The lives of the noble Grecians and Romanes compared together by that graue learned philosopher and historiographer, Plutarke of Chæronea ; translated out of Greeke into French by Iames Amyot ... ; and out of French into Englishe, by Thomas North.

THE LIVES OF ANNIBAL AND SCIPIO AFRICAN, Translated into French by Charles de la Sluce, and englished by Thomas North.

[illustration]

Annibal.

[unspec A] IF we doe call to mind the first PVNICK warre the CARTHAGINIANS had with the ROMANES: we shall find many Captaines, who by the glorye of their noble deedes, haue left great same and renowme vnto their posteritie. Howbeit amongest all the Captaines of the CAR∣THAGINIANS, none are found more worthy of fame, and so commen∣ded of all Greeke and Latine Authors, then Hamilcar, Annibals fa∣ther, * 1.1 otherwise surnamed Barcha, a valliant man doubtles, and in his time a skilfull souldier as any was. The same Hamilcar first of all made warre with the ROMANES, a longer tyme in SICILIA then was loo∣ked for, who had done greate hurte to his contrye and common wealthe. After that also in [unspec B] the warres of AFRICK (at what tyme the mercenarye souldiers through their rebellion did put the contrye of CARTHAGE in great daunger) he did so valliantly appease the insurre∣ction: that to euery mans iudgement, he was reputed the onely preseruer of his contrye. Then he was sent Gouernor and Captaine into SPAYNE, and caryed with him at that tyme, (as it is reported) his sonne Annibal, beeing but a younge boye, where he did noble ser∣uice. In fine, in the nynth yeare of his aboade there in that prouince, he dyed fighting vallyantly agaynste the VETHEONS. After his deathe, Hasdrubal his Sonne in lawe,

(whom the CARTHAGINIANS through the ayde & friendship of the BARCINIAN faction had [unspec A] made generall of all their armye) remayned gouernor there the space of eight yeares. This Hasdrubal sent for Annibal into SPAYNE, after his father Hamilcars death, against the minds of the chiefe of the contrary faction, to thend that as he had bene trayned from his youth in the discipline of warres, in his father Hamilcars life: euen so in like manner, that now being come to mans state, he should the better harden his body, to away with the paines and daungers of the warres. Now although at the first, the remembraunce of his father was a great helpe vnto him to winne the loue and good will of the souldiers: Yet he him selfe afterwards, through his diligence and industrie so handled the matter, that the olde souldiers forgetting all other Captaines, they onely desired to choose him (and none other) for thier gouernor. For they found in him all the perfections that could be wished for, in a noble Captaine or generall. He [unspec B] had a present and ready wit to giue counsell what was to be done,* 1.2 in most greatest attempts: & besides, he lacked nether manhood nor industry to put it in execution. He had a valiant and inuincible mind, euen in greatest daungers and aduersities of bodye: the which are wont to staye others from performing their indeuors and duety. He would watche and warde as any priuate souldier, and was quicke and ready to doe any kind of seruice, either like a valiant soul∣dier, or a good Captaine. In this sort Annibal continued in seruice in the warres, the space of three yeares, vnder the conduct of Hasdrubal. In that time he so wanne the hartes of all the ar∣my, that immediatly after Hasdrubals death, he was chosen to be Lieuetenant generall, with the common consent of all the souldiers: & this honor was layed vpon him without contra∣diction of any of the CARTHAGINIANS, through the friendship and good will of the BARCI∣NIAN [unspec C] faction. Annibal was now six and twenty yeare olde,* 1.3 when the souldiers made him their Lieuetenant generall. For at what time his father Hamilcar brought him into SPAYNE, he was then but nyne yeare olde: & from that time vnto Hasdrubals death (according to Polybius de∣claration) it was seuenteene yeares more. So he was no sooner made Lieuetenant generall of all the campe, and his contry: but he bent him selfe to make warre with the ROMANES, hauing long before determined it. For first of all, he chiefly mainteyned almost a common hate of all the CARTHAGINIANS against the ROMANES,* 1.4 bicause of the losse of SICILIA and SARDINIA. Besides also, he bare them a secret malice in nature, as a thing inheritable from his father Ha∣milcar: who, of all the Captaines the CARTHAGINIANS euer had, was the mortallest enemye vnto the ROMANES. And it is written also, that at what time Hamilcar made