The history of the world

CHAP. IIII. Of PHILIP the father of PERSEVS, King of Ma∣cedon; His first Acts and warre with the Romans, by whom he was subdued. [unspec 30]

§. I. How the Romans grew acquainted in the East Countries, and desirous of warre there. The beginning of many Princes, with great warres, at one time. The Aetolians ouerrun Pelopon∣nesus. [unspec 40] PHILIP and his Associates make war against the Aetolians. Alteration of the State in Sparta. The Aetolians inuade Greece and Macedon, and are inuaded at home by PHILIP.

OF the great similitude found in worldly euents, the li∣mitation of matter hath beene assigned as a proba∣ble* 1.1 cause. For since Nature is confined vnto a sub∣iect that is not vnbounded; the workes of Nature must needes be finite, and many of them resemble one the other. Now in those actions, that seeme to haue their whole dependance vpon the will of man, [unspec 50] we are lesse to wonder, if we find lesse varietie: since it is no great portion of things which is obnoxious vnto humane power; and since they are the same affections, by which the wills of sundrie men are o∣uer-ruled,

in mannaging the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of our daily life. It may bee obserued in the change of Empires, before those times whereof we now write, how the Assyrians or Chaldaeans inuaded the kingdome of the Medes, with two hundred thousand foote and threescore thousand horse: but fayling in their intended conquest, they became subiect within a while themselues vnto the Medes and Persians. In like manner Darius, and after him Xerxes, fell vpon the Greekes with such numbers of men, as might haue seemed 〈◊〉〈◊〉. But 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 were beaten home, their Empire was neuer secure of the Greekes: who at all times of leasure from intestine warre deuised vpon that conquest thereof, which finally they made vnder the great Alexander. If Nabuchodonosor with his rough old souldiours, had vndertaken the [unspec 10] Medes: or Cyrus with his well trayned Armie, had made the attempt vpon Greece; the issue might, in humane reason, haue beene farre different. Yet would it then haue beene expedient for them, to employ the trauell and vertue of their men, ra∣ther than the greatnesse of their names, against those people; that were no lesse va∣liant, though lesse renowned, than their owne. For the menacing wordes vsed by Cyrus, and some small displeasures done to the Greekes (in which kind it may bee, that Nabuchodonosor likewise offended the Medes and Persians) were not so auailea∣ble to victory, as to draw on reuenge in the future. Great Kingdomes, when they decay in strength, suffer as did the old Lyon, for the oppression done in his youth; being pinched by the Wolfe, gored by the Bull, yea and kickt by the Asse. But [unspec 20] Princes are often carried away from reason, by misse-vnderstanding the language of Fame: and despising the vertue that makes little noise, aduenture to prouoke it against themselues; as if it were not possible that their owne glory should be foyled by any of lesse-noted excellence. Against the same stone, whereat Xerxes, and before him (as I take it) Euilmerodach, had stumbled; Pyrrhus the Epirot hath dash his foot. Hee was not indeed the King of all Greece; though most of marke, and a better soul∣diour than any other Greekish King, when he entred into war against the Romans. This war he vndertooke as it were for his mindes sake: hauing receiued no iniurie; but hoping by the glory of his name, and of the Greekes that serued vnder him, to preuaile so easily against the barbarous Romans, that they should onely serue as a [unspec 30] step to his further intended conquests, of Sicil and Africk. But when the Romans, by their victory against Pyrrhus; had found their owne vertue to bee of richer mettall, than was the more shining valour of the Greekes: then did all the brauery of the Epirot (his Elephants and whatsoeuer else had serued to make him terrible) serue onely to make the Romans, in time following, to thinke more highly of themselues. * 1.2 For since they had ouercome the best Warriour in Greece, euen Him; that, being thus beaten by them, could in a yeere after make himselfe Lord of Greece and Mace∣don: what should 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them from the conquest of all those vnwarlike Prouinces, which in compasse of twelue yeeres a Macedonian King of late memory had won? Certainly there was hereunto requisite no more, than to bring to their owne deuo∣tion [unspec 40] by some good meanes, the whole Country of Greece: all the rest, this done, would follow of itselfe. How to deale with the Greekes; Philip and Alexander had shewed a way: which, or perhaps a better, they might learne, by getting more ac∣quaintance with the Nation.

When therefore the first Punick war was ended, which followed soone after the wars of Pyrrhus and of the Tarentines: then were the Romans at good leisure to hear∣ken after newes in Greece; and to entertaine any good occasion, that should bee on that side presented. They had also then a strong Fleet: and were become, though not otherwise very skilfull Mariners, yet good fighters at Sea. So it fell out as hap∣pily as could be wished, that the Illyrian Queene Teuta made at the same time cru∣ell [unspec 50] warre vpon the Greekes: wasting their Country, and sacking their Townes, only because they were vnable to resist, though they had done her none offence. Into this quarrell if the Romans were desirous to enter; the Queene was not slow to giue them e 1.3 cause. And their happy accomplishing of that war which they made with

Her, was, in their owne opinion, a matter not vnworthy to make their Patronage to be desired by the Greekes. But no such thing happened: though they sent Embas∣sadours, as it were to offer themselues; by signifying, that for the loue of Greece they had vndertaken this Illyrian warre. Thus began the first acquaintance betwixt the Greekes and Romanes: which afterwards encreased very hastily, through the indiscre∣tion of King Philip the Macedonian; whose businesse with them being now the sub∣iect of our storie, it is meet that we should relate (though somewhat briefely) the be∣ginning of his reigne, and his first Actions.

It was like to proue a busie time in the world, when, within the space of foure yeares, new Kings began to reigne in the most of all Countries knowne; and three [unspec 10] of them yong boyes, in three of the greatest Kingdomes. This happened from the third yeare of the hundred thirty ninth Olympiad, vnto the third of the Olympiad fol∣lowing. For in this time died Seleucus Ceraunus King of Asia and Syria, in whose roome succeeded his brother Antiochus, afterwards called the great. Ptolemie Philo∣pator succeeded in the Kingdome of Aegypt vnto his father Euergetes. And Philip the sonne of Demetrius, being sixteene or seuenteene yeares old, receiued the Kingdome of Macedon, together with the Patronage of the Achaeans and most of the Greekes; by the decease of his Vncle Antigonus Doson, that was called the Tutor or Protector. A∣bout the same time also was the like change in Cappadocia, Lacedaemon, and the Coun∣tries about Mount Taurus. For Ariarathes then beganne his reigne in Cappadocia. Ly∣curgus [unspec 20] found meanes to make himselfe King ouer the Lacedaemonians, whose Com∣mon-weale, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the flight of Cleomenes, had continued in a manner headlesse; and Achaeus, a kinsman of Antiochus, but a Rebell vnto him, occupied the Regions neare vnto Mount Taurus, and kept a while the State of a mighty King. Lastly, in the second and third yeares of the hundred and fortieth Olympiad it was, that open war brake out betweene Rome and Carthage; and that Hannibal began his great Inuasion vpon Italie. Those troubles of the Westerne world, which were indeed the greatest, we haue alreadie followed vnto an end: Of Antiochus, Ptolemie, and the rest, we shall speake hereafter, when the Romanes finde them out.

Philip, soone after the beginning of his reigne, came into Pcloponnesus; greatly de∣sired [unspec 30] of the Achaeans, and many others his dependants. That Country, hauing freed it selfe by the helpe of Antigonus from the danger (accounted great) of an easie sub∣iection vnto Cleomenes: was now become no lesse obnoxious to the Macedonian, than it should haue beene to the Spartan; and therewithall it lay open vnto the violence of the Aetolians, who despised euen the Macedonian Kings, that were Patrons ther∣of. These Aetolians were no men to be idle; nor were much addicted to any other Art, than warre. Therefore wanting employment, they fell vpon the Messenians that were their owne Clients, and excepting the Eleans, that were anciently of their con∣sanguinitie) the onely good friends which they had at the present in Peloponnesus. Their inuasion was no lesse vnexpected, then it was vniust: whereby with greater [unspec 40] ease they made spoile of the Countrey; finding none prepared to make resistance. The Achaeans, were called by the Messenians to helpe: which they did the more wil∣lingly; because the Aetolians passing without leaue through their Territorie, had (as was their manner) done what harme they listed. Olde Aratus could ill abide these Aetolians; as both knowing well their nature, and remembring the iniuries, wherewith most vngratefully they had required no small benefits done to them by the Achaeans. He was therefore so hasty to fall vpon this their Armie, that hee could hardly endure to stay a few dayes vntill the time of his owne Office came; being chosen Praetor of the Achaeans for the yeare following. But his anger was greater* 1.4 than his courage: and he shewed himselfe a man fitter (as hath beene alreadie no∣ted* 1.5 [unspec 50] of him) for any other seruice, than leading of an Armie. He suffered them to passe quietly along with their bootie, through a great part of the Countrie, wherein he might easily haue distressed them; and afterwards pressed them so neare, when they had recouered ground of aduantage, that they easily defeated all his Armie.

So they departed home rich, and well animated to returne againe. As for the Achae∣ans; they got hereby onely the friendship of the Messenians: with whom, by licence of King Philip, they made confederacie. Shortly after, the Aetolians inuaded Pelo∣ponnesus againe; hauing no more to doe, than to passe ouer the narrow Streights of the Corinthian Bay, called now the Gulfe of Lepanto, where they might land in the Country of the Eleans. There ioyned with them in this their second Inuasion a great number of the Illyrians: who neglecting that condition imposed vpon them by the Romans, of setting out no ships of warre vnto the Coast of Greece; made bold to seeke aduentures againe, and did great mischiefe. Demetrius Phartus, a creature of* 1.6 the Romans, commanded a part of these Illyrians: who shortly repented him of this [unspec 10] his voyage; which caused him to lose his Kingdome, as is shewed before. But this Demetrius went another way, and fell vpon the Ilands of the Cyclades in the Aegean Sea: whence returning, he did some good offices for King Philip or his friends. The rest of the Illyrians vnder 〈◊〉〈◊〉, or Scerdiletus, hauing gotten what they could else-where by rouing at Sea, accompanied the Aetolians into Peloponnesus: who made greater hauocke in the Countrie now, than in their former Expedition; and returned home, without finding any resistance.

Of these things great complaint was made vnto Philip, when he came to Corinth. And because men were desirous to satisfie themselues with some speedie reuenge: there were that vrged to haue some grieuous punishment laid vpon the Lacedaemoni∣ans: [unspec 20] who were thought vnder-hand to haue fauoured the Aetolians, in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 de∣spight of the Achaeans and Macedonians, by whom themselues had lately beene sub∣dued. It is true, that the Lacedaemonians had beene so affected: and (which was worse) at the arriuall of Philip, they slue such friends of his, as hauing checked their inclination, seemed likely to appeach them of the intended rebellion. Neither durst they well commit themselues to iudgement: but entreated the King, that he would abstaine from comming to them with an Armie: since their Towne was lately much disquieted with ciuill discord, which they hoped soone to appease, and meant al∣wayes to remaine at his deuotion. Philip was easily satisfied with this: not for that he (or rather old Aratus, who then wholly gouerned him) did misse-vnderstand [unspec 30] the Lacedaemonians: but for that a greater worke was in hand, which ought not to be interrupted. There met at Corinth, in presence of the King, the Embassadours of the Achaeans, Boeotians, Phocians, Epirots, and Acarnanians: all complaining vpon the Aetolians: and desiring to haue warre decreed against them, by common assent. Philip sent his letters vnto the Aetolians: requiring them to make ready their answer in some conuenient time 〈◊〉〈◊〉 if they could alleadge any thing in excuse of that which they had done. They returned word, that a Diet should be holden at Rhium for that purpose: whither if it pleased him to come or send, hee should be well informed of them and their whole meaning. The King prepared to haue beene there at the day. But when the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vnderstood this for certaintie, they adiourned the Councell [unspec 40] vnto a further time: saying, That such weightie matters ought not to be handled, saue in the great Parliament of all Aetolia. This tricke of Law not withstanding, open warre was proclaimed against them. And they, as it were to shew how well they had deserued it, made election of Scopas to be their Praetor, that was Author of these In∣uasions made on Peloponnesus; and the onely man, in a sort, vpon whom they must haue laid the blame of these actions, if they would haue shifted it from the publike.

After this, Philip went into Macedon; where he prepared busily for the warre a∣gainst the yeere following. He also assayed the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, Scerdilaidas, with faire 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and promises: whom he easily won from the Aetolian side, forasmuch as the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 had cousened him of his share, when he was partner with them in their late rob∣beries. [unspec 50] In like sort the Achaeans, who had first of all others proclaimed the warre in their owne Country, sent vnto the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, Epirots, Messenians, and Lacedaemo∣nians: requesting them forth with to declare themselues, and to denounce warre vnto the Aetolians, without staying (as it were) to await the euent. Hereunto they receiued

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diuerse answeres, according to the qualities of those with whom they dealt. The Acarnanians, a free-hearted and valiant, though a small Nation, and bordering vpon the Aetolians, of whom they stood in continuall danger; said, that they could not honestly refuse to shew their faithfull meaning in that warre, which was concluded by generall assent. The Epirots that were more mightie, were 〈◊〉〈◊〉 more cunning and reserued: so that they stood vpon a needlesse point; and desired to bee held excused, vntill Philip (of whose meaning they needed not to haue made any doubt) should first proclaime the warre. The Messenians, for whose cause the warre was vndertaken, excused themselues, by reason of a Towne which the Aetolians held vpon their borders; and said, that they durst not be ouer-bold, vntill that bridle [unspec 10] were taken out of their mouthes. As for the Lacedaemonians; the chiefe of them stu∣died onely how to mannage that treason, for which their Citie had beene so lately pardoned: and therefore dismissed the Embassadours of the Confederates, without any answere at all. They had three yeares together continued subiect against their wils to the Macedonians, expecting still when Cleomenes should returne out of Ae∣gypt to raigne ouer them againe; and maintaine, as he was wont, the honour of their Citie. In this regard they chose not any Kings; but were contented with the rule of Ephori. Of these there were some, that thought the publike safetie to consist, in holding their faith with the Macedonian that had preserued them: And hereto they referred all their counsailes; being perhaps not a little moued with respect of the [unspec 20] benefit, which might redound vnto themselues, by adhering firmely to those which at the present 〈◊〉〈◊〉 rule ouer them. Others, and those the greater part, were still deuising, how to make all readie for Cleomenes against his returne; and therefore sought to ioyne with the Aetolians, which were the most likely to giue him strong assistance. The Macedonian faction had the more authoritie, and durst more freely speake their mindes: but the contrary side was the more passionate; and spared not by murders, or any other violent courses, to set forward their desire. Neyther did it suffice, that about these times there came certaine report of Cleomenes his death. For it was the liberty and honour of Sparta, which these intended: fancying vnto them∣selues the glory of their Ancestors in such Agespast, as were not like to come againe. [unspec 30] Cleomenes was, they knew, the most able man to restore them vnto their greatnesse and lustre; which once he had in a manner performed: But since he was dead, and that, without iniury to his well-deseruing vertue, they might proceed to the electi∣on of new Kings: Kings they would haue, and those of the race of Hercules, as in former times; for that without such helpes, they must continue little better than subiects vnto the Macedonian, and farre lesse by him respected, than were the Achae∣ans. Thus were they transported, by contemplation of their old Nobility and fame. Some of the most working spirits among them, procured the Aetolians to send an Embassie to Sparta: which propounded the matter openly vnto the people; where∣of no one of the Citizens durst haue made himselfe the Author. Much disputation [unspec 40] and hot there was, betweene those of the Macedonian partie and these their oppo∣sites: in such wise that nothing could be concluded; vntill by massacre or banish∣ment of all, or the chiefe, that spake against the Aetolians, the diuersitie of opinion was taken quite away. Then forth with a League was concluded betweene the La∣cedaemonians and Aetolians: without all regard of the Macedonians or Achaeans; who had spared the Citie, when they 〈◊〉〈◊〉 haue destroyed it. Then also they went in hand with the election of new Kings: wherein their diligence was so nice, and so re∣gardfull of their ancient Lawes, as touching the choosing of the one King; that we may iustly wonder, how they grew so 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in making choyce of the other. In the one of their Royall Families they found Agesipolis, the sonne of Agesipolis the son [unspec 50] of King Cleombrotus: and him they admitted to raigne ouer them, as heire apparant to his Grandfather. This Agesipolis was a yong boy, standing in neede of a Guar∣dian; and had an Vncle, his fathers brother, that was fit for the Gouernment. Yet because the Law required, that the sonne, how yong soeuer, should haue his fa∣thers

whole right and title: the Lacedaemonians, though standing in neede of a man, were so punctuall in obseruation of the Law; that they made this childe their King, and appointed his Vncle Cleomenes to bee his Protector. But in the other branch of the Royall family, though there was no want of heires: yet would not the people trouble themselues about any of them, to examine the goodnesse of his Claime; but made election of one 〈◊〉〈◊〉, who hauing no manner of title to the kingdome, bestowed vpon each of the Ephori a Talent, and thereby made himselfe be saluted King of Sparta, and a Gentleman of the race of Hercules. This 〈◊〉〈◊〉, to gratifie his Partisans, and to approue his worth by Action; inuaded the Countrie of the Argiues: which lay open and vngarded, as in a time of peace. There hee did [unspec 10] great spoile, and wanne diuers Townes; whereof two hee retained, and annexed vnto the State of Lacedaemon. After such open hostilitie, the Lacedaemonians de∣clared themselues on the Aetolian side; and proclaimed warre against the A∣chaeans.

Thus the beginnings of the warre fell out much otherwise, than the Achaeans and their Confederates had expected, when they first made preparation. Philip was not readie: the Epirots gaue vncertaine answere: the Messenians would not stirre: all the burden must lie vpon themselues and the poore 〈◊〉〈◊〉, whom the Aeto∣lians, by fauour of the Eleans, could inuade at pleasure, as they were like to 〈◊〉〈◊〉; and by helpe of the Lacedaemonians, could assaile on all parts at once. It was not long [unspec 20] ere the Aetolians, passing ouer the Bay of Corinth, surprised the Towne of Aegira: which 〈◊〉〈◊〉 they could haue held, they should thereby grieuously haue molested the Achaeans; for that it stood in the mid-way betweene Aegium and Sicyon two of their principall Cities, and gaue open way into the heart of all their Countrie. But as Aegira was taken by surprise: so was it presently lost againe, through greedinesse of spoile; whilest they that should haue made it their first care to assure the place vnto themselues, by occupying the Cittadell and other 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of strength, fell heed∣lessely to ransack priuate houses, and thereby gaue the Citizens leaue to make head, by whom they were driuen with great slaughter backe vnto their Fleet. About the same time, another Aetolian 〈◊〉〈◊〉 landing among the Eleans, fell vpon the [unspec 30] Westerne Coast of Achaia; wasting all the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the Dymaeans and other peo∣ple, that were first beginners of the Achaean Confederacie. The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and their neighbours made head against these Inuaders; but were so well beaten, that the ene∣mie grew bolder with them than before. They sent for helpe vnto their Praetor, and to all the Townes of their Societie. In vaine. For the Achaeans hauing lately beene much weakened by Cleomenes, were now able to doe little of themselues: nei∣ther could they get any strength of Mercinaries; for asmuch as at the end of Cleome∣nes his war, they had 〈◊〉〈◊〉 with-held part of their due from those that serued them therein. So through this disabilitie of the Achaeans, and insufficiencie of their Praetor; the Dymaeans, with others, were driuen to with-hold their contribution here∣tolore [unspec 40] made for the publike seruice, and to conuert the monie to their owne defence. Lycurgus also with his Lacedaemonians, began to winne vpon the Arcadians; that were confederate with Philip and the Achaeans.

Philip came to the borders of the Aetolians, whilst their Armie was thus employed a farre off in Peloponnesus. The Epirots ioyned all their forces with him: and by such their willing readines, drew him to the siege of a Frontier 〈◊〉〈◊〉, which they desired to get into their owne hands; for that, by commoditie thereof, they hoped shortly to make themselues Masters of Ambracia. There he spent fortie dayes, ere he could end the busines; which tended onely to the benefit of the Epirots. Had he entred into the heart of Aetolia at his first comming; it was thought that he might haue made an end [unspec 50] of the war. But it happens oft, that the violence of great Armies is broken vpon small Townes or Forts: and not seldome, that the importunitie of Associates, to haue their own desires fulfilled, conuerts the preparations of great Kings to those 〈◊〉〈◊〉 for which they neuer were intended; thereby hindering the prosecution of their 〈◊〉〈◊〉

dessignes. Thus was our King Henrie the eight led aside, and quite out of his way, by Maximilian the Emperour to the siege of Tournay: at such time as the French King Lewes the twelfth, hearing that the strong Citie of Terwin was lost, and that of his Cauellerie, wherein rested his chiefe confidence, two thousand were beaten by the Earle of Essex with seuen hundred English; was thinking to withdraw himselfe into Brittaine, in feare that Henrie would haue come to Paris.

The stay that Philip made at Ambracus, did wondrously embolden the Aetolians: in such sort, as their Praetor Scopas aduentured to lead all their forces out of the Countrie; and therewith not onely to ouer-runne Thessalie, but to make impression into Macedon. He ranne as farre as to Dium, a Citie of Macedon vpon the Aegean [unspec 10] Sea: which, being forsaken by the Inhabitants at his comming, Hee tooke, and ra∣zed to the ground. Hee spared neither Temple, nor any other of the goodly buildings therein, but ouerturned all: and among the rest, he threw downe the Sta∣tua's that were there erected, of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Kings. For this he was highly ho∣noured by his Countrimen at his returne; forasmuch as hereby they thought their Nation to be growne terrible, not onely (as before) vnto Peloponnesus, but euen to Macedon it selfe. But this their pride was soone abated; and they rewarded shortly at home in their owne Countrie, for their paines taken at Dium. Philip hauing dis∣patched his worke at Ambracus, made a strong inuasion vpon Aetolia. Hee tooke Phoetiae, Metropolis, Oeniade, Paeanium, Elaeus, and diuers other Townes and Castles [unspec 20] of theirs: of which hee burnt some, and fortified others. Hee also beat the Aeto∣lians in sundrie skirmishes; and wasted all the Countrie ouer, without receiuing any harme. This done, while he was about to make a cut ouer the Streights into Pelo∣ponnesus, and to doe the like spoile in the Countrie of the Eleans, whereto he was ve∣hemently sollicited by the Achaean Embassadours: newes came out of Macedon, that the Dardanians were readie with a great Armie to fall vpon the Countrie. These Dardanians were a barbarous people, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 by Mount Haemus from the Northerne part of Macedon; and were accustomed to seeke bootie in that wealthie Kingdome, when they found their owne times. Hauing therefore intelligence, that Philip was a∣bout to make a journie into Peloponnesus: they purposed in his absence, which they [unspec 30] thought would bee long, to get what they could for themselues in his Countrie; as had beene their manner vpon the like aduantages. This made the King to dismisse the Achaean Embassadours, (whom hee should haue accompanied home with his Armie) and to bid them haue patience vntill another yeare. So Hee tooke his way home: and as he was passing out of Acarnania into Epirus, there came to him Deme∣trius Pharius with no more than one Ship; that was newly chaced out of his King∣dome by the Romans. This Demetrius had lately shewed himselfe a friend to Anti∣gonus Doson, in the warres of Cleomenes: and returning in his last Voyage from the Cyclades, was readie, at their first request, to take part with Philips Captaines. These, or the like considerations, made him welcome vnto the Macedonian King: whose [unspec 40] Counsailor he was euer after. The Dardanians hearing of the Kings returne, brake vp their Armie; and gaue ouer for the present their inuasion of 〈◊〉〈◊〉, towardes which they were alreadie on their way.

