bethus, son to the Thane of Anguis, and Doaca, yonger daughter to King

Milcolumbus the second, after seventeene yeares tyranny, and vsurpati∣on overcome, and slaine by Milcolumbus son to Duncanus. Milcolumbus the third, son to Duncanus, succeeding in the yeare 1057. He marryed vnto Margaret eldest daughter to Edward surnamed the Outlaw, eldest son to Edmund Ironside King of England, by which meanes the right of the house of the Saxons (Edgar Atheling, the only son of Edward, de∣ceasing vnmarried, and without issue) descended vpon the Kings of Scotland, the posterity hereof, and Margaret, continued herein vnto our times, and the vnion of the two kingdomes in Iames our late Soveraigne of happy memory. He first (as is thought) brought into Scotland the ti∣tles of Earles, & Barons, with others, borrowed from the neighbou∣ring English, with whom vnder Edward the Confessour during the vsur∣pation of Macbeth he had for a long time remained. He was slaine at the taking of Anwick Castle in Northumberland after some yeares warre maintained against William the Conquerour, and the Normans, occasi∣oned through his protection, and ayde of the banished English. Donal∣dus the fourth, son to Duncanus, & yonger brother to Milcolumbus the third, vsurping the kingdome by the aide of Magnus king of Norwey. He was driven out by Duncanus, naturall son to Milcolumbus the third. Duncanus the second, naturall son to Milcolumbus the third, slaine by the treason of Macpendirus Earle of Merne corrupted by Donaldus the fourth, liuing then exiled amongst the Westerne Ilands. He thus murthe∣red, Donardus the fourth resumed the kingdome, vanquished▪ and taken prisoner not long after by Edgar, the right heire, son to Milcolumbus the third, and Margaret, ayded by his vncle Edgar, and the English. Edgar son to Milcolumbus the third, and Margaret, daughter to Ed∣ward, surnamed the Outlaw. His sister Maude was marryed vnto Hen∣rie the first, king of England, yongest son to the Conquerour, vniting hereby the royall blood of the Saxons with that of the Normans. Hee deceased without issue. Alexander the first, son to Milcolumbus, and Margaret, and brother to Edgar. He also deceased sans issue. David the first brother to Edgar, and Alexander, and son to Milcolumbus, and Margaret, succeeding in the yeare 1124. He annexed to the Crowne of Scotland the Earledomes of Northumberland, and Huntingdon, a∣cruing through his marriage with Maude, daughter to Earle Waldeo∣fus. He recouered likewise Cumberland and Westmoreland, from the English, taken from his predecessours by William the Conquerour; restored vnto him by the liberality of king Stephen. Milcolumbus the fourth, son to Henrie prince of Scotland, son to king David. Vnable to withstand the ambition and greater power hereof, he quitted North∣umberland, Westmoreland and Cumberland vnto Henry the second, king of England, retaining onely the Earledome of Huntingdon of all his English possessions, left for a time vnto his successours. He deceased without issue vnmarried. VVilliam brother to Malcolme the fourth. Ta∣ken prisoner at the battaill of Anwijck to procure his libertie, & peace with the English he did homage, and sweare fealty vnto king Henry the second for the Crowne of Scotland. Alexander the second, son to William. Alexander the third son to Alexander the second. He de∣ceased

in the yeare 1285 without heires of his body, or not long survi∣ving. The whole issue hereof, and of king Alexander the second, and William extinguished, their contended for the soveraignety▪ Iohn Bal∣liol, Lord of Galloway, son to Iohn Balliol, and Dornagilla, daughter to Alan Lord of Galloway, and Margaret eldest daughter to David Earle of Huntingdon, brother to king William, & great vncle to Alex∣ander the third; and Robert Bruce Lord of Annandale, son to Robert Bruce, and Isabell, second daughter to David Earle of Huntingdon and sister to Margaret, both parties challenging a chiefer right, and interest before the other, Balliol, as descended from the elder sister; and Bruce as nearer by one degree to Earle David. The Scots not able to de∣termine the controversie, or without armes, Edward the first king of England is chosen vmpire. After 6 yeares vacancy the right is adiud∣ged on the behalfe of Balliol by king Edward with condition of his acknowledgment, and homage to the English Crowne. Iohn Balliol Lord of Galloway, king of Scotland by the arbitration of king Edward the first. He did homage to king Edward at the towne of Newcastle vpon Tine according to the agreement made betwixt them. Discon∣tenting his subjects through this his English subjection to regaine their lost loues, or (after my Scottish Authours) provoked with some disgrace & iniuries receiued from Edward, he renounced not long after his ho∣mage and fealty sworne to the English, warred vpon by Edward, and after some ouerthrowes, vnable to withstand so valiant and great a Monarcke, forced to resigne into the hands hereof the whole right, and interest he had, or might claime to the Crowne of Scotland, impriso∣ned afterwards in the towre of London, and set at liberty by the medi∣ation of Pope Boniface the eight, and sent ouer to his inheritance, and possessions in France, where in a private fortune he dyed. After this, king Edward the first of England made a full conquest of the Scots, whō he kept vnder hard subjection during his whole raigne, although not without sundry defections, and rebellions of this fierce & stirring nation, moued by William Walleys, Robert Bruce, and others, most commonly to their losse. He deceasing, through their great victorie at Banocks-bourne neare Striueling obtained against Edward the second, and the English, and the tumults, & disorders hapning in England du∣ring the raigne of this weake, and vnfortunate prince, the Scots againe recouer their libertie, & Robet Bruce formerly crowned in the raigne of Edward the first, is confirmed king. Robert the first, son to Robert Bruce lord of Anandale, competitour of the kingdome with Iohn Bal∣liol, king of Scotland by right of warre, his birth, and the voluntary cession of Balliol, the restorer of the Scottish name, and liberty, after a victorious, and happy raigne deceasing in the yeare 1329. David the second king of Scotland, son to Robert the first. In the minority hereof Edward Balliol son to Iohn Balliol invadeth, and by the helpe of the English obtayneth the Scottish Crowne, to be held by him vnder the homage, and protection of Edward the third king of England, opposed by the faction of David. Balliol, and his Enhlish after long miserie, and war being thrust out, king David recovereth his almost lost kindgome,

taken prisoner shortly after at the battaill of Nevills crosse neere Dur∣ham, invading England in favour of his auncient friends the French, distressed through the many victories of Edward the third, and the English. He deceased without issue in the yeare 1370, the second, and last king of Scotland, of the house, and name of Bruce Robert the second, the first of the familie, & name of the Stewarts, descended from Wal∣ter, created Stewart of Scotland by Malcolme the third (which name of office grew afterwards a surname to his house and of∣spring) king of Scotland in right from his mother, eldest daughter to Robert the first, and sister to Dauid the second. Since this time the name, and house of Stewarts haue still worne the regall Crowne of the Scottish dominions. Iohn the second, called Robert after his inauguration (the name of Iohn (as ominous) cast off by a decree of the states, vnluc∣kie to the Scottish, French, and English Monarchs) son to Robert the second. Iames the first, son to Iohn, or Robert the third, murthered in his bed at Perth by Walter Earle of Athol. Iames the second, sonne to Iames the first, slaine at the siege of the Castle of Rosburg against the English. Iames the third, son to Iames the second, slaine in battaill a∣gainst his seditious, and rebellious subjects neere the towne of Sterling. Iames the fourth, son to Iames the third. He married the Lady Marga∣ret, eldest daughter to Henry the seaventh king of England. He was slaine at the field of Floddon by Thomas Howard, Earle of Surrey, and the English. Iames the fift, son to Iames the fourth, and Margaret daugh∣ter to king Henry the seaventh. He deceased without male issue. Mary daughter to Iames the fift. Iames of happy memory, son to Henry Ste∣wart Lord Darly, and Mary Queene of Scotland. The famous, and vi∣ctorious Queene Elizabeth in the yeare 1602 deceasing vnmarryed, the last descended from the male issue of Henry the seaventh, and Eli∣zabeth, he succeeded in the English dominions, descended from Lady Margaret aforesaid, the right, and vndoubted heire of the three prince∣ly houses of the Saxon, Scottish, and Norman Kings, and the first sole Monarke of Great Britaine, Ireland, and the neighbouring Ilands. Charles king of great Britaine, France, and Ireland, son to Iames of happy memo∣ry, whom God long preserue.

THE ENGLISH.a 1.193

THey* 1.194 were a German people, mentioned by Tacitus, and Ptolemy, contayning part of the great, and populous nation of the Suevi. Ptolemy placeth them in this time about the middle of that vastb 1.195 conti∣nent, and the riuer Albis, with which riuer they were bounded vpon the North, having towards the West the people of the Longobards. They in∣habited then most probably according to his discription the parts, where now lie the Bishopricke of Hall, and the Higher Saxony about Wit∣tenberg. Their interpretations seeme absurd, who in regard of the affini∣ty of the names would haue them seated about Engerne in Westphalen, or Angloen in Pomerania, places farre distant from the river Elb, or the heart of Germany. Afterwards towards the waine of the Romane Empire

they flitted to the German Ocean more Westwards. Beda before their in∣vasion of this Iland placed them there betwixt the Iutes, lying vpon the North of them, and the Saxons vpon the South. Ethelwerdc 1.196 (an auncient Authour liuing not long after Beda) more distinctly maketh Sleswiick then to be their chiefe citie, situated in the Cimbrian Chersonese betwixt the two nations now mentioned. The name of Angelen in the present Dukedome of Schleswiick together with these authorities manifestly proue that to haue beene their country in Dutchland immediatly be∣fore their English arriuall.

THE IVTES.d 1.197

THe* 1.198 Iutes doubtles were the Gutae of Ptolemy, inhabitinge 1.199 the Sou∣therne part of Scandia, which he mistaketh to be an Iland, and attri∣buteth vnto Germany. In the declining age of the Westerne Empire (the exact time we finde not) sayling ouer the Bay Codanus, or the Straights of the Sundt, they flitted into the neighbouring Cimbrian Chersonese, sub∣dued, or made viode (which is the more likely) vpon the departure of the Cimbri, and other Dutch people, drawing more Southwards▪ towards the Romane frontier, & vniting into the common names of Saxons, French, or Almans. Beda placeth them in this Chersonese vpon the North of the English, or of Sleswiick their chiefe towne. Their memorie is here yet preserued in the name of Iutlandt, the part of the Chersonese, or of Den∣marke, lying vpon the North of the Dukedome of Schleswiick.

THE SAXONS.a 1.200

OF this* 1.201 nation we haue spoken more fully in the relation of Germa∣ny. They were likewise a Dutch people, mentioned by Ptolemy, in∣habiting then the necke of the Cimbrian Chersonese, now Holstein. After∣wards passing the riuer Elbe, and sundry other German names joyning in∣to this common, they spread Southwards as farre as the French. These conquering, and remouing into Gaule, they enlarged vnto the right shore of the riuer Rhijn. By the raigne of the Emperour Charles the great they extended along the German Ocean from the river Eydore (deviding them from the Danes) vnto the Rhijn, from the fall of that river vpwards as high as Colen, parting them from the French.

These* 1.202 three German nations since their affaire with the Britons are onely by Beda thus particularly named, and distinguished. By Ammia∣nus Marcellinus, Gildas, and other Authours before his time the Dutch infesting Britaine are all called by one generall name of the Saxons. After Beda, and the more ancient English historians they are sometimes na∣med the English; by others, the Saxons, andf 1.203 English-Saxons. That they were the different parts of one generall Dutch name, or people it is by all agreed. In the yeare 449 according to Beda (if his accompt be right,) Valentinian the third, and Theodosius the second then governing the Ro∣man Empire, after long pyracies vpon the sea-coasts hereof, they first to a∣ny

any purpose enter, and inhabit Britaine, called in by Vortigerne, and the Britons to their aide against the Scots, and Picts, and vnder Hengist, and Horsa their Captaines planted in the Iland of Thanet in Kent, given vn∣to them by Vortigerne. The Scots, & Picts being vanquished, and over∣throwne through their valour (neere Stamford after Henry of Hun∣tingdon,) and the weakenesse of the Ilanders discouered, new supplies from Germany are sent for by Hengist with his faire daughter Rowena, marryed shortly after to the lustfull prince Vortigerne, bewitched with her beauty, by whom for his consent, and more firme friendship with the Saxons, Kent is allotted to Hengist, about the yeare 455 by him e∣rected into a kingdome, the first dominion of the Saxons in Britaine. This forreine friendship, and alliance, with the daily intrusion of the Dutch growing suspected by the Britons, Vortigerne deposed, and Vortimer his son by a former wife elected king, hot warres ensue betwixt the two nations, continued with deadly hate, & furie for many hundred yeares betwixt them; whose effect was the finall expulsion of the Britons be∣yond the Severne amongst the Welsh Mountaines, (which happened by the raigne of their King Caereticus about the yeare 586,) and the con∣quest of the plaine, and Easterne countrey by the Saxons, with fresh com∣panies continually invading the Iland vpon occasion of those warres, or allured with the happy successe of those first adventurers, and be∣ginning sundry small kingdomes in the parts, where they arrived, or tooke vp to inhabite (whereof some one notwithstanding still bore a sway over the rest, whose King was accōpted soveraigne or Monarch;) the kingdomes of Kent, the South-Saxons, East-Saxons, East-Angles, Nor∣thumberland, Mercia, and of the West-Saxons, whose originall, continu∣ance, and fortunes vntill their vnion into the kingdome of the West-Sa∣xons, & name of England come next in place.

THE KINGDOME OF THE KENTISH SAXONS.a 1.204

THis* 1.205 contained onely Kent. It was begunne by Hengist aforesaid, the first Saxon Captaine, that invaded Britaine; vnto whom the countrey was given by Vortigerne, King of the Britons, in favour of Rowena, the beautifull daughter of Hengist, marryed vnto Vortigerne, about the yeare 455 from Christs incarnation, and in the seaventh yeare after the arrival of Hengist. It cōtinued for the space of 375 years after Malmesburiensis (accompting from the first entrance of Hengist,) ending in the yeare of Christ 824 in Baldred, the last prince hereof, o∣vercome, and driven out by Egbert, king of the West-Saxons; added af∣terwards as a Province to the West-Saxons dominion. The Kings hereof were Hengist before mentioned, descended after my authour (as were all the rest of the Kings of the Heptarchie) from Woden, a great prince a∣mongst the German Saxons, and his wife Frea, in whose honour the third, & fift dayes of the weeke were namedb 1.206 Wednesday, & Fryday by the idolatrous English, continued since in the time of the Gospell vnto this

present. His brother Otha, & son Ebusa, whom he had sent for out of Germany, by the good liking of Vortigern (to whom they pretended the defence of the country against the neighbouring Scots, & Picts) got seazed of the Northerne parts of Britaine, lying on the further side of Humber; held by them, & their successours with the title of Dukes vn∣der the right, & fealty hereof, & of the kings of Kent, chaunged after into the kingdome of Northumberland. In his time likewise Ella, & Cer∣dic, (two noble Captaines of the same Nation) invading the South, layed the foundations of the kingdomes of Sussex, & the West-Saxons. He decea∣sed in the yeare 488, the first king of Kent, & Monarch or chiefe king of the English Saxons. Eske, son to Hengist. From this Prince the Kentish-Saxons were called Oiscingaea 1.207 after Beda. Octa, son to Eske. Ermerick, after Malmesburiensis, son to Octa, or Otha. Ethelbert, son to Ermeric, succeeding in the yeare 561. He recovered the Monarchy vnto the Kentish men, after Hengist lost vnto the South and West-Saxons; the sixt soveraigne, or chiefe king of the English. In his raigne the Saxons first receiued the Christian faith, converted by Austine, sent from Gre∣gory, Bishop of Rome. He deceased in the yeare 616. Edbald, son to E∣thelbert. Ercombert, yonger son to Edbald, King of Kent, during the nonage of Ethelred, and Ethelbert, sons to Ermenred, eldest son to Ed∣bald. Egbert, son to Ercombert. He inhumanely murthered Ethelred and Ethelbert, sons to Ermenred aforesaid; jealous of their better right to the kingdome of Kent. Lothaire, yonger son to Ercombert, and bro∣ther to Egbert, vsurping the kingdome in the minority of Edric, son to Egbert. He was slaine in fight after 11 yeares raigne by Edric in the yeare 685. Edric son to Egbert, slaine against his rebellious subjects after two yeares tumultuous, and vnquiet raigne. After his decease the Kingdome, torne with ciuill dissentions, became a prey to Cead∣walla, which (but without successe) he sought to vnite to his West-Saxon kingdome, miserably wasted through his rage & cruelty. Wi∣thred, brother to Edric, & son to Egbert, succeeding after seauen years vacancy in the yeare 693, by the good leaue of Ina king of the West-Saxons, successour to Ceadwalla, whose peace he had purchased with a summe of money. Edbert, son to Withred. Ethelbert the second, son to Withred, and brother to Edbert. Alric, brother to Edbert, and Ethel∣bert, ouer-throwne and slaine by Offa, the great king of the Mercians, the last king of Kent descended from Hengist. After this Prince, the Province miserably distressed through the wars, and invasions of the Mercians, became vsurped by such of the Natiues who had power to effect the same, the posterity of Hengist being extinguished or exclu∣ded. Ethelbert the third, surnamed Pren, after Alric vsurping the gover∣ment. Hee was taken prisoner, and deprived by Kenulf king of the Mercians, set at liberty not long after, and deceasing in a private for∣tune. Cuthred succeeding in the yeare 797, set vp by Kenulfe, king of the Mercians after Etheldred. Baldred vsurping the kingdom after Cu∣thred in the yeare 824, over-throwne in battaile, and chased out by great Egbert, after whom Kent was annexed to the kingdome of the West-Saxons. The Kentish Dutch, or Saxons, were after Beda a colony of the Iutes.

