The liues of Epaminondas, of Philip of Macedon, of Dionysius the Elder, and of Octauius Cæsar Augustus: collected out of good authors. Also the liues of nine excellent chieftaines of warre, taken out of Latine from Emylius Probus, by S.G. S. By whom also are added the liues of Plutarch and of Seneca: gathered together, disposed, and enriched as the others. And now translated into English by Sir Thomas North Knight

THE LIFE OF Philip of Macedon.

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Philip: that wisedome booteth not at all, Which scorning iustice, hopes to climbe on high. Let Princes that behold thy sudden fall, Loue right and meeknesse, least like thee they dye.

AMyntas, the second of that name, and seuenteenth King of MA∣CEDON, of the race of Temenides or Caranides, descended from Her∣cules, and that reigned foure hundred and ninetie eight yeares, reckoning from Caranus vnto Antipater, in whom began another race: he had three sonnes by his first wife called Eurydice, borne in ILLYRIA: to wit, Alexander, Perdiccas, and Philip. Alexander hauing succeded his father, raigned but one yeare, during which time he made warre with his base brother Ptolomaeus Alorites. But to appease the strife betwixt them, they sent for Pelopidas, who was at that time in THESSALIE. He tooke vp all their quarrels, restored those that were banished vnto their houses, and (because this peace should be more surely kept) he tooke of them for hostages, Philip, and thirty other of the noblest mens sonnes in MACEDON, and brought them all away with him to THEBES. Now during the time that Perdiccas raigned, which was the space of fiue yeares, Philip kept at Pammenes house, with whom Epaminondas was very great: & hereof it came, that some thought Philip was a hearer of Lysis Epaminondas schoolemaister, and that they conferred together in Philosophy. Howbeit Epaminondas was then much older then he, & surely it can hardly be that they were scholers together: except they will say that Epaminondas continuing all his life time to profit by the study of wisedom, made Philip desirous to heare him sometime, and to follow him also. And it may be well inough also that he had learned of Epaminondas to be so quicke and sud∣den of execution in the warres, as he was: which was but one of the least parts of Epaminondas vertues. But as for his continency, iustice, magnanimitie, and clemency, which were the parts that in truth made him great: Philip, neither bv nature, nor by education, nor by study, euer attai∣ned vnto it: for all this, he wanted not great gifts of body & mind, as shall appeare in the discourse of his life: and as Theophrastus testifieth, he was greater then any other of the kings of MACE∣DON, not onely in prosperity of fortune, but also in wisdome, bounty, and moderation of man∣ners. So it came to passe that Alexander, notwithstanding the accord Pelopidas had made, was

traiterously killed by Ptolomy surnamed Alorites, who vsurped the kingdome, and was slaine him∣selfe by Perdiccas: who after he had bene ouercome in a great battell by the SLAVONS, in the which he was slaine: Philip which was the last of the three brethren, stealing away from the place where he was in ostage, fled into MACEDON, and came to succeed in the kingdome, the which he found in great trouble. For there were slaine at the last battell aboue foure thousand MACEDO∣NIANS, and those that escaped were so beaten and astonied with blowes, that they thought of no∣thing lesse then to take armes against the SLAVONS. On the other side the HVNGARIANS made in∣rodes into MACEDON, and the SLAVONS mustered againe to returne thither. There was one Pausanias also that aspired to the kingdome, by the support of the king of THRACIA. And the A∣THENIANS also, they would establish one called Argaeus, and to this end sent a great fleet by sea, and three thousand footmen well armed by land, led by Mantias. Philip taking heart to him in these rude beginnings, began to embolden the MACEDONIANS by wise perswasions: he reesta∣blished militarie discipline, furnished his souldiers very well, making them arme themselues, and gaue order they should be continually trained and exercised. It was he that amongst other things deuised how to close his footmen, and that framed the square battell, which euer since was called the MACEDONIAN Phalange. He was very gracious in his words, and by his promises and gifts he wan the hearts and goodwill of his subiects.

Now finding himselfe strong, although he was yet but young of yeares, he resolued to make head against all his enemies, yet not by open force, but where there was need: being alwaies of this mind, to buy time and men as much as he could possible. So perceiuing that the ATHENI∣ANS did their vttermost indeuor to win the citie of AMPHIPOLIS againe, and that by this means they sought to bring the kingdome of MACEDON into the hands of Argaeus: he made them leaue it, and thrust out their garrisons. As for the PANNONIANS (others reade PAEO∣NIANS) or HVNGARIANS hauing sent ambassadours to them, he corrupted some with money, and wan others by faire promises: insomuch that they were all contented to liue in peace with him. And by the same meanes he brake the hope of Pausanias, hauing by presents gained the king of THRACIA that aided him. And for the regard of Mantias captaine of the ATHENIANS, he marched with his armie vnto the citie of METHONA: but he remained there, and sent Argaeus with the souldiers straungers whom they had brought with them, vnto the citie of AEGES. Ar∣gaeus approching neare the towne with his troupe, sent to feele the inhabitants, if they would re∣ceiue him, and be the first that should be cause of his entrie into the possession of the kingdome of MACEDON. But perceiuing they cared not for him, he returned againe. Philip that followed him hard at his heeles gaue him battell, killed the most part of his men, and draue the rest vnto a litle mountaine, where he did besiege them so straightly, that they were forced to de∣liuer him all the banished men of MACEDON amongst them: whereupon he let them go their liues and goods saued. This first victorie of Philip put the MACEDONIANS againe in heart, and made them bold to enterprise any thing afterwards. Hereupon he made peace with the A∣THENIANS, and vnderstanding that the king of HVNGARIE was dead, he entred into their countrie with a maine armie, ouercame them in battell, and made them subiect vnto him. Of all his enemies there were left none but the SLAVONIANS, whom he went to assaile with ten thou∣sand footmen, and sixe hundred horse. But since they could not agree together, Bardyllis their king trusting in the victories he had gotten before time of the MACEDONIANS, and in the valiantnesse of his SLAVONS, he came into the field, and presented battell. The which hauing bene fought a long time, Philip behaued himselfe so valiantly with his men of armes the MACE∣DONIANS, that he ouerthrew the SLAVONS, leauing seuen thousand of them dead on the ground: and the rest escaped by flying away. Shortly after they were agreed together, and resto∣red to Philip all the places they held pertaining vnto MACEDON. Now the AMPHIPO∣LITANS had of long time borne Philip euill will, and whilst he was occupied in other places, they did him many inuries: wherefore he determined to make a sharpe warre vpon them. He hauing besieged them with a puissant armie, and hauing brought his engines of warre hard to their wals, he beat them with such furie, that he made a sufficient breach, and entred the towne by force: out of the which he draue those afterwards that were his enemies, and very courteously v∣sed and intreated the rest. This towne being seated in a very commodious place, vpon the fron∣tiers of THRACIA, and of the countries neare adioyning thereto: stood him afterwards in great stead for the furtherance and increase of his greatnesse. For by meanes of that he presently had