All that Summer following the King rested at Larissa in Thessalie, whilest his peo∣ple gathered in their Haruest. But the Aetolians rested not. They auenged them∣selues vpon the Epirots: whom for the harmes by them and Philip done in Aetolia, they requited with all extremities of warre, among which, the most notable was the ruine of the famous Temple of Dodona. When Winter grew on, and all thought of warre vntill another yeare was laid aside: Philip stole a journie into Peloponnesus, with fiue thousand Foot, and about foure hundred Horse. As soone as hee was [unspec 50] within Corinth; He comanded the Gates to be shut, that no word might bee carried foorth of his arriuall. He sent priuily for old Aratus to come thither vnto him: with whom he tooke order, when, and in what places, hee would haue the Achaean Soul∣diors readie to meet him. The Enemies were then abroad in the Countrie, with

somewhat more than two thousand Foot and an hundred Horse; little thinking to meete with such opposition. Indeed they had little cause to feare: since the Achaeans themselues were not aware that the King was in their Land with his Macedonians; vntill they heard, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 these two thousand Eleans, Aetolians, and their fellowes, were by him surprised and all made prisoners, or slaine. By this exploit which hee did at his first comming, Philip got very much reputation: as likewise hee purchased both reputation and loue, by diuers actions immediately following. He wanne Pso∣phis, an exceeding strong Towne, in the borders of Arcadia; which the Eleans and Aetolians then held. Hee wanne it by assault at his first comming: wherein it much auailed him, that the Enemie, not beleeuing that he would vndertake such a peece [unspec 10] of worke at such an vnseasonable time of the yeere, was carelesse of prouiding euen such store of weapons, as might haue serued to defend it. The Towne was preser∣ued by the King from sacke; and giuen to the Achaeans, of his owne meere motion, before they requested it. Thence went he to 〈◊〉〈◊〉, which yeelded for very feare; hearing how easily he had taken Psophis This Towne also he gaue to the Achaeans. The like liberality he vsed towards others; that had ancient title vnto places by him recouered. Then fell he vpon the Countrie of Elis, where was much wealth to bee gotten: for that the people were addicted to husbandrie, and liued abroad in Villages; euen such as were of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 sort among them. So he came to the Citie of Olympia: where hauing done sacrifice to Iupiter, feasted his Captaines, and [unspec 20] refreshed his Armie three dayes; Hee proceeded on to the spoile of those, that had taken pleasure to share with the Aetolians, in the spoiles of their other-wise-deser∣uing neighbours. Great abundance of Cattatle hee tooke, with great numbers of slaues, and much wealth of all sorts; such as could bee found in rich villages. Then fell he in band with the Townes whereinto a great multitude of the Countrie-peo∣ple were fled. Some of these were taken at the first assault. Some yeelded for feare. Some preuented the labour of his journie, by sending Embassadours to yeeld be∣fore hee came. And some that were held with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 against their wils, tooke courage to set themselues at libertie, by seeing the King so neare; to whose Patro∣nage thenceforth they betooke themselues. And many places were spoiled by the [unspec 30] Aetolian Captaines; because they distrusted their ability to hold them. So the King wanne more Townes in the Countrie, than the sharpenesse of Winter would suffer him to stay there dayes. Faine he would haue fought with the Aetolians: but they made such hast from him, that he could not 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them, vntill they had couered themselues within the Towne of Samicum; where they thought to haue beene safe. But Philip assaulted them therein so forcibly, that hee made them glad to yeeld the place; obtaining licence to depart, with their liues and armes. Hauing performed so much in this Expedition, the King reposed himselfe a while in Megalopolis; and then remoued to Argos, where he spent all the rest of the Winter.

Before the Kings sarriuall in 〈◊〉〈◊〉, the Lacedaemonians with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 their [unspec 40] new King, had gotten somewhat in Arcadia; and threatned to doe great matters. But when they were admonished, by the calamitie that fell vpon the Eleans, of the danger hanging ouer their owne heads; they quitted their winnings and withdrew themselues home. This Lycurgus, as hee had no other right to the Kingdome of Sparta, than that which he could buy with monie: so was hee neither free from dan∣ger of conspiracies made against him; nor from those jealousies, with which Vsur∣pers are commonly perplexed. There was one Chilon, of the Royall bloud, that thinking himselfe to haue best right vnto the Kingdome, purposed to make way thereunto, by massacre of his opposites; and afterwards to confirme himselfe, by propounding vnto the Multitude such reformation of the State as was most popu∣lar: [unspec 50] namely, by making an equall distribution of all the Lands among the whole number of the Citizens, according to the ancient institution of that Common∣wealth. He wanne to his partie some two hundred men; with whom hee sell vpon the Ephori as they were together at supper, and slew them all. Then went he to Ly∣curgus

his house: wo 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the danger, stole away and fled. It remained that he should giue account of these doings to the people, and procure them to take part with him. But their mindes being not hereto praedisposed; they so little regarded his goodly offers, as euen whilst he was vsing his best perswasions, they were consul∣ting how to apprehend him. Chilon perceiued whereabout they went, and shifted presently away. So hee liued afterwards among the Achaeans a banished man, and hated of his own people. As for Lycurgus, he returned home: and suspecting thence∣forth all those of Hercules his race, found meanes to driue out his fellow. King yong Agesipolis; whereby he made himselfe Lord alone. His doings grew to be suspected, in such sort as once he should haue beene apprehended by the Ephori. But though [unspec 10] his actions hitherto might haue beene defended; yet rather than to aduenture him∣selfe into iudgement, hee chose to flie for a time, and sojourne among his friendes the Aetolians. His wel-knowne vehemencie in opposition to the Macedonians, had procured vnto him such good liking among the people, that in his absence they be∣ganne to consider the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of their owne surmises against him; and pronoun∣cing him innocent, recalled him home to his Estate. But in time following, Hee tooke better heed vnto himselfe: not by amending his condition (for he grew a Ty∣rant, and was so acknowledged) but by taking order, that it should not bee in the power of the Citizens to expell him when they listed. By what actions hee got the name of a Tyrant: or at what time it was, that he chaced Agesipolis out of the Ci∣tie; [unspec 20] I 〈◊〉〈◊〉 not certainly finde. Like enough it is, That his being the first of three vsurpers, which followed in order one after another, made him to bee placed in the ranke of Tyrants; which the last of the three very iustly deserued. Whatsoeuer he was towards some priuate Citizens: in the war against Philip, He behaued himselfe as a prouident man, and carefull of his Countries good.

§. II. How PHILIP was misseaduised by ill Counsailors: Who afterwards wrought [unspec 30] treason against him, and were iustly punished. Hee inuadeth the Aeto∣lians a second time: And forceth them to sue for peace: Which is granted vn∣to them.

WHilest the King lay at Argos, deuising vpon his businesse for the yeare following; some ambitious men that were about him, studied so dili∣gently their owne greatnesse, as they were like to haue spoiled all that he tooke in hand. Antigonus Doson had left vnto Philip such Counsai∣lors, as to him did seeme the fittest men for gouerning of his youth. [unspec 40] The chiefe of these was Apelles; that had the charge of his person, and ordering of his Treasures. This man, seeming to himselfe a great Politician, thought that he should do a notable peece of seruice to his Prince; if he could reduce the Achaeans vn∣to the same degree of subjection, wherein the Macedonians liued. To bring this to passe; during the late Expedition hee had caused some of the Macedonians to thrust the Achaeans out of their lodgings, and to strip them of the bootie that they had got∣ten. Proceeding further, as occasion fell out, He was bold to chastice some of that Nation; causing his Ministers to take and whippe them. If any of them offered (as there were some of them that could not refraine) to helpe their fellowes; them hee laid by the heeles, and punished as Mutiners. Hereby hee thought to bring it to [unspec 50] passe by little and little, that they should bee qualified with an habite of blind obe∣dience; and thinke nothing vniust that pleased the King. But these Achaeans were tenderly sensible in matter of libertie: whereof if they could haue been contented to suffer any little diminution, they needed not haue troubled the Macedonians to 〈◊〉〈◊〉

them in the warre against Cleomenes: They bemoned 〈◊◊〉〈◊◊〉 old Aratus; and besought him to thinke vpon some good order, that they might not bee op∣pressed by degrees. Aratus foorthwith dealt 〈◊〉〈◊〉 with the King; as in a matter more weightie, than at first it might seeme. The King bellowed gracious words vpon those that had bene wronged; and forbad Apelles to follow the course begunne. Hereat Apelles was inwardly vexed, though he dissembled his 〈◊〉〈◊〉 for a time. He thought so well of his owne 〈◊〉〈◊〉, that he could not endure to lay it aside; being perhaps vnable to doe the King any valuable seruice, in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of o∣ther nature. Hee purposed therefore hereafter to beginne at the head; since, in bi∣ting at the taile, the fish had shot away from his mouth. It could not otherwise bee [unspec 10] than that among the Achaeans there were some, who bore no heartie affection to Ara∣tus. These he enquired out: and sending for them, entertained them with wordes of Court; promising to become their especiall friend, and commend them vnto the King. Then brake he his purpose with the King himselfe: letting him know, that as long as he continued to make much of Aratus, He must be faine to deale precisely with the Achaeans, and, as it were by Indenture, according to the letter of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉: whereas if he would be pleased, to giue countenance vnto those others whom he himselfe commended, then should the Achaeans, and all other Peloponnesians, bee quickly brought to conforme themselues vnto the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of obedient Subiects. By such perswasions, He drew the King to be present at Aegium, where the Achaeans [unspec 20] were to hold election of a new 〈◊〉〈◊〉. There with much more labour, than would haue beene needfull in a businesse of more importance; the King, by faire 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and threatnings together, obtained so much, That Eperatus, a very insufficient man, but one of Apelles his new Fauorites, was chosen Praetor, instead of one more 〈◊〉〈◊〉, for whom Aratus had laboured. This was thought a good introduction vnto greater matters that should follow. The King from thence passed along by Pa∣tras and Dyma, to a very strong Castle held by the Eleans, which was called Tichos. The Garrison yeelded it vp for feare, at his first comming: whereof hee was glad; for that hee had an earnest desire to bestow it vpon the Dymaeans, as hee pre∣sently did. [unspec 30]

The King thought it strange, that all this while he heard of no messengers from the Eleans, to sue for peace. For at his departure out of their Countrie the last Winter, hee had let loose one Amphidamus a Captaine of theirs, that was his Prisoner; be∣cause hee found him an intelligent man, and one that vndertooke to make them for∣sake their alliance with the Aetolians, and joyne with him vpon reasonable termes. This if they could be cōtented to do, He willed Amphidamus to let them vnderstand, That he would render vnto them freely all prisoners which hee had of theirs; That he would defend them from all forrein inuasion; and that they should hold their libertie entire, liuing after their owne Lawes, without paying any manner of Tri∣bute, or being kept vnder by any Garrison. These Conditions were not to be 〈◊〉〈◊〉, [unspec 40] if they had found credit as they might haue done. But when Philip came to the Castle of Tichos, and made a new inuasion vpon their Countrie: then beganne the Eleans, (that were not before ouer-hastie to beleeue such faire promises) to sus∣pect Amphidamus as a Traitour, and one that was set on worke for no other 〈◊〉〈◊〉, than to breed a mutuall diffidence betweene them and the Aetolians. Wherefore they purposed to lay hands vpon him, and send him Prisoner into Aetolia. But hee perceiued their 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and gotaway to Dyma: in good time for 〈◊〉〈◊〉; in better for Aratus. For the King (as was said) maruailing what should be the cause, that he heard no news from the Eleans, concerning the offers which he had made vnto them by Amphidamus: Appelles, his Counsailor, thereby tooke occasion to supplant Aratus. [unspec 50] He said that old Aratus, and his sonne together, had such deuices in their heads, as tended little to the Kings good; And long of them he said it was, that the Eleans did thus hold out; For when Amphidamus was dismissed home, the two Arati (the fa∣ther and the sonne) had taken him aside and giuen him to vnderstand, that it would

be very praejudiciall to all Peloponnesus, if the Eleans once became at the deuotion of the Macedonian; And this was the true cause, why neither Amphidamus was very carefull in doing this message, nor the Eleans in hearkning to the Kings offers. All this was a false lie; deuised by Apelles himselfe, vpon no other ground than his owne malice. Philip had no sooner heard his tale, but in a great rage hee sent for the two Arati; and bad Apelles rehearse it ouer againe to their faces. Apelles did so, and with a bold countenance, talking to them as to men already conuicted. And 〈◊〉〈◊〉 he had said all the rest, ere either Philip or they spake any word; Hee added this clause as it were in the Kings name: Since the King hath found you such vngratefull wretches; it is his meaning to hold a Parliament of the Achaeans; and therein hauing made it [unspec 10] knowne what yee are, to depart into Macedon, and leaue you to your selues. Olde Aratus grauely admonished the King; That whensoeuer hee heard any accusation, especially against a friend of his owne or a man of worth; He should forbeare a while to giue credit, vntill he had diligently examined the businesse. For such deliberati∣on was Kingly, and hee should neuer thereof repent him. At the present hee said there needed no more, than to call in those that had heard his talke with Amphida∣mus; and especially him that had brought this goodly tale to Apelles. For it would be a very absurd thing, That the King should make himselfe Authour of a report in the open Parliament of Achaia, whereof there was none 〈◊〉〈◊〉 euidence, than one mans yea, and anothers no. Hereof the King liked well; and said that he would make [unspec 20] sufficient inquirie. So passed a few dayes: wherein whilest Apelles delaied to bring in the proofe, which indeed he wanted; Amphidamus came from Elis, and told what had befalne him there. The King was not forgetfull, to examine him about the conspiracie of the Arati: which when hee found no better than a meere deuice a∣gainst his honourable friends; Hee entertained them in louing manner as before. As for his loue to Apelles, though it was hereby somewhat cooled; yet by meanes of long acquaintance and daily employment, no remission therein could be discerned.

The vnrestfull temper of Apelles, hauing with much vehemencie brought no∣thing to passe; began (as commonly Ambition vseth) to swell and grow venomous [unspec 30] for want of his free motion. Hee betakes himselfe to his cunning againe: and as be∣fore, being checkt in his doings with those of the vulgar, hee had prepared a snare for the Arati; so fayling of them, he thinkes it wisedome to lay for the King him∣selfe, and for all at once which were about him. In such manner sometime, the Spider thought to haue taken the Swallow which draue away Flies out of the chim∣nie; but was carried (net and all) into the Ayre by the bird, that was too strong to be caught and held by the subtile workemanship of a Cob-web. Of the foure that next vnto Apelles were left by Antigonus in chiefe place about Philip; Taurion, his Lieutenant in Peloponnesus, and Alexander Captaine of the Guard, were faithful men, and such as would not bee corrupted. The other two, Leontius Captaine of the [unspec 40] Targuetiers, and Megaleas chiefe of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, were easily wonne to bee at A∣pelles his disposition. This Politician therefore studied how to remooue the o∣ther two from their places, and put some Creatures of his owne into their roomes. Against Alexander He went to worke the ordinarie way, by calumniation and pri∣uie detraction. But for the supplanting of Taurion hee vsed more finenesse; loading him with daily commendations, as a notable man of warre, and one, whom for his many vertues, the King might ill spare from being alwayes in his presence. By such Art he thought to haue remoued him, as wee say, Out of Gods blessing into a warme Sunne. In the meane season Aratus retired himselfe; and sought to auoid the dange∣rous friendship of the King, by forbearing to meddle in affaires of State. As for the [unspec 50] new Praetor of Achaia, lately chosen by such vehement instance of the King; He was a man of no dispatch, and one that had no grace with the People. Wherefore a great deale of time was lost, whilest Philip wanted both the monie and the Corne, wherewith he should haue 〈◊〉〈◊〉 furnished by the Achaeans. This made the King

vnderstand his owne errour; which he wisely sought to reforme betimes. He per∣swaded the Achaeans to rejourne their Parliament from Aegium, to Sicyon the Towne of Aratus. There he dealt with the old man and his sonne: perswading them to forget what was past; & laying all the blame vpon Apelles, on whom thence∣forth he intended to keepe a more diligent eye. So by the trauell of these worthy men, Hee easily obtained what hee would of the Achaeans. Fifty talents they gaue him out of hand; with great store of Corne: and further decreed, That so long as he himselfe in person followed the warres in Peloponnesus, he should receiue ten talents a moneth. Being thus enabled, he began to prouide shipping, that so hee might in∣uade the Aetolians, Eleans, and Lacedaemonians, that were maritime people, at his plea∣sure, [unspec 10] and hinder their excursions by Sea.

It vexed Apelles beyond measure, to see things goe forward so well without his helpe; euen by the ministery of those whom hee most hated. Wherefore hee en∣tred into conspiracie with Leontius and Megaleas: binding himselfe and them by oath, to crosse and bring to nought, as well as they were able, all that the King should take in hand. By so doing, they thought to bring it to passe, that very want of abilitie to doe any thing without them, should make him speake them faire; and be glad to submit himselfe to their directions. The King it is like had stood in some awe of them whilest he was a childe; and therefore these wise men perswaded them∣selues, that, by looking bigge vpon him, and imputing vnto him all that fell out ill [unspec 20] through their owne misgouernement of his affaires, they might rule him as a child still. Apelles would needes goe to Chalcis, there to take order for the prouisions, which were to come that way out of Macedon: The other two staid behind with the King, to play their parts; all more mindfull of their wicked oath, than of their dutie.

His fleet and Armie being in a readines: Philip made countenance, as if he would haue bent all his forces against the Eleans; to whose aid therefore the Aetolians sent men, little fearing that the mischiefe would haue fallen as soone after it did, vpon themselues. But against the Eleans and those that came to help them, Philip thought it enough to leaue the Achaeans, with some part of his and their Mercinaries. He himselfe with the body of his Armie putting to Sea, landed in the Isle of Cephalle∣nia: [unspec 30] whence the Aetolians, dwelling ouer against it, vsed to furnish themselues of shipping, when they went to roue abroad. There he besieged the Towne of Pa∣laea, that had been very seruiceable to the Enemie against him and his Confederates; and might bee very vse-full to him, if hee could get it. Whilest hee lay before this Towne, there came vnto him fifteene ships of warre from Scerdilaidas; and many good Souldiers, from the Epirots, Acarnanians, and Messenians. But the Towne was obstinate; and would not be terrified with numbers. It was naturally fenced on all parts saue one, on which side Philip carried a Mine to the wall, wherewith he ouer∣threw two hundred foote thereof Leontius Captaine of the Targettiers, was ap∣pointed by the King to make the assault. But hee, remembring his couenant with [unspec 40] Apelles; did both wilfully forbeare to doe his best; and caused others to doe the like. So the Macedonians were put to foile, and many slaine; not of the worst souldiers, but such as had gotten ouer the breach, and would haue carried the Towne, if the Treason of their Captaine, and some by him corrupted, had not hindered the vi∣ctory. The King was angry with this; but there was no remedie; and therefore he thought vpon breaking vp the siege. For it was easier vnto the Townes-men to make vp the gap in their wall, than for him to make it wider. Whilest he stood thus perplexed, and vncertaine what course to take: the Messenians and Acarnanians lay hard vpon him, each of them desirous to draw him into their owne Countrey. The Messenians alleadged, that Lycurgus was busie in wasting their Countrey: vpon [unspec 50] whom the King might come vnawares in one day; the Etesian windes which then blew, seruing fitly for his Nauigation. Hereto also Leontius perswaded; who con∣sidered that those windes, as they would easily carrie him thither, so would they detaine him there perforce (blowing all the Dog-dayes) and make him spend the

Summer to small purpose. But Aratus gaue better counsaile, and preuailed. Hee shewed how vnfitting it were, to let the Aetolians ouer-run all Thessalie againe, and some part of Macedon, whilest the King withdrew his Armie farre off to seeke small aduentures. Rather, he said, that the time now serued well to carry the warre into Aetolia; since the Praetor was gone thence abroad on rouing, with the one halfe of their strength. As for Lycurgus; hee was not strong enough to doe much harme in Peloponnesus: and it might suffice, if the Achaeans were appointed to make head a∣gainst him. According to this aduice, the King sets saile for Aetolia; and enters the Bay of Ambracia, which diuided the Aetolians from Acarnania The Acarnanians were glad to see him on their borders; and ioyned with him as many of them as [unspec 10] could beare armes, to helpe in taking vengeance vpon their bad neighbours. Hee marched vp into the in-land Countrie: and taking some places by the way, which he filled with Garrisons to assure his Retrait; Hee passed on to Thermum; which was the Receptacle of the Aetolians, and surest place of defence in all extremities. The Country round about was a great Fastnesse, enuironed with rockie Mountaines of very narrow, steepe, and difficult ascent. There did the Aetolians vse to hold all their chiefe meetings, their Faires, their election of Magistrates, and their solemne games. There also they vsed to bestow the most precious of their goods, as in a place of greatest securitie. This opinion of the naturall strength, had made them carelesse in looking vnto it. When Philip therefore had ouercome the bad way, there [unspec 20] was nothing else to doe than to take spoile: whereof hee found such plentie, that hee thought the paines of his iournie well recompenced. So hee loaded his Armie: and consuming all that could not be carried away, forgot not to raze a goodly Temple, the chiefe of all belonging vnto the Aetolians; in remembrance of the like their cour∣tesie, shewed vpon the Temples of Dium and Dodona. This burning of the Tem∣ple, might (questionlesse) more for the Kings honour haue beene forborne. But perhaps he thought, as Monsieur du Gourgues the French Captaine told the Spaniards in Florida, That they which had no faith, needed no Church. At his returne from Thermum, the Aetolians laid for him: which that they would doe, hee beleeued be∣fore; and therefore was not taken vnawares. Three thousand of them there were [unspec 30] that lying in ambush fell vpon his skirts: but hee had laide a Counter-ambush for them of his Illyrians; who staying behind the rest, did set vpon the backes of the Aeto∣lians, whilest they were busily charging in Rere the Armie that went before. So with slaughter of the enemie, he returned the same way that he came: and burning downe those places that he had taken before, as also wasting the Country round a∣bout him, Hee safely carried all that hee had gotten aboord his Fleet. Once the Aetolians made countenance of fight, issuing out of Stratus in great brauerie. But they were beaten home faster than they came, and followed to their very gates.

The ioy of this victorious Expedition being euery way complete, and not de∣formed (as commonly happens) by any sinister accident; it pleased the King to [unspec 40] make a great feast vnto all his friends and Captaines. Thither were inuited among the rest 〈◊〉〈◊〉, with his fellow Megaleas. They came, because they could not choose: but their heauie lookes argued, what little pleasure they tooke in the Kings prosperitie. It grieued them to thinke, that they should bee able to giue no better account vnto Apelles, of their hindering the Kings businesse; since Apelles himselfe, as will be shewed anon, had plaied his owne part with a most mischieuous dexteritie. The sorrow and indignation, which they could ill dissemble in their fa∣ces, brake out after supper, when they had warmed themselues with drinke, into o∣pen riot. Finding Aratus on the way home to his Tent: they fell to reuiling him, throwing stones at him, so that they caused a great vprore; many running in (as [unspec 50] happens in such cases) to take part with the one or the other. The King sending to inquire of the matter, was truly informed of all that had passed. Which made him send for Leontius and his fellowes. But Leontius was gotten out of the way: Megaleas, and another with him, came. The King began to rate them for their dis∣order;

and they, to giue him froward answeres: insomuch as they said at length, That they would neuer giue ouer, till they had rewarded Aratus with a mischiefe as hee deserued. Hereupon the King committed them to ward. Leontius hearing of this, comes boldly to the King, with his Targettiers at his heeles: and with a proud grace demanded, who it was that had dared to lay hands vpon Megaleas, yea and to cast him into prison? Why, said the King, It was euen I. This resolute an∣swere, which Leontius had not expected, made him depart both sad and angrie; see∣ing himselfe out-frowned, and not knowing how to remedie the matter. Shortly after, Megaleas was called forth to his answere, and was charged by Aratus with ma∣ny great crimes. Among which were, The hinderance of the Kings victorie at Pa∣laea, [unspec 10] and the Compact made with Apelles: matters no lesse touching Leontius, that stood by as a looker on than Megaleas that was accused. In conclusion, the presump∣tions against him were so strong, and his answeres thereto so weake; that he, and Cri∣non one of his fellowes, were condemned in twentie Talents: Crinon being reman∣ded backe to prison; and Leontius becomming Bayle for Megaleas. This was done vpon the way home-ward, as the King was returning to Corinth.

Philip dispatched well a great deale of businesse this yeere. For as soone as he was at Corinth, he tooke in hand an Expedition against the Lacaedemonians. These and the Eleans had done what harme they could in Peloponnesus, whilest the King was absent. The Achaeans had opposed them as well as they could; 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ill successe: yet [unspec 20] so, as they hindered them from doing such harme as else they would haue done. But when Philip came, hee ouer-ran the Countrie about Lacedaemon: and was in a manner at the gates of Sparta, ere men could well beleeue that he was returned out of Aetolia. He tooke not in this Expedition any Cities, but made great waste in the fields: and hauing beaten the enemie in some skirmishes, carried backe with him to Corinth a rich bootie of Cattell, slaues, and other Countrie-spoile. At Corinth hee found attending him, Embassadors from the Rhodians & Chians: that requested him to set Greece at quiet, by granting peace vnto the Aetolians. They had gracious audience: and he willed them to deale first with the Aetolians; who, if they would make the same request, should not finde him vnreasonable. The Aetolians had [unspec 30] sped ill that yeere: neither saw they any likely hopes for the yeeres following. The Armie that they had sent forth to wast Thessalie and Macedon, found such opposition on the way; that not daring to 〈◊〉〈◊〉, it returned home without bringing any thing to effect. In the meane season they had beene grieuously afflicted, as before is shewed, by Philip in the center of their owne Countrie. All Greece and Macedon was vp in armes against them, and their weake Allies the Eleans and Lacedaemonians. Nei∣ther was it certaine, how long the one or other of these their Peloponnesian friends should bee able to hold out; since they were not strong enough to keepe the feild, but had alreadie suffered those miseries of war, which by a little continuance would make them glad, each, to seeke their owne peace, without regard of their Confede∣rates. [unspec 40] Wherefore the Aetolians readily entertained this Negotiation of peace: and taking truce for thirtie dayes with the King, dealt with him by intercession of the same Embassadours, to entreat his presence at a Diet of their Nation, that should bee held at Rhium; whither if he would vouchsafe to come, they promised that hee should finde them conformable to any good reason.