THE KINGDOME OF THE SOVTH-SAXONS.a 1.208

IT* 1.209 contained the Regni of Ptolomy, or the present countreyes of Surrey and Sussex; bounding vpon the South with the Brittish Ocean; vpon the East with the kingdome of Kent; vpon the North with the river Thames from the East-Saxons; and vpon the West with the kingdome of the West-Saxons; named thus from the situation thereof, lying in the most Southerne part of the Iland. It was begun by Ella, a Saxon captaine, arriuing here with new Dutch supplyes in the time of Hengist king of Kent, and first Monarch of the English. Concerning the exact time of Ellaes descent hither, our English authours doe much vary for want of more auncient to direct them. All notwithstanding, or the most part a∣gree, that this hapned in the time of Hengist. After about 200 yeares continuance, and long oppression by the more mightie kings of the West-Saxons, this state took end, subdued by king Ina, and incorporated into the vnion of the West-Saxon kingdome. This, as neither the Ken∣tish, although the first kingdomes erected by the Saxons, yet came not to any growth through the bad neighbourhood of the West-Saxons, Mer∣cians, and other more potent Dutch intruders, comming betwixt them, and the Britons. The kings were Ella aforesaid, arriving here about the yeare 477 (aftera 1.210 Mat. of Westminister,) sent for by Hengist; and some years afterwards hauing vanquished the Britons in sundry fights, and sacked the strong city of Anderida, their chiefe fortresse, about the yeare 488 taking vpon him the name, and authority of king of those parts. After Hengist he attained to the soueraigntie, or chiefe commaund of the rest of the Saxons the second Monarch of the En∣glish. Cissa, son to Ella, king of the South-Saxons, the founder of the towne of Chichester in Sussex. He lost the Monarchie, or chiefe rule to Cerdic, king of the West-Saxons. He deceasing aboutb 1.211 the yeare 590, the kingdome fell (by what right we finde not) vpon Cheulin, king of the West-Saxons. After this time we read not of any more kings of the South-Saxons, vntill Adelwold, Edelwach, or E∣thelwolf (for by all these names hee is called,) the first Christian King of the South-Saxons. He was invaded, and slaine in battaile in the yeare 687 after Mat. of Westminster by Ceadwal, king of the West-Saxons, the last who is named king of the South-Saxons. Adelwold being slaine, Berthun, & Authun, two Dukes of the country, but with∣out the title of kings tooke vpon them the gouernment, by whom for the time Ceadwal is repulsed, and driven home. Not long after the kingdome of the South-Saxons, vnable any longer to with-stand the power of the West-Saxons, is finally subdued by Ina, who succeeded vn∣to Ceadwal, added to the West-Saxon kingdome.

THE KINGDOME OF THE EAST-SAXONSc 1.212

IT* 1.213 contained the countrey of the Trinobantes of Caesar, and Ptole∣my, or the present of Middlesex, and Essex, with part of Hartfordshire after Malmesburiensis; or the Diocese of London, hauing vpon the East the Germane Ocean, vpon the South the river Thames, dividing it from the kingdomes of Kent, and of the South-Saxons; vpon the West the King∣dome of Mercia, and vpon the North the kingdome of the East-Angles. It was begun about the yeare 527, & raigne of Eisc king of Kent, by Er∣chenwyn, descended after Huntingdoniensis from Woden, the common progenitour of all the Saxon Princes. It continued about the space of 300 yeares, and ended in the yeare 827, and Suthred the last king thereof, warred vpon, and chased out by Egbert king of the West-Saxons, by whom it was vnited to the Dominion of the West-Saxons. The Princes hereof were Erchenwina 1.214 now mentioned, the first king in the yeare 527, & raigne of Eisc, the second king of Kent. Sledda,b 1.215 son to Erchen∣win. He had to wife Ricula, daughter to Ermeric king of Kent. Sebert, son to Sledda, and Ricula; the first Christian king of the East-Saxons, converted thorough the pious endeavours of Ethelbert king of Kent, and Monarch of the English, succeeding in the yeare 596. By the god∣ly zeale, & aemulation of those two Christian Princes were first foun∣ded the auncient, and renowned Churches of S. Pauls in London, and S. Peters of Westminster. Selred, Seward, and Sigebert Pagan, and ido∣latrous Princes, sons to Sebert, ioint kings of the East-Saxons; over∣throwne, & slain in fight by Kingils, & Quinchelin, kings of the West-Saxons about the yeare 623. Segebert the second, son to Seward, son to king Sebert. Segebert the third, son to Segebald, brother to Sebert, & son to Sledda, & Ricula his Kentish Queene. He restored the forsaken Ca∣tholique Religion in the kingdome of the East-Saxons, by the speciall instigation of Oswye, king of Northumberland; assisted in this blessed worke by holy Cedda, brother to S. Ceadda, or Chad, Bishop of the Meircans. Swithelme, brother to Segebert the third, baptized by S. Ced∣da, Apostle & Bishop of the East-Saxons. Sighere, & Sebba, whereof the first was son, the other was brother vnto Segebert the second, joinct kings of the East-Saxons after Swithelme. Sighere deceasing, Sebba is sole king; after thirty yeares holy & just raigne, quitting his kingdome, & turning religious in the Monastery of S. Pauls in London. His tomb is yet showne in the walls of the North Ile of the Chancell of that Church. Sigheard, son to holy Sebba, succeeding in the yeare 694. Seo∣frid, brother to Sigheard, & son to Sebba. Offa, son to Sigheard. He en∣riched with buildings, & large endowments the Church of S. Peter in Westminster. Abandoning the vaine pleasures of this temporary world, he departed vnto Rome with Kenred King of the Mercians, where he tooke vpon him the habit of Religion. Selred the second. Su∣thred, son to Selred the second, the last king of the East-Saxons, about

the yeare 828 driuen out by Egbert, the potent king of the West-Sax∣ons; vniting the countries hereof with his kingdome of the West-Sax∣ons. None of the princes hereof attayned to the Monarchy, or chiefe commaund of the English-Saxons.

THE KINGDOME OF THE EAST-ANGLES.a 1.216

IT tooke the name* 1.217 from its more Easterne situation, and the people of the English; from whom after Beda, with the Mercians, and North∣umbrians, the Dutch inhabitants hereof were descended. It contayned the greatest part of the countrie of the Iceni of Tacitus, after Malmes∣buriensis Cambridgeshire, Norfolke, and Suffolke, or the two Dioceses of Elie, and Norwijch. It had vpon the South, the kingdome of the East-Saxons; vpon the East, the German Ocean; vpon the North, the sea Meta∣ris of Ptolomy, or the Washes; & vpon the West, the kingdome of the Mercians, begun by Vffa, a Saxon Captaine about the yeare 575, and en∣ding with the Martyrdome of S^t Edmund about the yeare 886; posses∣sed afterward for many yeares by the Danes; and lastly by Edward the first of the name, king of the West-Saxons, or English (the Danes expul∣sed) about the yeare 914 incorporated with the English kingdome, & Monarchie. The princes follow. Vffa, the first king of the East-Angles about the yeare 575. From this prince after Hunting doniensis the East-Angles for a long time were namedb 1.218 the Vffingae. Titulus king of the East-Angles, son to Vffa. Redwald, son to Titulus, succeeding in the yeare 593. After the decease of Ethelbert, the first Christian king of Kent, he got the Soveraignety, or chiefe rule of the English-Saxons, the seaventh Monarch of the English. With this princec 1.219 Malmesbu∣riensis beginneth the order of the kings of the East-Angles. Erpen∣wald, son to Redwald, the first Christian king of the East-Angles, con∣verted thorow the godly zeale, & friendly exhortation of Edwin (re∣stored to the kingdome of Northumberland by his father Redwald,) succeeding in the yeare 624. Hee was slaine by a conspiracie of his wicked, & idolatrous subiects, exasperated against him by meanes of his Christian, & Catholique profession. Sigebert, son to the wife of Redwald by a former husband (neither of whose names we find (des∣cended of the blood royall of the East-Angles, during the raigne of Redwald (jealous of his ambition to the Crowne,) and of Erpenwald his successour, liuing exiled in forreine countries; after the decease of Erpenwald returning from banishment, and succeeding in the king∣dome of the East-Angles about the yeare 636. He restored the Chri∣stian Religion amongst the East-Angles, wherein he had beene taught & baptized during his exile in France. For the more firme rooting of Christianity amongst his East-Angles, hee founded after Beda a schoole for the trayning vp of youth, appointing teachers to instruct them in religion, and good literature. The learned of Cambridge de∣riue from hence the beginning of their auncient, & famous Vniversi∣tie;

Beda (from whose authoritie more especially they ground their assertion) mentionetha 1.220 a schoole, but not the place, where this should be erected, as neither doe any other auncient, and approved authours. Leaving the kingdome to Egrick, he turned Religious in the Mo∣nastery of Cumbrebury; forced out of his Cel not long after by his distressed subjects against Penda, the Pagan king of the Mercians, by whom he was slaine, or rather martyred in battaill. Egrick, kinsman to Sigebert; after foure yeares raigne with Sigebert slaine in fight by Penda, & the Mercians. Anna, son to Eny after Malmesburiensis, brother to Redwald, & son to Titulus, succeeding in the yeare 642. He likewise felt the rage of Penda, and the Mercians, slaine by them in a great battaill about the yeare 654. His son Erkenwald with fiue daughters (such was the zeale of that devout age) Ethelrid, Sexburg, Withgith, Ethilburg, and Edelburg, put on the habit of Religion, ob∣tayning after their decease the repute, and name of Saints. Ethelherd, brother to king Anna. He was slaine in the quarrell of Penda against the Saxons, or English of Northumberland. Edelwald, brother to E∣thelherd. Aldulf, son to Ethelherd Elswolf, son to king Ethelherd, and brother to Aldulfe. Beorn son to Ethelherd, and brother to Aldulfe, and Elswolfe. Ethelred, kinsman to Beorn, and the preceeding kings. Ethelbert, son to Ethelred. He was treacherously murthered by Offa, the great king of the Mercians; invited to his Court vpon pretence of marriage with his daughter Elfrid. After Echelbert the East-Angles for a long time became a prey to the Mercians, West-Saxons, & Ken∣tish Saxons, without kings, or mentioned in Authours. By great Eg∣bert with the rest of the Heptarchie they became subject to the En∣glish name, and Monarchy vnder a substituted king of their owne, not named by Huntingdoniensis my Author; as neither are any o∣ther of their princes vntill Edmund descended from Anna, succee∣ding about the yeare 780. Saint Edmund, the last Saxon king of the East-Angles, substituted, or governing vnder the West-Saxons; inva∣ded by Hungar, and Hubba, two Pagan Danish Captaines, and after sundry torments, with great constancy sustayned for his faith, & pro∣fession, tyed to a stake, and shot to death with their arrowes; canoni∣zed for a Saint, and Martyr, whose rich, and much honoured shrine gaue occasion of the name of Saint Edmundsbury in Suffolke. Saint Edmund thus martyred, after 9 yeares vacancy, and spoile by the Danes, Guthrum, or Godrun, a Danish Captaine, succeedeth in the kingdome hereof, & of the East-Saxons; to whome Eohric of the same nation succeedeth. By Edward the first, Monarch of the English Saxons, the Danes are lastly driven out, and the countrie is immediatly vnited to the rest of the English Empire.

THE KINGDOME OF MERCIA.a 1.221

IT was so* 1.222 named after our best antiquaries from the word Mearc, sig∣nifying with the Dutch, or English, a bounder, called thus since confi∣ning

in a manner withall the rest of the Saxon kingdomes; lying in the heart, and middle part of the Iland. Better Etymologies we know not. It contayned in its greatest extent the Countries of the Dobuni, Caty∣c••chlani, Coritani, and Cornavij of Ptolemy, with part of the Iceni, and Silures; or after Malmes buriensis the moderne countries of Lincolne, Not∣tingham, Rutland, Leicester, Huntingdon, Bedford, Northampton, Bucking∣ham, Oxford, Glocester, Warwijck, Stafford, Darby, Worcester, Hereford, Chester, and Shropshire, with part of Hartfordshire, the largest of all the seaven kingdomes; bounded vpon the East, with the East-Saxons, and East-Angles, with part of the German Ocean betwixt the Metaris, or the Washes of Lincolneshire, and the mouth of Humber; vpon the South, with the riuer Thames from the West-Saxons; vpon the West, with Of∣fa's-Ditch from the Welsh, with part of the Irish Ocean betwixt the Dee, and Mersey; and vpon the North, with the riuer Mersey, and Humber from the kingdome of Northumberland. It comprehended the North, & South Mercia, the riuer of Trent parting these two devisions after Mat. of VVestminster. It was begun by Cridaa 1.223, or Creodda, a Saxon Captaine in the yeare 585, after my authour descended from prince VVoden, enlarged by the victories of Wibba, Penda, and Offa. By great Egbert it was subjected to the vassalage of the West-Saxon Monarchs, about the yeare 886 ending in Burdred, a substitute of the West-Saxons, tyred with long warres, and molestations of the Danes, & departing vnto Rome; after whom (the Danes, who had now vsurped it being expulsed) it was vnited to the West-Saxon kingdome. The Kings were Crida, or Creodda a∣foresaid about the yeare 585, the first king of the Mercians. Wibba, son to Crida. Ceorl, son to Kinemund, brother to VVibba. Penda,b 1.224 son to VVibba, succeeding in the yeare 626. He slew in battaill Ed∣win, and Oswald kings of Northumberland, and Sigebert, Egfrid, and Anna kings of the East-Angles, and droue out of his kingdome Ken∣wald of the VVest-Saxons; noted for his bloudy, fierce, and violent raigne, many victories, and much cruelty against the neighbouring Christian English. Himselfe was lastly slaine at a great, & memorable overthrow given by Oswy king of the Northumbrians. After this, the country for a time was made subject to Oswy, and the Northum∣brian Saxons. Peada, son to Penda, by Oswy king of Northumberland vpon the marriage of Alkfled, his naturall daughter, set ouer the part of Mercia, lying South of the riuer Trent, with condition that hee should become Christian, the first Christian king of the Mercians. The part of Mercia vpon the North of Trent Oswy joyned to the immediate government of the Northumbrians. He was slaine after Beda by the treason of his wife Alkfled, after others by his mother Kinswith, wife to Penda. After Peada, the Mercians shook off the yoke of the Northumbrians, and Wulfhere is advanced to the kingdome. Wulfhere, son to Penda, and brother to Peada, (Oswy, & the North∣umbrians thrust out,) king of the Mercians. By his great valour, & hap∣pie exploites after Oswy he obtayned the Soveraignety, or chiefe rule of the Saxons, continued in his successours vntill Kenelme, and the Monarchy of Egbert, and the VVest Saxons; the eleventh Monarch