the citie of PYDNE, and made league with the OLYNTHIANS, of great power at that time: by reason whereof he and the ATHENIANS, enuying one the other, they both practised to winne them. But Philip hauing wonne POTIDEA, draue out the garrison of the ATHENIANS and vsed them very honestly: for the sent them home to their houses their liues and goods saued, not because he loued the people of ATHENS, but for that he feared the power of their citie. After he had taken in the citie of PYDNE, he gaue it to the OLYNTHIANS, with all the territorie belonging vnto it. Then he returned to CRENIDES, the which he hauing augmented with a great number of inhabitants, he changed the first name of it, and called it by his owne name, PHILIPPI. With∣in that territorie he had mynes of gold, the which he opened and digged so diligently, that he drew out yearely new made, about the summe of sixe hundred thousand crowns. By this means in a short time he gathered together a great treasure, and daily the kingdome of MACEDON grew great, because it had one of the chiefest sinewes and props of warre. So he coined a num∣ber of peeces of gold called Philippus, wherewith he waged a great number of men, and bribed many priuate GREEKES: who afterwards sold him for ready mony the townes of their countrie, as we shall see hereafter. In all this businesse, Alexander the tyrant of PHERES in THESSALIE, hauing bene slaine by his wife Thebe, and by her brethren called Lycophron, and Tisiphonus, at the first they were honoured as men that had deliuered their countrey of a cruell tyrannie: but very shortly after, these two men chaunging their minds, by money wan the souldiers whom A∣lexander kept for the guard of his person, and put themselues in his place whom they had killed, putting many citizens to death that withstood their enterprise: and hauing gathered together a great number of souldiers, they made themselues Lords of PHERES. The ALLEVADES, men of authoritie and greatly followed in the countrie for the auncient nobilitie of their house, would haue opposed themselues against this new tyranny. But finding themselues to be too weak, they made meanes to Philip: who entring into THESSALIE with his armie, ouercame the two tyrants, and setting the townes at liberty which these tyrants held in subiection, he shewed great loue and fauour to the THESSALIANS. By which occasion, in all his conquests he obtained afterwards, he found the THESSALIANS alwaies readie to do him seruice, and to aide him in all his affaires, and not himselfe alone, but also his sonne Alexander. But the greatnesse of Philip grieued his neigh∣bours, insomuch as the kings of THRACIA, HVNGARIA, and SLAVONIA, not being strong enough of themselues, they ioyned forces together to make warre vpon him, and to be reuenged. Whi∣lest they were preparing to ioyne their forces, Philip went before, and compelled them to do what he would.

About this time, to wit, in the last yeare of the hundred and fifth Olympiade, fifteene years after the battell of MANTINEA, the holy warre began amongst the GREEKES, which conti∣nued ten yeares space: and this was the occasion. The THEBANS not being contented with the victorie they obtained at the battell of LEVCTRES, framed a complaint against the LACEDAEMO∣NIANS in the assembly of the Estates of GRECE, which they call the councell of the Amphicty∣ons: and followed the matter so hard, that the LACEDAEMONIANS were condemned in a great summe of money, because they had in time of peace surprised the castell of CADMEA. The PHO∣CIANS also, they hauing plowed vp a great deale of a certaine land sacred to the gods, called the land of CIRRHE, were condemned by the Amphictyons in a great sum of money: and because they would not pay it, the councell pronounced, without longer delay and refusall, all their towns and lands to be confiscated to the gods: & that all other which were cōdemned (of which number were the LACEDAEMONIANS) should be compelled to pay their fines, and if they refu∣sed, they should be taken for excommunicate, and the other GREEKES should make warre with them as against accursed and execrable men. Philomelus, a man of great authoritie among the PHOCIANS, did so much, that he perswaded them not to pay it, but contrariwise to defend their countrey with armes, and to win DELPHES. Whereunto they giuing their consents, he gathered together a great armie, and in despite of all hindrances made himselfe maister of DELPHES: cut asunder with sheares the decrees made by the Amphictyons engrauen vpon marble pillars: pos∣sest all the gold and siluer that was in the temple: and afterwards rendred a reason of his fact, and prepared himselfe to make warre against the THEBANS, THESSALIANS, and LOCRIANS, and wanne three great battels of them. But being ouercome at the fourth battell, he threw himselfe downe off a high rocke. In the meane space, Cersobleptes, the sonne of Clotis king of THRACIA, hauing rendred vp to the ATHENIANS the towns of CHERRONESVS, partly for the good will he

bare the ATHENIANS, and partly for the hatred he had to Philip: the people of ATHENS sent in∣habitants thither to keepe and defend the townes. Philip perceiuing that those of METHONE lent out their towne to all them that would make war against him, went and laid siege before it. They that were besieged, did valiantly defend it for a time: but in the end finding themselues too weak to make resistance, they yeelded vpon condition, that the inhabitants should go out euery man with one only gowne. Assoone as euer Philip had the towne in his hands, he razed it euen to the hard ground, & gaue the country all about vnto the MACEDONIANS. At this siege he was woun∣ded with an arrow, that put out one of his eyes. Afterwards he led his army also at the instance of the THESSALIANS, into the country against Lycophron, that began againe to tyrannize those of PHERES: who hauing demanded aide of the PHOCIANS, they sent thither Phayllus with 7000. fighting men, whom Philip ouercame, and draue them out of THESSALY. Then Onomarchus that succeeded Philomelus in the charge of general, hoping to haue won THESSALY, made great speed thither with all his army, vnder colour to bringaide vnto Lycophron. Philip went against him with the THESSALIANS, but because Onomarchus had the greater number of men, he ouer∣threw him, and killed many of the MACEDONIANS, insomuch that Philip himselfe was in great danger. For his men also were so afraid, that they would haue forsaken him, & he had much trou∣ble to keepe them together▪ and in the end was constrained to retire home into his kingdome. O∣nomarchus departing from thence, entred into the country of BOEOTIA, ouercame the BOEOTI∣ANS in battell, and tooke the city of CORONEA. But Philip returned immediatly with a great force into THESSALY, to driue out Lycophron: who hauing called in the PHOCIANS, Onomarchus retur∣ned thither, followed with 20. thousand footmen, and fiue hundred horse. Hereupon Philip per∣swaded the commons of THESSALY, that they must all together vndertake this warre. And he could so well solicite them, that he assembled in one campe twenty thousand footmen, and three thousand horse. Then was there fought a most cruell battell, whereof the victory fell to Philip through the valiantnesse of his THESSALIAN men of armes. For Onomarchus and his men, they fled on foot towards the sea, where was by chance Chares the ATHENIAN Captaine sailing all alongst the coast with certaine gallies. There was great slaughter of the PHOCIANS there fol∣lowed by the victors. Others to flie with more speed, threw downe their armes, and leapt into the sea, by swimming to get to the gallies of the ATHENIANS. There were slaine in battell and flight as well of naturall PHOCIANS, as of strangers that came for pay, aboue 6000. men, & there were taken prisoners to the number of 3000. Onomarchus that was one of them, was hanged, and all the other drowned as sacrilegers, by the cōmandement of Philip: vnto whom Lycophron yeel∣ded the towne of PHERES, & so retired out of THESSALY, which by this means was set at liberty.