Whilest these things were in hand; Leontius and Megaleas thought to haue ter∣rified the King, by raising sedition against him in the Armie. But this deuice sorted to no good effect. The souldiours were easily and quickly incensed against many of the Kings friends; who were said to be the cause, why they were not rewarded with so much of the bootie, as they thought to belong of right vnto them. But [unspec 50] their anger spent it selfe in a noise, and breaking open of dores; without further harme done. This was enough to informe the king (who easily pacified his men with gentle words) that some about him were very false. Yea the souldiours them∣selues, repenting of their insolence, desired to haue the Authors of the tumult

sought out, and punished according to their deserts. The King made shew as if he had not cared to make such inquisition. But Leontius and Megaleas were sore afraid, left the matter would soone come out of it selfe to their extreme danger. Wherefore they sent vnto Apelles, the Head and Archetect of their treason; re∣questing him speedily to repaire to Corinth, where hee might stand betweene them and the kings displeasure. Apelles had not all this while beene wanting to the busi∣nesse, vndertaken by him and his treacherous companions. He had taken vpon him, as a man that had the Kings heart in his owne hand: and thereby was hee growne into such credit, that all the Kings officers in Macedon and Thessalie addressed them∣selues vnto him; and receiued from him their dispatch in euery businesse. Likewise [unspec 10] the Greekes in all their flattering Decrees, tooke occasion to magnifie the vertue of Apelles; making slight mention (onely for fashion sake) of the king: who seemed no better than the Minister and Executioner of Apelles his will and pleasure. Such was the arrogancie of this great man, in setting himselfe out vnto the people: but in mannaging the kings affaires, he made it his speciall care, that monie, and all things needfull for the publicke seruice, should be wanting. Yea he enforced the king, for very neede, to sell his owne Plate and houshold vessels: thinking to resolue these and all other difficulties, by onely saying, Sir, be ruled wholly by mee, and all shall be as you would wish. Hereto if the king would giue assent; then had this Politician ob∣tained his hearts desire. Now taking his iournie from Chalcis in the Isle of Euboea, to [unspec 20] the Citie of Corinth where Philip then lay: hee was fetcht in with great pompe and royaltie, by a great number of the Captaines and souldiours; which Leontius and Megaleas drew forth to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 him on the way. So entering the Citie with a goodly traine; he went directly to the Court, and towards the Kings Chamber. But Philip was well aware of his pride; and had vehement suspition of his falshood. Wherfore one was sent to tell him, that he should waite a while, or come another time; for the king was not now at leisure to be spoken with. It was a pretie thing, that such a check as this made all his attendants forsake him, as a man in disgrace; in such sort that go∣ing thence to his lodging, he had none to follow him saue his owne Pages. After this, the King vouchsafed him now and then some slender graces: but in consultations, [unspec 30] or other matters of priuacie, he vsed him not at all. This taught Megaleas to looke vnto himselfe, and runne away betimes. Hereupon the King sent forth Taurion his Lieutenant of Peloponnesus, with all the Targettiers, as it were to doe some peece of seruice, but indeed of purpose to apprehend Leontius in the absence of his follow∣ers. Leontius being taken, dispatched away a messenger presently to his Targetti∣ers, to signifie what was befallen him: and they foorthwith sent vnto the King in his behalfe. They made request, That if any other thing were obiected against him, hee might not be called forth to triall before their returne: as for the debt of Megaleas, if that were all the matter, they said that they were readie to make a purse for his discharge. This affection of the souldiours, made Philip more hastie than else [unspec 40] he would haue beene, to take away the Traitors life. Neither was it long, ere let∣ters of Megaleas were intercepted, which he wrote vnto the Aetolians; vilifying the king with opprobrious wordes; and bidding them not to hearken after peace, but to hold out a while, for that Philip was euen readie to sinke vnder the burden of his owne 〈◊〉〈◊〉. By this the king vnderstood more perfectly the falshood, not one∣ly of Megaleas, but of Apelles; whose cunning head had laboured all this while to keepe him so poore. Wherefore hee sent one to pursue Megaleas, that was fled to Thebes. As for Apelles, he committed both him, his sonne, and another that was in∣ward with him, to prison; wherein all of them shortly ended their liues. Megaleas also, neither daring to stand to triall, nor knowing whither to flie, was wearie of his [unspec 50] owne life; and slew himselfe about the same time.

The Aetolians, as they had begun this warre vpon hope of accomplishing what they listed in the Nonage of Philip: so finding that the vigour of this yong Prince, tempered with the cold aduice of Aratus, wrought very effectually toward their 〈◊〉〈◊〉;

they grew very desirous to make an end of it. Neuerthelesse being a turbulent Nation, and readie to lay hold vpon all aduantages: when they heard what was happened in the Court, the death of Apelles, Leontius, and Magaleus, to∣gether with some indignation thereupon conceiued by the Kings Targettiers; they began to hope anew, that these troubles would be long lasting, and therevpon brake the day appointed for the meeting at Rhium. Of this was Philip nothing sorie. For being in good hope throughly to tame this vnquiet Nation; He thought it much to concerne his owne honour, that all the blame of the beginning and continuing the warre should rest vpon themselues. Wherfore he willed his Confederates, to lay a∣side all thought of peace, and to prepare for war against the yeere following; where∣in [unspec 10] hee hoped to bring it to an end. Then gratified he his Macedonian souldiors, by yeelding to let them winter in their owne Countrie. In his returne homeward, he called into iudgement one Ptolemie, a companion with Apelles and Leontius in their Treasons: who was therefore condemned by the Macedonians; and suffered death. These were the same Macedonians, that lately could not endure to heare of Leontius his imprisonment: yet now they thinke the man worthie to die, that was but his adherent. So vaine is the confidence, on which Rebels vse to build, in their fauour with the Multitude.

During his abode in Macedon, Philip wan some bordering Townes; from which the Dardanians, Aetolians, and other his ill neighbours, were accustomed to make [unspec 20] rodes into his kingdome: when hee had thus prouided for safetie of his owne; the Aetolians might well know what they were to expect. But there came againe Em∣bassadours from the Rhodians and Chians, with others from Ptolemie King of Aegypt, and from the Citie of Byzantium, recontinuing the former sollicitation about the Peace. This fashion had beene taken vp in matters of Greece, euer since the Kings that raigned after Alexander, had taken vpon them to set the whole Countrie at li∣bertie: No sooner was any Prouince or Citie in danger to be oppressed, and subdued by force of war, but presently there were found intercessours, who pittying the ef∣fusion of Greekish bloud, would importune the stronger to relinquish his aduan∣tage. By doing such friendly offices in time of neede, the Princes and States abroad [unspec 30] sought to binde vnto them those people, that were howsoeuer weake in numbers, yet very good souldiours. But hereby it came to passe, that the more froward sort, especially the Aetolians, whose whole Nation was addicted to falshood and rob∣berie, durst enter boldly into quarrels with all their neighbours: being well assured, that if they had the worst, The loue of Greece would be sufficient to redeeme their quiet. They had, since the late Treatie of peace, done what harme they could in Peloponnesus: but being beaten by the Achaeans, and standing in feare to bee more soundly beaten at home, they desired now, more earnestly than before, to make an end of the warre as soone as they might. Philip made such answere to the Embassa∣dours, as he had done the former yeere; That he gaue not occasion to the beginning [unspec 40] of this warre, nor was at the present either afraid to continue it, or vnwilling to end it: but that the Aetolians, if they had a desire to liue in rest, must first be dealt withall, to signifie plainly their determination, whereto himselfe would returne such an∣swere as he should thinke fit.

Philip had at this time no great liking vnto the Peace, being a yong Prince, and in hope to increase the honour which he daily got by the warre. But it happened in the middest of this Negotiation, that he was aduertised by letters out of Macedon, what a notable victorie Hannibal had obtained against the Romans in the battaile at Thrasymene. These letters he communicated vnto Demetrius Pharius: who greatly encouraged him to take part with Hannibal: and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to sit still, as an idle beholder [unspec 50] of the Italian warre. Hereby he grew more inclinable than before vnto Peace with the Aetolians: which was concluded shortly in a meeting at Naupactus. There did Agelaus an Aetolian make a great Oration: telling, how happie it was for the Greekes, that they might at their owne pleasure dispute about finishing war betweene them∣selues,

without being molested by the Barbarians. For when once either the Ro∣mans, or the Carthaginians, had subdued one the other; it was not to bee doubted, that they would forthwith looke Eastward, and seeke by all meanes to set footing in Greece. For this cause he said it were good, that their Countrie should be at peace within it selfe: and that Philip, if he were desirous of war, should lay hold on the op∣portunitie, now fitly seruing, to enlarge his dominion, by winning somewhat in Italie. Such aduice could the Aetolians then giue, when they stood in feare of dan∣ger threatning them at hand: but being soone after wearie of rest, as accustomed to enrich themselues by pillage, they were so farre from obseruing and following their owne good counsel, that they inuited the Romans into Greece; wherby they brought [unspec 10] themselues and the whole Countrie, (but themselues before any other part of the Countrie) vnder seruitude of strangers. The Condition of this Peace was simple, That euery one should keepe what they held at the present, without making resti∣tution, or any amends for damages past.

§. III. PHILIP, at the perswasion of DEMETRIVS PHARIVS, enters into League with HANNIBAL, against the Romans. The Tenour of the [unspec 20] League betweene HANNIBAL and PHILIP.

THis being agreed vpon: the Greekes betooke themselues to quiet cour∣ses of life; and Philip, to prepare for the businesse of Italie, about which hee consulted with Demetrius Pharius. And thus passed the time away, till the great battaile of Cannae: after which hee ioyned in League with Hannibal, as hath beene shewed before. Demetrius Pha∣rius bore great malice vnto the Romans; and knew no other way to bee auenged vp∣on them, or to recouer his owne lost Kingdome, than by procuring the Macedonian, [unspec 30] that was in a manner wholly guided by his counsaile, to take part with their ene∣mies. It had otherwise beene farre more expedient for Philip, to haue supported the weaker of these two great Cities against the more mightie. For by so doing, hee should perhaps haue brought them to peace vpon some equall termes; and there∣by, as did Hiero a farre weaker Prince, haue both secured his owne Estate, and cau∣sed each of them to be desirous of chiefe place in his friendship. The issue of the counsaile which he followed, will appeare soone after this. His first quarrell with the Romans; the trouble which they and the Aetolians did put him to in Greece; and the Peace which they made with him for a time, vpon Conditions that might easily be broken: haue beene related in another place as belonging vnto the second Punick [unspec 40] warre. Wherefore I will onely here set downe the tenour of the League betweene Him and Carthage: which may seeme not vn worthie to be read, if onely in regard of the forme it selfe then vsed; though it had beene ouer-long to haue beene inserted into a more busie peece. [unspec 50]

THE OATH AND COVENANTS BETWEENE HANNIBAL, GENERALL OF THE CARTHAGINIANS; and XENOPHANES, Embassador of PHILIP King of Macedon.

THIS is the League ratified by oath, which HAN∣NIBAL [unspec 10] the Generall, and with him MAGO, MYRCAL, and BARMOCAL, as also the Se∣natours of Carthage that are present, and all the Carthaginians that are in his Armie, haue made with XE∣NOPHANES the sonne of CLEOMACHVS Athenian, [unspec 20] whom King PHILIP the sonne of DEMETRIVS hath sent vnto vs, for himselfe and the Macedonians, and his Asso∣ciates: Before 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and Iuno, and Apollo: before† 1.7 The god of the Carthaginians, Hercules, and lolaus, before Mars, Triton, Neptune: before The Gods accom∣panying Armes, the Sun, the Moone, and the Earth; before Riuers, and Meddowes, and Waters; before all the Gods [unspec 30] that haue power ouer 〈◊〉〈◊〉; before all the Gods, that rule ouer Macedon, and the rest of Greece; before all the Gods, that are Presidents of War, and present at the making of this League. HANNIBAL the Generall hath said, and all the Senatours that are with him, and all the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in his Armie: Be it agreed betweene You and Vs, that this Oath [unspec 40] stand for friendship and louing affection, that Wee become friends, familiar, and brethren, Vpon Couenant, that the safe∣tie of the Lords the Carthaginians, and of HANNIBAL the Generall and those that are with him, and of the Rulers of Prouinces of the Carthaginians 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the same Lawes, and of the Vticans, and as many Cities and Nations as obey the Carthaginians, and of the Souldiors and Associates, and of all [unspec 50] Townes and Nations with which We hold friendship in 〈◊〉〈◊〉, Gaule, and Liguria, and with whom We shall hold friend∣ship

or make Alliance hereafter in this Region; be preserued by King PHILIP and the Macedonians, and such of the Greekes as are their Associates. In like manner shall King PHILIP and the Macedonians, and other the Greekes his Associates, bee saued and preserued by the Carthaginian. Ar∣mies, and by the Vticans, and by all Cities and Nations that [unspec 10] obey the Carthaginians, and by their Associates and Souldiers, and by all Nations and Cities in 〈◊〉〈◊〉, Gaule and Liguria, that are of our Alliance, or shall hereafter ioyne with Vsin I∣talie. Wee shall not take counsaile one against the other, nor deale 〈◊〉〈◊〉 one with the other. Withall readinesse and good will, without deceit or subtiltie, We shall be enemies vn∣to the enemies of the Carthaginians, excepting those Kings, [unspec 20] Townes, and Hauens, with which We haue alreadie league and friendship. Wee also shall be enemies to the enemies of King PHILIP, excepting those Kings, Cities, and Nati∣ons, with which VVee haue alreadie league and friendship. The war that VVe haue with the Romans, haue Ye also with them, vntill the Gods shall giue vs a new and happie end. Ye shall aide Vs with those things whereof VVee haue neede, and [unspec 30] shall doe according to the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 betweene Vs. But if the Gods shall not giue vnto You and Vs their helpe in this warre against the Romans and their Associates; then if the Ro∣mans offer friendship, We shall make friendship in such wise that Ye shall be partakers of the same friendship, With Con∣dition, That they shall not haue power to make war vpon you: [unspec 40] Neither shall the Romans bee Lords ouer the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, nor ouer those of Apollonia, nor Dyrrachium, nor ouer Pha∣rus, nor Dimalle, nor the Parthini, nor Atintania. They shall also render vnto DEMETRIVS PHARIVS all those that belong vnto him, as many as are within the Ro∣mans Dominions. But if the Romans (after such peace made) shall make war vpon Ye or Vs; We will succour one another in [unspec 50] that warre, as either shall haue neede. The same shall be obserued in warre made by any other, excepting those

Kings, Cities, and States, with whom Wee hold alreadie league and friendship. To this League if VVe or Ye shall thinke fit to adde or detract, such addition or detraction shall be made by our common consent.

§. IIII. [unspec 10] How PHILIP yeelded to his naturall vices being therein soothed by DEMETRIVS PHARIVS. His desire to tyr annize vpon the free States his Associates: With the troubles, into which hee thereby fell, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 he bore a part in the second 〈◊〉〈◊〉 warre. He poisoneth ARATVS: and growes hatefull to the 〈◊〉〈◊〉.

HItherto Philip had carried himselfe as a vertuous Prince. And though with more commendation of his wisdome, he might haue offered his friendship to the Romans, that were like to be oppressed, than to the [unspec 20] Carthaginians who had the better hand: yet this his meddling in the Punicke warre, proceeded from a royall greatnesse of minde, with a desire to secure and increase his owne estate, adding there withall reputation to his Countrie. But in this businesse he was guided (as hath beene said) by Deme∣trius Pharius: who, looking throughly into his nature, did accommodate himselfe to his desires: and thereby shortly gouerned him, euen as he listed. For the vertues of Philip were not indeed such as they seemed. He was 〈◊〉〈◊〉, bloudie, and tyran∣nicall: desirous of power to doe what hee listed, and not otherwise listing to doe what hee ought, than so farre foorth, as by making a faire shew he might breede in men such a good opinion of him, as should helpe to serue his turne in all that hee [unspec 30] tooke in hand. Before he should busie himselfe in Italie, hee thought it requisite in good policie, to bring the Greekes that were his Associates vnder a more absolute forme of subiection. Hereunto Apelles had aduised him before: and hee had liked reasonably well of the course. But Apelles was a boisterous Counsellor, and one that referring all to his owne glory, thought himselfe deepely wronged if he might not wholy haue his owne way, but were driuen to await the Kings opportunitie at better times. Demetrius Pharius could well be contented to obserue the Kings hu∣mours: and guided, like a Coach-man with the reines in his hand, those affections which himselfe did onely seeme to follow. Therefore hee grew daily more and more in credit: so as, without any manner of contention, hee supplanted Aratus: [unspec 40] which the violence of Apelles could neuer doe.

There arose about these times a very hote Faction among the Messenians, be∣tweene the Nobilitie and Commons: their vehement thoughts being rather diuer∣ted (as happens often after a forrein warre) vnto domesticall obiects: than allayed and reduced vnto a more quiet temper. In processe of no long time, the contention among them grew so violent, that Philip was entreated to compound the differen∣ces. Hee was glad of this: resoluing so to end the matter, that they should not hencefoorth striue any more about their Gouernment: for that he would assume it wholly to himselfe. At his comming thither, hee found Aratus busie among them to make all friends, after a better manner than agreed with his owne secret purpose. [unspec 50] Wherfore he consulted not with this reuerend old man: but talked in priuate with such of the Messenians as repaired vnto him. He asked the Gouernours, what they meant to stand thus disputing: and whether they had not Lawes, to bridle the in∣solence of the vnruly Rabble: Contrariwise, in talking with the heades of the po∣pular

Faction, He said it was strange, that they being so many, would suffer them∣selues to be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 by a few; as if they had not hands to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 themselues from Tyrants. Thus whilest each of them presumed on the Kings assistance; they thought it best to goe roundly to worke, ere he were gone that should countenance their doings. The Gouernours therefore would haue apprehended some seditious Oratours, that were, they said, the stirrers vp of the multitude vnto sedition. Vpon this occasion the People tooke Armes: and running vpon the Nobilitie and Magi∣strates, killed of them in a rage almost two hundred. Philip thought, it seemes, that it would be easie to worrie the sheepe, when the Dogges their guardians were 〈◊〉〈◊〉. But his falshood and double dealing was immediatly found out. Neyther did the [unspec 10] yonger Aratus forbeare, to tell him of it in publike, with very bitter and disgracefull words. The King was angrie at this. But hauing alreadie done more than was commendable, or excusable: and yet further intending to take other things in hand wherein hee should neede the helpe and countenance of his best friends; Hee was content to smother his displeasure, and make as faire weather as he could. Hee led old Aratus aside by the hand; and went vp into the Castle of Ithome, that was ouer Messene. There he pretended to doe sacrifice: and sacrifice he did. But it was his purpose to keepe the place to his owne vse; for that it was of notable strength, and would serue to command the further parts of Peloponnesus, as the Citadell of Corinth, which hee had alreadie, commaunded the entrance into that Countrie. [unspec 20] Whilest hee was therefore sacrificing, and had the entrailes of the beast deliuered into his hands, as was the manner; He shewed them to Aratus, and gently asked him, whether the tokens that he saw therein did signifie, That being now in posses∣sion of this place, hee should quietly goe out of it, or rather keepe it to himselfe. He thought perhaps, that the old man would haue soothed him a little; were it onely for desire to make amends, for the angrie words newly spoken by his sonne. But as Aratus stood doubtfull what to answere, Demetrius Pharius gaue this verdict: If thou bee a Southsayer, thou maist goe thy wayes, and let slippe this good aduantage; If thou be a King, thou must not neglect the oportunitie, but hold the Oxe by both his hornes. Thus he spake, resembling Ithome and Acrocorinthus vnto the two hornes of Peloponnesus. [unspec 30] Yet would Philip needes heare the opinion of Aratus: who told him plainly, That it were well done to keepe the place, if it might be kept without breach of his faith vnto the Messenians: But if, by seizing vpon Ithome, Hee must lose all the other Castles that hee held, and especially the strongest Castle of all that was left vnto him by Antigonus, which was his credit; then were it farre better to depart with his soul∣diers, and keepe men in dutie, as hee had done hitherto, by their owne good wils, than by fortifying any strong places against them, to make them of his friends become his Enemies.

To this good aduice Philip yeelded at the present: but not without some dislike, thencefoorth growing betweene Him and the Arati; whom he thought more fro∣ward [unspec 40] than beseemed them, in contradicting his will. Neyther was the old man de∣sirous at all, to deale any longer in the Kings affaires, or be in ward with him. For as he plainly discouered his Tyrannous purposes: so likewise he perceiued, that in resorting to his house, He had beene dishonest with his sonnes wife. Hee therefore staid at home: where at good leisure he might repent, that in despight of Cleomenes, his owne Countriman, and a temperate Prince, he had brought the Macedonians into Peloponnesus.

Philip made a Voyage out of Peloponnesus into Epirus, wherein Aratus refused to beare him companie. In this journie He found by experience what Aratus had late∣ly told him; That vnhonest counsailes are not so profitable in deed, as in appea∣rance. [unspec 50] The Epirots were his followers and dependants; and so they purposed to continue. But He would needes haue them so to remaine, whether they purposed it or not. Wherefore to make them the more obnoxious vnto his will, Hee seized vpon their Towne of Oricum, and laid siege to Apollonia; 〈◊〉〈◊〉 no good colour of

these doings: but thinking himselfe strong enough to doe what hee listed, and not seeing whence they should procure friends to helpe them. Thus in stead of settling the country, as his intended Voyage into Italie required: He kindled a fire in it which he could neuer quench; vntill it had laid hold on his owne Palace. Whilest he was thus labouring to bind the hands that should haue fought for him in Italie: M. Vale∣rius the Roman came into those parts; who not onely maintained the Epirots against him, but procured the Aetolians to breake the Peace, which they had lately made with him.

Thus began that warre; the occurrents whereof wee haue related before, in* 1.8 place whereto it belonged. In mannaging whereof though Philip did the offices of [unspec 10] a good Captaine: yet when leisure serued, He made it apparant that he was a vicious King. He had not quite left his former desire, of oppressing the libertie of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉; but made another journie into their Countrie, with hope to deceiue them, as before. They vnderstood him better now than before; and therefore were not hastie to trust him too farre. When he saw that his cunning would not serue, Hee went to worke by force; and calling them his Enemies, inuaded them with open warre. But in that warre 〈◊〉〈◊〉 could doe little good; perhaps, because none of his Confederates were desirous to helpe him in such an enterprise. In this attempt vp∣on Messene he lost Demetrius Pharius; that was his Counsailor, and Flatterer, not his peruerter; as appeares by his growing daily more naught in following times. The [unspec 20] worse that he sped, the more angrie he waxed against those, that seemed not to fa∣uour his iniurious doings. Wherefore by the Ministerie of Taurion, his Lieutenant, he poysoned old Aratus; and shortly after that, hee poysoned also the yonger Ara∣tus: hoping that these things would neuer haue beene knowne, because they were done secretly, and the poysons themselues were more sure, than manifest in opera∣tion. The Sicyonians, and all the people of 〈◊〉〈◊〉, decreed vnto Aratus more than humane honours, as Sacrifices, Hymnes, and Processions, to bee celebrated euery yeere twice, with a Priest ordained vnto him for that purpose; as was accustomed vnto the Heroes, or men, whom they thought to bee translated into the number of the gods. Hereunto they are said to haue beene encouraged by an Oracle of Apollo: [unspec 30] which is like enough to haue beene true; since the helpe of the Deuill is neuer fai∣ling to the increase of Idolatrie.

The louing memorie of Aratus their Patron, and singular Benefactor, could not but worke in the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 a marueilous dislike, of that wicked King which had made him thus away. He shall therefore heare of this hereafter, when they better dare to take counsaile for themselues. At the present, the murder was not generally knowne or beleeued: neither were they in case to subsist, without his help that had comitted it. The Aetolians were a most outragious people, great darers, and shamelesse robbers. With these the Romans had made a League: whereof the Conditions were soone diuulged, especially that maine point, concerning the diuision of the purchase which [unspec 40] they should make; namely, That the Aetolians should haue the country and townes; but the Romans the spoile, and carrie away the people to sell for slaues. The 〈◊〉〈◊〉, who in times of greater quiet could not endure to make streight alliance with the Aetolians, as knowing their vnciuill disposition; were much the more auerse from them, when they perceiued how they had called in the Barbarians (for such did the Greekes account all other Nations except their owne) to make hauocke of the Country. The same consideration moued also the Lacedoemonians, to stand off awhile, before they would declare themselues for the Aetolians; whose friendship they had embraced in the late warre. The industrie therefore of Philip, and the great care which he seemed to take of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 his Confederates, sufficed to retaine them: [unspec 50] especially at such time, as their owne necessitie was thereto concurrent. More par∣ticularly he obliged vnto himselfe the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, by an inestimable benefit: 〈◊〉〈◊〉 their Towne, after it had beene taken by the Romans and Aetolians; and redee∣ming their people wheresoeuer they might bee found, that had beene carried away

Captiue, and sold abroad for slaues. Thus might he haue blotted out the memorie of offences past; if the malignitie of his naturall condition had not other whiles bro∣ken out, and giuen men to vnder stand; that it was the Time, and not his Vertue, which caused him to make such a shew of goodnesse. Among other foule acts, whereof he was not ashamed; He tooke Polycratia the wife of the yonger Aratus, and carried her into Macedon: little regarding how this might serue to confirme in the people their opinion, that he was guiltie of the old mans death. But of such faults he shall be told, when the Romans make warre vpon him the second time: for of that which happened in this their first Inuasion, I holde it superfluous to make re∣petition. [unspec 10]

§. V. Of PHILOPOEMEN Generall of the Achaeans: and MACHANIDAS, Tyrant of Lacedaemon. A battaile betweene them, where∣in MACHANIDAS is slaine.