of the English▪ He founded the Church, & Monastery of Medesham, or Peter borough (begun by his brother Peada,) converted to Christia∣nity by holy Chad, the Apostle, or first Bishop of Lichfield, and the Mercians. He deceased in the yeare 674. Amongst other issue he had Wereburg, a professed Nun in the Monastery of Elye, appointed af∣terwards by king Ethelred visitour of all the Monasteries in the king∣dome of Mercia, which charge she vnderwent with great zeale, and o∣pinion of sanctity; whose dead corps, or reliques remoued afterwards to the City of Chester occasioned there the Church of Saint VVere∣burg, since the Cathedrall of that Diocese, founded by Leofrike Earle of Chester in her honour. Ethelred, brother to Peada, and VVulshere, and son to Penda, king of Mercia, and the twelft Monarke of the En∣glish. He founded the Monasterie of Bardney in Lincolneshire, where relinquishing the kingdome, himselfe became Monke, and afterwards Abbat. Kenred, son to Wulfhere (Ethelred resigneing) king of Mer∣cia, and Monarch of the English. Having raigned foure yeares he like∣wise gaue ouer the kingdome, and with Offa king of the East-Saxons went to Rome, where, Constantine the first being Pope, they together put on the Coule, & habit of religion. Chelred, son to Ethelred, king of Mercia, and Monarch of the English. He had warres with Ina, king of VVest-Saxons (growne great through his late victories ouer the Kentish, and South-Saxons, and aspiring to the Monarchy,) managed with aequall fortunes. Ethelbald, of the blood royall of the kings of Mercia (descended from Crida,) king of the Mercians, & Monarch of the English in the time of S^t Winifrid, or Boniface, the Apostle of the Germans, and Archbishop of Mentz, reprehended by him for his vn∣married, yet most lascivious, and vnchast life. He was slaine by his mutinous subjects, stirred vp by Bernred, ayming hereby at the king∣dome. Offa descended from Wibba, after some vacancy, & the death of the Tyrant Bernred (whom he slew in battaill), king of Mercia, and Monarch of the English, renowned for his great victories archieved against the bordering Welsh, & Saxons. He drew Offaes Ditch before described, the bounder betwixt him, & the Welsh, and subjected his English to atribute of the sea of Rome called Romscot, and Peter∣pence. He likewise founded the great, and rich Monasterie of S^t Al∣ban in honour of that first British Martyr, a Citizen of the neighbou∣ring Verulamium, put to death here by the Emperour Dioclesian, and now canonized at his cost. He deceased in the yeare 796. Egfri••, son to great Offa, king of Mercia, and Monarch of the English, deceasing within the yeare. Kenwolf (descended from Wibba) king of Mercia, and Monarch, or chiefe king of the English, deceasing in the yeare 819. After this prince, the Mercians lost the sovernignety, or chiefe rule of the English, to Egbert, and the West-Saxons, hapning through the feeble, & vnripe yeares of Kenelme, his next successour, the quar∣rels, and devisions hereof for the Crowne, and the power of Egbert, growne mighty through the accesse of the East, and South-Saxons, and Kentish kingdome. Kenelme, son to Kenwolf, at the age of sea∣ven yeares, succeeding in the kingdome of Mercia, murthered by his

sister Quendrid, ambitious of the gouernment. Ceolwulf, king of Mer∣cia, Vncle to Kenelme, and brother to Kenwolf; after one yeares troublesome raigne, driuen out by his seditious subiects, and tho∣rough the treason and faction of Bernulf. Bernulf, King of the Mercians, vsurping the kingdome against Ceolwulfe. Hee con∣tended with great Egbert for the chiefe rule, or soveraignty of the English, by whom he was ouercome in fight, & was lastly slaine a∣gainst the East-Angles. Ludecan King of Mercia, intruding the Ber∣nulf, overcome & slaine by Egbert, & the East-Angles. Withlafe King of Mercia, vsurping after Ludecan, subdued afterwards, & made tribu∣tary, & substituted by Egbert. Berthulf king of Mercia, after Withlafe substituted by the West-Saxons. He was driuen out by the bloudy, & all-conquering Danes Burdred, appointed by Ethelwolf the West-Sa∣xon or English Monarch. After two and twenty yeares raigne, weari∣ed out with continuall warres, & fresh invasions of the Danes, & lea∣ving England vnto fortune, about the yeare 886, he tooke sanctuary in Rome, where in a private state he dyed, the last Prince of the long lan∣guishing Mercian kingdome; after whom, & some few yeares revel∣ling a 1.225 of the Danes; the countreyes hereof by Alfred (the Danes brought vnder) were vnited to the English, or VVest-Saxon Monar∣chy.

THE KINGDOME OF NORTHVMBERLAND.b 1.226

IT was* 1.227 thus called from the more famous river, or creeke of Humber, vpon whose North it lay. It contained the Brigantes of Ptolemy, with other parts of North Britaine, extended from hence vnto the Bo∣dotria, & Glota of the same Authour, now the Friths of Edinburgh, and Dunbriton; on after Malmes buriensis the present countryes of Yorke∣shire, Lancashire, Durham, Westmoreland, Cumberland, & Northumberland. Wee adde Tweedale, Merch, Lauden, Carict, & Galloway, with other parts of moderne Scotland vnto the Glota, and Bodotria, (for thus farre after Malmesburiensis the Empire of the English (whose North this was) shortly vpon their invasion, & conquest extended.) It had vpon the South, the riuers of Mersey, and Humber from the kingdome of the Mer∣cians; vpon the East, the German Ocean; vpon the West, the Irish sea; and vpon the North the two Friths before mentioned, parting it from the Scots and Picts. It was divided into twoc 1.228 Provinces, more aunciently commaunded a part by their kings; ofd 1.229 Deira, which was the part in∣tercepted betwixt Humber, and the river of Tees; ande 1.230 Bernicia, lying betwixt the Tees, and Frith of Edinburgh. The kingdome was occasio∣ned by Otha, and Ebusa, the brother and son of Hengist, shortly after the comming of the first Saxons, the better to strengthen their party, sent for out of Germany by Hengist, and by the good leaue of Vortigern king of the Britons arriuing, and planting in those Northerne parts, preten∣ding their guard against the injurious, and ill neighbouring Picts, and

Scots; whose successours (the truce, and amity betwixt the two Nati∣ons quickly broken) in continuance of time subduing the Country thus limited, and governing the same with the title of Dukes vnder the right and soveraigne commaund of the kings of Kent, about the 60, and 72 yeares after the death of Hengist chaunged their stile into the name of kings of Bernicia, and Deira, (for thus the parts hereof (as before) then were called,) vniting againe not long after into one onely kingdome, and common name of Northumberland, called thus in regard of the Northerne situation thereof vnto that famous river. The Northumbrians after E∣thelred, and the yeare 794, being much distressed through their ciuill dissentions, and the invasions of the Danes, by the advantage hereof the Scots, and Picts got seazed of the parts of Bernicia, situated vpon the North of the river Tweede, and Solway Frith, the ordinary bounder af∣terward of the English, and Scottish kingdomes. The Britons before this (inhabiting the parts where now lye Cumberland, and Westmoreland, with Fournesse Fels in Lancashire (subiect aunciently to the Saxon kings of Northumberland,) about the yeare 685 revoultinga 1.231 from vnder the government hereof begun the kingdome of the Cumbri, or Cumberland, continuing after the Heptarchy of the English expired. In this māner the kingdome of Northumberland stinted towards the North with the Frith of Solway, and the river Tweede, about the yeare 827, and some 33 years after the decease of Ethelred before mentioned, ouer-charged with forreine, and domestique wars, submitted to the protection of great Eg∣bert, and his West-Saxons, by whom it was lastly vnited to the West-Sa∣xon, or English Monarchy. The princes hereof were Ida, the first king of Northumberland after Mat. ofb 1.232 Westminster, elected by the victori∣ous Dutch, or English of these Northerly parts in the yeare 548, and about the 60 yeare after the death of Hengist. By Floretinusc 1.233 Monke of Worcester, he is stiled only king of Bernicia. Ida deceasing, the Northumbrians in the yeare 560 after Mat. of VVestminster, first be∣came divided into the two kingdomes of Deira, vsurped with this title by Ella, son to Duke Iffus; and Bernicia, the portion remaining vnto Adda, son and successour vnto Ida, succeeded vnto in Bernicia, during the long raigne of Ella, by Clappa Theodulphus, Freothulfus, Theodoricus, and Ethelricus, all sons to Ida, and brethren to Adda. Adda, Clappa, Theodulphus, Freothulfus, Theodoricus, and Ethelricus, kings of Bernicia, and sons to Ida, successiuely raigning one after another; & Ella king of Deira, son to Duke Iffus. After the decease of Ella, king E∣thelricus (Edwin thrust out, son to Ella) obtaineth the soueraignty of the whole Northumberland. Ethelricus, son to Ida, (Edwin son to Ella excluded) king of Northumberland, or of both Provinces of Deira, and Bernicia. Ethelfrid, king of Northumberland, son to Ethelricus. He confirmed, and much enlarged the kingdome of the Northumbrians through his conquests, and victories against the Scots, and weake re∣mainders of the Britons. He was slaine in battaile by Redwald, king of the East-Angles, and Monarch of the English, in the quarrell of Edwyn king of Deira, expulsed by Ethelricus. Edwyn king of Deira, son to Ella, after Ethelfrid succeeding in both Provinces of Deira, and Bernicia, the

first Christian king of the Northumbrians, converted by the meanes of his Queene Ethelburga, daughter to Ethelbert, the first Christian king of Kent, and through the preaching of Paulinus, the Apostle of those Northern parts, & first Archbishop of Yorke. He began at Yorke the Church of S. Peter, appoiting it to bee the Cathedrall of that Metropolitane sea. After Redwald, he got the soveraignty, or chiefe rule amongst the Saxons, the eight Monarch of the English. Hauing a long time raigned victoriously, he was lastly about the yeare 633 slain in battaile by the joint armes of Penda king of the Mercians, and of Cadwallo king of the Britons. Osric, king of Deira, son to Alfrid, bro∣ther to Ella; and Eanfrid king of Bernicia, son to Ethelfrid, after the de∣cease of Edwin returning out of Scotland (where they had kept du∣ring the raigne hereof,) and succeeding in the two kingdomes of Nor∣thumberland, noted by Beda & Malmesburiensis for their apostacy from the faith of Christ (wherein with Oswald, who next succeeded, they had been baptized during their exile amongst the Scots,) and the iust reuenge of God for this their impiety; after some one yeares short raigne overcome, and slaine by Cadwallo king of the Britons. Oswald, son to Ethelfrid, and brother to Eanfrid, hauing vanquished Cadwal∣lo, & his Britons in a memorable, & bloudy fight, succeeding in both Provinces of Deira and Bernicia. He attained likewise to the chiefe rule of the Saxons, the ninth Monarch of the English. Hee restored in the parts of Northumberland the much decayed Christian Religion by the preachings and especiall industry of Aidan a Scottish man, and the first Bishop of Lindisfarne, to whom in regard of his ignorance of the Saxon tongue, he serued as an interpretour. He was slaine by Pen∣da, the cruell king of the Mercians, in a battaile fought at Maserfield, now from hence named Oswaldstree, in Shropshire. Oswy, king of Ber∣nicia, naturall son to Ethelfrid; and Oswyn king of Deira, son to Osric, succeeding about the yeare 643 in the two kingdomes of Northum∣berland. Emulation, and wars arising betwixt the two Princes, and good Oswyn by the treason of Earle Hunwald being deliuered into the hands of Oswy, by whom he is wickedly murthered, Oswy attai∣neth to the Dominion of all Northumberland, and by the strength and advantage hereof, to the chiefe rule and soveraignty of the En∣glish, the tenth and last Monarch of the English, of the house of Nor∣thumberland. He slew in fight the mercilesse and raging Penda, and subdued the Mercians to his will, rebelling notwithstanding shortly af∣ter, and reassuming liberty vnder Vulfhere, son to Penda. He deceased about the yeare 670. After this Prince the two Provinces of Deira and Bernicia, went still vnited vnder one onely king of Northumber∣land. Egfrid king of Northumberland, son to Oswy. He lost the Monar∣chy or chiefe rule of the English to Vulf here, and the Mercians. He was slaine against the Picts, entrapped amongst their mountaines. En∣couraged by this ouerthrowa 1.234 the remainder of the Britons, inhabiting Cumberland, & the Westerne coasts along the Irish Ocean, cast off the yoake of the Northumbrians, and became a free estate. Alkfryd, king of Northumberlād, naturall son to Oswy. Osred king of Northumberland,

son to Alkfrid. He was slaine in fight by Kenred, and Osric, aiming hereby at the Crowne, and through the advantage of his licentious life, and many vices. Kenred, king of Northumberland, the murtherer of Osred, descended from Ida, the first king of Bernicia, by his Con∣cubine. Osric king of Northumberland, associate with Kenred in the treason against Osred. Ceolwulph king of Northumberland, brother to Kēred. He voluntarily resigned the kingdome, & took the habit of reli∣gion in the Iland of Lindisferne, now Holy Land. Vnto this prince Venerable Bede dedicateth his Ecclesiasticall historie of the English Nation. Egbert king of Northumberlād, son to Eata, brother to Ceolwulf. He also left the kingdome, and turned religious. Oswulph, sonne to Egbert, after a short raigne slaine by treason. Edilwald descended from king Ida, by his Concubine, slaine by Alured. Alured, descen∣ded from Ida, and the same Concubine, driven out by his seditious subjects. Ethelred, son to Edilwald, expulsed by the faction of Edel∣bald, and Herebert two noblemen of the Countrie. Alswald, brother to king Alured, murthered by his ever wicked, and rebellious sub∣jects. Osred, son to Alured, forced out by the same fury. Ethelred, son to Edilwald, restored to the kingdome after Alswald, and Osred, in the yeare 794, slaine by his still bad, and mutinous subjects, long pra∣ctised in treason, and the murther of their princes, the last king of Northumberland after Malmesburiensis. Ethelred thus murthered, the Countrie for the space of thirty and three yeares was much tur∣moyled with ciuill dissentions, and continuall intrusions of petty ty∣rants, contending for, and vsurping the soveraignety, of small power through this disorder, and short continuance, and not deserving the name of kings. In the yeare 827, not able any longer to hold out, or to resist so great a Monarch, the Northumbrians were subdued, or ra∣ther voluntarily yeelded vnto Egbert, the most potent king of the VVest-Saxons. After this subjection, they were ruled by Vice-Royes, or substitute kings vnder the VVest-Saxons, of which ranke were Os∣brict, and Ella, mentioned by Henry ofa 1.235 Huntington, in the raigne of Ethelwolf, son and successour to great Egbert. These two being slaine by the Danes, they were made subject to that nation, whose kings af∣ter Huntingdoniensis (if they be worth the naming) were Haldene, Gud∣fert, Nigellus, Sidrik, Reginald, and Anlaf, commaunding here in a con∣fused, and disorderly manner, sometimes one ruling alone, sometimes two, or many together. By Athelstan these Danish Northumbrians were driven out, or subdued to the English Monarchy, not long after by king Edred after sundry rebellions incorporated into the kingdome, and accompt, and name of the English.