his preparation to [unspec D] goe into SPAYNE, he compelled Annibal being but a boy, to sweare in a sacrifice he made, that he would be a mortal enemy to the ROMANES, assoone as euer he came to the state of a man. So, the remembrance of these things were still fresh in the young mans minde, as the Idea (or image) of his fathers hate, and still prouoked him to spie out all the meanes he could, how to destroy the Empire of ROME. Besides also, the BARCINIAN factiō neuer left to prick him for∣ward vnto it,* 1.5 bicause by wars he might raise him self to greatnes, & so increase his estate. These causes, aswell common as perticuler, inticed Annibal to attempt warre against the ROMANES, and gaue the stowt young man occasion by these meanes to practise innouation. There was a people at that time called the SAGVNTINES, who confyned indifferently betwixt the RO∣MANES and CARTHAGINIANS: and were left free by the former peace concluded. These SA∣GVNTINES [unspec E] euer after tooke part with the ROMANES: and by meanes of the league that was made betwixt them, the ROMANES alwayes found them very true and faithfull to the Empire of ROME. Annibal therfore thought with him self, he could not deuise to make a better match to anger the ROMANES withall, and to kindle the fire of his malice also against them: then to make warre with the SAGVNTINES, their confederats. Howbeit, before he would be openly seene to set vpon them, he first determined to leade his armye against the OLCADES, and other people on the other side of the riuer of Iberus:* 1.6 and after he had ouercomen them, then to finde occasion to molest the SAGVNTINES, to make it appeare that the warre was rather begonne by them, then purposely intended by him. So after he had ouercome the OLCADES, he did set vpon the VACCEIANS, spoyled their contry, besieged many cities, and [unspec F] tooke HERMANDICE, and ARBOCOLE, greate and riche cities. Nowe he had in man∣ner ouercome all the whole contrye, when diuers fugitiues from the citie Of HERMAN∣DICE

[unspec A] 〈…〉〈…〉 another, conspired against him,* 1.7 leauied men, and intised the OLCADES that 〈…〉〈…〉, to take their part. Then they 〈…〉〈…〉 their neigh∣bours, that they would all agree sodainly to set vpon 〈…〉〈…〉 at his returne. They being a peo∣ple that desired nothing more then to fight 〈…〉〈…〉 that they had receiued iniuries by Annibal, did easily h••rken vnto •••••• counsell: and •••••• on lea••uing a great number of men, •••• the number of a hundred thowsand, they went to assaile •••••• at his returne from the VACCEIANS, by the riuer of Tagus whē the 〈…〉〈…〉 their army,* 1.8 they staied vpon it, & were maruelously affraid. And doutles, they had had a great ouerthrow; if they had sought with those so fierce people, being affraid of their sodaine ••om••••••ng, & also Ioden as they were with so great spoyles: the which Annibal deepely considering, like a wise [unspec B] Captaine as he was, be would not fight, but lodged his campe in the place where they were. Then the next day following, he passed his army ouer the riuer with as litle noise as he could,* 1.9 leauing the passage where the enemies might easiliest come ouer, vngarded: bicause vnder pretence of dissembled feare, he might intise the barbarous people to passe ouer the riuer, to take the oportunitie & occasion offred them. Now in deede as he was the ••ubtillest captaine, & had the finest stratageames of any other captaine of his time: so his policy was not in vaine, and his purpose to good effect, in abusing of the enemy. For the wild barbarous people repo∣sing too great trust in the multitude of their men, supposing the CARTHAGINIANS had ben affraid: with great fury entred the riuer to passe it ouer. So they being greatly troubled, & out of order by this meanes, & specially before they could passe all ouer the riuer, they were set vp∣on [unspec C] by the CARTHAGINIANS: first by certen horse men, & afterwards with the whole army, so that there was a great number of them slaine, and the residue were put to flight. After this vi∣ctory, all the people inhabiting about the riuer of Iberus, yelded themselues vnto him sauing the SAGYNTINES: who,* 1.10 though they saw Annibal at hand comming towards them, yet tru∣sting to the friendship of the ROMANES, they prepared to defend them selues against him: and therewithall sent Ambassadors presently to ROME, to shew the Senate in what great daunger they were, & also to pray aide against their so great enemye, that made warres so hortely with them. The Ambassadors that were sent to ROME, were scant gone out of SPAYNE, when An∣nibal made open warre on them, with al his army, & pitched his campe before the citie of SA∣GVNTVS.