IT happens often, that the decease of one eminent man discouers the vertue of another. In the place of Aratus there stood vp Philopoemen: [unspec 20] whose notable valour, and great skill in Armes, made the Nation of the Achaeans redoubtable among all the Greekes, and carelesse of such protection, as in former times they had needed against the violence of their neighbours. This is that Philopoemen: who being then a yong man, and hauing no command; did especiall seruice to Antigonus at the battaile of Sellasia a∣gainst Cleomenes. Thence-forward vntill now he had spent the most part of his time in the Ile of Crete: the Inhabitants whereof being a valiant people, and seldome or neuer at peace betweene themselues; He bettered among them his knowledge, and practice in the Art of warre. At his returne home, Hee had charge of the Horse: wherein he carried himselfe so strictly, trauailing with all the Cities of the Confede∣racie [unspec 30] to haue his followers well mounted, and armed at all pieces: as also he so dili∣gently trained them vp in all exercise of seruice, that hee made the Achaeans very strong in that part of their forces. Being after chosen Praetor or Generall of the Nation, Hee had no lesse care to reforme their militarie discipline throughout, whereby his Countrie might be strong enough to defend it selfe, and not any longer (as in former times) need to depend vpon the helpe of others. Hee perswaded the Achaeans to cut off their vaine expence of brauerie, in apparrell, housholdstuffe, and curious fare, and to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that cost vpon their Armes: wherein by how much they were the more gallant, by so much were they like to proue the better Souldiours; and suteable in behauiour, vnto the pride of their furniture. They had serued hi∣therto [unspec 40] with little light Bucklers, and slender Darts, to cast afarre off: that were vse∣full in skirmishing at some distance, or for Surprises, or sudden and hastie Expediti∣ons; whereto Aratus had beene most accustomed. But when they came to handie strokes, they were good for nothing: so as they were wholly driuen to relie vpon the courage of their Mercinaries. Philopoemen altered this: causing them to arme them∣selues more weightily, to vse a larger kind of shield, with good swords, and strong pikes, fit for seruice at hand. He taught them also to fight in close order; and alte∣red the forme of their embattailing: not making the Files so deepe as had beene ac∣customed, but extending the Front, that he might vse the scruice of many hands.

Eight Moneths were spent of that yeere, in which hee first was Praetor of the [unspec 50] Achaeans; when Machanidas the Tyrant of Lacedaemon caused him to make triall, how his Souldiers had profited by his discipline. This Machanidas was the succes∣sor vnto Lycurgus; a man more violent than his fore-goer. He kept in pay a strong Armie of Mercinaries: and he kept them not onely to fight for Sparta; but to hold

the Citie in obedience to himselfe perforce. Wherefore it behoued him not to take part with the Achaeans, that were fauourers of libertie; but to strengthen himselfe by friendship of the Aetolians: who, in making Alliances, tooke no further notice of Vice or Vertue, than as it had reference to their owne profit. The people also of Lacedaemon, through their inueterate hatred vnto the Argiucs, Achaeans, and Mace∣donians; were in like sort (all or most of them) inclinable to the Aetolian Faction. Very vnwisely. For in seeking to take reuenge vpon those, that had lately hindered them from getting the Lordship of Peloponnesus; they hindred themselues thereby from recouering the Mastrie of their owne Citie. This affection of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, to∣gether with the regard of his owne securitie, and no small hope of good that would [unspec 10] follow, suffered not Machanidas to be idle; but made him alwayes ready to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vp∣on his neighbours backes, and take of theirs what he could, whilest they were en∣forced, by greater necessitie, to turne face another way. Thus had hee often done, especially in the absence of Philip: whose sudden comming into those parts, or some other opposition made against him, had vsually made him faile of his at∣tempts. At the present He was stronger in men, than were the Achaeans; and thought his owne men better Souldiours than were theirs.

Whilest Philip therefore was busied else-where, hee entred the Countrie of the Mantinaeans: being not without hope to doe as Cleomenes had done before him; yea and perhaps to get the * 1.9 Lordship of Peloponnesus, as hauing stronger friendes, [unspec 20] and weaker opposition, than Cleomenes had found. But Philopoemen was readie to* 1.10 entertaine him at Mantinaea; where was fought betweene them a great battaile. The Tyrant had brought into the fielde vpon Cartes a great many of En∣gines; wherewith to beate vpon the Squadrons of his Enemies, and put them in disorder. To preuent this danger, Philopoemen sent foorth his light ar∣mature a good way before him; so as Machanidas was faine to doe the like. To se∣cond these, from the one and the other side came in continuall supplie; till at length all the Mercinaries, both of the Achaeans and of Machanidas, were drawne vp to the fight: being so far aduanced, each before their owne Phalanx, that it could no otherwise be discerned which pressed forward, or which recoyled, than by rising of [unspec 30] the dust. Thus were Machanidas his Engines made vnseruiceable, by the inter∣position of his owne men; in such manner as the Canon is hindered from doing exe∣cution, in most of the battailes fought in these our times. The Mercinaries of the Tyrant preuailed at length: not onely by their aduantage of number, but (as Poly∣bius* 1.11 well obserueth) by surmounting their opposites in degree of courage; wherein vsually the hired souldiers of Tyrants exceed those that are waged by free States. For as it is true, that a free people are much more valiant, than they which liue op∣pressed by Tyrannie, since the one, by doing their best in fight, haue hope to ac∣quire somewhat beneficiall to themselues, whereas the other doe fight (as it were) to assure their owne seruitude: so the Mercinaries of a Tyrant, being made parta∣kers [unspec 40] with him in the fruites of his prosperitie, haue good cause to maintaine his quarrell as their owne; whereas they that serue vnder a free State, haue no other motiue to doe manfully, than their bare stipend. Further than this, When a free State hath gotten the Victorie: many Companies (if not all) of forrein Auxiliaries are presently cast; and therefore such good fellowes will not take much paines to bring the warre to an end. But the victorie of a Tyrant, makes him stand in neede of more such helpers: because that after it he doth wrong to more, as hauing more subjects; and therefore stands in feare of more, that should seeke to take reuenge vpon him. The stipendaries therefore of the Achaeans, being forced to giue ground, were vrged so violently in their retrait by those of Machanidas, that shortly they be∣tooke [unspec 50] themselues to flight; and could not bee staid by any perswasions of Philopoe∣men, but ranne away quite beyond the battaile of the Achaeans. This disaster had beene sufficient to take from Philopoemen the honour of the day; had hee not wisely obserued the demeanour of Machanidas, and found in him that errour which might

restore the victorie. The Tyrant with his Mercinaries gaue chace vnto those that fled: leauing behind him in good order of battaile his Lacedaemonians; whom hee thought sufficient to deale with the Achaeans, that were alreadie disheartned by the flight of their companions. But when this his rashnesse had carried him out of sight; Philopoemen aduanced towards the Lacedaemonians that stood before him. There lay betweene them ath wart the Country a long ditch, without water at that time; and therefore passable (as it seemed) without much difficultie, especially for Foot. The Lacedaemontans aduentured ouer it, as thinking themselues better souldiers than the Achaeans; who had in a manner alreadie 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the day. But hereby they greatly disordered their owne Battaile; and had no sooner the foremost of them re∣couered [unspec 10] the further banke, than they were stoutly charged by the Achaeans, who draue them headlong into the ditch againe. Their first rankes being broken, all the rest began to shrinke: so as Philopoemen getting ouer the ditch, easily chaced them out of the Field. Philopoemen knew better how to vse his aduantage, than Machanidas had done. Hee suffered not all his Armie to disband and follow the chace: but re∣tained with him a sufficient strength, for the custodie of a bridge that was ouer the ditch, by which he knew that the Tyrant must come backe. The Tyrant with his Mercinaries returning from the chace, looked very heauily when he saw what was fallen out. Yet with a lustie Troupe of Horse about him Hee made towards the bridge: hoping to find the Achaeans in disorder; and to set vpon their backes, as they [unspec 20] were carelessely pursuing their Victorie. But when he and his Companie saw Phi∣lopoemen ready to make good the bridge against them; then beganne euerie one to looke, which way he might shift for himselfe. The Tyrant, with no more than two in his companie, rode along the ditch side; and searched for an easie passage ouer. He was easily discouered by his purple Cassocke, and the costly trappings of his Horse. Philopoemen therefore leauing the charge of the bridge vnto another, coa∣sted him all the way as he rode; and falling vpon him at length in the ditch it selfe, as he was getting ouer it, slew him there with his owne hand. There died in this Bat∣taile on the Lacedaemonians side about foure thousand: and more than foure thousand were taken Prisoners. Of the Achaean Mercinaries, probable it is that the losse was [unspec 30] not greatly cared sor; since that War was at an end, and for their monie they might hire more when they should haue need.

§. VI. PHILIP hauing peace with Rome, and with all Greece, prepares against Asia. Of the Kings of Pergamus, Cappadocia, Pontus, Paphlagona, Bithynia; and their Linages. Of the Galatians. [unspec 40]

BY this victorie the Achaeans learned to thinke well of themselues. Nci∣ther needed they indeed after awhile (such was their discipline, and continuall exercise) to account themselues in matter of war inferiour to any, that should haue brought against them no great oddes of number. As for the Macedonian, He made no great vse of them: But when he had once concluded peace with the Romans and Aetolians, He studied how to enlarge his Dominion Eastward; since the fortune of his friends the Carthaginians declined in the West. He tooke in hand many matters together, or very necrely together, and some of them not honest: wherein if the Achaeans would haue done him seruice; they must, by helping him to oppresse others that neuer had wronged [unspec 50] him, haue taught him the way how to deale with themselues. He greatly hated At∣talus King of Pergamus, who had joyned with the Romans and Aetolians in warre a∣gainst him.

This Attalus, though a King, was scarce yet a Noble-man, otherwise 〈◊〉〈◊〉 as he was ennobled by his owne, and by his Fathers vertue. His fortune beganne in Phi∣letaerus his Vncle: who being guelded, by reason of a mishap which hee had when he was a child, grew afterwards thereby to bee the more eneemed: as great men in those times reposed much confidence in Eunuches, whose affections could not be obliged vnto wiues or children. He was entertained into 〈◊〉〈◊〉 familie of Docimus, a Captaine following Antigonus the first; and after the death of Antigonus, he accom∣panied his Master, that betooke himselfe to Lysimachus King of Thrace. Lysimachus had good opinion of him; and put him in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 with his monie and accompts. But when at length hee stood in feare of this King, that grew a blondie Tyrant: Hee [unspec 10] fled into Asia, where he seized vpon the Towne of Pergamus, and nine thousand ta∣lents belonging to Lysimachus. The towne and monie, together with his owne ser∣uice, He offered vnto Seleucus the first, that then was readie to giue Lysimachus battel. His offer was kindly accepted, but neuer performed; for that Seleucus hauing slaine 〈◊〉〈◊〉, died shortly after himselfe, before he made vse of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 or his mo∣nie. So this Eunuch still retained Pergamus with the Countrie about it; and reig∣ned therein twentie yeeres as an absolute King. Hee had two brethren: of which the elder is said to haue been a poore Carter; and the yonger perhaps was not much better; before such time as they were raised by the fortune of this 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Philetae∣rus lest his Kingdome to the elder of these, or to the sonne of the elder called Eume∣nes. [unspec 20] This Eumenes enlarged his kingdome; making his aduantage of the dissension, betweene Seleucus Calinicus and Antiochus Hierax, the sonnes of the second Antiochus. He fought a battaile with Hierax, neere vnto Sardes; and wan the victorie. At which time, to animate his men against the Gaules that serued vnder his Enemie, he vsed a pretie deuice. He wrote the word* 1.12 VICTORIE vpon the hand of his Soothsayer, in such colours as would easily come off: and when the hote liuer of the beast that was sacrificed, had cleanly taken the print of the letters, He published this vnto his Ar∣mie as a Miracle, plainely fore-shewing that the gods would bee assistant in that Battaile.

After this victorie, he grew a dreadfull enemie to 〈◊〉〈◊〉: who neuer durst at∣tempt [unspec 30] to recouer from him, by warre, the Territorie that hee had gotten and held. Finally, when hee had reigned two and twentie yeeres, hee died by a surfet of ouer∣much drinke; and left his Kingdome to Attalus, of whom wee now entreat, that was sonne vnto 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the yongest brother of Philetaerus. Attalus was an vnderta∣king Prince, very bountifull, and no lesse valiant. By his owne proper forces He re∣stored his friend Ariarathes the Cappadocian into his Kingdome, whence he had been expelled. He was grieuously molested by Achaeus: who setting vp himselfe as King against Antiochus the great, reigned in the lesser Asia. He was 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in his owne Citie of Pergamus: but by helpe of the Tectosagae, a Nation of the Gaules, whom hee called ouer out of Thrace, He recouered all that he had lost. When these Gaules had [unspec 40] once gotten footing in Asia, they neuer wanted employment: but were either en∣tertained by some of the Princes reigning in those quarters; or interposed them∣selues, without inuitation, and found themselues worke in quarrels of their owne making. They caused Prusias King of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to cease from his warre against By∣zantium. Whereunto when hee had condescended; they neuerthelesse within a∣while after inuaded his Kingdome. Hee obtained against them a great victorie; and vsed it with great crueltie, sparing neither age nor sexe. But the swarme of them in∣creasing; they occupied the Region about Hellespont: where, in seating themselues, they were much beholding vnto Attalus. Neuerthelesse, presuming afterwards vpon their strength; they forced their neighbour Princes and Cities to pay them [unspec 50] tribute. In the sharpe exaction whereof, they had no more respect vnto Attalus than to any that had worse deserued of them. By this they compelled him to fight against them: and Hee being victorious, compelled them to containe themselues within the bounds of that Prouince, which tooke name from them in time follow∣ing,

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and was called Galatia. Yet continued they still to oppresse the weakest of their neighbours; and to fill vp the Armies of those, that could best hire them.

The Kings reigning in those parts, were the posteritie of such, as had saued them∣selues and their Prouinces, in the slothful reigne of the Persians; or in the busie times of Alexander, and his Macedonian followers. The Cappadocians were verie ancient. For the first of their line had married with Atossa, sifter vnto the great King Cyrus. Their Countrie was taken from them by Perdiccas, as is shewed before. But the son of that King, whom Perdiccas crucified, espying his time while the Macedonians were at ciuill warres among themselues; recouered his dominion, and passed it ouer [unspec 10] to his off-spring. The Kings of Pontus had also their beginning from the Persian Empire; and are said to haue issued from the royall house of Achaemenes. The Pa∣phlagonians deriued themselues from Pylaemenes, a King that assisted Priamus at the warre of Troy. These, applying themselues vnto the times, were alwayes confor∣mable vnto the strongest. The Ancestors of Prusias had begun to reigne in Bithynia, some few generations before that of the great Alexander. They lay somewhat out of the Macedonians way: by whom therfore, hauing other employment, they were the lesse molested. Calantus, one of Alexanders Captaines, made an Expedition into their Countrie; where hee was vanquished. They had afterwards to doe with a Lieutenant of Antigonus, that made them somewhat more humble. And thus they shuffled, as did the rest, vntill the reigne of Prusias, whom wee haue alreadie some∣times [unspec 20] mentioned.

§. VII. The Towne of Cios taken by PHILIP, at the instance of PRVSIAS King of Bi∣thynia, and cruelly destroyed. By this and like actions, PHILIP growes hatefull to many of the Greekes: and is warred vpon by ATTALVS King of Pergamus, and by the Rhodians. [unspec 30]

PRVSIAS as a neighbour King, had many quarrels with Attalus; whose greatnesse he suspected. He therefore strengthned himselfe, by taking to wife the daughter of Philip; as Attalus, on the contrarie side, entred into a strict Confederacie with the Aetolians, Rhodians, and other of the Greekes. But when Philip had ended his Aetolian warre, and was deuising with Antiochus about sharing betweene them two the Kingdome of Egypt, wherein Ptolomie Philopater a friend vnto them both was newly dead, and had left his sonne Ptol. Epiphanes a yong child his heire; the Bithynian entreated this his Fa∣ther-in-law to come ouer into Asia, there to winne the Towne of the Ciani, and be∣stow [unspec 40] it vpon him. Prusias had no right vnto the Towne, nor just matter of quarrell against it: but it was fitly seated for him; and therewithall rich. Philip came; as one that could not well denie to helpe his Sonne-in-law. But hereby hee mighti∣ly offended no small part of Greece. Embassadours came to him whilest hee lay at the siege, from the Rhodians, and diuers other States: entreating him to forsake the Enterprise. He gaue dilatorie, but otherwise gentle answeres: making shew as if he would condiscend to their request; when he intended nothing lesse. At length hee got the Towne: where, euen in presence of the Embassadours, of whose sollici∣tation he had seemed so regardfull, Hee omitted no part of 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Hereby hee rendred himselfe odious to his neighbours, as a perfidious and cruell Prince. Espe∣cially [unspec 50] his Fact was detested of the Rhodians: who had made vehement intercession for the poore Ciani; and were aduertised by Embassadours of purpose sent vnto them from Philip, That, howsoeuer it were in his power to winne the Towne as soone as he listed: yet in regard of his loue to the Rhodians, Hee was contented to

giue it ouer. And by this his 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Embassadours said, that he would ma∣nifest vnto the World, what slanderous tongues they were; which noysed abroad such reports, as went of his falshood and oppressions. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Embassadours were declaming at Rhodes in the Theater to this 〈◊〉〈◊〉; there came some that made a true relation of what had hapned: shewing that Philip had sacked and destroyed the Towne of Cios, and, after a cruell slaughter of the Inhabitants, had made slaues of all that escaped the sword. If the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 tooke this in great despight, no lesse were the Aetolians inflamed against him: since they had sent a Captaine to take charge of the Towne; being warned before by his doings at Lysimachia and Chal∣cedon (which he had withdrawne from their Confederacie to his owne) what little [unspec 10] trust was to be reposed in the faith of this King. But most of all others was Attalus moued, with consideration of the Macedonians violent ambition, and of his owne e∣state. He had much to lose; and was not without hope of getting 〈◊〉〈◊〉, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 he could make a strong Partie in Greece. He had alreadie, as a new King, followed the exam∣ple of Alexanders Captaines, in purchasing with much liberalitie the loue of the A∣thenians; which were notable Trumpetters of other mens vertue, hauing lost their owne. On the friendship of the Aetolians he had cause to presume; hauing bound them vnto him by good offices, many and great, in their late warre with Philip. The Rhodians that were mightie at Sea, and held very good intelligence with the Aegyp∣tians, Syrians, and many other Princes and States, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 easily drew into a streight Al∣liance [unspec 20] with him; by their hatred newly conceiued against Philip.

Vpon confidence in these his friends, but most of all in the readie assistance of the Rhodians, Attalus prepared to deale with the Macedonian by open warre. It had been vnseasonable to procrastinate, and expect whereto the doings of the Enemie ten∣ded; since his desire to fasten vpon Asia was manifest, and his falshood no lesse ma∣nifest, than was such his 〈◊〉〈◊〉. They met with him shortly not farre from Chios, and fought with him a battaile at Sea: wherin though Attalus was driuen to runne his owne ship on ground, hardly escaping to land: though the Admiral of the Rho∣dians tooke his deaths wound: and though Philip after the battaile tooke harbour vnder a Promontorie, by which they had fought, so that he had the gathering of [unspec 30] the Wracks vpon the shore: Yet forasmuch as He had suffered farre greater losse of ships and men than had the Enemie: and since He durst not in few dayes after 〈◊〉〈◊〉 forth to Sea, when Attalus and the Rhodians came to braue him in his Port; the ho∣nour of the victorie was adjudged to his Enemies. This notwithstanding, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 af∣terwards besieged and wanne some Townes in Caria: whether onely in a brauerie, and to despight his opposites; or whether vpon any hopefull desire of conquest; it is vncertaine. The stratageme, by which he wonne 〈◊〉〈◊〉, is worthie of noting. He attempted it by a Myne: and finding the Earth so stonie, that it resisted his worke, He neuerthelesse commanded the Pyoners to make a noyse vnder ground; and secretly in the night-time Hee raysed great Mounts about the entrance of the [unspec 40] Myne, to breed an opinion in the besieged, that the worke went marucilously for∣ward. At length he sent word to the Townesmen, that by his vnder myning, two acres of their wall 〈◊〉〈◊〉 onely vpon woodden props: to which if he gaue fire, and entred by a breach, they should expect no mercie. The Prinasstans little thought, that he had fetcht all his earth and rubbish by night a great way off, to raise vp those heapes which they saw; but rather that all had 〈◊〉〈◊〉 extracted out of the Myne. Wherfore they suffered themselues to be outfaced; and gaue vp the Towne as lost, which the Enemie had no hope to winne by force. But Philip could not stay to settle himselfe in those parts. Attalus and the Rhodians were too strong for him at Sea, and compelled him to make haste backe into Macedon; whither they followed [unspec 50] him all the way in manner of pursuit.

§. VIII. The Romans, after their Carthaginian warre, seeke matter of quarrell against PHILIP. The Athenians, vpon slight cause, proclaime warre against PHILIP; mouedthere∣to by ATTALVS; whom they flatter. PHILIP winnes diuers Townes: and makes peremptorie answere to the Roman Embassa∣dour. The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 resolution of the Abydeni. [unspec 10]

THese Asiatique matters, which no way concerned the Romans, yet ser∣ued well to make a noyse in Rome; and fill the peoples heads, if not with a desire of making warre in Macedon, at least with a conceit that it were expedient so to doe. The Roman Senate was perfectly informed of the state of those Easterne Countries; and knew, that there was none other Nation than the Greekes, which lay betweene them and the Lordship of Asia. These Greekes were factious, and seldome or neuer at peace. As for the Macedonian, though length of time, and continuall dealings in Greece euer since the Reignes of Philip and Alexander, had left no difference betweene him and the Naturals: yet most of them abhorred his Dominion, because He was original∣ly [unspec 20] forsooth a Barbarian: many of them hated him vpon ancient quarrels: and they that had been most beholding vnto him, were neuerthelesse wearie of him, by rea∣son of his personall faults. All this gaue hope, that the affaires of Greece would not long detaine the Roman Armies: especially since the diuisions of the Country were such, that euerie pettie Estate was apt to take counsaile apart for it selfe; without much regarding the generalitie. But the poore Commonaltie of Rome had no great affection to such a chargeable enterprise. They were alreadie quite exhausted, by that grieuous war with Hannibal: wherein they had giuen by Loane to the Repub∣like all their monie: neither had they as yet receiued, neither did they receiue vntill fifteene or sixteene yeeres after this, their whole summe backe againe. That part of [unspec 30] paiment also which was alreadie made, being not in present monie, but much of it in Land: it behoued them to rest a while; and bestow the more diligence in tilling their grounds, by how much they were the lesse able to bestow cost. Wherefore they took no pleasure to heare, that Attalus and the Rhodians had sent Embassadors to sollicite them against Philip, with report of his bold attempts in Asia: or that M. Aurelius, their Agent in Greece, had sent letters of the same tenour to the Senate, and magnified his intelligence, by setting out the preparations of this dangerous e∣nemie, that sollicited not onely the Townes vpon the Continent, but all the Ilands in those Seas, visiting them in person, or sending Embassadours, as one that meant shortly to hold warre with the Romans vpon their owne ground. Philip had indeed [unspec 40] no such intent: neither was he much too strong either of himselfe, or by his alliance in Greece, to be resisted by Attalus and the Rhodians, especially with the helpe of the Aetolians their good friends, and (in a manner) his owne 〈◊〉〈◊〉 enemies. But such things must be published abroad, if onely to predispose men vnto the warre, and giue it the more honest colour.