THE KINGDOME OF THE WEST-SAXONS.b 1.236

IT* 1.237 contayned more aunciently the Belgae, Attrebatij, and Durotriges of Ptolemy, now Barkeshire, Wiltshire, Somersetshire, Hantshire, & Dor∣set-shire,

with the Ile of Wight, having vpon the South, the British Ocean; vpon the East, the South-Saxons; vpon the North, the Mercians, and the river Thames; and vpon the West, the sea of Severne, and the Cornish Bri∣tons. Malmesburiensis addeth Devonshire, and Cornwall, or the parts belonging sometimes to the Danmonij, or Cornish Britons, subdued, and annexed by Great Egbert, a little before the period of the Heptarchie, and the abolition of the kingdome, and distinction of the West-Saxons. The state was begun after those of Kent, and Sussex, but before the rest of the Heptarchie, by Cerdic, a Saxon Captaine, about the yeare 495, lan∣ding with fresh German succours amongst the Iceni, where now is Cer∣dic-shore, neere Yarmouth, and (descending from thence towards the VVest, and hauing vanquished and slaine Natanleod, a British Comman∣der) fixing, and establishing in the Westerne parts the kingdome named thus from its situation; enlarged by the after conquests hereof, and of his victorious Successours vpon the distressed neighbouring Britons. Into this kingdome, as into a more fresh, & liuely stocke, all the rest of the kingdomes of the Saxons became at length engrafted, mastered by the armes of great Egbert, and through their owne intestine broyles, and in the yeare 819 by the decree of Egbert at an assembly of the states at VVinchester joyned into one entire state, or common name of England, continued through many successions of princes vnto our times. The order of the kings of the VVest-Saxons followeth vntill the Heptarchy de∣termined, and the vnion, and name of England. Cerdic before mentio∣ned, the first king of the West-Saxons about the yeare 502, and 43 yeares after the first arrivall of Hengist. After Ella of the South-Sax∣ons, he attayned to the chiefe rule, or soueraignety amongst the Saxon princes; the third Monarch of the English continued in his succes∣sours for two descents. Kenrik king of the West-Saxons, and Monarch, or chiefe king of the English, son to Cerdic Cheulin king of the West-Saxons, chiefe king, or Monarch of the English, son to Kenrik. After sundry conquests, and great victories against the Britons, and Kentish Saxons, he was lastly ouerthrowne, and driuen out by a joynt warre of the Welsh, and his seditious subjects discontented with his inso∣lent government, drawne on through the treason, and ambition of his nephew Cealic. Cealic king of the West-Saxons, son to Cuthwolf, brother to Cheulin, and son to Kenric. He lost the Monarchy, or chiefe rule of the English vnto Ethelbert, king of the Kentish men. Chelwolf king of the VVest-Saxons, son to Cuth, brother to Cheu∣lin. Kingils, son to Chel, brother to Chelwolfe, king of the VVest-Sax∣ons, succeeding in the yeare 612. He first of the VVest-Saxon princes embraced the Christian Religion, won to the faith by the preaching of Berinus an Italian, the first Bishop of Dorchester in Oxfordshire, and through the holy zeale, and endeavours of Oswald king of Northumberland. He tooke for his companion in the government his son Quincheline, who deceased before him. Kenwald king of the VVest-Saxons, son to Kengils, he founded the rich abbey of Malmes∣burie, and the great Church of VVinchester. He deceasing without issue, his wife Segburg, a manly woman, for a time mannaged the af∣faires

of the kingdome, succeeded vnto by Eskwin. Eskwin king of the VVest-Saxons, descended from Cerdic. Kenwin, king of the VVest-Saxons, brother to Kenwald, and son to Kingils. He much enlarged the kingdome of the VVest-Saxons vpon the Bordering Britons, or VVelsh. Ceadwalla, king of the VVest-Saxons, descended from Kenric. He slew in fight Edilwalch, the last king of the South-Saxons. After much cruelty, and outrage committed against the neighbouring South, and Kentish-Saxons, to expiate his sinnes, following the man∣ner of those superstitious times, he departed on holy pilgrimage to Rome, baptized there by Sergius Bishop of that sea, where shortly af∣ter he dyed. Ina, king of the West-Saxons, descended from Cheu∣lin. He annexed to his dominions the Countrie of the South-Saxons, and founded the Colledge of Wels, and the great Monastery of Gla∣stenbury. Ambitious of the honour of his predecessour, hee went to Rome, and put on the habit of religion, deceasing in a private fortune, hauing first subjected his kingdome to the payment of Peter-pence to that sea. Ethelard, king of the West-Saxons, descended from Cheu∣lin. Cuthred, king of the West-Saxons, brother to Ethelard. About this time after Beda the dead corps of the deceased begun first to bee enterred within townes, and cities, formerly after the manner of the Turkes at this day, buried in the fields. Sigebert of vnknowne paren∣tage, king of the West-Saxons, driven out by his seditious subjects pretending his tyrannie, and many vices. Kenwulf, king of the West-Saxons, descended from Cerdic. He was slaine by Kineard, brother to Sigebert. Brithric descended from Cerdic, king of the West-Saxons succeeding in the yeare 784. In the time hereof, and yeare 787, the Danes first arriue, and discover the Westerne coasts of the Iland, fol∣lowed with greater forces in the raigne of Egbert, and the succeeding English Monarches. He was poysoned by his Queene Ethelburga, daughter to Offa the great, king of the Mercians. In regard of this treason, the wiues of the succeeding West-Saxon Monarches were by law afterwards excluded from all state, place, and title of princes. Eg∣bert, king of the VVest-Saxons, descended from Cheulin, and succee∣ding in the yeare 800. He subdued the Cornish Britons, and the Ken∣tish, and East-Saxons, with those of Mercia, East-England, and North∣umberland. Of these Kent, and the East-Saxons, with the Cornish Bri∣tons he immediatly incorporated with his kingdome of the West-Sax∣ons. The rest (which were Northumberland, with the East-Angles, and Mercians) he commaunded by his substitutes, or Vice-royes. All not∣withstanding he vnited into one entire Monarchie, which he named of England (from the Angli, or English, of whom himselfe was descended, or in regard of the greater extent of that people, contayning after Beda the Mercians, Northumbrians, and Mercians, or some two thirds of the whole Dutch Nation) whereof he was Crowned king in the yeare 819, some 370 yeares after the arrivall of Hengist. In this sort (the Heptarchy extinguished) the whole Southerne part of the Iland tooke the name of England, (Wales, & the Britons of Cumberland excepted) whose fortunes vntill the returne hereof into the vnion of Britaine vnder Lames out late Soveraigne of happy memory remaine in the next place to bee related.

THE KINGDOME OF ENGLAND.a 1.238

THis* 1.239 was begun by Egbert aforesaid. The manner, and yeare wee haue even now shewed. It was bounded more aunciently with the German Ocean vpon the East; vpon the South, with the English chan∣nell from France; vpon the West, with the Welsh, and Britons of Cum∣berland, with part of the Westerne, or Irish Ocean from Ireland; and vpon the North, with the river Tweede from the Picts, or Scotland. King Wil∣liam, surnamed the Conquerour, added Cumberland, and VVestmoreland, parts of the auncient kingdome of the Cumbri, wrested from the Scots. His son Rufus, and the succeeding princes of the Norman bloud added VVales. By the raigne of king Edward the first (VVales then being to∣tally subdued) the accompt, and name of England enlarged ouer all the part of the Iland, lying vpon the South of the river Tweede, and Solway Frith; the present extent of the kingdome. It hath suffered sundry changes since this its first name, and erection; being twise conquered by forreine power, and made subject to three different successions of Mo∣narches. 1 Of the race of the VVest-Saxons. 2. Of the Danes. 3: and of the Normans.

THE KINGDOME OF ENGLAND VNDER THE VVEST-SAXONS.

THe Kings of England follow, of the house of the West-Saxons, and vntill the Danish subiection. Egbert, king of the West-Saxons, (the Heptarchy destroyed) crowned king of England at a Parliament of the states held at Winchester in the yeare 819. In the raigne of this prince, the Danes begin their fierce invasions of the English, continu∣ed with variable successe during the whole time of Englands Mo∣narches of the race of the West-Saxons, and vntill the yeare 1016, and conquest of the whole by Canutus. He deceased in the yeare 836. Ethelwolf, and Athelstan, sons to Egbert, succeeding to their father in the kingdome of England, and the Danish warres. Of these, Athelstan had for his share the countries of Kent, and of the South & East-Sax∣ons, and Ethelwolf the rest of England, with the praerogatiue, and title of Monarch, or chiefe king of the whole. At the same time likewise Burdred commaunded Mercia, but substituted, and vnder the right of Ethelwolf, and the English Monarches. Ethelbald, and Ethelbert kings of England, sons to Ethelwolf. Hereof Ethelbert inherited Kent, with the East, and South-Saxons, the portion of his vncle Athelstan. The rest with the right of chiefe king, or Monarch of the English fell to the lot of Ethelbald, the elder brother. This last tooke to his in∣cestious bed his stepmother Iudith, daughter to Charles surnamed the Bauld, king of West-France, & widdow to his father Ethelwolf, marri∣ed after his death (which hapned shortly after) to Bauldwin, the first

Earle of Flanders. He deceasing, his brother Ethelbert remained sole king of the English. Ethelbert, sonne to Ethelwolf after the decease of Ethelbald sole Monarch of England. Ethelred the first, king of Eng∣land, brother to Ethelbald, and Ethelbert. During the troublesome raigne hereof through the advantage of the warres of the Danes, the East-Angles shake off the yoake of the English Monarches, creating holy Edmund their king; martyred by Hungar, & Hubba two Danish Captaines, and succeeded vnto by princes of this merciles, & Pagan Nation. After stout resistance, and many battails fought, he was at last slaine against the Danes. Alfrid, king of England, fourth sonne to Ethelwolf, & brother to the three preceding Kings. Great was the va∣lour amongst other vertues of this vnparaleld, and matchles princes, if not altogether vanquishing, yet repressing the furie of the raging and vnconquerable Danes, threatning now an vtter destruction of the En∣glish nation; brought to a low ebbe through their long, & restles inva∣sions, frequent victories, depopulations, & tyranny. He founded, or ra∣ther reneweda 1.240 the most auncient, aud renowned Vniversity of Oxford, and first parted the land into shires, tithings, and hundreds, deceasing in the yeares 901. Edward, surnamed the Elder, king of England, son to Alfred. He made subject the East-Angles, and all other▪ parts pos∣sessed by the now languishing, and droping Danes, excepting North∣umberland, held yet by princes of that natiō. Athelstan king of Englād, son to Edward. He twise vanquished in fight Constantine king of the Scots assisted with the Irish, subdued the Britons of Cumberland, with the remainder of the Danes inhabiting Northumberland, made the Welsh tributary, and confined the Cornish within the River Tamar, their present bounds; the greatest, and most victorious of the English Monarches before his time, deceasing in the yeare 940. Edmund the first, king of England, son to Edward, and brother to Athelstan. The Danes of Northumberland revolting, he againe brought vnder, & an∣nexed that province to his immediate government. He also quite o∣uerthrew the kingdome of the Britons of Cumberland, killing the two sons of Dummailus their last king, whose country hee gaue vnto Malcolme the first, king of Scotland, with condition of homage to the English Crowne, and of his defence of those Northerne parts against the Danish intruders. Edred, King of England, son to Edward, and bro∣ther to Athelstan. He the third time tamed, and brought vnder the e∣ver restles, & rebellious Danes of Northumberland. Edwy, King of England, son to Edmund the first. Against this prince, nothing grati∣ous with his subjects, Edgar his brother, & next successour vsurped the dominion of the still vnquiet Northumbrians, & Mercians. Edgar King of England, surnamed the peaceable in regard of his quiet raigne not molested with forraigne or domestique warres, nor ordinarie in those tumultuous, & stirring times, son to Edmund, & brother to Ed∣wy. He remitted the taxe of money imposed by Athelstan vpon the Welshmen for a tribute of wolues. Edward the second, king of Eng∣land, son to Edgar; surnamed the Martyr from the manner of his death, murthered by the treachery of his stepmother Elfrida, cove∣ting

the kingdome for her son Ethelred. Ethelred the second, king of England, son to Edgar, & Elfrida, & halfe brother to Edward. In his time the Danes, who had laine still during the late raigne of his victo∣rious praedecessours, subdued, or beaten home through the high va∣lour of Alfred, Athelstan, and other succeeding English Monarches, renew their wonted outrages, on all sides with furie vnresistable, pil∣laging, & spoyling the countrie, encouraged by the quarrells, factions, and bad affection of his disloyall subjects, withdrawing, or forslow∣ing their aides, or betraying his armies; after much calamity, and affli∣ction compounded withall by Ethelred, and not long after vpon Saint Brice his festivall, and in the yeare 1002 massacred in one day by the commaund hereof, and a joint conspiracy of the English; drawing on a more sharpe revenge, & dreadfull warre of the nation vnder Sue∣no, & Canutus their potent, & much incensed kings; not ending but with the English Monarchy of the West-Saxons, and the finall con∣quest hereof by Canutus. After a long, but miserable raigne, he de∣ceased in the yeare 1016. Edmund the second, from his hardie valour surnamed the Iron-side, son to Ethelred the second, succeeding his fa∣ther in the kingdome of England; & in his vnfortunate warre with the Danes. Having fought sundry stout battailes, and one single combate with Canutus in the Ile of Alney by Glocester, comming to an agree∣ment with the Dane, he parted with him the kingdome of England, contenting himselfe with the more Southern moity hereof; deceasing after a seaven moneths raigne (a short time for so many braue acts which in that space he atchieued) in the yeare 1016, about 567 yeares after the first arrivall of the Dutch vnder Hengist, & some 197 yeares, since the name & beginning of the kingdome by Egbert. Edmund I∣ron-side thus removed out of the way, the whole kingdome of the En∣glish, tyred out with long miseries of war, yeelded to Canutus, and the Danes, whose estate, and succession followeth during their rule, & go∣vernment over the English.

THE KINGDOME OF ENGLAND VNDER THE DANES.a 1.241

COncerning* 1.242 this Nation wee haue more fully related in the dis∣course of Germany. They were a Dutch people (for thus their Dutch dialect, or language doth manifest.) Their name we conjecture from the bay Codanus & Iland Codanonia, of Mela, now the Sundt, & Iland of Zelandt, where, and in the adjacent countries the Nation since their first mention hath alwayes continued. When they begun we finde not. Iornandes is the first of auncient authours by whom they are named, li∣ving in the time of the Emperour Iustinian the first. Their Countrey then he maketh to be the neighbouring Scanzia,, or Scandia, most probably now Hallandt, Schonen, and Bleking, or the part in that Continent of the present Denmarke. We adde the Ilands of Zeland, & Funen, with o∣thers, lying in the straights of the Sundt. Afterwards (the exact time

we know not) they spread into the bordering Cimbrain Chersonese in the maine land of Germany, taking vp the left roomes of the Iutes, & English, departing into the Iland of Britaine vnder Hengist. By the raigne of Charles the Great king of the Frenchmen, vnder their king Godfrey, wee finde them in Aymonius extended Southwards in the Chersonesse as far as the riuer Eydore, dividing them from the Saxons beyond the Elb, the present bounds now of Denmark from the land of Holstein, and the Ger∣man Empire. In the yeare 787, and raigne of Brithric king of the West-Saxons, agreeing with the 20 yeare of Charles the Great, we first heare of them in England, with three ships landing in the South-West parts hereof, not so much attempting a conquest, as making a discouery of the country. In the next raigne of Great Egbert, they first to any pur∣pose invaded the Iland, arriuing at seuerall times in the Iland of Lindis∣ferne in the North, in Wales, and in the Ile of Shepeye in Kent, not with∣out much difficulty driuen out by Egbert. He deceasing, they fell on with greater power and rage in the raignes of his sons Ethelwolf, and Athelstan, and of the succeeding English Monarches sons to Ethelwolf, laying waste, and beating downe all before them, and subduing the Provinces of the Mercians, East-Angles, and Northumbrians, where (the English Governours or Princes being either slaine, or beaten out) they erected petty tyrannies of their owne Nation; omitting no kinde of barbarous cruelty vpon the miserable and distressed inhabitants. By the wisdome, patience, and great valour of learned Alfred, this vio∣lent torrent is somewhat asswaged, and the edge of their fury abated. By Edward surnamed the Elder, the East-Angles are recovered, and vni∣ted againe to the English Empire. By Athelstan Northumberland, or the rest of England, the Danes being either wholy expulsed by him, or made subject to his government, mixing amongst, and ioyning in alli∣ance with the English. By Edmund the first, and Edred, the Danes rebel∣ling in Northumberland, are againe vanquished, and reduced into the English obedience, after whom we heere read no more of them during the more peaceable raignes of Edwy, Edgar, and Edward surnamed the Martyr, and vntil Ethelred the second. In the vnfortunate raigne of this Prince they begin afresh their intermitted pyracies, & war; which af∣ter the treacherous massacre of the Nation by Etheldred, they maintai∣ned with a more eager pursuit, and bloudie revenge, managed in per∣son by Swaine, and Canutus their powerfull kings. In the yeare 1016, (both sides wearied with their continuall fights, and mutuall butche∣ries) they come to a composition with the English, and the kingdome is divided betwixt the reconciled kings, Canutus son to Swaine, and Ed∣mund Ironside son to Etheldred. The death of the Iron-side hapning in the same yeare, put shortly an end to this division, and a beginning to the Monarchie of the Danes; after whom the English (loath as before) any more to hazard) submitted voluntarily to Canutus, and the Danish go∣vernment. The time from the first arrivall of the Danes in the raigne of Brithricus, king of the West-Saxons, vnto the conquest of England by Canutus was 229 yeares. The male issue of Canutus fayling in his son Hardi-canute, the English in the person of Edward surnamed the Confes∣sour,