* 1.11 When this matter was reported at ROME, & consulted of for the wrongs that had [unspec D] bene done to their confederats: the Senators delt but slackly in it, & by decree onely sent P. Valerius Flaccus, & Quintus Bebius Pamphilus vnto Annibal, to will him to raise his seege from SAGVNTVS: & if they found he would not harken to them, that then they should thence re∣paire to CARTHAGE, & to pray them to deliuer their generall Annibal vnto them, bicause he had broken the peace. Polybius writeth, that Annibal did heare these Ambassadors, howbeit that he made them a slender aunswer. Liuius, writeth in contrary manner, that they were neuer heard, nor came at any time to his campe. Howbeit they both agree thus far, that they came into SPAYNE, & afterwards went into AFRIKE, & from thence came to CARTHAGE: where after they had deliuered their message vnto the coūsel, the BARCINIAN faction were so much against them, that they dishonorably returned to ROME, & obtained not their desire. Now, in [unspec E] the Senate of CARTHAGE, there were two contrary parts & factions:* 1.12 of the which, the first tooke his beginning from the gouernment of Hamilcar, surnamed Barcha; & so discended as it were by succession to his sonne Annibal, & grew afterwards vnto such greatnes, that that facti∣on (aswel abroad, as at home) ruled all masters iudiciall. The second faction came of Hanno, a graue man, & of great authoritie in the same common wealth: howbeit a man more giuen to embrace peace & quietnes, then otherwise disposed to warre & trouble. It is he onely (as it is reported) who at that time when the Ambassadors of the ROMANES came to CARTHAGE, to complaine of the iniuries done to their confederats: that did then in manner against the will of all the whole Senate, counsell them to keepe peace with the ROMANES, and to be∣ware of warres, the which one day might peraduenture vtterly destroy their contry. Doubt∣les,* 1.13 [unspec F] if the CARTHAGINIANS, woulde haue followed the graue counsell of Hanno, rather then to haue giuen place to their desires, and had followed the Author of peace, and not to haue bene ruled by them that gaue counsell to make warres: they hadde not rafted of

those miseries which their contry afterwards came vnto. But giuing place to the furie & am∣bitious [unspec A] mind of a young man, they heaped such 〈…〉〈…〉 on their heads, as afterwards fell out vpon them.* 1.14 Therefore it is very 〈…〉〈…〉 for wise Magistra••s & gouernors of cōmon weales, alwaies rather to haue an eye to the beginning of any matters, then to the ende: & ever to de∣cyde all matters by aduise & councel, before they should take any w••r•• in hand. Now the SA∣GVNTINES seing themselues beseeged by Annibal, & that against al reason & equitie he made warres vpon them: they notwithstanding valiantly defended the feege, many monethes toge∣ther. Yet in fine, though Annibal had many môe mothen they (hauing a hundred & fifty thow∣sand men in his campe) & that the most part of their rampars were battered & ouerthrowen: they liked rather to abide the sack of their citye, then to yeld themselues to the mercy of their mortall enemie.* 1.15 So some doe report, that SAGVNTUS was taken the eight moneth after seege [unspec B] was layed vnto it: But Li••ie seemeth not to agree to that, nether to set downe any certen time of the continuance of the seege. Nowe, the taking of this so wealthie a citie, was a great fur∣therance diuers wayes to Annibals enterprises. For many cities taking example of the sacke of SAGVNTVS, who before misliking so be subiect to the CARTHAGINIANS, were ready to re∣bell: they kept them selues quiet, and the souldiers alfo waxed liuely and coragious, seeing the rich spoyles that were deuided in the campe. So Annibal sent great presents of the spoiles of the SAGVNTINES vnto CARTHAGE, whereby he wanne the chiefest men of the citie, and made them like the better of warres: whome he determined to leade with him against the ROMANES, not in SPAYNE, as many supposed, but into ITALY it selfe. Whilest these matters were in hande, the Ambassadors returned from CARTHAGE to ROME, and declared in open [unspec C] Senate, the slender aunswer they had recieued, in manner at the selfe same time when they had intelligence of the sacke of SAGVNTVS. Hereuppon the ROMANES greatly repented them selues, (though somewhat too late) for that they ayded not their friendes and confederats in so great a daunger. Therefore all the Senate and people together, being very sory for it, and therewith also maruelously offended, they deuided the prouinces vnto the Consuls, to wete: SPAYNE vnto Publius Cornelius, and AFRICK and SICILIA also vnto Titus Sempronius.