Philip was a man of ill condition; and therefore could not thriue by intermeddling in the affaires of those, that were more mightie than himselfe. He was too vnskil∣full, or otherwise too vnapt, to retaine his old friends: yet would he needes be sec∣king new enemies. And he found them such, as he deserued to haue them: for he offered his helpe to their destruction, when they were in miserie, and had done [unspec 50] him no harme. It behoued him therefore, either to haue strained his forces to the vtmost in making warre vpon them; or, in desisting from that injurious course, to haue made amends for the wrongs past, by doing friendly offices of his owne ac∣cord. But He, hauing broken that League of peace which is of all other the most

naturall, binding all men to offer no violence willingly, vnlesse they think themselues iustly prouoked; was afterwards too fondly perswaded, that he might wel be secure of the Romans, because of the written Couenants of peace betweene him and them. There is not any forme of oath, whereby such articles of peace can be held 〈◊〉〈◊〉, saue onely * 1.13 by the water of Styx, that is, by Necessitie: which whilest it bindes one partie, or both vnto performance, making it apparent that he shall bee a loser who starts from the Conditions; it may so long (and so long onely) bee presumed, that there shall be no breach. Till Hannibal was vanquished, the Romans neuer hearke∣ned after Philip: for necessitie made them let him alone. But when once they had peace with Carthage, then was this Riuer of Styx dried vp: and then could they [unspec 10] sweare as * 1.14 Mercurie did in the Comedie, by their owne selues, euen by their good swords, that they had good reason to make warre vpon him. The Voyage of Sopa∣ter into Africke, and the present warre against Attalus; were matter of quarrell as much as needed: or if this were not enough, the Athenians helped to furnish them with more.

The Athenians, being at this time Lords of no more than their owne barren Ter∣ritorie, tooke state vpon them neuerthelesse, as in their ancient fortune. Two yong Gentlemen of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 entring into the Temple of Ceres, in the dayes of Initiation, (wherein were deliuered the mysteries of Religion, or rather of Idolatrous super∣stition, vainly saide to bee auaileable vnto felicitie after this life) discouered them∣selues [unspec 20] by some impertinent questions, to be none of those that were initiated. Here∣vpon they were brought before the Officers: and though it was apparent, that they came into the place by meere errour, not thinking to haue therein done amisse; yet, as it had beene for some hainous crime, they were put to death. All their Coun∣trymen at home tooke this in ill part; and sought to reuenge it as a publike injurie, by warre vpon the Athenians. Procuring therefore of Philip some Macedonians to helpe them, they entred into Attica: who wasted it with fire and sword; and carried thence away with them a great bootie. This indignitie stirred vp the high-minded Athe∣nians; and made them thinke vpon doing more, than they had abilitie to performe. All which at the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 they could doe, was to send Embassadours to King Attalus; [unspec 30] gratulating his happie successe against Philip, and entreating him to visit their Citie. Attalus was hereto the more willing; because he vnderstood, that the Roman Em∣bassadours, houering about Greece for matter of intelligence, had a purpose to bee there at the same time. So he went thither, accompanied, besides his owne followers, with some of the Rhodians. Landing in the Piraeus, hee found the Romans there, with whom he had much friendly conference: they rejoycing that he continued enemy to Philip; and He being no lesse glad, when he heard of their purpose to renew the warre. The Athenians came foorth of their Citie, all the Magistrates, Priests, and Ci∣tizens, with their wiues and children, in as solemne a pompe as they could deuise, to meet and honour the King. They entertained the Romans that were with him, in [unspec 40] very louing manner: but towards Attalus 〈◊〉〈◊〉 they omitted no point of ob∣seruance, which their flatterie could suggest. At his first comming into the Citie they called the people to Assembly: where they desired him to honour them with his presence, and let them heare him speake. But he excused himselfe; saying, That with an euill grace he should recount vnto them those many benefits, by which he studied to make them know what loue he bore them. Wherefore it was thought fit, that he should deliuer in writing, what he would haue to be propounded. He did so. The points of his Declaration were; first, what he had willingly done for their sake: then, what had lately passed betweene him and Philip: lastly, an exhortation vnto them, to declare themselues against the Macedonian, whilest he with the Rho∣dians, [unspec 50] and the Romans, were willing and readie to take their part: which if they now refused to doe, He protested, that afterwards it would bee vaine to craue his helpe. There needed little entreatie: for they were as willing to proclaime the warre, as

Hee to desire it. As for other matters; they loaded him with immoderate honours: and ordained, That vnto the ten Tribes, whereof the bodie of their Citizens consi∣sted, should be added another, and called after his name; as if Hee were in part one of their Founders. To the Rhodians they also decreed a Crowne of Gold, in reward of their vertue; and made all the Rhodians free Citizens of Athens.

Thus beganne a great noyse of 〈◊〉〈◊〉, wherein little was left vnto the Romans for their part; 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and the Rhodians taking all vpon them. But while these were vainly mis-spending the time, in seeking to draw the Aetolians to their partie: that contrarie to their olde manner were glad to bee at quiet: Philip wanne the Townes of Maronea and Aenus, with many other strong places about the Hellespont. [unspec 10] Likewise passing ouer the Hellespont, Hee layd siege vnto Abydus; and wanne it, though Hee was faine to stay there long. The Towne held out, rather vp∣on an obstinate resolution, and hope of succour from Attalus and the Rhodi∣ans, then any great ability to defend it selfe against so mightie an Enemie. But the Rhodians sent thither onely one Quadrireme Gallie: and Attalus no more than three hundred men; farre too weake an aide to make good the place. The Roman Embas∣sadours wondred much at this great negligence, of them that had taken so much vpon them.

These Embassadours C. Claudius, M. Aemylius, and P. Sempronius, were sent vnto Ptolemie Epiphanes King of Aegypt, to acquaint him with their victorie against Han∣nibal [unspec 20] and the 〈◊〉〈◊〉; as also to thanke him for his fauour vnto them shewed in that warre; and to desire the continuance thereof, if they should neede it against Philip. This Aegyptian King was now in the third or fourth yeere of his Reigne, which (as his Father Philopator had done before him) Hee beganne a very young boy. The courtesie for which the Romans were to thanke him, was, That out of Aegypt they had lately beene supplied with Corne, in a time of extreme Dearth; when the miseries of Warre had made all their owne Prouinces vnable to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them. This message could not but bee welcome to the Aegyptian: since it was well knowne, how Philip and Antiochus had combined themselues against him; conspiring to take away his Kingdome. And therefore it might in reason [unspec 30] bee hoped, that Hee, or his Councell for him, should offer to supplie the Romans with Corne: since this their Macedonian Expedition concerned his Estate no lesse than theirs.

But as the errand was for the most part complementall: so had the Embassadours both leisure, and direction from the Senate, to looke vnto the things of Greece by the way. Wherefore they agreed, that M. Aemylius the yongest of them should steppe aside, and visit Philip, to trie if he could make him leaue the siege of Abydus; which else He was like to carry. Aemylius, comming to Philip, telles him, that his doings are contrarie to the League that Hee had made with the Romans. For 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and the Rhodians, vpon whom Hee made warre, were Confederate with Rome: and [unspec 40] the Towne of Abydus, which Hee was now besieging, had a kind of dependancie vpon Attalus. Hereto Philip answered, That Attalus and the Rhodians had made warre vpon him: and that He did onely requite them with the like. Doe you al∣so (sayd Aemylius) requite these poore ABYDENI with such terrible Warre, for any the like 〈◊〉〈◊〉 by them first made vpon you? The King was angry to heare himselfe thus taken short: and therefore Hee roundly made answere to Aemylius; It is your youth, Sir, and your beautie, and (aboue all,) your beeing a Roman, that makes you thus praesumptuous. But I would wish yee to remember the League that yee haue made with mee, and to keepe it: If yee doe otherwise, I will make yee vnder∣stand, that the Kingdome, and Name of Macedon is in matter of Warre, no lesse noble than [unspec 50] the Roman. So Hee dismissed the Embassadour; and had the Towne immediat∣ly yeelded to his discretion. The people had entertained a resolution, to haue died euery one of them, and set their Towne on fire; binding themselues hereto

by a fearefull oath, when Philip denied to accept them vpon reasonable Conditions. But hauing in desperate fight, once repelling him from the Breach, lost the greatest number of their Youth: it was thought meete by the Gouernours and Ancients of the Citie to change this resolution; and take such peace as could be gotten. So they carried out their Gold and Siluer to Philip: about which whilest they were busie, the memorie of their oath wrought so effectually in the yonger sort; that, by exhorta∣tion of their Priests, they fell to murdering their women, children, and themselues. Hereof the King had so little compassion, that He said, he would grant the Abydeni three dayes leisure to die: and to that end forbad his men to enter the Towne; or hazard themselues in interrupting the violence of those mad fooles. [unspec 10]

§. IX. The Romans decree warre against PHILIP, and send one of their Consuls into 〈◊〉〈◊〉, as it were in defence of the Athenians their Confederats. How poore the Athenians were at this time, both in qualitie and estate.

THis calamitie of the Abydeni, was likened by the Romanes vnto that of [unspec 20] the Saguntines: which indeed it neerely resembled; though Rome was not alike interessed in the quarrell. But to helpe themselues with pre∣tence for the warre, they had found out another Saguntum, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Citie of Athens: which if the Macedonian should winne, then rested there no more to doe, than that he should presently embarke himselfe for Italie, whi∣ther he would come, not as Hannibal from Saguntum in fiue moneths, but in the short space of fiue dayes sayling. Thus P. Sulpicius the Consul tolde the Multitude, when he exhorted them to make warre vpon Philip; which at his first propounding they had denied. The example of Pyrrhus was by him alleadged; to shew, what Philip, with the power of a greater kingdome, might dare to vndertake: as also the for∣tunate [unspec 30] Voyage of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 into Africk; to shew the difference of making warre abroad, and admitting it into the bowels of their owne Countrey. By such arguments was the Commonaltie of Rome induced to beleeue, that this warre with the Macedonian was both just and necessary. So it was decreed: and immediatly the same Consul hasted away towards Macedon, hauing that Prouince allotted vnto him before, and all things in a readinesse, by order from the Senate; who followed other Motiues, than the people must bee acquainted with. Great thankes were giuen to the Athe∣nian Embassadours, of their constancie (as was sayd) in not changing their faith at such time as they stood in danger of being besieged. And indeed great thankes were due to them, though not vpon the same occasion. For the people of Rome had no [unspec 40] cause to thinke it a benefit vnto themselues, that any Greeke Towne, refusing to sue vnto the Macedonian for peace, requested their helpe against him. But the Senate intending to take in hand the Conquest of the Easterne parts; had reason to giue thankes vnto those, that ministred the occasion. Since therefore it was an vntrue suggestion, That Philip was making ready for Italy: and since neither Attalus, the Rhodians, nor any other State in those quarters, desired the Romanes to giue them protection: these busi-headed Athenians, who falling out with the Acarnanians, and consequently with Philip, a matter of May-game, (as was shewed before) sent Em∣bassadours into all parts of the World, euen to Ptolemie of Aegypt, and to the Ro∣mans, as well as to Attalus and others their neighbours; must be accepted as cause of [unspec 50] the warre, and Authours of the benefit thence redounding.

Neuerthelesse as it loues to fall out where the meaning differs from the pretence: the doings of P. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Consul were such, as might haue argued Athens to bee the least part of his care. Hee sailed not about Peloponnesus, but tooke the readie

way to Macedon; and landing about the Riuer of Apsus, betweene Dyrrachium and Apollonia, there beganne the warre. Soone vpon his comming the Athenian Embas∣sadours were with him, and craued his helpe: whereof they could make no benefit whilest he was so farre from them. They bemoaned themselues as men besieged, and intreated him to deliuer them. For which cause He sent vnto them C. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 with twenty Gallies, and a competent number of men: but the maine of his forces Hee retained with him, for the prosequution of a greater designe. The Athenians were not indeed besieged: onely some Rouers from Chalcis, in the Ile of Euboea; and some bands of aduenturers out of Corinth, vsed to take their shippes and spoile their fields, because they had declared themselues against King Philip, that was Lord of [unspec 10] these two Townes. The Robberies done by these Pyrats and Free-booters, were by the more cloquent than warlike Athenians, in this declining Age of their Fortune and Vertue, called a Siege. From such detriment the arriuall of Claudius, and shortly af∣ter of three Rhodian Gallies, easily preserued them. As for the Athenians themselues; they that had been wont, in ancient times, to vndertake the Conquests of Aegypt, Cyprus, and Cicil; to make warre vpon the great Persian King; and to hold so much of Greece in subiection, as made them redoubtable vnto all the rest; had now no more than three shippes, and those open ones, not much better then long Boates. Yet thought they not themselues a whit the worse men; but stood as highly vpon the glory and vertue of their Ancestors, as if it had been still their owne. [unspec 20]

§. X. The Towne of Chalcis in Euboea, taken and sackt by the Romans and their Associates, that lay in Garison at Athens. PHILIP attempteth to take Athens by Surprise: wasteth the Countrey about: and makes a iourney into Peloponnesus. Of NABIS the Tyrant of Lacedaemon, and his wife. PHILIP offers to make Warre against 〈◊〉〈◊〉 for the Achaeans. He returneth home through Attica, which he spoyleth againe: and prouides against his Enemies. Some exploits [unspec 30] of the Romans. Diuers Princes ioyne with them. Great labouring to draw the Aeto∣lians into the warre.

PHILIP, returning home from Abydus, heard newes of the Roman Consul his being about Apollonia. But ere he stirred forth to giue him entertainement; or perhaps before hee had well resolued, whether it were best a while to sit still, and trie what might bee done for obtai∣ning of peace, or whether to make opposition, and resist these Inua∣ders with all his forces: Hee receiued aduertisement from Chalcis of a grieuous [unspec 40] mishap there befallen him, by procurement of the Athenians. For C. Claudius with his Romans, finding no such worke at Athens as they had expected, or as was answer∣able to the fame that went abroad; purposed to doe somewhat that might quicken the Warre, and make his owne imployment better. Hee grew soone weary of sit∣ting as a Scarre-Crowe, to saue the Athenians grounds from spoyle; and therefore gladly tooke in hand a businesse of more importance. The Towne of Chalcis was negligently guarded by the Macedonian Souldiours therein, for that there was no enemie at hand; and more negligently by the Townsmen, who reposed themselues vpon their Garrison. Hereof Claudius hauing aduertisement, sailed thither by night for feare of being discried; and, arriuing there a little before breake of day, tooke it [unspec 50] by Scalado. He vsed no mercie, but slue all that came in his way: and wanting men to keepe it, (vnlesse hee should haue left the heartlesse Athenians to their owne defence) Hee set it on fire; consuming the Kings Magazines of Corne, and all proui∣sions for Warre, which were plenteously filled. Neither were Hee and his Associats

contented with the great abundance of spoyle which they carried about their ships, and with inlarging all those, whom Philip, as in a place of most securitie, kept there imprisoned: but to shew their despight and hatred vnto the King, they ouerthrew and brake in pieces the Statuas vnto him there erected. This done, they hasted a∣way towards Athens: where the newes of their exploit were like to bee ioyfully welcomed. The King lay then at Demetrias about some twenty miles thence; whither when these tidings, or part of them, were brought him, though he saw that it was too late to remedie the matter; yet hee made all haste to take reuenge. Hee thought to haue taken the Athenians, with their trustie Friends, busie at worke in ransaking the Towne, and loading themselues with spoyle: but they were gone be∣fore [unspec 10] his comming. Fiue thousand light-armed-foote hee had with him, and three hundred horse: whereof leauing at 〈◊〉〈◊〉 onely a few to burie the dead, Hee marched thence away speedily toward Athens: thinking it not vnpossible to take his enemies, in the ioy of their Victory, as full of negligence, as they had taken Chal∣cis. Neither had he much failed of his expectation, if a Foot-Post that stood Scout for the Citie vpon the borders, had not descried him afarre off, and swiftly carried word of his approch to Athens. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 was mid-night when this Post came thither: who found all the Towne asleepe, as fearelesse of any danger. But the Magistrates, hea∣ring his report, caused a Trumpet out of their Citadell to sound the Alarme; and with all speed made ready for defence. Within a few houres Philip was there: who [unspec 20] seeing the many lights, and other signes of busie preparation vsuall in such a case, vnderstood that they had newes of his comming; and therefore willed his men, to repose themselues till it were day. It is like, that the paucitie of his followers did helpe well to animate the Citizens, which beheld them from the walls. Wherefore though Claudius were not yet returned (who was to fetch a compasse about by Sea, and had no cause of haste) yet hauing in the Towne some mercinarie Souldiers, which they kept, of their owne, besides the great multitude of Citizens; they ad∣uentured to issue forth at a gate, whereto they saw Philip make approch. The King was glad of this; reckoning all those his owne, that were thus hardie. He therfore onely willed his men to follow his example; and presently gaue charge vpon them. [unspec 30] In that fight he gaue singular proofe of his valour: and beating downe many of the Enemies with his owne hands, draue them with great slaughter backe into the Ci∣tie. The heat of his courage transported him further, than discretion would haue allowed, euen to the very gate. But he retired without harme taken; 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that they which were vpon the Towres ouer the gate, could not vse their casting weapons a∣gainst him, without indangering their owne people that were thronging before him into the Citie. There was a Temple of Hercules, a place of exercise, with a Groue, and many goodly Monuments besides, neere adioyning vnto Athens: of which he spared none; but suffered the rage of his anger to extend, euen vnto the sepulchres of the dead. The next day came the Romans, and some Companies of [unspec 40] Attalus his men from Aegina; too late in regard of what was already past: but in good time, to preuent him of satisfying his anger to the full, which as yet hee had not done. So he departed thence to Corinth: and hearing that the Achaeans held a Parliament at Argos, He came thither to them vnexpected.

The Achaeans were deuising vpon warre: which they intended to make against Nabis the Tyrant of Lacedaemon: who being started vp in the roome of Machanidas, did greater mischiefe then any that went before him. This Tyrant relied wholly vpon his Mercinaries; and of his subjects had no regard. He was a cruell oppressor; a greedy extortioner vpon those that liued vnder him; and one that in his naturall condition smelt rankly of the Hangman. In these qualities, his wife Apega was very [unspec 50] fitly matched with him, since his dexteritie was no greater in spoyling the men, than hers in fleecing their wiues; whom she would neuer suffer to be at quiet, till they had presented her with all their iewels and apparell. Her husband was so delighted* 1.15 with her propertie, that hee caused an Image to bee made liuely representing her;

and apparrelled it with such costly garments as shee vsed to weare. But it was in∣deede an Engine, seruing to torment men. Hereof he made vse, when he meant to* 1.16 trie the vertue of his Rhetorick. For calling vnto him some rich man, of whose mo∣nie hee was desirous; Hee would bring him into the roome where this 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Apega stood, and there vse all his Art of perswasion, to get what hee desired, as it were by good will. If he could not so speede, but was answered with excuses: then tooke he the refractorie denier by the hand, and told him, that perhaps his wife A∣pega (who sate by in a Chaire) could perswade more effectually. So hee led him to the Image, that rose vp and opened the armes, as it were for imbracement. Those armes were full of sharpe yron nayles, the like whereof were also sticking in the [unspec 10] brests, though hidden with her clothes: and herewith she griped the poore wretch, to the pleasure of the Tyrant, that laughed at his cruell death. Such, and worse (sor it were long to tell all here that is spoken of him) was Nabis in his Gouernment. In his dealings abroad he combined with the Aetolians, as Machanidas and Lycurgus had done before him. By these he grew into acquaintance with the Romanes; and was comprehended in the League which they made with Philip, at the end of their former Warre. Of Philopoemens vertue hee stood in feare; and therefore durst not prouoke the Achaeans, as long as they had such an able Commander. But when Cy∣cliades, a farre worse Captaine, was their Praetor; and all, or the greatest part of their Mercinaries were discharged; Philopoemen being also gone into Crete, to follow his [unspec 20] beloued Occupation of Warre: then did Nabis fall vpon their Territory; and wast∣ing all the fields, made them distrust their owne safetie in the Townes.

Against this Tyrant the Achaeans were preparing for warre, when Philip came among them; and had set downe, what proportion of Souldiours euery Citie of their Corporation should furnish out. But Philip willed them, not to trouble them∣selues with the care of this businesse; forasmuch as he alone would ease them of this warre, and take the burden vpon himselfe. With exceeding ioy and thankes they accepted of this kinde offer. But then hee told them, That, whilest he made warre vpon Lacedaemon, Hee ought not to leaue his owne Townes vnguarded. In which respect he thought they would be pleased, to send a few men to Corinth, and some [unspec 30] Companies into the Ile of Euboea; that so he might securely pursue the warre against Nabis. Immediatly they found out his deuice; which was none other, than to en∣gage their Nation in his warre against the Romans: Wherefore their 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Cycliades made him answer, That their Lawes 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them to conclude any other matters in their Parliament, than those for which it was assembled. So passing the Decree, vpon which they had agreed before, for preparing warre against Nabis; hee brake vp the Assemblie, with euery mans good liking; whereas in former times, Hee had been thought no better than one of the Kings Parasites.

It grieued the King to haue thus failed in his purpose with the Achaeans. 〈◊〉〈◊〉, he gathered vp among them a few Voluntaries; and so returned by Co∣rinth [unspec 40] backe into Attica. There he met with Philocles one of his Captaines, that with two thousand men had been doing what harme he might vnto the Countrie. With this addition of strength, he attempted the Castle of 〈◊〉〈◊〉, the Hauen of Pyraeus, and euen the Citie of Athens. But the Romans made such 〈◊〉〈◊〉 after him by Sea, thrusting themselues into euery of these places; that hee could no more then wreak his anger vpon those goodly Temples, with which the Land of Attica was at that 〈◊〉〈◊〉 singularly beautified. So Hee destroyed all the workes of their notable Artifi∣cers, wrought in excellent Marble; which they had in plenty, of their owne; or, ha∣uing long agoe been masters of the Sea, had brought from other places, where best choice was found. Neither did hee onely pull all downe: but caused his men to [unspec 50] breake the very stones, that they might be vnseruiceable to the reparation. His losse at Chalcis being thus 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vpon Athens, Hee went home into Macedon: and there made prouision, both against the Roman Consul that lay about Apollonia; and against the Dardanians, with other his bad neighbours, which were likely to in∣fest

him. Among his other cares he forgot not the Aetolians: to whose Parliament, shortly to be held at Naupactus, he sent an Embassage; requesting them to continue in his friendship. Thus was Philip occupied.

Sulpicius the Roman Consul encamped vpon the Riuer of Apsus. Thence he sent forth Apustius, his Lieutenant, with part of the Armie to waste the borders of Mace∣don. Apustius tooke sundrie Castles and Townes; vsing such extremitie of sword and fire at Antipatria, the first good Towne which he wanne by force, that none durst afterwards make resistance, vnlesse they knew themselues able to holde 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Returning towards the Consul with his spoile, He was charged in Rere, vpon the passage of a Brooke, by Athenagor as a Macedonian Captaine: but the Romans had [unspec 10] the better; and killing many of these enemies, tooke prisoners many more, to the increase of their bootie, with which they arriued in safetie at their Campe. The successe of this Expedition, though it were not great; yet serued to draw into the Roman friendship, those that had formerly no good inclination to the Macedonian. These were Pleuratus, the sonne of Scer dilaidas the Illyrian; Aminander King of the Athamanians; and Bato, the sonne of Longarus, a Prince of the Dardanians. They offered their assistance vnto the Consul, who thanked them: and said, That hee would shortly make vse of Pleuratus and Bato, when hee entred into Macedon: but that the friendship of Aminander, whose Countrie lay betweene the Aetolians and Thessalie, might bee perhaps auaileable with the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, to stirre them vp against [unspec 20] Philip.

So the present care was wholy set vpon the Aetolian Parliament at hand. Thi∣ther came Embassadours from the Macedonian, Romans, and Athenians. Of which, the Macedonian spake first: and saide, That as there was nothing fallen out, which should occasion the breach of peace betweene his Master and the Aetolians: so was it to be hoped, that they would not suffer themselues without good cause, to be ca∣ried away after other mens fancies. Hee prayed them to consider, how the Romans heretofore had made shew, as if their warre in Greece tended onely to defence of the Aetolians: and yet notwithstanding had beene angrie, that the Aetolians, by making peace with Philip, had no longer neede of such their Patronage. What might it be [unspec 30] that made them so busie, in obtruding their protection vpon those that needed it not? Surely it was euen the generall hatred, which these Barbarians bore vnto the Greekes. For euen after the same sort had they lent their helpe to the Mamertines: and afterwards deliuered Syracuse, when it was oppressed by Carthaginian Ty∣rants: but now both Syracuse and Messana, were subiect vnto the Rods and Axes of the Romans. To the same effect he alleadged many examples, adding. That in like sort it would happen to the Aetolians: who, if they drew such Masters into Greece, must not looke hereafter to hold, as now, free Parliaments of their owne, wherein to consult about Warre and Peace: the Romans would ease them of this care, and send them such a Moderator, as went euery yeere from Rome to Syracuse. Where∣fore [unspec 40] he concluded, That it was best for them, whilest as yet they might, and whilest one of them as yet could helpe the other, to continue in their League with Philip: with whom if at any time, vpon light occasion, they happened to fall 〈◊〉〈◊〉, they might as lightly bee reconciled: and with whom they had three yeeres agoe made the peace which stil continued; although the same Romans were then against it, who sought to breake it now. It would haue troubled the Romans, to frame a good answere to these obiections. For the Macedonian had spoken the very truth, in shewing whereto this their Patronage, which they offered with such importuni∣tie, did tend. Wherefore the Athenians were set on by them to speake next: who had store of eloquence, and matter of recrimination enough, to make Philip odious. [unspec 50] These affirmed, that it was a great impudence in the Macedonian Embassadour, to call the Romans by the name of Barbarians: knowing in what barbarous manner his owne King had, in few dayes past, made war vpon the gods themselues, by destroy∣ing all their Temples in Attica. Herewithall they made a pitifull rehearsall of their

owne calamities: and said, that if Philip might haue his will, Aetolia, and all the rest of Greece, should feele the same that Attica had felt; yea that Athens it selfe, toge∣ther with Minerua, Iupiter, Ceres, and other of the gods, were like to haue felt, if the wals and the Roman armes had not defended them. Then spake the Ro∣mans: who excusing, as well as they could, their owne oppression of all those, in whose defence they had heretofore taken armes, went roundly to the point in hand. They sayd, that they had of late made warre in the Aetolians behalfe, and that the Aetolians had without their consent made peace: whereof since the Aetolians must excuse themselues, by alleaging that the Romans, being busied with Carthage, wan∣ted leisure to giue them aid conuenient: so this excuse being now taken away, and [unspec 10] the Romans wholly bent against their common Enemie, it concerned the Aetolians to take part with them in their warre and victorie, vnlesse they had rather perish with Philip.