resume the soveraignty, the Danes thrust out. The kings of England follow of the Danish descent, & off-spring. Canutus surnamed the Great, king of England, Denmarke, Norweye, and Sweden, son to Swaine. He tooke to wife Emme, sister to Richard the third, Duke of Norman∣dy, widow to king Ethelred, & mother to Edward the Confessour. Peace, & his kingdome established, hee vnburthened the land of the multitudes of his Danish souldiers; contented with a large salary, & at the request of Emme sent back into their Country. Hauing governed with much piety, iustice, & moderation for the space of 19 yeares, hee deceased in the yeare 1035, buried at Winchester. Harold king of Eng∣land, naturall son to Canutus, intruding in the absence of his brother Hardi-canute, to whom England with Denmarke had beene allotted by the will of Canutus. He deceased without issue in the yeare 1040. Hardi-canute king of England, son to Canutus, & Emma. He deceased likewise sans issue in the yeare 1042, the last prince of the Danish bloud. The house of Canutus being thus extinguished; the Crowne of England (all Danish, & forraine bloud by a present Decree of the States excluded) returneth againe vpon the English, & Edward, for his Saint-like life surnamed the Coufessour, son to Ethelred, & Emma, is sent for out of France (where with Richard & William, Dukes of Normandy, he had soiourned during the Danish vsurpation) & by a generall con∣sent succeedeth in the kingdome; to whom besides his nearenesse in regard of his English descent, the right of the Danes did seeme in a manner to appertaine, being halfe brother to the late deceased king.

THE KINGDOME OF ENGLAND recovered by the English, or VVest-Saxons.

EDward* 1.243 surnamed the Confessour, king of England, son to king E∣thelred the second, & Emma, Daughter to Richard the second, Duke of Normandy; succeeding in the yeare 1042; Edward surna∣med the out-law (eldest son to Edmund Ironside) the right heire, re∣maining then in Hungarie, passed ouer by the practise of Queene Em∣ma, very gracious in the subjects eyes, or for that liuing in too forreine & remote parts. He deceased in the yeare 1066, marryed, but hauing neuer vsed the company of his wife, reputed in those blind times a∣mongst his many true, & noble vertues, deserving his accompt, and name of Saint, the last in the line masculine of the house of▪ the West-Sa∣xons. Edward deceased, & Edgar Ethelinge the true heire, son to Ed∣ward surnamed the out-law, neglected as too young, & a forreiner, borne in Hungary; Harold, son to Goodwin, Earle of Kent, & Duke of the West-Saxons, without either choyse, or dislike of the irresolute English, intrudeth into the Gouernment, well approved for his great valour, & other Princely vertues befitting a king. Harold, king of Eng∣land, son to Goodwin Duke of the West-Saxons, & Earle of Kent, suc∣ceeding in the yeare 1066; opposed by Harold Haardread king of

Denmarke, challenging the Crowne in the right of his Danish succes∣sion; and by William surnamed the Bastard, Duke of Normandy, pre∣tending the donation of Edward the Confessour. The Dane vanquish∣ed & slaine at Stamfordbridge in Yorkeshire, with his torne, and wearied troupes adventuring shortly after his person, and the fortunes of the English against the Norman at the great battaile neare Hasting in Sussex, he there most vnfortunately within the first yeare of his raigne, lost both his kingdome, and life, the last English, or Saxon king, succeeded vn∣to by William the Conquerour, and the Normans, whose turne now fal∣leth in the last place.

THE KINGDOME OF ENGLAND vnder the Normans.a 1.244

THe* 1.245 word Normans, or Nortmans, signifiedb 1.246 Northerne men with the Dutch, of which Nation, and language they were. The name was common to the Danes, Norvegians, and Swethlanders; or to whatsoe∣uer German people, inhabiting towards the Pole Artique, and the North; taken vp, or giuen vnto them from such their more Northerly situati∣on. An ancient Frencb Historian, liuing in the raigne of the Emperour Lewis the Godly, (about which time we finde them first mentioned) more distinctly boundeth Normannia, or the Countrey of the first, or Dutch Normans, with the river Eydore; including within this accompt Denmarke, and other more Northerly Regions and excluding Saxony, and the parts of Germany, lying vpon the South of that riuer. They were o∣therwise called the Nord-luidi in Helmoldus, and the aforesaid Au∣thour. The derivation we know not, vnlesse from the words Nord, or North, and Lieu, which last with the French, signifieth a place, or country. The names were begun vpon occasion of the pyracies, and warres of certaine mixtures of all those Northerne together, or of the Swethlan∣ders, & Norvegians a part, following the tracts of the Danes, and inva∣ding, and preying vpon the French and English, towards the declining estate of those nations, and called by these generall appellations, either because their proper names were not yet so well knowne abroad, or be∣cause then consisting of many. We first read of the expresse name of the Normans in the raigne of Charles the Great by Eginhartus in his life of that Emperour, infesting then the sea-coasts of France, and Germany. Their mentiō after this is frequent, more especially in the French Histories, with great cruelty, & fury vnresistable afflicting the kingdome of France in the raigne of Charles the Bauld vnder their Captaine Hastinge; and vnder Godfrey, an other of their Leaders in the raigne of Charles the Gros. In the yeare 912, they first fixe fast footing in this rich Continent vnder Rollo, another of their Captains, to whom king Charles, surnamed the Simple, vpon composition for his peace herewith, gaue the country of Neustria, together with his daughter Gista in marriage, with condi∣tion to hold the same vnder the fief, and homage of the French kings, and to become Christian. After this time, that part of France from

the firme residence hereof hath ever since beene called Normandy, as the inhabitants hereof Normans; victoriously held for a long time by the heires of Rollo with the title of Dukes of Normandie; succeeded vnto by William, surnamed Long-espee, or with the Long-sword, son to this first Rollo; Richard the first, son to William surnamed Long-espee; Richard the second son to Richard the first; Richard the third, son to Richard the second; Robert brother to Richard the third; and William surnamed the Bastard, the seaventh Duke, naturall son to Robert. Vnder this last prince these French Normans (France now growing too narrow for their am∣bition) first attempt vpon, & invade England. Their colour for this war was the pretended right of their Duke William to the Crowne hereof, bequeathed vnto him by Edward the Confessour in the time of the Danes during his exile in France, confirmed afterwards by Edward be∣ing king, and now since his decease with-held by Harold. Their hopes in so great an enterprise was the vnsetled state of England, now vnder an vsurper (Edgar Etheling the right heire excluded,) and the favour of the Bishop of Rome (Alexander the second, then succeeding in the Papacy) siding to their cause, of whose countenance in authorizing vn∣iust claimes Pepin, and the late kings of France had made profitable vse. In the yeare 1066 the Armies of the English, & Normans assisted with many thousands of French adventurers in Sussex neere Hastings fatally encounter. Harold, not by valour, but through the sins, and many vi∣ces of the Nation, is vanquished, and slaine with the losse of aboue 67000 of his valiant, and faithfull souldiers, and the remainder of the miserable English (none then further adventuring, factious, irresolute; without head, and terrified with Papall cursings) without any more resistance become subiect to the Conquerours, & William the Norman obtayneth the Crowne, with great happines maintained hitherto in his Norman posterity. The kingdome of the English (the growth hereof hauing beene long hindred by the Danish warres,) before this last Norman conquest exceeded not the auncient limits of the Saxons Heptar∣chie, bounding vpon the West with Wales, and the Countries of West∣moreland, & Cumberland, enjoyed by the Scots, & Welsh princes vnder the homage of the kings of England. By king William the first, follow∣ing his victories, Cumberland, and Westmoreland (as before) are taken in, and incorporated into the accompt, & name hereof. By William Ru∣fus, and the succeeding Monarches Wales. In forreine parts by Henry the second, Ireland is conquered, and Aniou, Touraine, Maine, Aquitaine, and Guienne, with Normandy their auncient inheritance (contayning almost one halfe part of France) are annexed to the house, and right of the Norman-English. By Edward the third, and the fift, & sixt Henries the potent kingdomes of France. The French hauing long since withdrawn their allegiance, divided asunder by spacius seas, language, and affection, the rest remaine subject; parts, or states appending of the English king∣dome. In Iames the first of happy memory both kingdomes of Eng∣land, and Scotland, or the whole Britaine, are vnited vnder one Monarch, together with Ireland, a Countrie depending vpon England; or the do∣minion of all the British Ilands. The Kings of England follow of the

Norman blood, and vntill this last, and blessed vnion. William duke of Normandy, from this victories surnamed the Conquerour, the first king of England of the house of the Normans, naturall son to Robert Duke of Normandy by Arlet, a Burgers daughter of Falaise in that Countrey, (Battle-field wonne) by conquest, and a pretended right from the gift of Edward the Confessour his cosen German by the mothers side, suc∣ceeding in the yeare 1066. The subdued English, stubborne, male∣contented, vnquiet, and ill brooking forreine gouernment, he oppres∣sed with servitude, and hard Lawes, dispossessing the nobility of their goods, places, and revenues, which he assigned to his French, & Nor∣mans, the root of the present more auncient English gentrie. He de∣ceased in the yeare 1087. william the second surnamed Rufus from his more ruddy colour, a younger son to the Conquerour, king of Eng∣land by the will of his father, his elder brother Robert succeeding in the Dukedome of Normandy. He deceased in the yeare 1100, slaine vnawares in New-Forrest in Hamshire, as he was following his game, vnmarried, and without issue. Henry the first, surnamed Beauclercke, or the good Scholler (for such he was by meanes of his education,) borne at Selby in Yorkeshire, yongest son to the Conquerour; king of Eng∣land, through the advantage of his brother Roberts absence, warring then ab••ad in the Holy Land, and by the favour of the people in re∣gard of his English birth, and his sugred promises (which in part hee performed) to remit those heavy lawes, & taxations, wherewith they had beene burthened during the raignes of his father, and brother. To better his title, and the more to insinuate into the English affections, he tooke to wife Maude, daughter to Malcolme the third, king of Scotland, and S^t Margaret daughter to Edward, surnamed the Out-law, eldest son to Edmund Iron-side, hereby vniting together the Norman, and English blood in his issue, & posterity. Warres arising betwixt the two brethren, he with his English subdued the Normans, vpon the same day after forty yeares, wherein his father with the Normans had conquered the English, annexing Normandy to his English Crowne, his borther Robert being surprised in battaile, and detayned prisoner during life. He deceased in the yeare 1135, the first English-Norman king. Stephen Earle of Mortaigne, yonger son to Ste∣phen Earle of Blois and Champaigne by Adcla, daughter to the Conque∣rour; king of England by the power of his faction, the advantage of his sexe, and the pretended will of king Henry vpon his death-bed, opposed by Maude the onely legitimate daughter, & surviuing issue of Henry, formerly wife to Henry the fourth, Emperour of the Romans. After long trouble, & warres betwixt the two sides a peace at length is concluded, & Stephen is continued in the possession of the Crowne to returne after his decease vpon Henry Fitz-Empresse son to Mande, and to the heires of the first Henry. Henry the second, son to Geffrey Plantaginet Earle of Aniou in France, & Maude the Empresse, daugh∣ter to Henry the first, and Maude daughter to Malcolme king of Scot∣land, and S^t Margaret descended from king Edmund surnamed the Iron-side. In this prince the surname of Plantaginet was first deri∣ued

vpon the house of England, continued vnto Edward sonne to George Duke of Clarence, the last Plantaginet, or of the male issue hereof (the rest extinguished during the ciuill warres betwixt the hou∣ses of Yorke, and Lancaster) put to death by king Henry the seaventh. He marryed vnto Eleanor, daughter, and sole heire to William Duke of Aquitaine, & Guienne, and by armes, & voluntary submission made first subiect the factious, and devided Irish; king of England, Duke of Normandy, Aquitaine, & Guienne, & Earle of Aniou. The domi∣nion & title of Ireland he had given vnto his yongest son Iohn. Maude, his eldest daughter, was married vnto Henrie surnamed the Lyon, Duke of Saxony, and Bavaria, from whom are descended the present Dukes of Brunswyck, and Lunenburg in Germany, bearing the same armes with the more auncient kings of England. Richard the first, king of England, Duke of Normandy, Aquitaine, & Guienne, & Earle of Aniou, son to Henrie the second. He accompanied Philip, surnamed Augusts, king of France, with other Latine princes towards the East for the recoverie of the Holy Land, renowned for his victories against Saladine, Sultan of Aegypt, and the Infidels. Not the least in that journey, amongst his other conquest, was that of the Cyprio••s, whom occasioned by some hostile, and churlish carriages of Cursar their king against his distressed, and weather-beaten Fleete, he in few daies subdued; exchanging that Iland with Guy of Lusignan for the king∣dome, or title of Hierusalem, remaining in the house of Guy for many descents vntill the vsurpation thereof by the Venetians. He deceased without issue. Iohn king of England, Duke of Normandie, Aquitaine, and Guienne, Earle of Aniou, and Lord of Ireland, (which last title he first added) yongest son to Henry the second, opposed by Arthur, Duke of Britaine, son to Geffrey his elder brother, and Constance in∣heretresse of that house. He lost Normandy, Aniou, Touraine, and Maine, with Poictou, part of the Dukedome of Aquitaine, to Philip the second, surnamed Augustus, French king, pretending their forfei∣ture (holding of the French kings in fee) vpon the decease of Arthur, whom he surmised to haue beene murthered by Iohn; forsaken in those troubles by his disloyall Nobility, refusing their aydes, and be∣trayed by the natiues of those countries, better effected to the French. Ingaged at once in three dangerous warres against the Pope, & Clear∣gie, the French king, and his rebellious subjects, to make his peace with the Pope, his more potent adversary, and the chiefe authour of those evils, (Innocentius the third then succeeding in the Papacy) he enthralled his Crowne to the tribute, and vassallage of the sea of Rome. Henry the third, son to Iohn, succeeding in the left dominions of his father, and in his warres against the French, and his traiterous English Barons. Edward the first, son to Henry the third. He subdued the Scots, and annexed the Welsh to his English kingdome. Edward the second, son to Edward the first. He marryed vnto Isabel, daughter to Philip the fourth, French king, deposed by a joint conspiracy of his disloyall Queene, & subjects, pretending his bad government, and vices. Edward the third, son to Edward the second, & Isabel of France.