* 1.16 After∣wards, certen of the noblest men of the citie were sent ambassadors vnto CARTHAGE, to make their complaints in open Senate for breache of the peace, and also to denownce vnto them the cause of the warre to come, and therewith boldly to proclaime open warre against them, after they had declared the occasion thereof to come of them selues.marg 1.17 This was as brauely re∣ceiued [unspec D] of the CARTHAGINIANS, as lustely offred vnto them: but therein they were not so wel aduised, as the successe of that warre in the ende sufficiently proued it to them. Now Annibal being aduertised how things were concluded in the Senate at CARTHAGE, and thinking with him selfe that it was time to goe into ITALY, as he had determined from the beginning: he made all the possible speede he could to prepare his shippes and things ready, and so required ayde of the cities that were his best friends and confederats, and commaunded that all the bands should meete him at newe CARTHAGE. So when he came to GADES, he appoynted good garrisons in places most conuenient, in AFRICK and SPAYNE, which he thought aboue all things els to be most necessary: bicause that when he should goe into ITALY, the ROMANES should not winne it from him. Therefore he sent into AFRICK, twelue hundred horsemen, [unspec E] & thirteene thowsand footemen, all SPANYARDS: and besides, he brought out of diuers parts of AFRICK foure thowsand souldiers, and placed them in garrison in CARTHAGE, obteyning both hostages and souldiers by this meanes. So he left the gouernment of SPAYNE to his bro∣ther Hasdrubal, and gaue him an army of fiftye shippes of warre, two thowsand horsemen, and twelue thowsand footemen. These were the garrisons he left in both those prouinces. Nowe he thought them not sufficient to withstande the power of the ROMANES, if they bent their warres into SPAYNE, or AFRICK: but bicause he thought them stronge inough to stay the e∣nemy from ouerrunning of the contry, vntill that hauing brought his armye by land, he had set foote in ITALY. Moreouer, he knewe that the CARTHAGINIANS were stronge inough to leauy a new army if they lysted, and if neede so required, to send him ayde also into ITALY. [unspec F] For, after that they had driuen away this so daungerous a warre, procured agaynst them through the spight of the mercenary souldiers, hauing euer after obteined victorie: first vnder

[unspec A] the conduct of Hamilcar: secondly, vnder Hasdriuball: and lastlie, vnder Annibal: they were growen to such greatnes & strength, that at what time Annibal came into ITALIE, their Em∣pire & dominions were maruelously enlarged. For they had all the coast of AFRICKE,* 1.18 which lyeth ouer against the sea Mediterraneum, from the aulters of the Philenians, which be not farre from the great Syrte, vnto Hercules pillers: and conteineth in length * 1.19 two thowsande paces. So, after they had passed the straight which deuideth AFRICKE from EVROPE, they possessed almost all SPAYNE, to the mountaines Pyrenei, which doe deuide SPAYNE from GAVLE. Thus order being taken for all things in AFRICKE, and SPAYNE: Annibal returned againe to new CARTHAGE, where his armie was readie for him, and well appointed. So, mea∣ning to delay time no lenger, he called his men together, and incoraging them with great and [unspec B] large promises,* 1.20 he greatly commended the commodities of ITALIE: & made great accompt vnto them of the frendshippe of the GAVLES, and in the end he bad them be of good corage, and set lustely forward. Thereuppon, the next day following he departed from CARTHAGE, and brought his armie all alongest the coast, vnto the riuer of Iberus. It is reported, that the next night following,* 1.21 Annibal dreamed he saw a young man, of a maruelous terrible looke & stature, who bad him follow him into ITALIE: but afterwards, that he saw a snake of a wōder∣ful greatnes, making a maruelous noyse: & being desirous to vnderstand what the same might signifie, it was told him that it betokened the destruction of ITALIE. It is not to be marueled at, though the great care & thought he tooke in the day time for the warre of ITALIE, made his mind to run of such fansies in the night, as dreaming of victory or destructiō, or such other [unspec C] calamities of warre. For they are things that happen often, as Cicero the Orator saith: that our thoughts & words do beget such things