As for Philip, he marched with his army towards the way of THERMOPYLES, to make war with the PHOCIANS, within PHOCIDE it selfe: but the ATHENIANS stopped his passage. Wher∣fore he was constrained to returne backe into MACEDON, where he staid not long at rest, but de∣termined to bring the townes of CHALCIDE in subiection to him. So he took by assault a fort cal∣led Gyre, the which he razed. But this was such a terror to the other small townes, that they put themselues vnder his obedience. Passing from thence into THESSALY, he draue away Pytholaus that had made himselfe maister of PHERES. And intending to bring the townes of HELLESPONT vnder his subiection, he tooke in without paine or daunger (rather by treason) the townes of MI∣CYBERNE, and of TORONE. Afterwards he went with a great army against the city of OLYNTHE, the greatest & of most power that was in that marches: where first he ouercame the OLYNTHIANS in two great fights, so that he made them leaue the field, & shut them in within their owne town, vnto the which he gaue many assaults, and lost a great number of his men there. But hauing with great sums of mony corrupted Euthicrates & Lasthenes gouernors of the towne, at the length he had it by treason: and hauing sacked it, he sold the townsmen for slaues by the drum. The taking of this towne brought him a great quantity of siluer to helpe to defray the charges of his war, and did also make the other towns afraid, which had taken armes to resist him. Now after he had be∣stowed many rich presents vpon his captaines and souldiers, that had done him good seruice in this warre, he gaue also all about great sums of mony to the heads of the towns, and found mer∣chants also among them that sold him their owne countrey and fellow citizens. Insomuch that he himselfe confessed he had enlarged his kingdome more through gold and siluer, then he did by force of armes: according to an answer that was made him, when he began first to put him∣selfe forward: for being desirous to know how he should carie himselfe, the oracle answered:

VVith siluer speares begin and end thy war, So shalt thou topsie turuy turne all things what ere they are.

Now the ATHENIANS being iealous of his greatnesse, did euer helpe them whom he would hurt, and sent Ambassadours to all the cities to perswade them to maintaine and preserue their libertie, and to put their townes-men to death whom they found willing to betray the Com∣monwealth: promising them to aide them all, and declared themselues open enemies vnto Philip. He that set them most against him, was Demosthenes: the most eloquent man of all GRECE at that time, and that did more trouble and hurt Philip with the blowes of his toung, and his continuall motions then all the Captaines of GRECE did him besides. All this not∣withstanding, with all the diligence and labour ATHENS could vse, they could neuer bridle the wicked disposition of some priuate persons, but they still sought to sell their countrey: for he that bought, sowed siluer without any spare, and there were a great number of traitours at that time through all GRECE. And touching this purpose, they say, that he being desirous to winne a very strong hold, he sent some men before to view it: who returning, reported that it was vn∣possible almost to approach it, and did by description set it downe in all points impregnable. Then he asked them if the place were so hard to come to, that a poore Asse laden with gold could not come neare it: for he had oftentimes with siluer very easily wonne that which otherwise was not to be had by force of armes. And this was the cause that he practised to haue traitours in euery towne by gifts and pensions, calling them that receiued him his hostes and friends, corrupting mens manners besides by vnworthie and dishonest meanes. As after that he had wonne OLYNTHE, he made sumptuous and magnificent sacrifices to his gods, to thanke them for the victorie they had giuen him: and so hauing set downe a day of triumph for tilting and tourneying, and common sports: thither repaired a great number of straungers that came to see the feast. So keeping open court, he inuited many of these straungers to come to his sumptu∣ous feastes he made, and in them he shewed all the familiaritie and courtesie that might be to entertaine them. For he dranke to some, and then gaue them the cups wherin he dranke to them: to others he gaue great presents, and vnto all generally he gaue good words, and large promises▪ insomuch that many sought how to obtaine his loue and fauour. So it is reported, that one day at a banquet he espied Satyrus, an excellent Comedian and player, that he was very sad: and that he asked him why he did not craue some thing of him, that he might shew his liberalitie vn∣to him. Satyrus answered him againe, that he would be glad to obtaine a sute at his hands, but he durst not aske it him, being afraid he should be denyed. Philip liked his answer well, and bad him aske boldly. Then he told him, that a friend of his had two daughters among others priso∣ners, both of them mariageable, and besought him that he would bestow them vpon him: not for any other pleasure or profite he should haue of them, but because he would marie them both at his owne charge, before they should be forced to their dishonour. Philip thanked him for his honest petition, and presently caused these two maides to be deliuered vnto him. Thus he be∣stowed many such courtesies euery where, whereof he made his profite afterwards with great vsurie. For a number being drawne by the sent and odour of so many good turnes, studied with themselues, enuying one another, which of them might do him best seruice, and find out most meanes to deliuer townes and countries into his hands.

But now to returne againe to that we had begun to speake of the holy warre. The PHOCIANS that had three very strong holds in BOEOTIA, to wit, ORCHOMENE, CORONEE, and CORSIES, did ordinarily from thence make incursions into the country of the BOEOTIANS with great num∣ber of souldiers straungers whom they kept in pay, and did burne and lay wast all the territorie thereabouts, and euer had the vpper hand in all their inrodes and skirmishes they had with the countrimen. Vpon this occasion the BOEOTIANS being weake of men, and wanting money, sent in the end to demaund aide of Philip: who was not a litle glad to see them brought so low, for he desired their pride might be pulled downe, which had lift them vp so high since the bat∣tell of LEVCTRES. So he sent them a good number of souldiers, not for any desire he had to aide them, but to make them thinke that he made great account of the temple of DELPHES, which the PHOCIANS had spoiled. After diuers exploits of warre, the one side and the other seeing themselues wearie and bare, the BOEOTIANS prayed Philip to come and aide them: which he graunted them, and taking a supply of THESSALIANS with him, he came to LOCRIDE with a good armie, and put himselfe in order to end this warre at one battell. But Phallecus Generall