The male issue of Philip the fourth extinguished in Charles surna∣med the Faire, in right from his mother daughter to Philip, the next heire generall; he made claime to the rich kingdome of France, assu∣ming the title hereof, and quartering his English armoryes with the French Lillies; continued still in his successours. Hauing vanquished the French in two memorable battailes at Crecy, and Poictiers, & ta∣ken Iohn their king prisoner, he in the end nothwithstanding (fortune changing) lost to that enimy all Aquitaine, and Guienne, the remain∣der of the English possessions in that Continent (Calais excepted,) yeelded vp by the treacherous inhabitants, ill affecting the English government, and coveting a revnion with France. He deceased in the yeare. 1378. Richard the second, king of England, & France, and Lord of Ireland, son to Edward prince of Wales, eldest son to Edward the third; deposed by Henry the fourth without issue. Henry the fourth, king of England, & France, & Lord of Ireland, son to Iohn of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, fourth son to Edward the third, the first prince of the Lancastrian family, whose vsurpation, and vniust title gaue occa∣sion afterwards to those long, and miserable warres betwixt his house, & Yorke. Henry the fift, king of England, & France, and Lord of Ireland, eldest son to Henrie the fourth. The field of Azincourt won, and the vnfortunate French vnder a lunatike, and weake king being devided into two great factions of Burgundie, and Orleans; by the aide of Burgundie hauing married Catharine, the French kings daughter, he is made Regent of France during the malady, and indis∣position hereof, and declared his next successour to the Crowne, Charles the Dolphin his son disinherited. Henrie the sixt, king of England, & France, and Lord of Ireland, son to Henry the fift, & Ca∣therine of France, Crowned French king at Paris in the yeare 1431. In the raigne hereof Richard Duke of Yorke layd claime to the Crowne of England in the right of the house of Clarence, elder bro∣ther to Iohn of Gaunt, father to king Henry the fourth, ayded by Ri∣chard Nevile Earle of Warwick, and other potent nobility; the effect whereof was a bloody civill warre, continued with variable fortune for the space of 25 yeares betwixt the two houses of Lancaster, and Yorke, the slaughter of the greatest part of the blood royall of both factions, the deposing, & murder of this holy, and just prince, the irre∣coverable losse of France by these tumults, & the establishing of the kingdome in Edward the fourth, & his succession the house of Yorke. Edward the fourth, son to Richard Plantaginet, Duke of Yorke, (which Richard was son to Richard Earle of Cambridge, sonne to Edmund Duke of Yorke, fift son to king Edward the third) by Anna his wife, daughter to Roger Mortimer Earle of March, son to Edmund Mor∣timer, & Philippa, daughter, and sole heire of Lionel Duke of Cla∣rence, third son to king Edward, king of England, and France, & Lord of Ireland by conquest, and the right of his house. Edward the fift, king of England, and France, and Lord of Ireland, son to Edward the fourth, deposed, and afterwards murthered by his vnnaturall vncle Richard the third, deceasing without issue. Richard the third, son to

Richard Duke of Yorke, and yonger brother to Edward the fourth. He was slaine at Bosworth field against Henry the seaventh, the last king of the name of Plantagenet, Henry the seaventh, king of England, & France, and Lord of Ireland, son to Edmund Earle of Richmund, and Margaret his wife, daughter to Iohn Duke of Somerset, sonne to Iohn of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster by Catherine Swinford; the next and almost onely surviuing person of the house of Lancaster, butche∣red in the late warres. The better to assure the kingdome to his po∣sterity, and to prevent all future quarrells, he tooke to wife Elizabeth eldest daughter to king Edward the fourth, vniting in his issue the vn∣doubted rights of both factions of Lancaster, & Yorke. Henry the eight, son to Henry the seaventh. He made Ireland a kingdome, and first assumed the title of Defendour of the faith. Edward the sixt, king of England, France, and Ireland, son to Henry the eight. Mary Queene of England, France, and Ireland, daughter to Henry the eight, & sister to Edward. Elizabeth of famous memory, Queene of Eng∣land, France, & Ireland, sister to Edward, & Mary. Iames of happie memory the sixt of that name king of Scotland, in the yeare 1602 (the whole issue of king Henry the eight being extinguished in Elizabeth) succeeding in the kingdome of England, and the dominions therevn∣to belonging, son to Henry Stuart Lord Darly, and Mary Queene of the Scots, daughter to Iames the fift, son to Iames the fourth, & Mar∣garet eldest daughter to king Henry the seaventh; the first sole Monarch of Great Britaine, and of the neighbouring Ilands. Charles king of Great Britaine, France, & Ireland, whom God long preserue, sonne to Iames of happie memorie.

In this sort the Iland of Great Britaine having suffered so many alte∣rations is at length now become devided into two onely kingdomes, go∣verned by one Monarch, but not any wise depending, or subordinate to another; the kingdome of England, lying vpon the South of the river Tweede, & Solwey Frith; and the kingdome of Scotland lying beyond.

The kingdome of England (our present subject) hath beene formerly devided into 52 Shires or Counties, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Barkeshire, Hantshire, Wiltshire, Somersetshire, Dorsetshire, Devonshire, Cornwall, Glo∣cestershire, Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, Hartfordshire, Mid∣dlesex, Essex, Suffolke, Norfolke, Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire, North∣amptonshire, Rutlandshire, Leicestershire, Lincolneshire, Nottinghamshire, Darbyshire, Cheshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire, Worcestershire, Shrop∣shire, Herefordshire, Monmouthshire, Glamorganshire, Brecknockshire, Rad∣norshire, Caermardenshire, Penbrokeshire, Cardiganshire, Merioneihshire, Caernarvonshire, Anglesey, Denbighshire, Flintshire, Lancashire, Yorke∣shire, the Bishopricke of Durham, Westmoreland, Cumberland, & North∣umberland.

Of these Kent retayneth yet the auncient name. Essex, & Sussex haue bin thus called from the East, & South-Saxons. Midlesex from the situati∣on of the English, or Dutch inhabitants, planted betwixt the West, South, East, & Mercian Saxons Devonshire or Denshire from the Danmonij, the auncient British inhabitants. Westmoreland from the more Westerne positi∣on,

and quality of the countrey, being hilly, and full of fruitles wasts, na∣med Mores by the Northerne English. Northumberland, from the English kingdome of Northumberland, whereof it was a part. Rutlandshire, most probably from the ruddie colour of the soile. Barkeshire, from the wood Berroc after Asser Menevensis. Glamorganshire, from the word Mor, sig∣nifying the sea with the Britons, or Welsh, vpon which it lyeth. Wilt∣shire, and Somersetshire from Wilton, and Somerton, decayed townes, sometimes the chiefe of the Shires. Anglesey from the English, since the possession hereof by the Nation. Suth-rey, or Surrey signifyeth with the English the Southerne kingdome, a part of the kingdome of the South-Saxons. Suffolke, & Norfolke the more Southerne, and Northerne people, compared thus together, the parts sometimes of the kingdome of the East-Angles. The occasion of the names of Cornwall, and Cum∣berland we euen now related. Merioneth was the auncient name, given by the Welsh. The reason hereof we finde not. The rest haue beene named from the chiefe townes of each devision. Their descriptions follow. L. D.

Notes

• a 1.1

  Grampius mons Taciti in vita lulij Agri∣colae.
• b 1.2

  Saltus Cale∣donius.
• c 1.3

  Sylva Cale∣donia Pli. Nat. Hist. lib. 4. c. 16.
• d 1.4

  v. Corn Ta∣cit. in vita Iulij Agricolae.
• e 1.5

  vid. Ioan. Xi∣philini Epito∣tomen Dionis, Severo Impe∣ratore.
• f 1.6

  v. Corn. Ta∣citi Annalium lib. 12 Eius∣dem Iulij Agri∣lae vitam. &c.
• * 1.7

  Tamesis Cae∣sar. Com. Bell. Gall. lib. 5. &c.
• * 1.8

  Isis flu.
• * 1.9

  Corinus flu.
• * 1.10

  Tam•• flu.
• * 1.11

  Cunetio.
• * 1.12

  Sabrina Corn. Taciti Annal. lib. 12, &c.
• * 1.13

  Avona.
• * 1.14

  Vaga.
• * 1.15

  Trenta.
• * 1.16

  Abus Cl Ptol. Geog. lib. 2. c. 3.
• * 1.17

  Derventio.
• * 1.18

  Vrus.
• * 1.19

  Ousa.
• * 1.20

  Svvala.
• * 1.21

  Nidus.
• * 1.22

  Arus.
• * 1.23

  Danus.
• * 1.24

  Taus, seu Ta∣um aestuarium Corn. Tacit. in vita lulij Agri∣colae.
• * 1.25

  Cenio Ptolem. Geogr. lib. 2. c. 3. Damnonium, & Ocrinum Prom. ib. An∣taevestaeum, & Bolerium Prom. ib. Tamara. Ta∣marus Ptol. ib. rectius Isca. Alaunius ib.
• * 1.26

  Trisantonis os∣tium. ib. Magnus por∣tus. ibidem.
• * 1.27

  Cantium Prom. ib. Idumanius, ib. Garienus. ib. Extensio Prom. ib. Metaris aestua ib.
• * 1.28

  Antona Corn. Tac. An. lib. 12.
• * 1.29

  Withama.
• * 1.30

  Ocellum Pro. Ptol. lib. 2. c. 3. ib.
• * 1.31

  Gabrantovico∣rum Sinus ib. Dunum Sinus. Teisis, & Teisa. Tuesis aestuar. Ptolem. ib. Vedra Ptol. ib. Tina. ib.
• * 1.32

  Alaunus. ib.
• * 1.33

  Tvveda.
• * 1.34

  Prom. Herculis
• * 1.35

  Ptolem. ibid.
• * 1.36

  Vexalla, et V∣zella aestuar. ib. Isca.
• * 1.37

  Ratostabius, et Ratostibius. ib.
• * 1.38

  Tobius. ib.
• * 1.39

  Prom. Octo∣pitarum. ib. Tuerobis, et Tuerobius. ib. Stuccia. ib.
• * 1.40

  Canganum, et Langanum Prom. ib. Tisobis, & Toi∣sovius. ib. Deva. Seteia aestuar. Ptol. ib. Belisamum, et Bellisama Ptol. ib.
• * 1.41

  Lonus. Setantiorum Portus, seu la∣cus Setantio∣rum. Ptol. ib. Ituna. aestuar. ib.
• * 1.42

  Moricambe aestuar. ib. Novius, et No∣bius. ib.
• * 1.43

  Deva, et Dea. ib.
• * 1.44

  Iena aestuar. ib. Auravannus ib. Novantum Chersonesus. ib.
• * 1.45

  Rherigonius Sinus. ib. Glota Corn. Taciti in vita Iul. Agric. Clo∣ta aestua. Ptol. ib. lib. 2. c. 3. Lelaannonius, et Lelanonius. ib.
• * 1.46

  Epidium. Pto ib.
• * 1.47

  Longus. ib.
• * 1.48

  Bodotria Taci∣ti in vita Agri∣colae. Boderia aestuar. Ptol. ib, lib. 2. c. 3.
• * 1.49

  Diva Ptol. ib.
• * 1.50

  Loxa. ib.
• * 1.51

  Celnius. ib.
• * 1.52

  Vara, et vararis aestuar. ib.
• * 1.53

  Ila. ib.
• * 1.54

  Viruedrum Prom. ib.
• * 1.55

  Veruvium Pro. ib.
• * 1.56

  Orcas, et Tar∣vedrum. Prom. ib.
• a 1.57

  v. Aristot••lis de Mundo c. 3. Athenaei. lib. 5. Lucretij de Re∣rum Naturâ lib. 6. Caesaris Comment. Bel∣li Gallici lib. 5. Strabonis Ge∣ogra. lib 4. Pto∣lomaei Geogra: lib. 2. c. 3. & lib. 8. c. 3. Plinij Na∣tur. Hist. lib. 4. c. 16. Festum de verborum Sig∣nificatione: Herodiani His∣tor. lib. 3. Guli∣elmi Camde∣ni Britanniam.
• b 1.58

  Albion Ari∣stotilis de Mun∣do c. 3. Ptole∣maei Geog. lib. 2. c. 3. & lib. 8. c. 3. Plin. Natu∣ralis Histor. lib. 4. c. 16.
• c 1.59

  Britannia Cae∣saris Commen. Belli Gallici lib. 5. Corn. Tac. in Iulij Agrico∣lae vita &c. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Ath••∣naei lib. 5.
• d 1.60

  quo in mari duae insulae Bri∣tannicae sitae sunt, quam ma∣ximae, Albion, et Ierna Arist. de Mundo c. 3.
• e 1.61

  Prima Tabu∣la continet in∣sulas Brit••nicas (Albion: & I∣berniam) cum insulis adiacentibus. Ptol. Geogr. lib. 8. c. 3.
• f 1.62

  De Albione, & Bergione Neptuni filijs vide Pomp. Mel. lib. 2.
• g 1.63

  Ex ad∣verso huius situs Britannia insusla. Albion ipsi nomen fuit, cum Britanniae omnes vocarentur. Plin. Natura: Histor. lib. 4. c. 16.
• h 1.64

  v. Athenaei lib. 5. in descriptione Na••is Hieronis.
• i 1.65

  Duecalidoni∣us Oceanus Ptol. Geogra∣phiae lib. 2. c. 3.
• k 1.66

  Ibernicus ib.
• l 1.67

  Vergivus ib.
• m 1.68

  Britannicus ib.
• n 1.69

  Germani∣cus ib.
• a 1.70

  Britanni Ta∣citi An. l. 2. &c. Britones Bedae Eccl. Hist. gent Anglorum lib. 1. cap: 12. &c.
• o 1.71

  vid. Caesaris Commen: Bel∣li Gallici lib 5. Corn. Tacit. in vita Iulii Agri∣colae. Dionis Cassii Ro: Hist. lib. 20: lan••••s Xiphilini Epi∣tomen Dionis in imp. Severo.
• p 1.72

  Caeterum Bri∣tanniam qui mortales initio coluerunt, in∣digenae, an ad∣vecti, (vt inter Barbaros) parū compertum. Corn. Tacit. in Iul. Agric. vita.
• q 1.73

  Apud Caledo∣nios populus magna ex par∣te principatum tenent. Xiphili∣ni Epit. Dionis in Severo im∣peratore.
• r 1.74

  v. C. Iulij Cae∣saris Coment. Bel. Gall. lib. 5. Suetonij Tran∣quilli Iulium Caesarem, Ne∣ronem, & Vespa∣sianum; Corn. Taciti Iulium Agricolam: e∣jusdem Anna∣lium lib. 12. & 14, & Histor. lib. 3: Dion. Cas∣sij Histor: lib. 55. & 60. Ioan∣nis Xiphilini Epitomen Di∣onis Caesare Augusto, Seve∣ro, et Commo∣do Imper: He∣rodiani Histor. Sever. Imp: Lu. Flor. Hist. Rom. lib. 3. c. 10. Aelij Spartiani Adri∣anum, & Seve∣rum Imper: Iu∣lij Capitolini Antoninum Pium: Zosimi Hist. lib. t, & 6. Ammiani Mar∣cellini Hist. lib. 27, & 28. Aure∣lij victori•• Iuli∣um Caesarem, & Imperatores Claudium, Se∣verum, & Aure∣lium Alexan∣drum: Eiusdem Epitomen Imp. Severo, Con∣stantino, et Gratiano: M. Aurelij Cassio∣dori Chronicon Imp. Claudio, & Severo: Eu∣tropij Hist. Ro∣manae lib. 6. 7. 8. 9. et 10. Imp. Iulio Caesare, Claudio, Vespa∣siano, Severo, Dioclesiano, et Constantino Magno: Ruf•• Festi Breviari∣um: Antonini Augusti Itine∣rarium: provinciarum Rom. Libellum: Ptol. Geog lib 2. c. 3. Notitiam Imperij Occidentise Guidonis P••••irolli in Notitiam Imperij Occidentis c. 72. 73. ••t 89. Gulielmi Cambdeni Britanniam.
• r 1.75

  v. Ioan. Xi∣philini Epito∣men Dionis Severo Impe∣ratore.
• z 1.76

  Valentia a Roman Province of Britaine in the raigne of Con∣stantine the Great, but not named thus vn∣til the Emperours Theodosius, & Valentinian the first: intimated by Ammianus Marcellinus in his 28 booke. Recuperatam∣que provinci∣am, quae in di∣tionem con∣cesserat hosti∣um, ita (Theo∣dosius) reddi∣derat statu•• pristino, vt, e••∣dem referente, et rectorem haberet legiti∣mum, et Valen∣tia deinde vo∣caretur arbitrio principis. ib,
• a 1.77

  v. Guil. Cam∣deni Britanni∣am.
• b 1.78

  Dux Britan∣niarum Notit.
• c 1.79

  cōmes Bri∣tanniarum ib.
• d 1.80

  comes Litto∣ris Saxonici. ib.
• e 1.81

  Numerus idē qui cohors. Zo∣somen. Hist. Tripart. lib. 1. Numerorum nomen gene∣rale divisionū militarium com. God. Ste∣vvichij in l. 2. c. 1. Vegetij de re Militari. Horū meminit Zolo∣men. loco cita∣to. Vegetius de re militari l. 2. c. 1. et. l. 3. c. 9. et 15. et Am. Mar∣cellinus. lib. Numerus hic videtur pars minor cohorte
• a 1.82