It might easily be perceiued, that they which were so vehement, in offering their helpe ere it was desired, were themselues carried vnto the war by more earnest mo∣tiues, than a simple desire to helpe those friends, with whom they had no great ac∣quaintance. This may haue beene the cause, why Dorymachus the Aetolian Praetor shifted them off awhile with a dilatorie answere: though hee told his Countrymen, That by reseruing themselues, till the matter were inclined one way or other, they might afterwards take part with those that had the better fortune. His answere [unspec 20] was, first, in generall termes; That ouer-much 〈◊〉〈◊〉 was an enemie to good counsell: for which cause they must further deliberate, ere they concluded. But comming neerer to the matter in hand, He passed a Decree, That the Praetor might at any time call an Assemblie of the States, and therein conclude vpon this businesse; any Law to the contrary notwithstanding: whereas otherwise it was vnlawfull to treat of such affaires, except in two of their great Parliaments, that were held at set times.

§. XI. The meeting of PHILIP with the Romans, and skirmishing with them on his bor∣ders. The Aetolians inuade 〈◊〉〈◊〉 dominions, and are beaten home. Some doings of ATTALVS and the Roman Fleet. [unspec 30]

PHILIP was glad to heare, that the Romans had sped no better in their sollicitation of the Aetolians. He thought them hereby disappointed, in the very beginning, of one great helpe; and meant himselfe to dis∣appoint them of another. His sonne Perseus, a very boy, was sent to keepe the Streights of Pelagonia against the Dardanians; hauing with him some of the Kings Councell, to gouerne both him and his armie. It was iud∣ged, [unspec 40] as may seeme, that the presence of the Kings sonne, how young soeuer, would both encourage his followers, and terrifie the enemies; by making them at least be∣leeue, that he was not weakely attended. And this may haue been the reason, why the same Perseus, a few yeeres before this, was in like manner left vpon the borders of Aetolia by his father; whom earnest businesse called thence another way. No danger of enemies being left on either hand: it was thought, that the Macedonian Fleet vnder Heraclides, would serue to keepe Attalus, with the Rhodians and Romans, from doing harme by sea, when the Kings backe was turned; who tooke his journie Westward against Sulpicius the Consul.

The Armies met in the countrey of the Dassaretij, a people in the vtmost bor∣ders [unspec 50] of Macedon towards Illyria, about the mountaines of Candania; that running along from Haemus in the North vntill they ioyne in the South with Pindus, inclose the Westerne parts of Macedon. Two or three dayes they lay in sight the one of the other, without making offer of battaile. The Consul was the first that issued forth

of his Campe into the open field. But Philip was not confident in the strength which he had then about him; and therefore thought it better to send foorth some of his light-armed Mercinaries, and some part of his horse, to entertaine them with skir∣mish. These were easily vanquished by the Romans, and driuen backe into their Campe. Now although it was so, that the King was vnwilling to hazard all at first vpon a Cast, and therefore sent for Perseus with his Companies, to increase his owne forces: yet being no lesse vnwilling to lose too much in reputation; He made shew a day after, as if he would haue fought. He had found the aduantage of a place fit for ambush, wherein he bestowed as many as he thought meet of his Targettiers: and so gaue charge to Athenagoras, one of his Captaines, to prouoke out the Romans to [unspec 10] fight; instructing both him and the Targettiers, how to behaue themselues respe∣ctiuely, as opportunitie should fall out. The Romans 〈◊〉〈◊〉 no mistrust of any am∣bush; hauing fought vpon the same ground a day before. Wherefore perhaps they might haue sustained some notable detriment, if the Kings directions had beene well followed. For when Athenagoras began to fall backe, they charged him so hotly, that they draue him to an hastie flight, and pursued him as hard as they were able. But the Captaines of the Targettiers, not staying to let them runne into the danger, discouered themselues before it was time; and thereby made frustrate the worke, to which they were appointed. The Consul heereby gathered, that the King had some desire to trie the fortune of a battaile: which hee therefore presented [unspec 20] the second time; leading forth his 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and setting it in order, with Elephants in front: a kind of helpe which the Romans had neuer vsed before, but had taken these of late from the Carthaginians. Such are the alterations wrought by Time. It was scarce aboue fourescore yeeres ere this, that Pyrrhus carried Elephants out of Greece into Italie, to affright the Romans, who had neuer seene any of those beasts before. But now the same Romans (whilest possibly some were yet 〈◊〉〈◊〉, which had knowne that Expedition of Pyrrhus) come into Macedon, bringing Elephants with them: whereof the Macedonians and Greekes haue none. Philip had patience to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Consul braue him at his Trenches: wherein hee did wisely: for the Roman had greater neede to fight, than Hee. Sulpicius was vnwilling to lose time: neither [unspec 30] could hee without great danger, lying so neere the Enemie, that was strong in horse, send his men to fetch in corne out of the fields. Wherefore he remoued eight miles off: presuming that Philip would not aduenture to meete him on euen ground; and so the more boldly he suffered his Forragers to ouer-runne the Countrie. The King was nothing sorry of this; but permitted the Romans to take their good pleasure: 〈◊〉〈◊〉 till their presumption, and his owne supposed feare, should make them care∣lesse. When this was come to passe, hee tooke all his horse, and light-armed-foote, with which hee occupied a place in the midway, betweene the Forragers and their Campe. There he 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Couert with part of his forces; to keepe the passages that none should escape. The rest hee sent abroad the Countrie, to fall vpon the [unspec 40] straglers: willing them to put all to the sword, and let none run home with newes to the Campe. The slaughter was great: and those which escaped the handes of them that were sent abroad to scowre the fields, lighted all or most of them vpon the King and his companies in their flight: so as they were cut off by the way∣Long it was ere the Campe had newes of this. But in the end there escaped some: who though they could not make any perfect relation how the matter went: yet by telling what had happened to themselues, raised a great tumult. Salpicius hereup∣on sends foorth all his horse, and bids them helpe their fellowes where they saw it needfull: He himselfe with the Legions followed. The companies of Horse diui∣ded themselues, accordingly as they met with aduertisements vpon the way, into [unspec 50] many parts: not knowing where was most of the danger. Such of them as lighted vpon Philips Troupes, that were canuassing the field, tooke their taske where they found it. But the maine bulke of them fell vpon the King himselfe. They had the disaduantage: as comming fewer, and vnprepared, to one that was readie for them.

So they were beaten away: as their fellowes also might haue beene, if the King had well bethought himselfe, and giuen ouer in time. But while, not contented with such an haruest, he was too 〈◊〉〈◊〉 about a poore gleaning: the Roman Legions appeared in sight: which emboldened their 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to make a re-charge. Then the danger apparant, enforced the Macedonians to looke to their owne safety. They ranne which way they could: and (as men that lie in waite for others, are seldome heedfull of that which may befall themselues) to escape the Enemie, they declined the fairest way; so as they were plunged in Marishes and Bogges, wherein many of them were lost. The Kings horse was slaine vnder him: and there had 〈◊〉〈◊〉 beene cast away, if a louing subiect of his had not alighted; mounted him vpon his owne [unspec 10] horse; and deliuered him out of perill, at the expence of his owne life, that running on foote was ouertaken, and killed.

In the common opinion Philip was charged with improuident rashnesse; and the Consul, with as much dulnesse, for his dayes seruice. A little longer stay would haue deliuered the King from these enemies without any blowe: since when all the fields about them were wasted, they must needes haue retired backe to the Sea. On the other side it was not thought vnlikely, That if the Romans following the King, had set vpon his Campe, at such time as he fled thither, halfe amazed vvith feare of being either slaine or taken, they might haue vvonne it. But that noble Historian, Liuie, (as is commonly his maner) hath iudiciously obserued, That neither the one, [unspec 20] nor the other, were much too blame in this dayes worke. For the maine body of the Kings Armie lay safe in his Campe; and could not bee so astonished with the losse of two or three hundred Horse, that it should therefore haue abandoned the defence of the Trenches. And as for the King himselfe; He was aduertised, that Pleuratus the Illyrian, and the Dardanians, were fallen vpon his Countrey; when they found the passage thereinto open, after Perseus was called away from custodie of the Streights. This was it which made him aduenture to doe somewhat betimes; that he might set the Romans going the sooner, and afterwards looke vnto his trouble∣some neighbours. In consideration of this, Philip was desirous to cleere himselfe of the Romans, as soone as he might. And to that purpose he sent vnto the Consul; re∣questing [unspec 30] a day of truce for buriall of the dead. But in stead of so doing, hee marched away by night; and left fires in his Campe to beguile the Enemie, as if hee had not stirred out of the place. Sulpicius, when hee heard of the Kings departure, was not slow to follow him. He ouertooke the Macedonians in a place of strength, which they had fenced (for it was a wood die ground) by cutting downe trees, and laying them athwart the way where it was most open. In making of such places good, the Macedonian Phalanx was of little vse; being a square battaile of pikes, not fit for eue∣rie ground. The Archers of Crete were iudged, and were indeed, more seruiceable in that case. But they were few; and their arrowes were of small force against the Roman shield. The Macedonians therefore helped them by flinging of stones. But [unspec 40] to no purpose. For the Romans got within them; and forced them to quit the place. This victory (such as it was) layd open vnto the Consul some poore Townes there∣about; which partly were taken by strong hand, partly yeelded for feare. But the spoyle of these, and of the fields adioyning, was not sufficient to maintaine his Ar∣mie; and therefore 〈◊〉〈◊〉 returned backe to Apollonia.

The Dardanians, hearing that Philip vvas come backe, vvithdrevv themselues apace out of the Countrey. The King sent Athenagoras to vvaite vpon them home; vvhilest he himselfe vvent against the Aetolians. For Damocritus the Praetor of the Aetolians, who had reserued himselfe and his Nation vnto the euent of things, hearing report, that Philip was beaten once and againe: as also that Pleuratus and the Dardanians [unspec 50] were fallen vpon Macedon; grew no lesse busie on the sudden, than before hee had beene vvise. He perswaded his Nation to take their time: and so, not staying to pro∣claime warre, ioyned his forces with Aminander the Athamanian; and made inuasi∣on vpon Thessalie. They tooke and cruelly sacked a few Townes: whereby they

grew confident; as if, without any danger, they might doe what they listed. But Philip came vpon them ere they looked for him: and killing them as they lay dis∣persed, was like to haue taken their Campe; if Aminander, more warie than the Ae∣tolians, had not helped at need, and made the Retrait through his owne mountay∣nous Countrie.

About the same time; the Roman Fleet, assisted by Attalus and the Rhodians, had taken some small Islands in the Aegean Sea. They tooke likewise the Towne of O∣reum in the Ile of Euboea; and some other places thereabout. The Townes were gi∣uen to Attalus, after the same Compact that had formerly beene made with the Aetolians: the goods therein found were giuen to the Romans; and the people, for [unspec 10] slaues. Other attempts on that side were hindred; either by 〈◊〉〈◊〉 weather at Sea; or by want of daring, and of meanes.

§. XII. VILLIVS the Roman Consul wastes a yeere to no effect. Warre of the Gaules in Italie. An Embassie of the Romans to Carthage, MASANISSA, and VER∣MINA. The Macedonian prepares for defence of his 〈◊〉〈◊〉: and T. QVINTIVS FLAMINIVS is sent against him. [unspec 20]

THus the time ranne away: and P. Villius, a new Consul, tooke charge of the warre in Macedon. Hee was troubled with a Mutinie of his oldest Souldiors: whereof two thousand, hauing serued long in Si∣cil and Africk, thought themselues much wronged, in that they could not bee suffered to looke vnto their owne estates at home. They were (belike) of the Legions that had serued at Cannae: as may seeme by their complaint, of hauing beene long absent from Italie; whither faine they would haue returned, when by their Colonels they were shipped for Macedon. How Villius [unspec 30] dealt with them, it is vncertaine. For the Historie of his yeere is lost: whereof the misse is not great; since hee did nothing memorable. Valerius Antias, as we find in* 1.17 Liuie, hath adorned this Villius with a great exploit against Philip. Yet since Liuie himselfe, an Historian to whom few of the best are matchable, could finde no such thing recorded in any good Authour; we may reasonably beleeue, that Villius his yeere was idle.

In the beginning of this Macedonian Warre, the Romans found more trouble than could haue bin expected with the Gaules. Their Colonie of Placentia, a goodly and strong Towne, which neither Hannibal, nor after him 〈◊〉〈◊〉, had beene able to force; was taken by these Barbarians, and burnt in a manner to the ground. In like [unspec 40] sort Cremona was attempted; but saued her selfe, taking warning by her neighbours calamitie. Amilcar a Carthaginian, that staied behind Asdrubal, or Mago, in those parts; was now become Captaine of the Gaules, in these their enterprises. This when the Romans heard, they sent Embassadours to the Carthaginians: giuing them to vnderstand, That, if they were not wearie of the peace, it behoued them to call home, and deliuer vp, this their Citizen Amilcar, who made warre in Italie. Here∣vnto it was added (perhaps lest the message might seeme otherwise to haue sauou∣red a little of some feare) That of the Fugitiue slaues belonging vnto the Romans, there were some reported to walke vp and down in Carthage: which if it were so, then ought they to bee restored backe to their Masters; as was conditioned in the late [unspec 50] Peace. The Embassadours that were sent on this errand; had further charge to treat with Masanissa, as also with Vermina the sonne of Syphax. Vnto Masanissa, be∣sides matter of complement, they were to signifie what pleasure Hee might doe them, by lending them some of his Numidian Horse, to serue in their Warre

against the Macedonian. Vermina had entreated the Senate, to vouchsafe vnto him the name of King: and promised thereafter to deserue it, by his readinesse in doing them all good offices. But they were somewhat scrupulous in the matter: and said, That hauing beene, and being still (as they tooke it) their Enemie, He ought first of all to desire peace; for that the name of King, was an honour which they vsed not to conferre vpon any, saue onely vpon such as had royally deserued it at their hands. The authoritie to make peace with him, was wholly committed vnto these Embassadours vpon such termes as they should thinke fit; without further relati∣on to the Senate and People. For they were then busied with greater cares. The Carthaginians made a gentle answere, That they wholly disclaimed Amilcar: bani∣shing [unspec 10] him; and confiscating his goods. As for the Fugitiues: they had restored as many as they could finde; and would in that point, as farre as was requisite, giue sa∣tisfaction to the Senate. Herewithall they sent a great proportion of Corne to Rome; and the like vnto the Armie that was in Macedon. King Masanissa would haue lent vnto the Romans two thousand of his Numidian Horse: but they were contented with halfe the number; and would accept no more. Vermina met with the Embassadours, to giue them entertainment, on the borders of his Kingdome; and, without any disputation, agreed with them vpon termes of peace.

Thus were the Romans busied in taking order for their Macedonian Warre, that they might pursue it strongly, and without interruption. As for Amilcar and his [unspec 20] Gaules: they laid siege vnto Cremona; where L. Furius a Roman Praetor came vpon them, fought a battaile with them, and ouercame them. Amilcar the Carthaginian died in this battaile: and the fruit of the Victorie was such, as both made amends for losses past, and left the worke easie to those, that afterwardes should haue the managing of warre among those Gaules. So was there good leisure to thinke vpon the businesse of Macedon: where Philip was carefully prouiding to giue con∣tentment vnto his subjects, by punishing a bad Counsailour whom they hated; as also to assure vnto himselfe the Achaeans, by rendring vnto them some Townes that he held of theirs; and finally to strengthen his Kingdome, not onely by exercising and trayning his people, but by fortifying the passages that led thereinto out of E∣pirus. [unspec 30] This was in doing, when Villius, hauing vnprofitably laboured to find way into Macedon, taking a journie (as Sulpicius had done before him) wherein he could not be supplied with victuals, determined at length to trie a new course. But then came aduertisement, that T. Quintius Flaminius was chosen Consul, and had Mace∣don allotted him for his Prouince; whose comming was expected; and he very short∣ly arriued at the Armie.

§. XIII. [unspec 40] The Romans beginne to make warre by negotiation. T. QVINTIVS winnes a passage against PHILIP. Thessalie wasted by PHILIP, the Romans, and Aetolians. The Achaeans forsaking the Macedonian, take part with the Romans. A treatie of peace, that was vaine. PHILIP deliuers Argos to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Tyrant, who presently enters into League with the Romans.

THe Romans had not beene wont in former times, to make Warre after such a trifling manner. It was their vse, to giue battaile to the Enemie, as soone as they met with him. If hee refused it, they besieged his [unspec 50] Townes: and so forced him to trie the fortune of a day, with his dis∣aduantage in reputation, when hee had long forborne it (as it would bee interpreted) vpon knowledge of his owne weaknesse. But in this their Warre with Philip, they beganne to learne of the subtle Greekes, the arte of Negotiation:

wherein 〈◊〉〈◊〉 they were not growne so fine, as within a little while they proued. Their Treasury was poore, and stood indebted, * 1.18 many yeeres after this, vnto pri∣uate men, for part of those monies that had been borrowed in the second Punicke Warre. This had made the Commonalty auerse from the Macedonian Warre; and had thereby driuen the Senators greedy of the enterprize, to make vse of their cun∣ning. Yet beeing weary of the slow pace wherewith their businesse went forward; they determined to increase their Armie, that they might haue the lesse neede to re∣lie vpon their Confederats. So they leauied eight thousand foot, and eight hundred Horse (the greater part of them of the Latines) which they sent with T. Quintius Fla∣minius, the new Consul into Macedon. Their Nauie, and other meanes could well [unspec 10] haue serued, for the setting foorth and transportation of a greater Armie: but by straining themselues to the most of their abilitie, they should (besides other 〈◊〉〈◊〉, incident vnto the sustenance of those that are too many and too farre from home) haue bred some 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in their friends of Greece, and thereby haue lost some friends, yea, perhaps haue increased the number of their enemies more than of their owne Souldiours. This present augmentation of the forces was very re∣quisite; for that Attalus, about the same time, excused himselfe vnto them, by his Embassadours; requesting that either they would vndertake the defence of his Kingdome against Antiochus, who inuaded it; or else that they would not take it vncourteously, that he quitted the Warre with Philip, and returned home, to looke [unspec 20] vnto that which more concerned him. Their answere was remarkable. They said, That it was not their manner to vse the aid of their friends, longer than their friends had good opportunitie, and could also be well contented to affoord it; That they could not honestly take part with Attalus, their good friend though he were, a∣gainst Antiochus, whom they held in the like account; but, That they would deale with Antiochus by Embassadours, and (as common friends vnto both of the Kings) doe their best to perswade an atonement betweene them. In such louing fashion did they now carrie themselues, towards their good friend the King Antiochus: who reciprocally at their intreaty, withdrew his Armie from the Kingdome of Attalus. But how little they regarded these tearmes of friendship, after that once they had [unspec 30] made an end with Philip; it will very soone appeare.

T. Quintius hasting away from Rome, came betimes into his Prouince, with the supplie decreed vnto him; which consisted, for the most part, of olde Souldiours, that had serued in Spaine and Africk. He found Villius the old Consul, (whom at his comming he presently discharged) and King Philip of Macedon, encamped one a∣gainst the other, in the Streights of Epirus; by the Riuer of Apsus or Aous. It was manifest, that either the Romans must fetch a compasse about, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 their way into Macedon, through the poore Countrey of the Dassaretians; or else winne, by force, that passage, which the King defended. In taking the former way, they had al∣ready two yeeres together mis-spent their time, and beene forced to returne backe [unspec 40] without profit, for want of Victuals: whereof they could neither carrie with them store sufficient, nor finde it on the way. But if they could once get ouer these Mountaines, which diuided the South of Epirus from Thessalie: then should they enter into a plentiful Countrey; and which by long dependance on the Macedonian, was become (in a manner) part of his Kingdome, whereof it made the South bor∣der. Neuerthelesse, the desire of winning this passage, was greater than the likely∣hood. For the Riuer of Apsus, running along through that Valley which alone was open betweene the Mountains, made it all a deep Marish and vnpassable 〈◊〉〈◊〉: a very narrow way excepted, and a path cut out of the maine Rocke by mans hand. Wherefore Quintius assailed to climbe in the Mountaines: but finding himselfe dis∣appointed [unspec 50] of this hope, through the diligence of his Enemie, who neglected not the gard of them that was very easie; Hee was compelled to sit still, without doing any thing for the space of fortie dayes.

This long time of rest gaue hope vnto Philip, that the Warre might be ended by

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composition, vpon some reasonable termes. He therefore so dealt with some of the Epirots, (among whom hee had many friends) that Hee and the Consul had a mee∣ting together. But nothing was effected. The Consul would haue him to set all Townes of Greece at libertie; and to make amends for the injuries, which hee had done to many people in his late Warres. Philip was contented to giue liber∣tie to those whom he had subdued of late: but vnto such, as had been long sub∣iect vnto him and his Ancestors, He thought it against all reason, that he should re∣linquish his claime and dominion ouer them. Hee also said, That as farre foorth as it should appeare that he had done wrong vnto any Towne or people whatsoeuer, He could well be pleased to make such amends, as might seeme conuenient in the [unspec 10] iudgement of some free State, that had not been interessed in those quarrels. But herewithall Quintius was not satisfied. There needed (hee sayd) no iudgement or compromise; forasmuch as it was apparant, that Philip had alwaies beene the Inua∣der; and had not made warre, as one prouoked, in his owne defence. After this altercation, when they should come to particulars: and when the Consul was re∣quired to name those Townes, that he would haue to be set at libertie; the first that hee named were the Thessalians. These had been Subiects (though conditionall) vnto the Macedonian Kings, euer since the dayes of Alexander the Great, and of Phi∣lip his Father. Wherefore, as soone as 〈◊〉〈◊〉 had named the Thessalians; the King in a rage demanded, what sharper Condition Hee would haue layd vpon him, [unspec 20] had he been but vanquished. And herewithall abruptly he flang away; refusing to heare any more of such discourse.

After this the Consul stroue in vaine two or three dayes together, to haue preuai∣led against the difficulties of that passage which Philip kept. When he had well wea∣ried himselfe, and could not resolue what course to take: there came to him an Heardsman, sent from Charopus a Prince of the Epirots that fauoured the Romans, who hauing long kept beasts in those Mountaines, was throughly acquainted with all by-paths, and therefore vndertooke to guide the Romans, without any danger, to a place where they should haue aduantage of the Enemie. This guide, for feare of treacherous dealing, was fast bound: and, being promised great reward, in case he [unspec 30] made good his word; had such Companies as was thought fit, appointed to follow his directions. They trauailed by night (it being then about the full of the Moone) and rested in the day-time, for feare of being discouered. When they had recoue∣red the hill-toppes, and were aboue the Macedonians, (though vndiscouered by them, because at their backs) they raised a great smoke; whereby they gaue notice of their successe vnto the Consul. Some skirmishes, whilest these were on their jour∣nie, T. Quintius had held with the Macedonian; thereby to auert him from thought of that which was intended. But when on the third morning hee saw the smoke arise more and more plainely, and thereby knew that his men had attained vnto the place whither they were sent: He pressed as neere as he could vnto the Enemies Campe; [unspec 40] and assailed them in their strength. Hee preuailed as little as in former times; vntill the shoutings of those that ranne downe the Hill, and charged Philip on the backe, astonished so the Macedonians, that they betooke themselues to flight. The King, vpon first apprehension of the danger, made all speed away to saue himself. Yet anon considering, that the difficulty of the passage must needes hinder the Somans from pursuing him: He made a stand at the end of fiue miles; and gathered 〈◊〉〈◊〉 together his broken troupes, of whom hee found wanting no more than two thousand men. The greatest losse was of his Campe and prouisions: if not rather perhaps of his re∣putation; for that now the Macedonians beganne to stand in feare, lest being driuen from a place of such aduantage, they should hardly make good their partie against [unspec 50] the Enemie, vpon equall ground. Neither was Philip himselfe much better perswa∣ded. Wherefore he caused the Thessalians, as many of them as in his hastie retrait he could visit, to forsake their Townes and Countrie; carrying away with them as much as they were able, and spoyling all the 〈◊〉〈◊〉. But all of them could not be per∣swaded,

thus to abandon (for the pleasure of their King) their ancient habitations, and all the substance which they had 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Some there were that forcibly resi∣sted him; which they might the better doe, for that hee could not stay to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 any great compulsion. He also himselfe tooke it very grieuously, that he was driuen to make such waste of a most pleasant and fruitfull Countrey, which had euer been well affected vnto him: so that a little hinderance did serue, to make him breake off his purpose; and withdraw himselfe home into his Kingdome of Macedon.