of the PHOCIANS, finding himselfe not strong enough to fight with him, sent vnto him to treat a peace: so he was suffered to go safely with his men whither he would. Whereupon vnder the assurance of this peace, he retired with eight thousand men into PELOPONNESVS. The PHO∣CIANS then left without all hope, yeelded themselues to Philips discretion. Thus hauing ended this holy war without stroke striken, beyond all mens opinion, he called a councell of the BOEO∣TIANS and THESSALIANS: in the which it was determined that there should be an assembly of parliament of the Amphictyons, vnto whom they would wholly referre themselues for de∣ciding of this matter. Whereupon the Commissioners for the parliament of the Amphictyons were assembled, and there among other actes it was ordained, that from thencefoorth it should be lawfull for Philip and all of his race to sit in this councell of the Amphictyons, and that they should haue the two voyces which the PHOCIANS (by him lately conquered) had before. Also, that he and his thencefoorth should haue the gouernment and superintendancie of the sports PYTHIANS, with the BOEOTIANS and THESSALIANS. Because the CORINTHI∣ANS had bene partakers with the sacriledge of the PHOCIANS. The rest of their decrees concer∣ned those of PHOCIDE, the safetie of the temple of DELPHES, and the vnion of the GREEKES. Philip hauing broken vp the armories of the PHOCIANS and of the straungers that had fought in their pay, he defaced their townes, and made them sell their horses. After he had receiued of the Amphictyons the greatest honour and thankes they could deuise, he returned into his realme of MACEDON, hauing wonne him the name of a deuout and valiant Prince, and layed the founda∣tions of the greatnesse vnto the which his sonne Alexander came afterwards. For he singularly desired to be chosen Captaine generall of all GRECE, with full power and authoritie to make warre with the king of PERSIA, as he did. Furthermore, the hereditarie quarrels he had against the SLAVONS, being as irreconciliable, he entred with his armie into SLAVONIA, where hauing spoiled a great part of that countrie, and taken many townes, he returned backe into MACEDON laden with bootie. After that he went into THESSALIE, and draue out the tyrants there, which held the townes in subiection. By this meanes he wanne the hearts of the THESSALIANS, whom indeed he had great care to vse well, hoping that if the THESSALIANS remained his faithfull friends, he should easily gaine the other GREEKES to desire his friendship, and so it hap∣ned: for the people neighbours to THESSALY, did presently enter into league with him. Soone after that, he led his army into THRACIA to represse Cersobleptes, who troubled all the townes of HELLESPONT next adioyning to his realme. When he had beaten the THRACIANS in diuers encounters, he compelled the vanquished to pay yearely vnto the MACEDONIANS, the tenth part of their reuenues, and fortifying a few good townes in the best parts of the countrie, he bri∣dled the boldnesse of these barbarous people: whereupon the townes within those marches be∣ing deliuered from warres, they very willingly entred into league and alliance with Philip.

Thus waxing greater euery day then other, he led his armie before the city of PERINTH, be∣cause that stood against him, and tooke part with the ATHENIANS. So he laid siege vnto it, and brought his engines of battery before it, among the which there were rams of 80. foot long, and built vp towers of wood higher then the highest towers of stone that were within the towne: vpon the top whereof he maruellously annoyed the besieged: and battering the wals with these rammes, he made them fall downe in diuers places. The PERINTHIANS on the other side very lustily defended themselues, and reared vp other wals within, in place of them that were fallen down. He plyed them continually with wonderfull assaults, the assailants and assailed shewing all their possible force and endeuour. Now Philip had great Crossebowes and other engines of all sorts to kill farre off, great arrowes long and sharpe at the end, which did wound those that came to the cranewes of the walles, and those that were besieged lost many of their men euery day. But at the length, they were supplied with armes and men whom the BYZANTINES sent vnto them: whereupon equalling their enemies, they beganne to be couragious againe, and resolutely offered themselues vnto any daunger for defence of their countrey. For all this, the batterie begun discontinued not, and Philip deuiding his men into diuers troups gaue them many assaults, continued by turnes one in the necke of another night and day. Which he might easily do, considering he had thirtie thousand fighting men in his campe, with an inesti∣mable number of missile weapons, with engines to bestow great shot a farre off, and of all sorts of engines to beate downe townes, with the which he wonderfully plagued and hurt the be∣sieged. Neuerthelesse, the siege drew on in length, and many of the townes men died, besides

those that were hurt and wounded: and because that victuals also waxed scant amongst them: so that they hourely looked for no other thing, but to take PERINTH. But it fell out cleane con∣trarie: for the fame of Philips greatnesse being blowne abroad throughout all ASIA, the king of PERSIA being affrayed of such a power, writ vnto his Lieutenants vpon the sea coastes, that they should aide the PERINTHIANS all they could possible. Thereupon his Satrapes hauing consulted of this matter together, sent vnto the besieged a great supply of men of warre, store of gold and siluer, plentie of corne, of armes, and of all other necessarie prouisions for the warres. The BYZANTINES on the other side sent them the best experienced Captaines and souldiers they had. By this meanes the two forces of the besiegers and the besieged being equall of new againe, the warre began to be hotter then before. For Philip beating at the walles with∣out cease with his rammes, made very great breaches, and with his engines to shoot farre off, kept them that none durst stay at the cranewes of the walles: and at one instant made his men to giue an assault at the breaches of the walles throwne downe, and caused others to scale the walles that were yet standing whole, and so fighting with their swords, many were slaine in the place, and others sore wounded, both valiantly fighting for the reward and honour of victorie. The MACEDONIANS hoped to haue the sacke of a rich and wealthie citie, and more then that, to haue goodly presents of the king. They that were besieged on the other side, setting before them all the calamities and miseries of the taking of a citie, did lustily endure any paines and daunger to preuent so great a mischiefe. Besides that, the situation of the towne was a great helpe vnto them, not onely to hope well, but also that in the end they should be maisters. For the towne of PERINTH stood all vpon the sea side, vpon a hauen of halfe an Island that stood of a great height, and this hauen was about halfe a quarter of a league long. The houses there were very narrow and high, and because they stood high vpon the hanging of the coast, all the towne being vnderneath it on the ground, they were built much higher then those that stood beneath: so to see them aboue, they shewed like the degrees of seates in a Theater. And al∣though that they without did still beate downe some part of the wall: that vantaged them no∣thing for all that. For those within did nothing else but mure vp the entrance into the streetes which were narrow, and they alwaies defended themselues making rampers before the low hou∣ses, as if they had bene the best wals in the world.

So Philip hauing gotten the outward walles of thetowne, with all the troubles and daungers possible: he found other walles readie built stronger then the other, as if they had bene done of purpose, besides that the BYZANTINES did alwaies furnish them with any thing they wan∣ted. Philip considering this, deuided his army into two, and left the halfe of them to continue the siege, vnder the charge of the best captaines he had: and taking with him the other halfe, he went to besiege BYZANCE it selfe, and gaue it a most braue assault: wherat the BYZANTINES were ama∣zed, because their souldiers, their armes, and all other their necessarie prouisions for warre were in the citie of PERINTH. But the ATHENIANS sent them immediatly an army by sea to aide them, as also those did of CHIO, of RHODES, and out of other places. Chares went thither sent by the ATHENIANS, but he did nothing of worth, nor worthy of the fleet he brought thither: because he was suspected of his friends, and despised of his enemies. So that they sent Phocion thither, who before that time had fought brauely with Philip in the Ile of EVBOEA, (which he thought to haue won by means of traitours) had ouercome the MACEDONIANS in battel, and had done ma∣ny other notable exploits. Howbeit after his departure, Philip being the stronger, departing from thence came to besiege PERINTH, and after that BYZANCE, into the which Phocion entred with his troupes: who did so valiantly in all fights and assaults, that Philip (who before that time was thought so terrible in armes that none could resist him, neither durst any man present himselfe in battell against him) rose from besieging of PERINTH, and retired from BYZANCE and out of HELLESPONT, and did nothing but lost much of his reputation. For, besides the men that were killed at these two sieges, he lost some of his shippes, and many strong holds, out of the which his garrisons were throwne, and his friends forraged by the ATHENIANS. This was the cause why he offered articles of peace, fearing the forces of the ATHENIANS, desirous to forward his affaires some other way, or rather to meddle no more with them. Phocion coun∣selled the ATHENIANS to hearken vnto it, and to accept the conditions vnto the which Philip submitted himselfe. But the Counsellers (especially Demosthenes) that bare the sway at that time, moued the ATHENIANS to a new league, the which Demosthenes prepared against Philip: who