  Legio secun∣da August. Itin. Antonin. Ptol. Geog. l. 2. c. 3. er Dionis l. 55.
• b 1.83

  Legio Sexta Victrix ib.
• c 1.84

  Legio Vige∣sima Victrix Antonini, et Ptolem. ibid. Legio Vigesi∣ma Valentia∣na. et Victrix Dionis. ib.
• * 1.85

  v. Clau. Ptol. Geog. l. 2, c. 3. secundum edi∣tionem P. Bir∣tij. Itinerarium Antonini Au∣gusti. Taciti▪ Annalium l. 12. & 14. eiusdem hist. l. 3. eiusdem Iulii Agricolae vit: Dionis Cassii His. l. 60. Ioannis Xiphi∣lini Epitomen Dionis Severo Imperatore: Librum Notit. et interprerat. Guil. Camdeni in sua Britan.
• a 1.86

  Caledonia Cor. Tacit. in vita ••ul. Agric.
• b 1.87

  Caledonii Xiphilini Epit. Dionis, Sever•• Imperatore.
• g 1.88

  E••govae.
• h 1.89

  V••elum.
• i 1.90

  Ot••lini.
• k 1.91

  Maeatae Xi∣philini Epi∣tom Dionis Se∣vero Impera∣tore.
• l 1.92

  Caeterum Britannorum duo praesertim sunt genera, Caledonij, & Maeatae. Nam caeterorum no∣mina ad hos fe∣rè referuntur. Incolunt Mae∣atae juxta eum Mitrum, qui insulam in du∣as partes divi∣dit. Caledomi post eos sunt. Xiphilini Epit. Dionis. ib.
• m 1.93

  v. suprá.
• n 1.94

  Postident v∣trique (Cale∣donii, & Maea∣tae) Montes asperrimos, & sine aqua, itéq, campos deser∣tos, plenosque paludibus: quodque moe∣nia non ha∣bent, nec vrbes, agros nullos colunt, et de praeda, et vena∣tione, fructi∣busque arborū vivunt. Degunt in tentoriis nudi, et sine calceis. Xiphili∣ni Epit. Dion, ib.
• o 1.95

  Calagum aliàs.
• p 1.96

  Eboracum Britanniae Mu∣nicipium. Sext. Aur. Victoris lib. de Caesari∣bus, Imperato∣re Severo.
• q 1.97

  Devana edi∣tionis Merca∣toris.
• r 1.98

  Orduij aliàs
• s 1.99

  Bodunni sub ditione Catuel∣lanorum. Dion. Cassij Histor. lib. 60.
• t 1.100

  Verolamium Municipium. Taciti Annal. lib. 14.
• u 1.101

  Coritani edi∣tionis Merca∣toris.
• x 1.102

  Rate rectius.
• y 1.103

  Camalodunum Veteranorum Colonia. Cor. Taciti Annal. lib. 12. v. etiam eirusdem Annal. lib. 14.
• z 1.104

  Praefect. Le∣gionis Secun∣dae Augustae Ritupis. lib. Notitiarum.
• a 1.105

  Londinium copia negotia∣tum, & comme∣atu maximè ce∣lebre. Cor. Tac. Annal. lib. 14.
• b 1.106

  Lundonium vetus oppidum, quod Augustam posteritas ap∣pellavit. Ammi∣an. Marcelli••••. l. 27 Valentiano, & Valente Im∣peratoribus.
• c 1.107

  Rhegni editi∣onis Mercato∣ris.
• d 1.108

  Nalcua editi∣onis Mercato∣ris.
• e 1.109

  VZela recti∣us.
• f 1.110

  Iter à Limite, seu à Vallo Praetorium:
• g 1.111

  v. I tinerarium Antonini Au∣gusti editionis Petri Bertij. Li∣brum Notitia∣rum. Gulielmi Camdeni in∣terpretationes, Guidonis Pan∣cirolli in lib. Notitiarum Comment. c. 72 & 89.
• h 1.112

  Praefectus Cohortis 1 F••ixagororum Vindob••lae Notitia.
• i 1.113

  Praefectus Nu∣meri Derventi∣onensis, Der∣uention: No∣titia.
• k 1.114

  Iter à Vallo ad Portum Ri∣tupis, Antoni∣ni Augusti Iu∣nerarium.
• l 1.115

  Praefectus Numeri Defen∣sorum Brabo∣niaco, Notitia.
• m 1.116

  Praefectus Numeri Direc∣torum Veterū. Notitia. Direc∣tores sen poti∣us Duructores, pars Legioni•• Duructorum, euius in Maesia infetori memi∣nit Ptolemae∣us, à Durocor∣to, seu Durocot∣to sic dicta (vn∣de desumpta e∣rat) Remorum apud Belgas ci∣vitate. Pancir.
• n 1.117

  Praefectus Numeri Ex∣ploratorum Lavatris. No∣titia.
• o 1.118

  lter á Londi∣nio Lugvval∣lum ad Vallum. Itiner. Antoni∣ni.
• p 1.119

  Segelocum, & Agelocum ••ec tius
• q 1.120

  Praefectus E∣quitum Crispi∣nianoium Dan. Notitia. Crispi∣niani dicti à Crispiniana Pannoniae op∣pido apud Au∣toninum. Pan∣cirol.
• r 1.121

  lter à Londi∣nio Lindum. Itiner, Anton∣ni.
• s 1.122

  Iter à Clano∣venta Mediola∣num. ibidem.
• t 1.123

  Tribunus Cohortis. 1. Mori∣norum Clan∣nibanta. Noti∣tia. Morini pars Belgarum lib. 2. c. 9. Geog. C. Ptoleinaei.
• u 1.124

  Tribunus Co∣hortis. 3. Ner∣viorum Alio∣ne Notitia. Ner∣vil pars Belga∣rum. Ptolemae∣us. 10.
• x 1.125

  Iter à Segon∣cio Devam Iti∣nera. Antonini
• y 1.126

  Iter à Muri∣donio Virocō. ibidem.
• z 1.127

  Praefectus Numeri Pacen∣sium Magis. Notitia. Pacen∣ses dicti à Pace Iulia, Turdita∣norum apud Lusitanosciui∣tate Pancirol.
• a 1.128

  Iter à Regno Londinium, I∣tiner. Antonini.
• b 1.129

  Iter à Venta Icenorum Lon∣dinium. Itine∣rar. Antonini.
• c 1.130

  Iter ab Isca Silurum Calle∣vam. ibidem.
• d 1.131

  Ab Isca Calle∣vam alio itine∣re. ibidem.
• e 1.132

  Iter á Londi∣nio ad portum Dubrim. ib.
• f 1.133

  Praefectus mi∣litum Tungri∣canorum Du∣bris. Notitia. Tungticani, seu rectius Tungri pars Belgarum Pro∣lemaei Ge∣ogr. lib. 2. c. 9.
• g 1.134

  Iter á Londi∣nio ad Portum Lemanis. ••ti∣ner. Antonini.
• h 1.135

  Praefectus Numeti Tur∣nacensium Le∣manis. Notitia. Turnacenses pars Nervio∣rum. Antonini Augusti Iriner, & Catalog. Provinciarum, & Civitatum Galliae.
• i 1.136

  vid. Librum Notitiarum. Guidonis Pan∣cirolli in Notit. Commentar. c. 72, et 89. Inter∣pretationes Gulielmi Cam∣deni in sua Bri∣tannia.
• k 1.137

  Praefectus Numeri For∣tensium Otho∣nae. Notitia. Fortenses parS Legionis For∣tensis quae in∣ter▪ Legiones Comitatenses ab authore re∣censetur. Pan∣citol.
• l 1.138

  Praepositus Numeri Abulcorum Anderidae Notit. Horum meminit Zozimus Histor. lib. 8.
• m 1.139

  Praefectus Numeri Ex∣ploratorum Portu Adurni. Notit. Exploratores dicti, quod consilia, & itinera hostium ex plorarent. Pancirol.
• n 1.140

  Prae∣positus Equitum Dalmatarum Branodunensium Branoduno. Notit.
• o 1.141

  Praepositus Equitum. Stablesianorum Ga∣rianno. ibidem.
• p 1.142

  Tribunus Coh. Vetasiorū Regulbio. ib. Legendi forsan Vetarasij, dictiá Vetera Galliae Belgicae vr••e. Pancirol.
• q 1.143

  Sub Disputa∣tione Viri Spe∣ctabilis, Comi∣tis Litoris Sa∣nonici. Notit▪
• r 1.144

  Praefectus E∣quitum Dal∣matarum Prae∣sidio. ••b.
• s 1.145

  Praef. Numeri Nerviorum Dictensium Di∣cti. ib. Dictenses à loco, seu sta∣tivis cognomi∣nati. Pancirol.
• t 1.146

  Pr. Equitum Cataphracto∣rum Morbio. Notiti. Cata∣phacti gravis armaturae E∣quites.
• v 1.147

  Pr. Numeri Vigilum Con∣cangijs. Notit.
• x 1.148

  Pr. Numeri Solensium Moglovae. ib. Solenses dicti à Sole Siciliae op∣pido. Pancirol.
• y 1.149

  Pr. Numeri Longovicario∣rum Longovi∣co. Notit.
• z 1.150

  Tribunus Coh. 4. Lergorū Segeduno. No∣tit. Lergi vnde nominati non constat.
• a 1.151

  Tribunus Co∣hort. Cornovi∣orum Ponte Aelij, Notitia. Cornovij, seu Cornauij popu∣lus Britanni∣cus. v. suprà.
• b 1.152

  Tribunus Cohortis. 1. Ba∣tavo••um Pro∣colitia. Notit.
• c 1.153

  Tribunus Cohor. 1. Tungrorum Borcovico. ib.
• d 1.154

  Tribunus Cohortis. 4. Gallorum Vindolana. ib.
• e 1.155

  Tribunus Coh. 1. Asturum Aesica. ib. Astures Hispan. populus. Pto. l. 2. c. 6. vellegendum est Astorum ab Asta, Ligurum Colonia. Pancirol.
• f 1.156

  Tribunus Cohor. 2 Dalmatarum Magnis. Notitia.
• g 1.157

  Tribunus Coh. 1. Aeliae Dacorum Amboglanna. ib. Cohors ab Aelio Adriano Imper. è Dacis extracta, & inde nominata. Poncirol.
• h 1.158

  Tribunus Coh. 2. Lergorum Con∣gavata Notit.
• i 1.159

  Tribunus Coh: 1. Hispanorum Axeloduno ib.
• k 1.160

  Tribunus Co∣hor. 2 Thra∣cum Gabrosen∣to. ib.
• l 1.161

  Tribunus Co∣hor. 1 Aeliae Classicae Tun∣nocelo. ib. Co∣hors, pars Le∣gionis Classicae à Nerone insti∣tutae, & forsan restitutae ab Ae∣lio Adriano, & inde Aeliae cog∣nominatae. Ali∣ter Classica forsan est dicta quòd Classem•• Britannicam comitabatur. Pancirol.
• m 1.162

  Tribunus Cohortis. 6. Nerviorum Vi∣rosido. Notitia.
• n 1.163

  Praefectus A∣lae. 1. Asturum Condetco. ib.
• o 1.164

  Pr. Alae Savi∣nianae Hunno. ib. Ala Savinia∣na à Saviâ Pan∣noniae regione, vnde fuerat de∣ducta. Aliter le∣gendum est Al•• Sabiniana, no∣minata à Sabi∣nis, gente Italo∣rum. Pancir.
• p 1.165

  Pr. Alae Petri∣anae Petrianis. Notit.
• q 1.166

  Pr. Numeri Maurorum Au∣relianorum A∣ballaba. ib.
• r 1.167

  Pr. Alae. 1. Herculiae Ole∣naco ib.
• s 1.168

  Cuneus Ar∣maturarum Bremetenraco. ib. Armatura•••• Equites erant, qui toti armis tecti. Pancir.
• t 1.169

  Sub dispositi∣one viri specta∣bilis Ducis Bri∣tanniar••. Not.
• u 1.170

  Per lineam Valli. ib.
• x 1.171

  v. Zosimi Hist. l. 6. Imp. Honorio, & Theodosio.
• y 1.172

  v. Bedae Eccl. Hist. Gent. Anglorum. l. 1. c. 11.
• z 1.173

  Transmari∣nasautem dici∣mus has gentes (Scotos, & Pi∣ctos,) non quod extra Britanni∣am essenr posi∣tae, sed quià à parte Btitonum erant remorae duobus sinibus maris inter-i a∣centibus, quo∣run••nus ab O∣rientali ma••i, alter ab Occi∣denti Britan∣niae tetras lon∣gè, latè que ir∣rumpit. Bed. Ec. Hist. Gentis An∣glorum lib. 1. cap. 12.
• a 1.174

  v. Epistolam Gildae de Exci∣dio, & conque∣stu Britanniae. Bedae Ecclesi∣asticae Hist. Gentis Anglo∣rum lib. 1. c. 9. 11. 12. 13. 14. &c. Malmesbu∣riensis de Ge∣stis Anglorum. lib. 1. Henr. Huntingdoni∣ensis Hist. lib. 2. Flores Histori∣arum per Mat. VVestmona∣steriensem. Fa∣bians Chroni∣cle. The English A••nalls.
• b 1.175

  Repellunt Barbari ad ma∣re. Repellit ma∣re ad Barbaros. Inter haec ori∣untur duo ge∣nera funerum, aut iugulamur, aut mergimur. Episto. Brito∣num ad Agiti∣um, seu Boeti∣um Consulem Roman. citat. à Gilda de Exci∣dio Britanniae, & à Beda lib. 1. c. 13. Ec. Histor. Anglorum.
• a 1.176

  Bedae Eccles. Hist. Gentis Anglor l. 5. c. 7.
• a 1.177

  Cornvvallen∣ses. Malmesbur. l. 2. c. 6. Britan∣ni Cornu-gal∣liae ib. l. 2. c. 1. Cornvvalli re∣centiorum.
• * 1.178

  v. Malmesbu∣riensis de Gest. Anglorum l. 2. c. 1. & l. 2. c. 6. Flores Histori∣arum per Mat. Westmonaste∣riensem. Guil. Camdeni Bri∣tanniam de Cornubia, & de Britannis Cornvvallens.
• a 1.179

  Cumbri Mal¦mesbur. l. 2. c. 6.
• * 1.180

  Bedae Eccles. Hist. Gentis Anglorum l. 4. c. 26. Malmes∣bur. de Gestis Angl. l. 2. c. 6. & 7. Flores Hist. per Mar. West∣monasterien∣sem pag. 366. Georgij Bu∣chanani Rerum Scoticar. Hist. l. 6. Gregorio Rege. Guil. Camdeni Bri∣tanmam de Cumbria.
• a 1.181