in our dreame, as Ennius the Poet wryteth of Homer: to wit, like to those his minde most ran on, or that he talked of most. Now, after Annibal had passed ouer the mountaines Pirenei, and that he had also won the GAVLES harts with boun∣tifull gifts: in few dayes he came to the riuer of Rhone. The head of the riuer of Rhone,* 1.22 is not farre from the heades of the riuers of the Rhein and Danuby, and running eight hundred fur∣longs, it falleth into Lacus Lemanus at GENEVA. Then it runneth from thence towardes the West, and deuideth the GAVLES a pretie way: and then being increased by the riuer of Arar (called in French, Saone) and with other riuers in the ende it falleth into the sea with diuers heades, betwext the VOLCES, and the CAVARIANS. The VOLCES, at that time inhabited [unspec D] both the sides of the riuer of Rhone,* 1.23 and were full of people, and the richest of all the other GAVLES. They hauing vnderstanding of Annibals comming, passed ouer the riuer, and armed them selues, & prepared on the other side to stoppe the CARTHAGINIANS, that they should not passe ouer. Now, though Annibal had wonne all the other GAVLES, yet those he coulde neuer winne neither by gifts, nor threats, to cause them rather to proue the frendship of the CARTHAGINIANS, then their force. Therefore Annibal perceiuing he was to handle such e∣nemies rather by policy, he commaunded Hanno the sonne of Bomilcar; secretly to passe ouer the riuer of Rhone, with parte of the armie, and so to set vpon the GAVLES on the sodaine. Thereupon Hanno as he was commaunded, made a long iorney, and hauing passed ouer the riuer at passable fords: he shewed him selfe hard by the enemies campe; before they saw him, [unspec E] or that they knewe what it was. The GAVLES hearing their showtes and cries behinde them, and hauing their handes full of Annibal before them, who had many botes ready to passe o∣uer his men: they hauing no leasure to consult of the matter, neither to arme them selues to stande to defense, left their campe, and fled for life. So they being driuen from the other side of the riuer, the rest of the armie of the CARTHAGINIANS passed ouer it with safetie. In the meane time, P. Cornelius Scipio; that but a litle before was comen vnto MASSILIA,* 1.24 still heard newes of Annibals armie. Wherefore, to be more assured of the matter, he sent a bande of choyce horsemen to discouer what the enemies intent was: who making great speede as they were commaunded, met by chaunce with fiue hūdred horsemen of the NVMIDIANS, whom Annibal had also sent to bring him word of the ROMANES armie. So, they first sodainly gaue [unspec F] charge vpon the NVMIDIANS, and after a hotte and valliant conflict betwene both the par∣ties, in the end the ROMANES ouercomming them, they made them flie, but with great losse of their men: howebeit the greatest losse and slaughter fell vpon the enemies. So Annibal by

this meanes founde where the ROMANES lay, and stoode in a great dout with him selfe, whi∣ther [unspec A] he shoulde keepe on his way into ITALIE, or else lead his armie against the Consul that then was, and so to proue his happe & successe. At length, debating many wayes in his mind, and vncertaine which way he would determine: the Ambassadors of the BOIANS perswaded him to leaue all other deuises, and to goe on into ITALIE. For before that Annibal had passed ouer the mountaines Pirenei, the BOIANS hauing by craft taken the ROMANES Ambassadors,* 1.25 and done great mischiefe vnto Manlius the P••eator, and in••ised the INSV••••IANS also: they were revolted from the ROMANES, and tooke parte with Annibal, and onely bicause the RO∣MANES had replenished the cities of PLACENTIA, and CREMONA with people, and had made them Colonies to ROME. So Annibal being ruled by their counsell, raised his campe, and ke∣ping the riuers side, still going against the riuer: in few dayes he came to the place which the [unspec B] GAVLES doe call the Iland, the which the riuer of Arar and Rhodanus comming from diuers mountaines doe make there. So at this present, there is the famous citie of LION in GAVLE, which they say was built long time after, by Plancus Munatius.