bethinking himselfe, determined to employ all his meanes to subdue the cities all at once, to the end that he might afterwards passe further. So he leauied an armie with great speed, and hauing ouercome certaine troupes of the townes in league together neare vnto AMPHISE, he marched into the countrey of ELATIA, and afterwards wan PHOCIDE, and being lift vp with such pros∣perous beginnings, he resolued to go to ATHENS. Whereof the ATHENIANS hauing intelli∣gence, they were straight in armes euery where, the people being so amazed, that none durst be so bold as to speake, and they knew not what to do. They reiected the wise counsell of Phocion, of which Demosthenes was the cause. Wherefore to repaire his fault, he stepped out and coun∣selled the ATHENIANS to seeke the friendship of the THEBANS. So thereupon they sent him to put it in practise, and happily he obtained it, notwithstanding all Philips oppositions to the con∣trarie: who being astonied more then before with these crosses, which the eloquence of one man did against him: he sent againe to offer the GREEKES peace. But they kept themselues close, and made straunge of it, expecting the euent of all this great tempest: not being disposed at that time to hearken to pacification. But as if the time of their bondage had bene at the gate, they refused all conditions, yea contemned the very oracles of DELPHES, and Demosthenes had it often in his mouth, that the Prophetesse did Philippizate, to wit, fauoured Philips affaires. These oracles threatned both the one and the other, and especially the GREEKES. Now Philip, though he saw he was deceiued of the friendship of the BOEOTIANS, yet he resolued to fight with the one and the other. Therefore keeping his campe certaine daies, looking for the forces of his friends that were not yet come vnto him: he entred into BOEOTIA, with thirty thousand footmen, and about two thousand horse. So both campes being ready to giue charge vpon each other, they both had like courage and resolution to do well. But as touching the number of men, and skil∣fulnesse of Captains, Philip did passe them farre: for hauing done in many places so many wor∣thie exploits of armes, he was become very expert in militarie discipline. To the contrarie, on the ATHENIANS side, their best captaines, as Iphicrates Chabrias, and Timotheus, were dead. Phocion also, he neuer thought well of this warre: and the factious, they had hindred the best they could that he should haue no charge. Then was there but Chares and Lysicles, that were too weake to take such a great charge vpon them, and were much inferiour to many of the Captaines Philip had then with him.

The day being broken, and both armies set in battell the one against the other in the plaine of CHAERONEA: Philip placed his sonne Alexander, comming but newly out of his infancie, in one of the points of his armie, attended vpon by the best captaines he had: and he placed him∣selfe in the other point, with the valiantest men in his armie, giuing order and direction in all things according to time and place. The ATHENIANS, hauing taken one of the points of their battell, left the other vnto the BOEOTIANS. So the fight began very sharply, & many were slain on both sides, and it could not be discerned yet whether side had best occasion to hope of victory: vntill that Alexander at the length, desirous to make his father see some proofe of his valor, and many other valiant men seeing the courage of this young Prince following him, they with him brake into the battell of the enemies, and there was a maruellous cruell slaughter. Philip on his side also giuing charge vpon the greatest presse and multitude of his enemies, not en∣during that any should take the honor from him, no not his owne sonne: set vpon them so fiercely that withstood him, that he put them out of order, and made them flie for life. There died in this battell aboue a thousand ATHNIANS, and there were taken prisoners to the num∣ber of two thousand. And of the BOEOTIANS in like manner there were many killed in the field, and a great number taken. After this battell, Philip caused a token of triumph to be set vp, and suffered the enemies to take away the bodies of their dead, and to bury them. He made sumptuous sacrifices vnto his gods, to giue them thankes for his victorie: and honou∣red them that had done good seruice in this battell, euerie one according to his degree and de∣sert. Howbeit he committed certaine insolencies: for after he had drunke wel with his friends, he went to the place where he dead bodies lay, and there he fell a singing in mockerie, the begin∣ning of the decree which Demosthenes had propounded, whose counsell they following, the ATHENIANS concluded to warre against him, lifting vp his voice, and keeping measure with his foote, Demosthenes, the sonne of Demosthenes PAEANIAN set out this. But afterwards when he beganne a litle to come to himselfe againe out of his drunkennesse, and that he had thought a little of the daunger he had bene in: then his haire began to stand vpright on his head,

when he entred into the consideration of the force and vehemencie of such an Orator, that had brought him in a peece of a day, to put his whole estate and his life to the hazard of a bat∣tell. And when the ATHENIANS sent vnto him to treate of peace, he presently set his coun∣tenance, rubbed his eye-browes, and laying aside all madnesse and wantonnesse, made them a very sober and aduised aunswer. Others say, that he dranke too much at the feast of his sa∣crifice, and that after supper he daunced and made a mommery with his minions: passed by the prisoners, and gaue them sharpe taunts in mockerie, touching the misfortune of their ouer∣throw: and that Demades then being one of the number, was so bold franckly to speake a word to him which was of such efficacie, as it made him refraine from his insolencie. O king, sayd he, being now thy fortune to play Agamemnons part, thou art not ashamed to shew the deeds of Thersites. Philip finding himselfe touched to the quicke with this word so well set, he pre∣sently chaunged his apparell and countenance, cast downe to the ground his garland of flowers he wore on his head, caused all the other signes of mockerie which were caried after him to be broken, and from thencefoorth began greatly to esteeme of Demades, and would haue him a∣bout him. Demades, being passing eloquent aboue others of his time, did so well entertaine Philip, that he caused him to deliuer all the other prisoners of the ATHENIANS, without paying of any ransome. And further yet, humbling the conquerours fiercenesse, he made peace with the ATHENIANS, but put a garrison within THEBES, and moreouer graunted peace vnto the BOEOTIANS.