  Wallenses Malmesburi∣ensis lib. 2. c. 9. North-Wal∣lenses, & Aqui∣lonares Britan∣ni eiusdem l. 2. c. 1 & 6. Walli recentiorum. Cambri Hum∣phredi Lhuyd, & Wallicorum scriptorum.
• * 1.182

  vid. Iosephi Antiquit. lib. 1. cap. 7. Zonarae Annalium Tom. 1. Mal∣mesburiensis de Gestis An∣glotū. l. 2. c. 1. & 6. Flor. Histori∣arum per Mat. Westmonaster. Henr. Hunting. don. Hist. lib. 4. Fragm. Brit. Descriptionis per Humphre∣dum Lhuyd. The discription of Wales. by S. Hugh Price Knight. The Hi∣story of Cambria by Henry Lhoyd, & David Po∣well. The En∣glish Annalls.
• b 1.183

  Rex Wallen∣sis Hunting∣don. l. 4.
• a 1.184

  Interea Eg∣bertus, cum clementia, & mansuetudine subiectorum a∣morem rede∣miset prima virium docu∣menta in Bri∣tannos, qui e∣am insulae par∣tem inhabi∣tant, quae Cor∣nu-Galliae dici∣tur, dedit, qui∣bus subiugatis, Aquilonares Britannos, qui á praedictis ma∣ris brachio di∣viduntur, tri∣butarios fecit. Malmesbuti∣ensis de Gestis Anglorum lib. 2. cap. 1.
• a 1.185

  Picti Claudi∣ani de. 4. Con∣sulatu Honorij Panegyris, et Am. Marcelli∣ni Hist. l 20. &c.
• * 1.186

  vid. Eumenij Panegeti∣cum Constan∣tino. Am. Mar∣cellini Hist. lib. 20. 26, & 27. Claudiani l. de Bello Getico. Eiusdem▪ Pa∣negyrin de 4. Consulatu Ho∣norij Augusti. Eiusdem lib. 2. de laudibus Sti∣liconis. Herodi∣ani lib. 3. Hist. Severo Impe∣ratore. Gildae Epistolam de Excidio, & Con∣questu Britan∣niae. Bedae Ec∣clesiasticae Hist. Gentis Anglo∣rum. lib. 1. c. 1. & 5. &c. Isidori Hispalensis E∣piscopi Origi∣num l. 9 Pom∣ponij Loeti Ro. Hist. Compen∣dium Impera∣tore Valentini∣••no primo. Malmesburien∣sem de Gestis Regum Anglo∣rum. Henr. Huntingd. Hist. lib. 8. Hectoris Boethij Histor. Scotorum. Ge∣orgij Buchana∣ni Rerum Sco∣ticarum Hist. Camdeni Bri∣tanniam (de Pictis.
• b 1.187

  Quae Scoto dat fraena tru∣ci, ferro{que} no∣tatas Perlegit exan∣gues, Picto mo∣riente, figura••. Claudia. de Bel∣lo Getico.
• c 1.188

  Scoti (intellige Pictos) nomen habent à picto corpore, eò quod aculeis ferr••is cum atramento varia∣rum figurarum stigmate annotentur. Isidori Hispal. Episc. Orig. lib. 9.
• d 1.189

  Neque vestis vsum (Britanni) cognô∣runt, sed ventrem, atque cervicem ferro incingunt, ornamentum id esse, ac diuitiarum argumentum existimantes, perinde vt aurum caeteri Barbari. Quin ipsa notant corpora picturâ variâ, & omnifariam formis animalium. Quo∣circa nè induuntus quid em, vide licet picturamcorporis nè adopeirunt. Herodian. lib. 3. Severo Imperatore. v. etiam Caesaris Com. Bel. Gal. lib. 5. & Plinij Nat. Histor. lib. 33. c. 1. &c.
• e 1.190

  Aber-neith, Aber-den. Aberdore. Aber-Lotneth. &c.
• a 1.191

  Scoti Am. Marcellini Hist. lib. 20. & Clau∣dian. de 4 Con∣sulatu Honorij Paneg. &c.
• * 1.192

  v. Am. Mar∣cellini Hist. lib. 20, 26. & 27. Imperat. Con∣stantio. 2. & Va∣lentimano pri∣mo. D. Hiero∣nymum contra Pelagianos ad Ctesiphontem. Pauli Orosij Hist. lib. 1. c. 1. Latini Pacati Drepani Pane∣gyricum Theo∣dosio Augusto. Claudian l. de Bello Getico. Eiusdem de 4. Consulatu Ho∣norij Panegy∣rin. Eiusdem de laudibus Stili∣conis lib. 2. Ep. Gildae de Exci∣dio, & Conqu. Britanniae. Be∣dae Eccl. Hist. Gentis Anglo∣rum. l. 1. c. 1. 9. 11. 12. 13. 14. 34. &c. Eginhartum de Vitâ, & Rebus Gestis Caroli Magni. Isidori Hispal. Episcopi Originum l. 14. Giraldi Cam∣brensis Topo∣graph. Hiber∣niae Distinct. 3. c. 7. Flores. Hi∣stor. per Mat. Westmonast. p. 366 Hectoris Boethij Histor. Scotorum. Ge∣orgij Buchana∣ni Rerum Sco∣ticarum Histor. Guil. Camdeni Britanniam (de Scotis. The En∣glish Annalls.
• a 1.193

  Angli. Taciti lib. de Moribus Germanorum, Bedae, & recen∣tiorum. Suevi Angili Ptolem. Geog: l. 2. c. 11.
• * 1.194

  v Tacitum de Moribus Ger∣manorum; Pto∣lem, Geogr. l. 2. c. 11. Bedae Ec∣clesiasticae Hi∣stor. Gent. An∣glorum. lib. 1. c. 15. Ethelvverdi Chron. lib. 1. Guilielmi Cā∣deni Britanni∣am de Anglo-Saxonibus.
• b 1.195

  Interiores au∣tem atque Me∣diterrancae gen∣tes maximè sunt Angili Sueui, qui ma∣gis Orient••les sunt, quam Longobardi, protensi ad Sep∣tentrionem vs∣què ad medi∣um Albis fluvij. Ptolem. Geog. lib. 2. c. 11.
• c 1.196

  Porrò Anglia vetus sita est••n∣ter Saxones, & Giotas, habens oppidum capi∣tale, quod ser∣mone Saxoni∣••o nun••upatur Sl••svvic, secun∣dum vero Da∣nos Haithby. Ethelvverdi Ch. lib. 1.
• d 1.197

  Gutae Ptol. Geogra. lib. 2. c. 11. Giotae E∣thelvverdi Chr. lib. 1. Iutae. Malmesburien. de Gestis Reg. Anglorum l. 1. c. 1. &c. Vitae Bedae Eccles. Hist. lib. 1. c. 15.
• * 1.198

  Ptol. Geogr. lib 2. c. 11. Be∣dae Ecclesiasti∣cae Hist. Gent. Anglorum. l. 1. cap. 15. Ethel∣vverdi Chron. lib 1.
• e 1.199

  Meridionalia (Scandiae te∣nent) Gutae, & Dauciones. Ptolem. Geog. lib. 2. c. 11.
• a 1.200

  Saxones Pto∣lemaei Geogr. lib. 2. c. 11. &c.
• * 1.201

  v. infrà in Germania.
• * 1.202

  v. Am. Mar∣cellini Hist. lib 26. 27. 28. & 30. Gildae Epist. de∣excidio, & Conq. Britan∣niae. Bedae Ec∣clesiast. Histor. Gentis Anglo∣rum. Malmesb. de Gestis Re∣gum Anglo∣rum. lib. 1. Hun∣tingd. Hist. lib. 2. Flores Hist. per Mat. West∣monast▪ &c.
• f 1.203

  Anglo Saxo∣nes.
• a 1.204

  Cantuarij Bedae Ecclesi∣asticae Hist. l. 2. c. 5. Cantuarij Malmesburien∣sis de Gestis Regum Anglo∣rum. lib. 1. c. 1. Centenses Huntingdon, lib. 2.
• * 1.205

  v. Bedae Eccl. Histor. Gen∣tis Anglo∣rum. Malmes∣buriensis de Gestis Regum Anglorum lib. 1. cap. 1. Henr. Huntingdon. Hist. lib. 2, 3, & 4. Flores Hist, per Mat. West∣monast. Floren∣tium Wigorni∣ensem.
• b 1.206

  Flores Histor∣per Mat. West∣monast. p. 174. iuxta editio∣nem Franco∣furtensem.
• a 1.207

  Orrich, cog∣nomento Oisc, à quo reges Cantuariorum solent Oiscin∣gae nominari. Bedae Eccles. Hist. Anglorum l, 2. c. 5.
• a 1.208

  Australes Saxones. Bed. Eccles. Histor. Anglorum l. 2. c. 5. & Hunting. Hist. l. 3. &c.
• * 1.209

  v. Bedae Eccl. Hist. Anglor. Flores Hist. per Mat. Westmon. Huntingdon. Hist. 1. 2. 3. & 4.
• a 1.210

  Flores Hist. per Mat. West∣monast. Zeno∣ne Imperatore.
• b 1.211

  An. D. 590, defuncto Cissa rege, Australi∣um Saxonum regnum devo∣lutum est ad Ceaulinum re∣gem Occiden∣talium Saxo∣num. ib.
• c 1.212

  Orientales Saxones, Bedae & Malmesbu∣riensis de Gest. regum Anglor. l. 1. c. 6. &c.
• * 1.213

  Bedae Eccles. Hist. Anglor. Malmesbu••. de Gestis Regum Angl. l. 1. c. 6. Hen. Hunting. Hist. l. 2. 3. 4. & 5. Flores Hist. per Mat. West∣mon. Florenti∣um Vigorni∣ensem.
• a 1.214

  Flores Hist per Mat. West∣monast. An. 527. & Henr. Huntingd. hist. l. 2.
• b 1.215

  Sledda pri∣mus rex Ori∣entalium Saxo∣num. Malmesb. l. 1. c. 6
• a 1.216

  Orientales Angli Bedae Eccles. Histor. lib. 3. cap. 16, & Malmesburien. lib. 1. c. 5. &c.
• * 1.217

  v. Bedae Eccl. Histor. Anglo∣rum. Malmesb. de Gestis Re∣gum Anglorum lib. 1. c. 9. Hun∣tingd. Hist. lib. 2. 3. & 4. Flores Historiarum per Mat. West. monast. Flo∣rentium Wi∣gorniensem.
• b 1.218

  Vffingae Hun∣tingd. Hist. l. 2.
• c 1.219

  Malmesbur. lib. 1. c. 5.
• a 1.220

  Mox ea (Sig∣bertus) quae in Gallia bene dis∣posita vidit, i∣mitari cupiens, scholam insti∣tuit, in quâ pu∣eti erudiren∣tur, iuvanti E∣piscopo Foeli∣ci, quem de Cantijs acce∣perat, ijs{que}; pe∣dagogos, ac magisiros iuxta morem Cantu∣ariorum prae∣benti. Bedae Ec∣clesi. Hist. An∣glorum lib. 3. cap. 18.
• a 1.221

  Mercij Bedae, & Malmesburi∣ensis. lib. 1. cap. 4. &c.
• * 1.222

  v. Bedae Eccl. Histor. Anglor. Malmesburien∣sis de Gestis Regum Anglo∣rum. lib. 1. c. 4. Henr. Hunting. Hist. l. 2. 3. 4. & 5. Flores Hist. per Mat. West∣monaster. Flo∣rentium Wi∣gorniensem.
• a 1.223

  Flores Hist. per Mat. West∣monast. 585.
• b 1.224

  Penda pri∣mus rex Mer∣ciorum secun∣dum Malmes∣buriensem de Gestis Regum Anglorum lib. 1. c. 4.
• a 1.225

  Malmesbur. l. 1. c. 4.
• b 1.226

  Nord-Hum∣bri Bedae Eccl. hist. l. 3. c. 7. Northanimbri Malmesbur. l. 1 c. 3. Nordan∣humbri Mat. Weston.
• * 1.227

  v. Bedae Eccles. Histor. Anglorum. Malmesbur. de Gestis Regum Anglor. l. 1. c. 3. Hen. Hunting. hist. l. 2. 3. 4. & 5. Flores hist. per Mat. West∣mon, Floren∣tium Wigorn.
• c 1.228

  Deirorum & Berniciorum Provinciae partes gentis Nordhumbro∣rum. Bedae Ec∣cles hist. gentis Anglor. l. 3. c. 1.
• d 1.229

  Deira Mal∣mesbur. l. 1. c. 3.
• e 1.230

  Bernicia ib.
• a 1.231

  v. Bedae Ec∣cles. Hist. gentis Anglorum l. 4. c. 26.
• b 1.232

  Flores histor. per. Mat. West∣monast. an. 548 & 560.
• c 1.233

  v. Florenti∣um▪ Wigorni∣ensem an. 547. & 559.
• a 1.234

  Bedae Eccles. Hist. l. 2. c. 6.
• a 1.235

  Huntingdon. Hist. lib. 5.
• b 1.236

  Occidentales Saxones & Gevissi Bedae Eccl. Hist. lib. 3. cap. 7. West-Sa∣xones Malmes. lib. 1. c. 2.
• * 1.237

  v. Bedae Eccl. Hist. Gentis Anglor. Mal∣mesb. de Gest. Regum Anglo. lib. 1. c. 2. & l••b. 2. c. 1. Hen. Hun∣tingd. Hist. lib. 2. 3. & 4. Flo∣res Hist. per Mat. Westmo∣nast. Florenti∣um Wigorni∣ensem.
• a 1.238

  Anglia.
• * 1.239

  v. Malmesb. de Gestis Re∣gum Anglor. lib. 2. Hen. Hun∣tingd Hist lib. 5. & 6. Rogeri de Houeden Annalium par∣tem priorem. Flores Hist. per Mat. Westmo∣nast. Florenti∣um Wigorni∣niensem. Guil. Camdeni Bri∣tanniam (de Anglo-Saxo∣nibus.) The En∣glish Annalls.
• a 1.240

  v. Asser Me∣neven.
• a 1.241

  Dani Iornan∣dis de Rebus Geticis. &c. Daci vitiosè Henrici Hun∣tingd. Hist. lib. 4.
• * 1.242

  v. Pomp. Me∣lae lib. 3. Ior∣nandem de Re∣bus Geticis. E∣ginhartum de vita, & Gestis Caroli Magni. Aimonij de Re∣bus Gestis Francorum. li. 4. c. 9. 92. 96. &c. Malmesb. de Gestis An∣glorum lib. 2. Henr. Hunting. Hist. lib. 5. & 6. Rogeri de Ho∣veden Annali∣um partem pri∣orem. Flores Hist. per Mat. Westmonaster. Guil. Camdeni Britanniam (de Danis.) The En∣glish. Annals.
• * 1.243

  v. Malmesb. de Gestis Reg. Anglor. lib. 2. Henr. Huntin. Hist. l. 6. Flores Hist-per Mat. Westmon. Ro∣geri de Hove∣den Annal. partem priorē. The English An∣nals.
• a 1.244

  Nordmanni Eginharti in vitâ Caroli Magni. Nort∣manni Aymo∣nij de gestis Francorum l. 5 c. 20. &c. Nor∣manni Wilhel∣mi Gemiticen∣sis de Ducum Normannorū Gest. l. 1. c 4. &c & recentiorum
• * 1.245

  v. Eginhar∣tum in vita Ca∣roli Magni. An∣nales cujusdam Anonymi do∣mestici. Ludov. Pij Francorum Regis, impe∣ranti eodem Carolo; Aymo∣nij de gestis Francorum l. 5. c. 20. &. 31. Wilhelmi Ge∣miticensis de Ducum Nor∣mannorum ge∣stis. Vpodygma Neustriae per Tho. de Wal∣singham. Eius. hist. Malmesb. de gestis Angl. l. 3. Henr. Hunt. hist. l. 6. 7. & 8. Guil. Neubri∣gensem. Roge∣ri de Ho••eden Annal. part••m poster. Flo••es hist. per Mat. Westmon. Gui∣lielmi Camd. Britan. (de Normannis.) The English An∣nals.
• b 1.246

  Normanni autem dicun∣tur, quod lin∣gua eo••um Bo∣reas North vo∣catur, homo verò Man. inde Northmanni, sid est homines Boreales nun∣cu••ntur. Wil∣helmi Gemiti∣censis de Du∣cum Norm••n∣norum gestis l. 1. c. 4.