* 1.26 From thence he came to the contrie of the ALLOEROGES, and hauing pacified the variance betwext two brethren for the realme, he came through the contrie of the CASTINIANS and VOCONTIANS, to the riuer of Durance. The head of this riuer commeth from the Alpes, and from thence running with a swist streame, falleth into the riuer of Rhone: & as it oftentimes chaungeth her course, so hath it in manner no passable forde. Yet Annibal hauing past it ouer, he led his armie vnto the Alpes, through open and plaine contries, as farre as he coulde: howebeit as he passed through them, he had great losses, as it is reported. Insomuche that some which were liuing [unspec C] at that time, did affirme, that they heard Annibal him selfe say, that he had lost aboue thirtie thowsand men, and the most parte of his horsemen. For he was forced not only to fight with the inhabitants of the mountaines, but also compelled to make wayes through the straights: so that in certaine places of the highest rockes, he was driuen to make passages through, by force of fire and vineger.* 1.27 So when he had passed the Alpes in fifteene dayes space, he came downe into the valley, not farre from the citie of TVRINE. Whereby it seemeth to me, that he passed ouer the mountaine they commonly called Genua, the which on the one side of it hath the riuer of Druentia, and on the other side it goeth downe to the city of TVRINE.* 1.28 Now it is hard to say truly, what number of men he had when he was comen into ITALIE: bicause of mens diuersities of opinions. For some wryte, that he had a hundred thowsand footemen, [unspec D] and twentie thowsand horsemen: others also write, that he had twentie thowsand footemen, and sixe thowsand horsemen, all AFRIKANS and SPANYARDES. But others, reckoning the GAVLES and LIGVRIAS, doe count foure score thowsande footemen, and tenne thowsande horsemen. Yet it is not credible, that his armie was so great, as the first men report, and spe∣cially hauing passed through so many contries, and also receiued such losse as he had: neither also could his number be so small, as the second reporters doe make it, if a man will consider the famous exploytes and great enterprises he did afterwardes. So that I like their opinions best, which keepe the meane betwene them both: considering that he brought into ITALIE,* 1.29 the better parte of foure score thowsand footemen, and tenne thowsand horsemen, the which he had leauied in SPAYNE: as it is manifestly knowen also, that a great number of the LIGV∣RIANS [unspec E] and GAVLES came to ioyne with him, for the great malice they bare vnto the RO∣MANES, that gaue no place nor grounde vnto the CARTHAGINIANS. So Annibal being comen from TVRINE, into the contrie of the INSV••••IANS: he was met withall by Publius Cornelius Scipio, who marching with wonderfull speede from MASSILIA, and hauing passed the riuers of Po and Tesin, he camped not farre from the enemie. So shortly after, both the Generalls being comen into the field to view eche others campe, the horsemen of either side grew to skirmish, which continued long, and was not to be discerned which of them had the better. Howbeit in the end, the ROMANES seeing the Consul hurt, and also that the horsemen of the NVMIDIANS, by litle and litle came to compasse them in; they were driuen to geue ground, and so pretily retyred, defending the Consul the best they could to saue him, and so [unspec F] at length recouered their campe. It is reported that Publius Cornelius Scipio,* 1.30 was saued at that time through his sonnes helpe, who afterwardes was called AFRICAN, and at that time was

[unspec A] but a young stripling: whose praise though it was wonderfull in so greene a youth, yet it is likelie to be true, bicause of the famous and valliant actes he did afterwardes. Nowe Sci∣pio hauing proued how much his enemie was stronger then him selfe in horsemen: he deter∣mined to place his campe so, as his footemen might be in best safety, & also fight with greatest aduantage. And therefore the next night following he passed the riuer of Po, and made as li∣tle noyse as he coulde, and went vnto PLACENTIA. The like shortlie after did T. Sempronius Longus, who had bene restored from banishment by the Senate, and sent for out of SICILIA: bicause both the Consuls should gouerne the common wealth by one selfe authoritie. Anni∣bal also followed them both with all his armie, and pitched his campe neere vnto the riuer of Trebia:* 1.31 hoping that bicause both campes lay so neere together, some occasion would be of∣fred [unspec B] to fight, the which he chieflie desired, both bicause he coulde not long maintaine warre for lacke of vittells, as also that he mistrusted the fickelnes of the GAVLES. Who, like as they soone fell in league and frendship with him, drawen vnto it with hope of chaunge, and with the same also of his victorie obtained: so he mistrusted that vpon any light occasion (as if the warre should continue any long time in their contrie) they would turne