But that which principally brought him to incline vnto it, was the desire he had to be chosen Captaine generall of GRECE. And to this end he caused them to giue out abroad, that he would vndertake to make warre for the GREEKES against the PERSIANS, and to be reuen∣ged of them for the outrages and sacriledges which they had committed against the temples of the gods in GRECE: and sought to gaine the good will and friendship of all the GREEKES by all kind of courtesies he could possibly deuise or thinke of, as well openly as secretly. So he made a motiue, that he desired to speake with the townes openly, and to communicate somethings vnto them which concerned the good of all their common wealth in generall. And for this purpose there was appointed a generall assembly of the states in GRECE in the citie of CORINTH, in the which he propounded this, to vndertake the warre against the PER∣SIANS, and putting them in great hope of happie successe, he perswaded the commissioners of euery towne, which were present in this assembly of counsell, boldly to conclude this enterprise. He solicited this matter in such sort, that the GREEKES with generall consent chose him their Captaine generall with soueraigne authority. Then he began to make great preparation for this war, and hauing made a description and sesse of all the contributions, as also the number of men of warre which euerie citie should furnish for this enterprise: he returned into MACEDON, and sent from thence two of his chiefe Captaines before into ASIA, Attalus and Parmenio, with a part of his armie, commanding them to deliuer the GREEKES cities of ASIA out of bondage. But his death brake the voyage, so that they went not very farre. Now hitherto we haue seene Philips naturall disposition in the middest of his deeds, and what is commendable and reproch∣full in so great a Prince. But before we go further in the rest of his life, it may peraduenture not be much impertinent, to insert in this place, some of his sentences and memorable actions, whereby he may be the better discerned, to compare him afterwards with the others. For mens words and fashions amongst their familiars, be the very liuely tables of the affections and pas∣sions of the soule: being vnpossible for any man alwayes to counterfeit so, but that they may of∣tentimes see his heart at his tongues end.

So then, newes being brought him in one selfe day of three great prosperities: the first, that he had wonne the prize at the courses of coaches with foure horse in the solemnity of the Olympian games: The second, that his Lieutenant Parmenio had ouercome the DARDANIANS in battell: The third, that his wife Olympiade had brought him a goodly sonne: he lift vp his hands to heauen, and sayd: O fortune, I beseech thee send me in exchange of this, some reaso∣nable aduersitic, against such and so great happinesse. Lasthenes an OLYNTHIAN, that for a great summe of money had sold him the towne of OLYNTH, complained to him one day that some of his minions called him traytor. He aunswered him againe, that the MACEDONIANS were rude plaine men, that called all things by their name. He seemed to repute the ATHENI∣ANS happie men, for that they found yearely ten Captaines in their towne to be chosen: and

that he to the contrary in many yeares could find but one, and that was Parmenio. After he had ouercome the GREEKES, many aduised him to put good and great garrisons in the townes, that they might with more safety be kept vnder. But he answered them, I had rather be called a long time courteous, then a short time Lord. And when his familiars gaue him counsell, to banish a malicious person, that did nothing but speake euill: he answered them he would not, fearing least he should euery where else speake euill of him. There was an ACHAIAN called Arcadion, that made profession to speake euill of him euerie where, and warned euery man to flie so farre from Philip, as none could tell there what man he was. Arcadion being by chance met in MA∣CEDON, the courtiers would haue had Philip to haue punished him, and not to let him escape out of his hands. Philip to the contrary spake him faire, and sent him presents to his lodging. Shortly after, he commaunded they should make inquiry what talke Arcadion had of him a∣mong the GREEKES. Euery man brought him word, that he did wonderfully commend and praise him wheresoeuer he came. Then sayd Philip vnto them, I am a better phisition for euill speech then you are. Another time in the assembly of the Olympian games, as the GREEKES spake euill of him, his friends sayd, that such ill speakers would be seuearely punished, to speake so much euill of him that had done them so much good. Nay, but what would they do then, answered he, if we did hurt them? Smicythus did often accuse Nicanor vnto him, telling him that he did nothing else but speake euill of Philip: so that his best familiars thought it good he should be sent for, and be punished according to his deserts. Yea but (replied he) Nicanor is one of the honestest men of MACEDON: were it not better therefore to inquire whether the fault be in vs, or not? And foorthwith hauing made diligent search whence this discontentment of Nica∣nor came, he found that he was a man oppressed with extreme pouerty, and that no man would relieue him in his necessity: whereupon he sent him immediatly a good present. After∣wards Smicythus brought word, that Nicanor euery where spake great praises of Philip. See then, sayd he, how it dependeth vpon our selues to be well spoken of. He was wont also to say, that he was much beholding vnto the connsellors of ATHENS, for that they speaking euill of him, were cause to make him an honest man of word and deed. For, sayd he, I do daily enforce my selfe both in my deeds and words to make them lyers. He sent home (as hath bene spoken be∣fore) all the ATHENIANS prisoners at the battell of CHAERONEA, without paying any ransome, and yet moreouer they asked for their beds, their apparell, and all their baggage, and complai∣ned of the MACEDONIANS, because they did not deliuer it vnto them. When Philip heard of this, he fell a laughing, and sayd to them that were neare about him: How say you, do not you thinke these ATHENIANS suppose they were ouercome by vs at the play at bones? He said also that they which gaue him counsell to deale sharply with the ATHENIANS, were men of an ill iudgement, to counsell a Prince that did and suffered all things for glory, to destroy the Thea∣ter of glory, which was the city of ATHENS, by reason of learning. There was a great number of prisoners taken at a battell, and he was present to see them sold by the drumme, sitting in his chaire, his gowne being turned vp alitle higher then was decent. Then there was one of the pri∣soners that was a selling, that cried out a loud vnto him, I beseech thee, ô king, to pardon me that I be not sold: for I am thy friend from father to the sonne. Philip asked him, how and from whence this friendship should come betweene vs? I will tell thee in thy eare, answered the pri∣soner. Philip commaunded they should bring him to him. Then the prisoner comming neare to him, told him softly: O king, let thy gowne fall downe before a litle: for as thou sittest, thou shewest that that is vnfit to be seene. Then spake Philip aloud to his men, Deliuer him, and let him go: for he is indeed one of my friends and wel-willers, but I had forgotten it. Such was his behauiour to his enemies, and those that spake euill of him.

Let vs now speake somewhat of his iustice, and of diuerse other affections worthie to be no∣ted in him: the which do appeare something in his words, and by the effects that followed. And they do shew more & more that this prince had learned very much with Epaminondas, but aboue all, to be nobly minded, patient, and desirous of honour without shame: qualities that had bene much more excellent in him, if he had not made such marchandize with wicked men, as he did that sold their country, besides that they saw in him an ardent ambition: as also in that he coueted to be Captaine generall of all the GREEKES, and the triumphs preceding his death, and all his life do shew. And to this purpose, he counselled his sonne Alexander to speake gra∣ciously vnto the MACEDONIANS, to winne their good wils, whilest he had leisure now to be