The Aetolians and Athamanians, when this fell out, were euen in a readinesse to inuade Thessalie; whereinto the wayes lay more open, out of their seuerall Coun∣tries. When therefore they heard for certaintie, that Philip was beaten by the Ro∣manes: [unspec 10] they foreslowed not the occasion; but made all speede, each of them to lay hold vpon what they might. T. Quintius followed them within a little while: but they had gotten so much before his comming, that He, in gleaning after their har∣uest, could not finde enough to maintaine his Armie. Thus were the poore 〈◊〉〈◊〉, of whose libertie the Romans a few daies since had made shew to bee very de∣sirous, wasted by the same Romans and their Confederates; not knowing which way to turne themselues, or whom to auoide. T. Quintius wan 〈◊〉〈◊〉 by assault: Metro∣polis and Piera yeelded vnto him. Rhage he besieged: and hauing made a faire breach, yet was vnable to force it; so 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it was defended both by the Inhabitants, and by a Macedonian Garrison therein. Philip also at the same time, hauing somewhat [unspec 20] recollected his spirits, houered about Tempe with his Armie; thrusting men into all places, that were like to be distressed. So the Consul, hauing wel-neere spent his vi∣ctuals, and seeing no hope to preuaile at Rhage; brake vp his siege, and departed out of Thessalie. Hee had appointed his shippes of burden to meete him at Anticyra, an Hauen towne of Phocis, on the Gulfe of Corinth: which Countrie being friend to the Macedonian, he presently inuaded; not so much for hatred vnto the people, as because it lay conueniently seated betweene Thessalie and other Regions, wherein he had businesse, or was shortly like to haue. Many Townes in Phocis he wan by as∣sault: many were yeelded vp vnto him for feare; and within short space he had (in effect) mastered it all. [unspec 30]

In the meane time L. Quintius the Consuls brother, being then Admirall for the Romans in this warre, ioyned with King Attalus and the Rhodian Fleet. They wan two Cities in Euboea; and afterward layd siege vnto Cenchree, an Hauen and Arcenal of the Corinthians on their Easterne Sea. This enterprise did somewhat helpe for∣ward the Achaeans, in their desire to leaue the part of Philip: since it might come to passe, that Corinth it selfe, ere long time were spent; and that Cenchree, with other places appertaining to Corinth, now very shortly should be rendred vnto their Na∣tion, by fauour of the Romans.

But there were other Motiues, inducing the Achaeans to preferre the friendship of the Romans, before the patronage of Philip; whereto they had beene long accusto∣med. [unspec 40] For this King had so many wayes offended them in time of peace, that they thought it the best course to rid their hands of him, whilest being intangled in a dan∣gerous warre, he wanted meanes to hinder the execution of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 counsaile, as they should hold the safest. His tyrannous practices to make himselfe their absolute Lord: His poysoning of Aratus their old Gouernour: His false dealing with the Messenians, Epirots, atd other people their Confederates, and his owne dependants: together with many particular outrages by him committed; had caused them long since to hold him as a necessary euill, euen whilest they were vnable to bee without his assistance. But since by the vertue of Philopoemen, they were growne somewhat confident in their owne strength, so as without the Macedonians helpe they could [unspec 50] as well subsist, as hauing him to friend: then did they onely thinke how euill he was; and thereupon reioyce the more, in that he was become no longer necessary. It an∣gred him to perceiue how they stood affected: and therefore he sent murderers, to take away the life of* 1.19 Philopoemen. But failing in this enterprise, and being detected,

he did thereby onely set fire to the Wood, which was throughly drie before, and prepared to burne. Philopoemen wrought so with the Achaeans, that no discourse was more familiar with them, than what great cause they had to with-draw them∣selues from the Macedonian. 〈◊〉〈◊〉, a principall man among them, and lately their Praetor, was expelled by them, for shewing himselfe passionate in the cause of Phi∣lip; and Aristaenus chosen Praetor, who laboured to ioyne them in societie with the Romans.

These newes were very welcome to T. Quintius. Embassadours were sent from the Romans, and their Confederates, King Attalus, the Rhodians, and Athenians, to treat with the Achaeans; making promise, that they should haue Corinth restored [unspec 10] vnto them, if they would forsake the Macedonian. A Parliament of the Achaeans was held at Sicyon, to deliberate and resolue in this weighty case. Therein the Ro∣mans and their adherents desired the Achaeans, to ioyne with them in making warre vpon Philip. Contrariwise, the Embassadours of Philip, whom he had also sent for this busines, admonishing the Achaeans of their Alliance with the King, and of their faith due vnto him; requested them, that they would be contented to remaine as Neuters. This moderate request of Philips Embassadour, did no way aduance his Masters cause. Rather it gaue the Achaeans to vnderstand, That hee, who could be satisfied with so little at their hands, knew himselfe vnable to gratifie them in a∣ny reciprocall demand. Yet were there many in that great Councel; who remem∣bring [unspec 20] the benefits of Philip and Antigonus, laboured earnestly for the preseruation of the ancient League. But in fine, the sence of late iniuries, and expectation of like or worse from him in the future; preuailed against the memorie of those old good turnes, which he, (and Antigonus before him) had partly sold vnto them, and part∣ly had vsed as baites, whereby to allure them into absolute subiection. Neither was it perhaps of the least importance; That the Romans were strong, and likely to pre∣uaile in the end. So after much altercation the Decree passed, That they should thenceforward renounce the Macedonian, and take part with his enemies in this war. With Attalus and the Rhodians, they forthwith entred into society: with the Romans (because no League would be of force, vntill the Senate and People had approued [unspec 30] it) they forbore to decree any society at the present, vntill the returne of those Em∣bassadours from Rome, which they determined to send thither of purpose. The Megalopolitans, Dymaeans, and Argiues, hauing done their best for the Macedonian, as by many respects they were bound; rose vp out of the Councell, and departed before the passing of the Decree, which they could not resist, nor yet with honestie thereto giue assent. For this their good will, and greater, which they shortly manifested, the Argiues had so little thanke; that all the rest of the Achaeans may be the better held excused, for escaping how they might, out of the hands of so fell a Prince.

Soone after this, vpon a solemne day at Argos, the affection of the Citizens dis∣couered it selfe so plainely, in the behalfe of Philip, that they which were his Parti∣sans [unspec 40] within the Towne, made no doubt of putting the Citie into his hands, if they might haue any small assistance. Philocles, a Lieutenant of the Kings, lay then in Co∣rinth, which he had manfully defended against the Romans and Attalus. Him the Conspirators drew to Argos; whither comming on a sudden, and finding the Mul∣titude readie to ioyne with him, Hee easily compelled the Achaean Garrison to quit the place.

This getting of Argos, together with the good defence of Corinth and some other Townes, as it helped Philip a little in his reputation, so they gaue him hope to ob∣taine some good end by Treatie, whilest as yet with his honour he might seeke it: and when (the Winter being now come on) a new Consul would shortly bee cho∣sen; [unspec 50] who should take the worke out of Titus his hands, if it were not concluded the sooner. Titus had the like respect vnto himselfe; and therefore thought it best, since more could not be done, to praedispose things vnto a Conclusion, for his owne reputation. The meeting was appointed to be held on the Sea-shore, in the Bay

then called the Malian, or Lamian Bay, now (as is supposed) the Gulfe of Ziton, in the Aegaean Sea, or Archipelago. Thither came Titus, with Aminander the Athamanian; an Embassadour of Attalus, the Admirall of Rhodes; and some Agents for the Aeto∣lians and Achaeans. Philip had with him some few of his owne Captaines, and Cyclia∣das, lately banished for his sake out of Achaia. He refused to come on shore: though fearing (as he said) none but the immortall Gods: yet misdoubting some treachery in the Aetolians. The demands of Titus in behalfe of the Romans were, That he should set all Cities of Greece at liberty; deliuer vp to the Romans and their Confederates, all prisoners which he had of theirs, and Renegado's; likewise whatsoeuer hee held of theirs in Illyria; and whatsoeuer about Greece or Asia he had gotten from Ptolemie [unspec 10] then King of Aegypt, after his fathers death. Attalus demanded restitution to be made entire, of Ships, Townes, and Temples, by him taken and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in the late warre betweene them. The Rhodians would haue againe the Countrie of Peraea, ly∣ing ouer against their Iland; as also that he should withdraw his Garrisons, out of diuers Townes about the Hellespont, and other Hauens of their friends. The Achae∣ans desired restitution of Argos and Corinth: about the one of which they might, not vniustly, quarrell with him; the other had beene long his owne by their consent. The Aetolians tooke vpon them angerly, as Patrons of Greece: willing him to de∣part out of it, euen out of the whole Countrie, leauing it free; and withall to deli∣uer vp vnto them, whatsoeuer hee held that had at any time been theirs. Neither [unspec 20] were they here-withall content: but insolently declaimed against him, for that which he had lately done in Thessalie; corrupting (as they said) the rewards of the Victors, by destroying, when he was vanquished, those Townes which else they might haue gotten. To answer these malapert Aetolians, Philip commanded his Gallie to row neerer the shore. But they began to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 him 〈◊〉〈◊〉: telling him, that he must obey his betters; vnlesse he were able to defend himselfe by force of Armes. He answered them, (as he was much giuen to gybing) with sundry scoffes; and es∣pecially with one, which made the Roman Consul vnderstand, what manner of com∣panions these Aetolians were. For hee said, That he had often dealt with them; as likewise the best of the Greekes; desiring them to abrogate a vvicked Lavv, vvhich [unspec 30] permitted them to take spoile from spoile: yet could he get no better an answere, than* 1.20 that they would sooner take Aetolia out of Aetolia. Titus wondred what might bee the meaning of this strange Law. So the King told him, That they held it a laudable custome, as often as warre happened betweene their friends, to hold vp the quar∣rell by sending voluntaries to serue on both sides, that should spoyle both the one and the other. As for the libertie of Greece, He said it was strange that the Aetoli∣ans should be so carefull thereof, since diuers Tribes of their owne, which he there named, were indeede no Grecians: werefore hee would faine know, whether the Romanes would giue him leaue to make slaues of those Aetolians, which were no Greekes. Titus hereat smiled, and was no whit offended, to heare the Aetolians well [unspec 40] rattled vp; touching whom he began to vnderstand, how odious they were in all the Countrie. As for that generall demand of setting all Greece at libertie, Philip ac∣knowledged, that it might well beseeme the greatnesse of the Romans; though hee would also consider, vvhat might beseeme his ovvne dignitie. But that the Aetoli∣ans, Rhodians, and other pettie Estates, should thus presume, vnder countenance of the Romans, to take vpon them, as if by their great might he should be hereunto compelled: it vvas, he said, a strange and ridiculous insolence. The Achaeans he char∣ged vvith much ingratitude; reciting against them some Decrees of their ovvne; vvherein they had loaden both Antigonus and him, vvith more then humane honors. Neuerthelesse he said, that he vvould render Argos vnto them: but, as touching Co∣rinth, [unspec 50] that he would further deliberate vvith Titus himselfe. Thus he addressed him∣selfe vvholly to the Roman Generall; vnto vvhom if he could giue satisfaction, he ca∣red little for all the rest. With Attalus and the Rhodians, his late vvarre, (he said) vvas onely defensiue; they hauing been the offerers: or if he gaue them any occasion,

it was onely in helping Prusias, his sonne-in-law; neither did hee see why they should rather seeke amends at 〈◊〉〈◊〉 hands, than hee at theirs. For whereas they com∣plained, that, spoyling a Temple of Venus, hee had cut downe the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and plca∣sant walkes thereabouts: what could hee doe more, than send Gardiners thither with yong plants; if one King of another would stand to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 such recompence? Thus he iested the matter out: but offered neuerthclesse, in honour of the Romans, to giue backe the Region of Peraea to the 〈◊〉〈◊〉; as likewise to Attalus, the Ships and Prisoners of his, whereof he had then possession. Thus ended that dayes con∣ference, because it was late: Philip requiring a nights leisure to thinke vpon the Ar∣ticles, which were many, and he ill prouided of Counsaile, wherewith to aduise a∣bout [unspec 10] them. For your being so ill prouided of Counsaile, said TITVS, you may euen thanke your selfe; as hauing murdered all your friends, that were wont to aduise you faithfully. The next day Philip came not, vntill it was late at night; excusing his long stay by the waightinesse of the things propounded, whereon he could not suddenly tell how to resolue. But it was beleeued, that he thereby sought to abbridge the Aetolians of lci∣sure 〈◊〉〈◊〉 raile at him. And this was the more likely, for that hee desired conference in priuate with the Roman Generall. The summe of his discourse, as Titus after∣ward related it, was, That hee would giue the Achaeans both Argos and Corinth; as also that he would render vnto Attalus and the Rhodians, what he had promised the day before; likewise to the Aetolians, that hee would grant some part of their de∣mands; [unspec 20] and to the Romans, whatsoeuer they did challenge. This when Titus his associats heard, they exclaimed against it, saying, That if the King were suffered to retaine any thing in Greece, he would shortly get possession of all which hee now rendred vp. The noise that they made came to Philips eare: who thercupon desi∣red a third day of meeting; and protested, that if he could not perswade them, hee would suffer himselfe to be perswaded by them. So the third day they mette early in the morning: at what time the King 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them all, that they would with sincere affection harken vnto good offers of peace; and immediatly conclude it, if they could like well of those Conditions, which he had already tendred; or other∣wise, that they would make truce with him for the present, and let him send [unspec 30] Embassadours to Rome, where hee would referre himselfe to the courtesie of the Senate.

This was euen as Quintius would hauc it: who stood in doubt, lest a new Con∣sul might happen to defraud him of the honour, which he expected byending of the warre. So hee easily preuailed with the rest, to assent hereunto: forasmuch as it was Winter, a time vnfit for seruice in the warre; and since, without authoritie of the Senate, he should be vnable to proceed resoluedly either in Warre or 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Fur∣ther, he willed them to send their seuerall Embassadours to Rome: which intima∣ting vnto the Senate what each of them required, should easily hinder Philip, from obtaining any thing to their preiudice. Among the rest hee perswaded King Ami∣nander, [unspec 40] to make a iourney to Rome in person: knowing wel, that the name of a King, together with the confluence of so many Embassadours, would serue to make his owne actions more glorious in the Citie. All this tended to procure, that his owne Command of the Armie in Greece might be prorogued. And to the same end had he dealt with some of the Tribunes of the people at Rome: who had already (though as yet he knew not so much) obtained it for him, partly by their authoritie, partly by good reasons vvhich they alleaged vnto the Senate.

The Embassadours of the Greeks, when they had audience at Rome, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 bitterly against the King, with good liking of the Senate; vvhich was more desirous of victo∣rie, than of satisfaction. They magnified the honourable purpose of the Romans, [unspec 50] in vndertaking to set Greece at libertie. But this (they said) could neuer be effected; vnlesse cspeciall care were taken, that the King should bee dispossessed of Corinth, Chalcis, and Demetrias. In this point they vvere so vehement, producing a Map of the Countrey, and making demonstration how those places held all the rest in 〈◊〉〈◊〉;

that the Senate agreed to haue it euen so as they desired. When therefore the Embassadours of Philip were brought in, and began to haue made a long Oration; they were briefly cut off in the middest of their Preface, with this one demand: Whether their Master would yeeld vp Corinth, Chalcis, and Demetrias: Heereto they made answere, That, concerning those places, the King had giuen them no direction or Commission what to say, or doe. This was enough. The Senate would no longer harken to Philips desire of peace; wherein they said hee did no 〈◊〉〈◊〉 than trifle. Yet might his Embassadours haue truely saide, That neither the Aetolians, Achaeans, nor any of their fellowes, had in the late Treatie required by name, that Chalcis and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 should be yeelded vp. For which of them indeed could make [unspec 10] any Claime to either of these Townes? As for Corinth whereto the Achaeans had some right; (though their right were no better, than that, hauing stolne it from One Macedonian King in a night, they had, after mature deliberation, made it away by bargaine vnto an Other) Philip had alreadie condescended to giue it backe vnto them. And this perhaps would haue beene alleadged, euen against the Greekes in excuse of the King, by some of T. Quintius his friends; that so hee might haue had the honour to conclude the warre, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 a Successor had beene decreed vnto him. But since Hee was appointed to continue Generall: neither his friends at Rome, nor Hee himselfe, after the returne of the Embassadours into Greece, cared to giue eare vnto any talke of peace. [unspec 20]

Philip, seeing that his Achaeans had forsaken him, and ioyned with their common enemics; thought euen to deale with them in the like manner, by reconciling him∣selfe vnto Nabis, whom they hated most. There were not many yeeres past, since the Lacedaemonians vnder Cleomenes, with little other helpe than their owne strength, had beene almost strong enough both for the Macedonians and Achaeans together. But now the condition of things was altered. Nabis his force consisted in a manner wholly in his Mercinaries: for he was a Tyrant; though stiling himselfe King. Yet he sorely vexed the Achaeans: and therefore seemed vnto Philip one likely to stand him in great stead, if he could be won. To this purpose it was thought meet, that the Towne of Argos, which could not otherwise be easily defended, should bee con∣signed [unspec 30] ouer into his hands; in hope, that such a benefit would serue to tie him fast vnto the Macedonian. Philocles the Kings Lieutenant, who was appointed to deale with Nabis, added further, That it was his Masters purpose to make a streight alli∣ance with the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, by giuing some daughters of his owne in marriage vn∣to Nabis his sonnes. This could not but be well taken. Yet Nabis made some scru∣ple in accepting the Towne of Argos; vnlesse by decree of the citizens themselues He might be called into it. Hereabout Philocles dealt with the Argiues: but found them so auerse; that, in open assemblie of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, they detested the verie name of the Tyrant, with many railing words. Nabis hearing of this, thought hee had thereby a good occasion to rob and fleece them. So hee willed Philocles, without [unspec 40] more adoe, to make ouer the Towne which he was 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to receiue. Philocles ac∣cordingly did let him with his Armie into it by night; and gaue him possession of the strongest places therein. Thus dealt Philip with the Argiues: who for very loue had forsaken the Achaeans, to take his part. Early in the morning, the Tyrant made himselfe Master of all the Gates. A 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the principall men, vnderstanding how things went, fled out of the Citie at the first tumult. Wherefore they were all banished, and thcir goods confiscated. The rest of the chiefe Citizens that stayed behinde, were commaunded to bring foorth, out of hand, all their Gold and Siluer. Also a great imposition of money was laid vpon all those, that were thought able to pay it. Such as made their contribution readily, were dismissed without more a∣doe. [unspec 50] But if any stood long vpon the matter: or played the theeues, in purloyning their owne goods; they were put to the whip, and, besides losse of their wealth, had their torments to boot. This donc, the Tyrant began to make popular Lawes; namely such, as might serue to make him gracious with the rascall multitude: abro∣gating

all debts, and diuiding the Lands of the rich among the poore. By such art of oppressing the great ones, it hath beene an olde custome of Tyrants, to assure themselues of the Vulgar for a time.

As soone as Nabis had gotten Argos, Hee sent the newes to T. Quintius; and offe∣red to joyne with him against Philip. Titus was glad of it: so as he tooke the paines to crosse ouer the Streights into Peloponnesus, there to meet with Nabis. They had soone agreed (though King Attalus, who was present with the Consul, made some cauill touching Argos) and the Tyrant lent vnto the Romans sixe hundred of his Mercinaries of Crete: as also hce agreed with the Achaeans, vpon a Truce for foure moneths, reseruing the finall conclusion of peace betweene them vntill the Warre [unspec 10] of Philip should be ended; which after this continued not long.

§. XIIII. The battcile at Cynoscephalae, wherein PHILIP was vanqui∣shed by T. QVINTIVS.

TITVS QVINTIVS, as soone as he vnderstood that he was appointed to haue Command of the Armie, without any other limitation of [unspec 20] time, than during the pleasure of the Senate; made all things readie for diligent pursuit of the Warre. The like did Philip: who hauing failed in his negotiation of peace, and no lesse failed in his hopes of getting Nabis to friend in that Warre; meant afterwardes wholly to relie vpon himselfe.

Titus had in his Armic about sixe and twentie thousand: and Philip a proportio∣nable* 1.21 number. But neither of them knew the others strength, or what his Enemie intended to doe. Onely Titus heard that Philip was in Thessalie; and thereupon ad∣dressed himselfe to secke him out. They had like to haue met vnawares, neere vn∣to the Citie of Pherae: where the vant-courriers on both sides discouered each other; [unspec 30] and sent word thereof vnto their seuerall Captaines. But neither of them were ouer∣hastie, to commit all to hazard vpon so short warning. The day following each of them sent out three hundred Horse, with as many light armed Foot, to make a bet∣ter discouerie. These met, and fought a long while: returning finally backe into their seuerall Campes, with little aduantage vnto either side. The Countrie about Pherae was thicke set with Trees: and otherwise full of Gardens and mud-walles; which made it vnproper for seruice of the Macedonian Phalanx. Wherefore the King dislodged, intending to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 back vnto Scotusa in the Frontier of Macedon; where he might be plentifully scrued with all necessaries. Titus conceiued aright his mea∣ning: and therefore purposed also to march thitherwards; were it only to waste the [unspec 40] Countrie. There lay betweene them a great ledge of hils, which hindered the one from knowing what course the other tooke. Neuerthelesse they encamped not farre asunder, both the first and the second night; though neither of them vnderstood what was become of the other. The third day was very tempestuous; and forced each of them to take vp his lodging, where he found it, by chance. Then sent they forth discouerers againe, in greater number than before. These meeting together, held a long fight, wherein at first the Macedonians had the worse. But Philip anon sent in such strong supply; that if the resistance of the Aetolians had not beene despe∣rate, the Romans their fellowes had beene driuen backe into their Campe. Yet, all resistance notwithstanding, the Macedonians preuailed: so that Titus himselfe was [unspec 50] 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to bring foorth his Legions, that were not a little discouraged, by the defeat of all their Horse, to animate those which were in flight.

It was altogether besides the Kings purpose, to put the fortune of a battaile in trust that day, with so much of his estate as might thereon depend. But the newes

came to him thicke and tumultuously, how the enemies fled, and how the day was his own; if he could vse an occasion, the like whereof he should not often find. This caused him to alter his purpose: insomuch as he embattailed his men; and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vp those hils, which, for that the knops thereon had some resemblance vnto Dogs heads, were called, by a word signifying as much, 〈◊〉〈◊〉. As soone as hee was on the hil-top; it did him good to see that they of his owne light armature were bu∣sie in fight, almost at the verie Campe of the Enemies; whom they had repelled so farre. He had also libertie to choose his ground, as might seruc best his aduantage: forasmuch as the Romans were quite driuen from all parts of the Hill. But of this commoditie he could make no great vse: the roughnesse of the place among those [unspec 10] Dogs heads, as they were called, seruing nothing aptly for his Phalanx. Neuerthe∣lesse hee found conuenientroome, wherein to marshall the one part of his Armie: and gaue order vnto his Captaines, to follow with the rest; embattailing them as they might. Whilest hee was doing this: Hee perceiued that his Horsemen and light armature beganne to shrinke; as being falne vpon the Roman Legions, by force whereof they were driuen to recoyle. He sets forward to helpe them: and they no lesse hastily draw vnto him for succour; hauing the Romans not farre behinde them.

As the Legions beganne to climbe the Hill; Philip commanded those of his Pha∣lanx to charge their pikes, and entertaine them. Heere Titus found an extreme dif∣ficult [unspec 20] piece of worke. For this Phalanx, being a great square battaile of armed pikes, like in all points to those which are now vsed in our moderne Warres: and being in like manner vsed, as are ours; was not to bee resisted by the Roman Targettiers, as long as the Phalanx it selfe held together vndissolued. The Macedonians were embat∣tailed in very close order: so that two of them stood opposite to one of the Romans; as also the pikes of the first ranke, had their points aduanced two or three foot be∣fore their fore-man. Wherefore it is no 〈◊〉〈◊〉, if the Romans gaue backe: euery one of them 〈◊〉〈◊〉 troubled (as it were) with tenne enemies at once; and not able to come neerer vnto the next of them, than the length of a doozen foot or thereabout. Titus finding this, and not knowing how to remedie it; was greatly troubled: for that [unspec 30] still the Phalanx bare downe all which came in the way. But in the meane while hee obserued, That they which were appointed by Philip to make his left wing, were not able through the much vneuennesse of the ground, to put themselues in order: so as either they kept their places on the Hil-tops; or else (which was worse) vpon desire either of beholding the pastime, or of seeming to bee partakers in the worke, ranne foolishly along by the side of their fellowes, which were occupied in fight.