courteous vnto them, another raigning in the kingdome: as if he would haue sayd, that when he came to be king, he should carie the grauitie of a maister and of a Lord, and that he should do iustice. He gaue him counsell also to seeke to get the loue of those that bare credite and au∣thoritie in good townes, as well of the wicked as of the good, that he might afterwards vse the good, and abuse the euill. But now to returne to his iustice againe: Being a Iudge be∣tweene two bad men, he ordained that the one should flie out of MACEDON, and the o∣ther should runne after him. It is reported of him, that he had gotten together a number of the wickedest and most disorderedst men that were in his time, whom he lodged all together in a towne which he had caused to be built, and called it PONEROPOLIS, the towne of knaues. He had on a time bestowed the office of a Iudge vpon one recommended vnto him by Antipater: but vnderstanding afterwards that he vsed to paint his haires and beard, he tooke it from him, saying, that he that vsed deceipt in his haire, would hardly deale truly in a good cause. Machetas pleaded a cause on a time before him whilest he slept, so that not conceiuing nor vnderstanding well the matter, he wrongfully condemned him. Where∣upon Machetas began to cry out, that he did appeale. Philip being angred at that word, asked him presently vnto whom he did appeale from him? Before thy selfe, ô king aunswered he, when thou art awake, and wilt giue good eare to conceiue of my fact. These words touched Philip to the quicke, whereupon he rose vp on his feete, and calling himselfe better to mind, knew that he had wronged Machetas in his sentence, and yet neuerthelesse he would not re∣uoke his iudgement: howbeit he himselfe with his owne mony discharged the matter, where∣upon the sute was brought before him. Harpalus had a kinsman and friend of his called Crates, attainted and conuicted of great crimes. He besought Philip that paying the fine, sentence should not be pronounced against this Crates, that he might auoide the shame and disgrace. But Philip answered him againe, It is better he should beare his owne blame and discredit, then I for him. A souldier of his, a valiant man of his hands, hauing by false report obtained of him the gift and forfeiture of the goods of a MACEDONIAN: it fortuned that the MACEDONIAN ill willing to put vp such an outrage, bewrayed vnto Philip the vnthankfulnesse of the souldier whose life he had saued. Philip was so offended with the villanie of this souldier, that after he had reuoked his gift, he made him quaile in such sort, that his wickednesse was knowne of e∣uerie one, and the MACEDONIAN restored againe to all his goods. A poore old woman be∣ing in sute of law, besought him to giue iudgement, and pressed him continually: but he ex∣cused himselfe, and told her he was not at leisure to heare it. The old woman cried out aloud: Leaue then to be king. He being astonied and liuely pricked with this word, did heare her, and all others in order. As for his friends, Philo a Gentleman of THEBES had done him many pleasures at the time when he remained in hostage in the citie of THEBES: for he was lodged in his house, and after that he would neuer receiue any gifts or presents of him. Whereupon Phi∣lip sayd vnto him: Take not from me the title and honour of inuincible, being ouercome by thee of courtesie and liberality. Word being brought him of the death of Hipparchus, borne in the Ile of EVBOEA, he was very sory: and as one that stood by told him, he was ripe, and ready to dye forage: Yea, sayd he againe, for himselfe, but not for me, to whom he is dead too soone: for he is dead before he receiued any recompence of me, worthy the friendship he bare me. As touching houshold matters, he fell out on a time with his wife Olympias, and his sonne Alexander: in which time of his anger, Demaratus a Gentleman of CORINTH went to visite him. Philip then asked him, how, and after what manner the GREEKES liued one with another. Truly, aunswered Demaratus, thou carest much for the peace and vnion of the GREEKES, since the persons that touch thee so nearely, and those whom thou oughtest to make most account of, are so separated from thee. This word made him consider so well of it, that afterwards he appeased his anger: the cause thereof is shewed in the beginning of Alexanders life, and so reconciled himselfe vnto them. Being told him that his sonne Alexander misliked it, and complained that he begot bastards of other women: he told him, Since thou seest now that thou shalt haue manie competitours with thee for the king∣dome after my death: endeuour thy selfe to be an honest man, that thou mayest come to the crowne not so much through me, being mine heire, as through thy selfe, for that thou art wor∣thie. He perswaded him much, diligently to studie Philosophie vnder Aristotle, to the end, sayd he, thou do not many things that I haue done, whereof now I hartily repent me. Being on a

time fallen backward, lying all alongst the place where they exercise wrestling: and wallowing vp and downe, as if he had seene the figure and print of his body in the dust: O Hercules, sayd he, how litle quantity of ground will serue vs by nature, and yet we couet to inhabite all the world. He would on a time lodge his campe in a faire ground: but being told that there was no forrage for the beasts, he was constrained to dislodge from thence, saying, What is our life, since we must take care euen to place Asses? There was an host of his that on a time bad him to supper with him. So, as he was going, he met diuerse by the way, whom he caried thi∣ther with him. Whereupon perceiuing his hoast was much troubled, because he had not meate inough to feede so many mouthes: Philip seeing it, sent secretly to tell euery one in their eares whom he brought with him, that they should keepe a place in their stomacke for the tart. The other beleeuing that he spake in earnest, did forbeare to eate, whereby there was meate inough for them all. That which is alreadie sayd, is sufficient to make vs know the naturall disposition of this great Prince: whose end we are now about to describe vnto you. He vndertaking to passe into ASIA, to make war with the PERSIANS, in the state of Captaine generall of the GREEKES: being desirous his voyage should be fauoured of the gods he asked of the prophetesse of DEL∣PHES, whether he should ouercome the king of PERSIA? She answered him:

The oxe is crowned when his end is neare at hand, To offer him in sacrifice, a man doth ready stand.

This oracle being doubtfull and obscure, Philip tooke it for his aduantage: as if Apollo had told him, that the king of PERSIA should be slaine by him, as an oblation of sacrifice. But cleane con∣trary, the oracle threatned him with death in a day of a solemne feast: and that he should be slaine as a bull, whom they crowne with garlands and hats of flowers, when they go about to sacri∣fice him. Notwithstanding supposing that the gods did fauour his enterprise, he was very plea∣sant, perswading himselfe that ASIA should shortly be tributarie to MACEDON. So he prepared sumptuous and magnificent sacrifices in honour of the gods, and made preparation for the ma∣riage of his daughter Cleopatra. Now he being desirous to draw to this feast as many GREEKES as he could possible, to that end made proclamation euery where, that there should be games of prize for learning, and musicke, and sent to summon all his hosts and friends, in what part of GRECE soeuer they were, to come to this mariage: and commaunded the Lords of his Court that they should do the like for their part. For he desired to shew the GREEKS all signes of friend∣ship, and to make them the best cheare that could be possible, in recompence of the honour they had done him, to choose him their Captaine generall. There was a wonderfull assembly of peo∣ple from all parts at this feast, and the mariage was solemnized betwixt Alexander king of EPI∣RVS and Cleopatra, and the games also at AEGES acitie of MACEDON. Where not onely Philips priuate friends, and the most notable men of the GREEKES, but also the principall and chiefest townes of GRECE (and among others ATHENS) gaue him presents of many rich crownes of gold. The decree of the people presenting a crowne of gold, and openly proclaimed by a herald, the effect of it was: that if it hapned any man hauing conspired or attempted ought against the person of king Ppilip, shold flie to ATHENS in hope of priuiledge there: that he should be deliue∣red into the hands of the king. In the middest of this great feast at the mariage, there was an excel∣lent player of tragedies, called Neoptolemus, that rehearsed verses touching the enterprise of Phi∣lip: and as if he had meant to haue reproued the pride of the king of PERSIA, he liuely touched that of his maister Philip, and before he was ware, foretold his death in couert termes, and which might be applied (as also Philip did, blinded and astonied with his prosperity) vnto the estate, and vnto the king of PERSIA. Among other verses the beginning of it was very neare to this effect:

Aboue the skies exalt thy pride, Surmount all hautinesse that is Within this earthly vale so wide: Promise thy selfe a worldly blisse, And prosperous life for euer sure, Yet canst thou now no longer dure. For some already haue begun Thy ruine, which thou canst not shun. And death neare to that breast of thine Shall shortly breake off thy dessigne.

The day after this royall mariage the games began to be played, and the people ranne from all parts to the Theater to see them, euen vntill it was darke night. And in the morning at the breake of day there was a procession, in the which among many other sumptuous and magnificent shewes, they caried the images of twelue principall gods of GRECE, wonderfull cunningly wrought with great art: and then after them was borne the image of Philip for the thirteenth, as if he would haue placed himselfe in ranke with his gods. When the Theater was full set with people, Philip himselfe came in the end, apparelled all in white, hauing commanded all his gard to follow him a farre off: desirous to shew the GREEKES, that because of the great confidence he had of their faithfull friendship, he thought he needed no gard for his body. But at that time he was put to death after a strange sort: and that we may know by what occasion, we will take the matter further off.

There was in his court a MADEDONIAN gentleman, called Pausanias, borne in the coun∣trey of ORESTIDE, one of the gentlemen pensioners of Philips gard, that sometime was belo∣ued for his beauty. He perceiuing that the king loued another, whose name was as himselfe, Pausanias: began to gall him with iniurious words, calling him Androgyne (as much to say, as womanish man) and reproued him that he abandoned his body to any that would. This se∣cond Pausanias, very impatiently bare these words in his heart, yet made no reply to them, but onely imparted vnto his friend called Attalus what he meant to do, and within few dayes after lost his life after a notable manner. Philip fought a battell with the SLAVONS, in the which this young man behaued himselfe very valiantly, right before the person of Philip, and receiued vpon his body all the blowes they strake at him, so that he died in the field. This va∣liantnesse of his being blowne abroad through the army, Attalus, that then was in great fa∣uour with the king, intreated the first Pausanias to come and suppe with him, and hauing made him drunke, he left his bodie to all the horse-keepers and moyletters to be carnally abused. His drunkennesse hauing left him, he was so grieued at his heart for the outrage Attalus had done him, that he went and complained to the king himselfe. Philip was maruellously offended withall, because of the villany that was offered him. But because of the loue he bare to At∣talus, and also for that he stood in need of his seruice, and for that he was vnckle of Cleopatra, the last and well beloued wife of Philip, and appointed his Lieutenant for the warre of ASIA, he made as though he knew it not. But to appease Pausanias, he gaue him great presents, and placed him amongst the number of them of the gard about his person. Pausanias hauing made his complaint to Olympias, vnto Alexander, and to some other, had sundrie aunswers, but no iustice at that time. Wherefore keeping this despite in his heart, he resolued not onely to be reuenged of him which had done him this iniurie, but also of Philip that would do him no iu∣stice. But to further him in this diuellish purpose, amongst others a Rhetoritian called Herme∣crates did set him on, whom Pausanias frequented to learne of him. Discoursing one day to∣gether, he asked him how a man might in a short time make himselfe famous, to be spoken of of euerie bodie? Hermocrates aunswered, in killing one that had done many great things. For, sayd he, it is of necessitie that remembring his facts, the name of him that killed him must also be comprised. Pausanias applying that to the purpose of his anger, hauing no patience to pro∣long time, his heart being so full of choler and griefe: determined with himselfe to execute his enterprise the same day the playes should be: the which he did, as followeth. He layed horses readie at the gate of the Theater, and went about it, hauing a sword vnder his downe after the fashion of the GAVLES as they weare it. When the time was come that Philip would himselfe go to the Theater, all the Noblemen and Gentlemen that attended vpon him, went into the Theater before him, who had commaunded all the Gentlemen of his gard to come a good way behind him. Then Pausanias seeing Philip going all alone, ranne to him, and gaue him such a blow with his sword ouerthwart his flankes, that he ranne him through and through, so that he fell downe starke dead. The blow being giuen, he ranne away straight vnto his horse, and some of the gard ranne to Philip, others swiftly followed the murtherer, among which was Leonidas, Perdiccas, and Attalus. Howbeit Pausanias that had gotten the start before, had easily mounted on horse-backe before the others could haue come neare him to ouertake him, had it not bene that in the way as he fled, he stumbled at the roote of a vine, which ouerthrew him. Then Perdiccas and the rest lighted on him as he rose, and thrusting at him, killed him in the place. Behold how Philip, that was the greatest king in his time of EVROPE, and for the great∣nesse

of his power, placed himselfe among the gods: was brought low euen to rancke with the weakest of the world, and died being but sixe and fortie yeares old, hauing raigned 24 yeares. That therfore whereof he gloried most, was in his skill of warres, and in the actions which he ma∣naged brauely: preferring that farre aboue all his exploits of warre. For, sayd he, in victory all that fight in the battell haue their part: but in those things that I haue atchiued vnto, hauing wisely di∣rected them, none is partaker of the honour but my selfe only. He had fiue wiues, the first was O∣lympias the daughter of Neoptolemus, king of the MOLOSSIANS, of the line of Aeacus, of whom were borne, Alexander surnamed the Great, and Cleopatra. Alexander succeeded his father: and for Cleopatra, she was maried to her vnckle Alexander, king of EPIRVS, and brother of Olympias. The second wife of Philip was Audate, a Lady of SLAVONIA, of whom he had a daughter called Cyne, maried vnto Amyntas his consin germaine: who being slain, she was betrothed vnto Lagarus, king of the AGRIANIANS, who died before consummation of mariage. After the death of Alex∣ander the Great, she being of a manly courage, and opposing her selfe against those that would depriue the children of Alexander of the crowne of MADEDON: was slaine by Perdiccas com∣mandement. The third was Phila: and the fourth was called Mede, the daughter of the king of THRACIA. These two had neither of them any children. And lastly being too old to marry, he maried Cleopatra, the daughter of Hippostratus and Attalus neece: at the mariage of whom he would haue killed his sonne Alexander, for throwing a cup at Attalus head: after the which followed great trouble, and foule stirre betwixt Philip, Olympias, and Alexander: but Demaratus the CORINTHIAN salued all that againe. Of this last wife, he first had a daughter called Europe, and then a sonne called Caranus, whom Olympias put to a cruell death. For his concubines, the one called Arsinoe, being gotten with child by Philip, she fell into Lagus hands, vnto whom she gaue Ptolomie afterwards king of EGYPT. The second was a girle of LARYSSENE, called Phi∣linna, of whom he begat Aridaeus: who first of all was poysoned, and in the end cruelly mur∣thered by Olympias: being the last king of the race of Temenides in MACEDON. For the issue of Alexander, they were reiected by Cassander. The third was Nicasipolis, a woman of THESSALY, and Iasons sister, tyrant of PHERES: of whom he had a daughter called Thessalonica, whom Cas∣sander maried, and was afterwards slaine by Antipater. The end of Alexander, of his mother, and of his children and successours, was lamentable in diuerse sorts. And thus we see in Philip and in his race, how many wayes the high Iudge of the world hath in his power and hand to ouerthrow the greatest, when they are drunke with their prosperity.

The end of Philip of Macedons life.