Of this their disorder Hee made great and present vse. Hee caused the right wing of his Battaile to march vp the hill, against these ill ordered troupes: his Ele∣phants leading the way, to increase the terrour. The Macedonians were readier to dispute what should bee done in such a case, than well aduised what to doe; as [unspec 40] hauing no one man appointed, to command that part in chiefe. Indeede if they should haue done their best, it could not haue serued; since the ground whereon they stood, made 〈◊〉〈◊〉 weapons vnusefull. For let it be supposed, that Philip ha∣uing sixe and twentie thousand in his Armie (as he is said to haue beene equall to the Enemie in number) had foure thousand Horse, foure thousand Targettiers, and foure thousand light-armed: so shall there remaine fourteene thousand Pikes; where∣of hee himselfe had embattailed the one halfe in a Phalanx; the other halfe in the leftwing, are they whom Quintius is readie now to charge. The Phalanx hauing vsually sixeteene in File, must, when it consisted of seuen thousand, haue wel∣neere foure hundred and fortie in ranke: but foure hundred would serue, to make [unspec 50] a Front long enough; the other fortie or seuen and thirtie Files might bee cut off, and reckoned in the number of the Targettiers, or light-armed. Allow∣ing* 1.22 therefore, as Polybius doth, to euery man of them three foote of ground: this Front must haue occupied twelue hundred Foote, or two hundred and forty paces;

that is, very neere a quarter of a mile in length. Such a space of open Champaine, free from incumbrance of Trees, Ditches, Hillocks, or the like impediments, that must of necessitie disioyne this close battaile of the Phalanx; was not euery where to be found. Here at Cynoscephalae Philip had so much roome, as would onely suffice for the one halfe of his men: the rest were faine to stand still and looke about them; being hindred from putting themselues in order, by the roughnesse of the Dogges heads. But the Romans, to whom all grounds were much alike, were not hindered from comming vp vnto them; nor found any difficultie in mastring those enemies, whose 〈◊〉〈◊〉 were in a manner bound by the discommoditie of the place. The very first impression of the Elephants, caused them to giue backe; and the comming on [unspec 10] of the Legions, to betake themselues vnto flight. A Roman Tribune or Colonell, seeing the victorie on that part assured, left the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of it vnto others: and being followed by twenty Ensignes or Maniples, that is, (as they might fall out) by some two thousand men, tooke in hand a notable piece of worke; and mainely helpfull to making of the Victorie complete. Hee considered that Philip, in pursuing the right wing of the Romans, was runne on so farre; as that himselfe with his fel∣lowes, in mounting the Hill to charge the left wing of the Macedonians, was alrea∣dy gotten aboue the Kings head. Wherefore hee turned to the left hand: and ma∣king downe the Hill after the Kings Phalanx, fell vpon it in the Rere. The hind∣most rankes of the Phalanx, all of them indeed saue the first fiue, were accustomed, [unspec 20] when the battailes came to joyning, to carrie their Pikes vpright; and with the whole weight of their bodies to thrust on their foremen: and so were they doing at the present. This was another great inconuenience in the Macedonian Phalanx, That it serued neither for offence nor defence, except onely in Front. For though it were so, that Alexander, when he was to fight with Darius in 〈◊〉〈◊〉, arran∣ged his Phalanx in such order, that all the foure sides of it were as so many Fronts looking sundry wayes, because hee expected that he should be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 round: yet it is to bee vnderstood, that herein he altered the vsuall forme; as also at the same time he embattailed his men in loose order, that so with ease they might turne their weapons, which way need should require. Likewise it is to be considered, That Alex∣anders [unspec 30] men being thus disposed, were fit onely to keep their owne ground; not being able to follow vpon the Enemie, vnlesse their hindmost rankes could haue marched backwards. But in this present case of Philip, there was no such prouision for resi∣stance. Therefore his men, being otherwise vnable to helpe themselues, threw downe their weapons, and fled. The King himselfe had thought vntill now, that the fortune of the battaile was euery where alike; and the day his owne. But hea∣ring the noyse behind him, and turning a little aside with a troupe of Horse, to see how all went: when he beheld his men casting downe their weapons, and the Ro∣mans at his backe on the higher ground; Hee presently betooke himselfe to flight. Neither staid hee afterwards in any place (except onely a small while about Tempe, [unspec 40] there to collect such as were dispersed in this ouerthrow) vntill hee was gotten into his owne Kingdome of Macedon. [unspec 50]

There died of the Roman Armie in this battaile, about seuen hundred: of the Ma∣cedonians about eight thousand were slaine; and fiue thousand 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Prisoners.

§. XV. T. QVINTIVS falleth out with the Aetolians; and grantes 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vnto PHILIP, with conditions, vpon which the peace is rati∣fied. Libertie proclaimed vnto the Greeks. The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 quarrell with ANTIOCHVS.

THe Aetolians wonderfully vanted themselues; and desired to haue it [unspec 10] noised through all Greece, That the victorie at Cynoscephalae was got∣ten (in a manner) wholly by their valour. They had 〈◊◊〉〈◊◊〉 the most of the bootie; by sacking the Macedonian Campe, whilest the Romans were busied in the chace. Titus therefore being offended both at their vaine glory, and at their rauenous condition; 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them better maners, by regarding them as slightly, as they thought highly of them∣selues. He also well perceiued, That by vsing them with any extraordinarie fauor, he should greatly offend the rest of his Confederates in 〈◊〉〈◊〉; who 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Aetolians much more vehemently, than euer they had done the Macedonians. But this displeasure brake not foorth yet awhile. [unspec 20]

After the battaile Titus made haste vnto Larissa, a Citie of Thessalie: which he pre∣sently tooke. Before his comming, Philip had sent thither one of his Courtiers to burne all his letters, and passages whatsoeuer in writing, betwixt him and others: of which many were there kept. It was well done of the King, that among the cares of so much aduersitie, he forgot not to prouide for the safetie of his friends. Yet by his thus doing, they of Larissa might well perceiue, that hee gaue them as alreadie lost. Wherefore wee 〈◊〉〈◊〉 not that they, or any of their neighbours, did make de∣lay of opening their gates to Titus. At the same time, the Towne of Leucas borde∣ring vpon Acarnania, was taken by the Roman Fleete: and verie soone after, all the Acarnanians, a warlike Nation, and in hatred of the Aetolians euer true to Philip; [unspec 30] gaue vp themselues vnto the Romans, hearing of the victorie at 〈◊〉〈◊〉. The Rhodians also were then in hand with the conquest of Peraea, a Region of the Con∣tinent ouer against their Iland; whereof they had demanded restitution, in the late Treatie of peace with Philip. They did herein more manly, than any other of the Greekes: forasmuch as they awaited not the good leisure of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉; but with an Armie of their owne, and some helpe which they borrowed of the Achaeans and o∣ther their friends, gaue battaile to Dinocrates the Kings Leiutenant, wherein they had the victorie, and consequently recouered the whole Prouince. It angred Philip worse than all this, that the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 gathered courage out of his affliction, to in∣uade his Kingdome; wasting and spoyling, as if all had beene abandoned to their [unspec 40] discretion. This made him gather an Armie in all haste, of sixe thousand foot and fiue hundred horse: wherewith comming vpon them, he draue them, with little or no losse of his owne, and great slaughter of theirs, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 out of the Kingdome. Which done, He returned to Thessalonica.

In this one enterprise Hee had successe answerable to his desire: but seeing what 〈◊〉〈◊〉 fortune accompanied his affaires, in all other parts at the same time, he thought it wisedome to yeeld vnto necessitie; and therefore sent in all haste 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and De∣mosthenes, with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the banished Achaean, in whom hee reposed much confi∣dence, Embassadours vnto Titus. These 〈◊◊〉〈◊◊〉 a long while in priuate, with Titus and some of his Roman Colonels: by whom they were gently enter∣tained, [unspec 50] and in very friendly wise dismissed. It seemes that they had Commission, to referre all vnto Titus his owne discretion; as Philip himselfe in few dayes after did. There was granted vnto them a Truce for 〈◊〉〈◊〉 dayes: in which time, the King himselfe might come and speake with the Roman General. In the meane season ma∣nie

suspitious rumors went of Titus; as if he had been corrupted with great rewards from the King, to betray the Greekes his Confederates. Of these bruits the Aeto∣lians were chiefe authors: who being wont to regard neither friendship nor honestie, where profit led them a wrong way, iudged alike of all men else. But against the day appointed for the meeting betwixt him and Philip, Titus had sent letters vnto his Asfociates; willing them to haue their Agents readie by a time appointed, at the entrance of Tempe, where the Treatie should be held. There when they were all assembled, they entred into consultation before the Kings arriuall, what should be most expedient for the common benefit of them all, and for euery Estate in particu∣lar. The poore King Aminander be sought them all, and especially the Romans, that [unspec 10] they would think vpon him; and considering his weaknes which he confessed, make such prouision, that after the Romanes had turned their backs, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 gone home, Philip might not wreake his anger vpon him who was not able to resist. Then spake Alexander one of the Aetolians: who commending Titus for so much as he had thus assembled the Confederates to aduise vpon their owne good, and had willed them to deliuer their mindes freely: added, That in the maine of the purpose which hee had in hand, hee was vtterly deceiued: for that by making peace with Philip, hee could neither assure the Romans of their quiet, nor the Greeks of their libertie. There was, he said, none other end to be made of the warre, which could agree either with the purpose of the Senate and People of Rome, or with the faire promises made by [unspec 20] Titus himselfe vnto the Greeks, than the chacing of Philip quite out of his Kingdome. And to this effect he made a long discourse. But Titus answered, That this Aetoli∣an was ill acquainted, either with the good pleasure of the Senate and People of Rome, or with the laudable customes which they generally held: for that it was not the manner of the Romans, to seeke the vtter destruction of any King or Nation, at such time as they first made warre with them; vntill by some rebellion they found it a matter of necessitie, to take such a rigorous course. And heereof he alleaged the Carthaginians as a notable example: adding, That victorie, to generous mindes, was onely an inducement vnto moderation. As concerning the publike benefit of Greece: it was (he said) expedient, that the Kingdome of Macedon should be greatly weake∣ned [unspec 30] and brought low; not that it should bee vtterly destroyed: forasmuch as it ser∣ued as a barre, to the Thracians, Gaules, and a multitude of other sauage Nations, which would soone ouer-flow the whole Continent of Greece, if this kingdome were not interposed. Wherefore he concluded, that if Philip would yeeld vnto those de∣mands, wherewith he had pressed him in the former Treatie; then was there no reason to denie him peace. As for the Aetolians: if they thought otherwise, it should bee at their owne pleasure, to take counsaile apart for themselues as they thought good. Then began Phaneas, another of the Aetolians, to say, That all was come to nothing; for that ere long, Philip would trouble all the Greekes, no lesse than hee had done in time before. But Titus interrupted him, and bad him leaue his babling; [unspec 40] saying, That himselfe would take such order, as that Philip, were he neuer so desi∣rous, should thencefoorth not haue it in his power to molest the Greekes.

The next day King Philip came thither: whom Titus vsed friendly: and suffering him to repose himselfe that night, held a Councell the day following; wherein the King yeelded vnto all that had beene required at his hands; offering yet further to stand to the good pleasure of the Senate, if they would haue more added to the Conditions. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Aetolian, insulting ouer him, said it was to bee hoped, that he would then at length giue vp to the Aetolians a many of townes (which he there named) bidding him speake, whether he would, or not. His answere was, that they might take them all. But Titus interposing himselfe, said it should be otherwise; [unspec 50] These were Thessalian Townes, and should all bee free: one of them onely excepted, which not long agoe had refused to commit it selfe to the faith of the Romans, and therefore should now bee giuen to the Aetolians. Heereat Phaneas cried out that it was too great an iniurie, thus to defraud them of the Townes that had sometime

belonged vnto their Common-weale. Rather he willed Titus to consider, that by an 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Couenant betweene them and the Romans, all the Townes taken ought to be their owne, and the Romans to haue nothing saue the pillage and captiues. It is 〈◊〉〈◊〉, that there had beene such a Condition in the former warre: but it ceased to be of any validitie, as soone as the Aetolians made peace with Philip. And thus much Titus gaue them to vnderstand; asking them whether they thought it reasonable, that all the Townes in Greece, which had let in the Romans by composition, should be deliuered into subiection of the Aetolians. The rest of the Confederates were verie much delighted, with these angry passages betweene the Roman and the Aetolians: neither had they great reason to feare any hard measure; since Titus was so earnest [unspec 10] in behalfe of those Thessalians, to giue them libertie, though they had stood out a∣gainst him, euen till very feare made them open their gates. Wherefore they op∣posed not themselues; but gaue their consent willingly vnto a Truce for foure Moneths.

The chiefe cause that mooued Titus to grant peace so readily to the Macedonian, besides that laudable custome by him before alleadged; was, the same of Antio∣chus his comming with an Armie from Syria, and drawing neere toward Europe. Hee had also perhaps yet a greater motiue; euen the consideration that his successor might happen to defraud him of the honour, if the warre should happen to be pro∣tracted. And hee was in the right: For when his letters, together with Embassa∣dours [unspec 20] from the Macedonian, and sundry States of Greece, came vnto Rome, new Consuls were chosen: who, (especially the one of them) stood very earnestly a∣gainst the peace; alleadging friuolous matter of their owne suspition, in hope to get the honour of concluding the warre. The Senate began to be doubtfully affected, betweene the Embassadors of Philip, offering to stand to whatsoeuer was demanded, and the letters of Titus pressing them to accept this offer, on the one side; and the importunitie of the Consul on the other; who said, that all these goodly shewes were fraudulent, and that the King would rebell, as soone as the Armie was called out of Greece. But the matter was taken out of the Senatours hands by two of the Tribunes, that referred it to an Assemblie of the People; by whose souereigne au∣thoritie [unspec 30] it was concluded, That Peace should be granted vnto the King. So tenne Embassadors were sent from Rome ouer into Greece: in which number were they, that had beene Consuls before Titus; and it was ordained by their aduice, That Titus should goe through with the businesse of Peace. These would very faine haue retained those three important Cities of Corinth, Chalcis, and Demetrias, vntill the state of Greece were somewhat better settled. But finally Titus preuailed so, that Corinth was (though not immediately) rendered vnto the Achaeans; and all the o∣ther Greeke Townes which Philip held, as well in Asia as in Greece, restored vnto libertie.

The Conditions of the Peace granted vnto Philip, were, That before the cele∣bration [unspec 40] of the next* 1.23 Isthmian Games, He should withdraw his Garrisons out of all the Greeke Townes which he held, and consigne them oner to the Romans: That hee should deliuer vp vnto them all Captiues that he had of theirs, and all Renegado's: Likewise all his shippes of warre, reseruing to himselfe onely fiue of the lesser sort, and one of extraordinarie greatnesse, wherein sixteene 〈◊〉〈◊〉 laboured at euery oare: Further, that hee would pay a thousand talents, the one halfe in hand, the other in ten yeeres next following, by euen portions. Hereto* 1.24 Liuie addes, That he was for∣bidden to make warre out of Macedon, without permission of the Senate. But I finde not that he obserued this Article, or was at any time charged with the breach of it. Foure hundred talents hee had alreadie deliuered vnto Titus, together with his [unspec 50] yonger sonne Demetrius, to remaine as hostage for his true dealing in this matter of peace, at such time as hee lately sent his Embassadours to Rome: when it was pro∣mised, that the money, and his sonne, should be restored backe vnto him, if the Se∣nate were not pleased with the agreement. Whether this money were reckoned as

part of the thousand talents, I cannot finde: and it seemeth otherwise, forasmuch as yong Demetrius, who together with those foure hundred Talents was giuen for ho∣stage, remained still in custodie of the Romans, as a part of the bargaine which Titus formerly had made. Letters also were then sent by Titus vnto Prusias King of Bi∣thynia: giuing him to vnderstand what agreement was made with Philip in behalfe of the Greekes; and how the Senate held it reasonable, that the Ciani, most miserably spoiled and oppressed by Philip to gratifie this Bithynian his sonne-in-law, should be restored to 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and permitted to enioy the same benefit of the Romans, which other of their Nation did. What effect these letters wrought it was not greatly ma∣teriall; since the Romans were shortly busied with 〈◊〉〈◊〉, in such wise that they [unspec 10] had not leisure to examine the conformitie of Prusias to their will.

All Greece rejoyced at the good bargaine which Titus had made with Philip. One∣ly the Aetolians found themselues 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that they were vtterly neglected; which was to the rest no smal part of their contentment. The Boeotians continued to fauour the Macedonian; and thereby 〈◊〉〈◊〉 much trouble vnto themselues. There were some among them wel-affected to the Romans: who seeing how things were like to goe, made their complaint vnto Titus; saying, that they were no better than lost, for the good will which they had borne vnto him; vnlesse at this time, when he lay close by them with his Armie, their Praetor which was head of the opposite Faction might be made away. Titus refused to haue an hand in the execution, yet [unspec 20] neuerthelesse did animate them in their purpose. So they committed the fact, and hoped to haue kept themselues vndiscouered. But when the murder came out, and somewhat was confessed by those that were put to torture: the hatred of the people brake out violently against the Romans; in such wise, that howsoeuer they durst not take armes against them, yet such of them as they found 〈◊〉〈◊〉 from their Campe, they murdered in all parts of the Countrie. This was detected with∣in a while, and many of the dead bodies found. Herevpon Titus requires of the Boeotians, to haue the murderers 〈◊〉〈◊〉 into his hands; and for fiue hundred 〈◊〉〈◊〉, which he had lost by them, to haue paid vnto him fiue hundred Talents. In stead of making any such amends, they paid him with excuses; which he would not [unspec 30] take as good satisfaction. Hee sends Embassadours to the Achaeans and Athenians, in∣forming them what had happened: and requested them not to take it amisse, though he dealt with these their friends as they had deserued. Herewithall he fals to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 their Countrie; and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 two such Townes of theirs, as did seeme to bee most culpable of the murders lately done. But the Embassadours of the Achaeans and A∣thenians, (especially of the Achaeans who offered, if he needed them, to helpe him in this warre; yet besought him rather to grant peace vnto the Boeotians) preuailed so farre with him; that he was pacified with thirtie Talents, and the punishment of such as were knowne offendors.

In like sort, though not so violently, were many States of Greece distracted: some [unspec 40] among them reioycing that they were free from the Macedonian; others greatly doubting, that the Roman would proue a worse neighbour. The Aetolians would haue beene glad of any Commotion; and therefore published rumors abroad, That it was the purpose of the Romans, to keepe in their owne handes all those places, wherein Philip lately had his Garrisons. Little did they, or the rest of the Greekes, conceiue, that this Macedonian Warre serued as an introduction to the Warre to bee made in Asia against King Antiochus; where grew the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, that was to be rea∣ped of this and many other victories. Wherefore to stay the progresse of bad ru∣mors when the Isthmian games were held, which in time of peace vvere neuer with∣out great 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and concourse: Titus in that great assembly of all Greece, cau∣sed [unspec 50] proclamation to be made by sound of Trumpet to this effect, That the Senate and people of Rome, and Titus Quintius Flaminius the Generall, hauing vanquished King Philip and the Macedonians, did wil to be at libertie, free from Impositions, free from Garrisons, and liuing at their owne Lawes, the Corinthians, Phocians, Locrians,

Euboeans, Achaeans of Phthiotis, Magnetians, Thessalians, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉. The sud∣dennesse of this Proclamation astonished men: so as though they applauded it with a great shout; yet presently they cried out to heare it againe, as if they durst scarce credit their owne eares. The Greeks were Crafts-masters in the Art of giuing thanks; which they rendred now to T. Quintius with so great affection, as that they had wel∣neere smothered him, by thronging officiously about him.

This good will of all the Greekes, was like to bee much more auaileable vnto the Romans in their warre against Antio hus, than could haue beene the possession of a few Townes, yea or of all those Prouinces which were named in their Proclamati∣on. Vpon confidence 〈◊〉〈◊〉, no sooner were these Isthmian games at an end, than [unspec 10] Titus, with the Romans that were of his Councell, gaue audience to Hagesianax and Lysias King Antiochus his Embassadours: whom they willed to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vnto their Lord, That he should doe well to abstaine from the free Cities in 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and not vexe them with warre: as also to restore whatsoeuer he had occupied, belonging to the Kings, Ptolomie or Philip. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 they willed him by these his Embassadours, that he should not passe ouer his Armie into Europe; adding, That some of them would visit him in person ere it were long, to talke with him further concerning these points. This done, they fell to accomplishing their promises vnto the Greekes; to the rest they gaue what they had promised. But the Phocians and Locrians they gaue vnto the Aetolians; whom they thought it no wisedome to offend ouer-much, [unspec 20] being shortly to take a greater worke in hand. The Achaeans of Phthiotis they an∣nexed vnto the Thessalians; all saue the Towne of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Phthiotis, the same which had beene abandoned by T. Quintius to the Aetolians in the last Treatie with Philip. The Aetolians contended very earnestly about Pharsalus and Leucas. But they were put off with a dilatorie answere, and rejected vnto the Senate: for how soeuer some∣what the Councell might fauour them; 〈◊〉〈◊〉 was it not meet that they should haue their will, as it were in despight of Titus. So the Achaeans were restored Corinth, Triphylia, and Herea. So the Corinthians were made free indeede (though the Ro∣mans yet a while kept the 〈◊〉〈◊〉) for that all which were partakers of the Achaean Commonwealth, enjoyed their libertie in as absolute manner, as they [unspec 30] could desire. To Pleuratus the Illyrian were giuen one or two places, taken by the Ro∣mans from Philip: and vpon Aminander were bestowed those Castles, which hee had gotten from Philip during this Warre; to reigne in them and the grounds which they commanded, as he did among his Athamanians. The Rhodians had been their owne 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Attalus was dead a little before the Victorie; and therefore lost his share. Yet many that were with Titus in Councell, would haue giuen the Townes of Ore∣um and Eretria, in the Ile of Euboea, to his sonne and successour King Eumenes. But finally it was concluded, that these as well as the rest of the Euboeans, should be suffe∣red to enjoy their libertie. Oreslis, a little Prouince of the Kingdome of Macedon, bordering on Epirus, and lying towards the Ionian Sea, had yeelded vnto the Romans [unspec 40] long ere this, and since continued true to them: for which cause it was also set at li∣bertie, and made a free estate by it selfe.

These businesses being dispatcht: it remained, that all care should be vsed, not how to auoid the war with King Antiochus, but how to accomplish it with most ease and prosperity. Wherefore Embassadours were sent both to Antiochus himselfe, to picke matter of quarrell; and about vnto others, to praedispose them vnto the assist∣ing of the Romans therein. What ground and matter of Warre against this King the Romans now had, or shortly after found: as also how their Embassadours and Agents dealt and sped abroad; I referre vnto another place. [unspec 50]

Notes

• * 1.1

  Plut. in vita 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.2

  The King of Spaines pre∣tended inuin∣cible Nauie, being beaten out of the Bri∣tish seas, inui∣ted vs to those of Spaine: and hauing broken the greatest Fleet that euer the Spaniards gathered to∣gether; wee neuer made account of a∣ny 〈◊〉〈◊〉 his pre∣parations after that time.
• e 1.3

  Lib. 5. cb. 2. §. 7.
• * 1.4

  Lib. 5. chap. 2. §. 6.
• * 1.5

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.6

  Chap. 3. §. 1.
• † 1.7

  Daemon.
• * 1.8

  Chap. 3. §. 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.9

  Excerpt. è 〈◊〉〈◊〉. l. 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.10

  Plut in 〈◊◊〉〈◊◊〉.
• * 1.11

  Polyb. ibid.
• * 1.12

  Iul. Front. Strat. L. 1. C. 11.
• * 1.13

  Sir Fr. Bacon de Sap. 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.14

  Plaut. 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.15

  Liu. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 32.
• * 1.16

  〈◊〉〈◊〉. e 〈◊〉〈◊〉. li. 13.
• * 1.17

  〈◊〉〈◊〉. L. 32.
• * 1.18

  Liu. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. 34.
• * 1.19

  Plut. in vita 〈◊〉〈◊〉. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. l. 29.
• * 1.20

  Excerpt. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Po∣lyb. li. 17.
• * 1.21

  Plut. in vita T. Q. 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.22

  Excerpt. è 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Lib. 17.
• * 1.23

  è Polyb. ex∣cerpt. Legat. 9.
• * 1.24

  〈◊〉〈◊〉. l. 33.