all the hate they bare vnto the ROMANES, against him, as the only author of this warre. For these respectes there∣fore, he deuised all the meanes he could to come to battell. In the meane time, Sempronius the other Consul, met with a troupe of the enemies, loden with spoyle, stragling vp and downe the fieldes, whom he charged, and put to flight. So imagining the like successe of all bat∣tell, by this good fortune he had met withall: he had good hope of victorie, if once both the [unspec C] armies might come to fight. Therefore being maruelous desirous to doe some noble enter∣prise before Scipio were recouered of his hurt, and that the new Consul should be chosen: he determined to ioyne battell against the will of his other colleague and fellowe Consul Scipio, who thought nothing could be to lesse purpose, then to put all the state and common wealth in ieopardie, speciallie hauing all the whole GAVLES in maner in the field against him. Now, Annibal had secret intelligence of all this variance, by spialls be had sent into the enemies campe.* 1.32 Wherefore, he being politike and suttle as he was, found out a place straight betwene both campes, couered ouer with bushes and briers, and there he placed his brother Mago to lye in ambush, with a companie of chosen men. Then he commaunded the horsemen of the NVMIDIANS, to scurrie to the trenches of the ROMANES, to intise him to come to battell: and [unspec D] thereupon made the residue of his armie to eate, and so put them in verie good order of bat∣tell, to be readie vpon any occasion offered. Now the Consul Sempronius, at the first tumult of the NVMIDIANS, sodainly sent his horsemen to encounter them, and after them put our six thowsande footemen, and in the ende, came him selfe out of his campe with all his armie. It was then in the middest of winter, and extreame cold, and speciallie in the places inclosed a∣bout the Alpes, and the mountaine Appenine. Nowe the NVMIDIANS as they were com∣maunded, intised the ROMANES by litle and litle on this side the riuer of Trebia, vntill they came to the place where they might discerne their ensignes: and then they sodainlie turned vpon the enemies which wereout of order.* 1.33 For it is the manner of the NVMIDIANS, often∣times to flie of set purpose, and then to stay vpon the sodaine when they see time, to charge [unspec E] their enemie more hottely and fiercely then before. Whereuppon Sempronius incontinently gathered his horsemen together, and did set his men in battell ray, as time required, to geue charge vpon his enemie,* 1.34 that stayed for him in order of battell. For Annibal had cast his men into squadrons, readie vpon any occasion. The skirmish beganne first by the light horsemen, & afterwards increased hotter by supplie of the men of armes: howbeit the ROMANE Knights being vnable to beare the shocke of the enemies, they were quickelie broken. So that the le∣gions maintained the battell with such furie & noble cotage, that they had bene able to haue resisted, so they had fought but with footemen onely. But on the one side, the horsemen and Elephants made them affraied, and on the other side the footemen followed them •••••• lus••e∣ly, and fought with great furie against famished and frozen men. Wherefore the ROMANES [unspec F] notwithstanding, suffring all the miseries that vexed them on euerie side, with an vnspeakable corage and magnanimitie, such as was aboue their force and strength, they fought still, vntill that Mago comming out of his ambush, came and sodainly assailed them with great show ••••s

and cries, and that the middle squadron of the CARTHAGINIANS also (through Annibals [unspec A] cōmaundement) flew vpon the CENOMANIANS. Then the ROMANES seeing their confederats flie, their harts were done, and vtterly discoraged. It is sayd that there were tenne thowsande footemen of the ROMANES got to PLACENTIA, and came through the enemies. The rest of the armie that fledde, were most parte of them slaine by the CARTHAGINIANS. The Consul Sempronius* 1.35 also scaped verie narowlie from the enemies. The victorie cost Annibal the setting on also: for he lost a great number of his men, and the most parte of all his Elephantes were slaine. After this battell, Annibal ouercame all the contrie, and did put all to fire and sworde, and tooke also certaine townes: and with a few of his men made a great number of the con∣trie men flie, that were disorderlie gathered together in battell. Then at the beginning of the spring, he brought his army into the field sooner then time required: & meaning to goe into [unspec B] THVSCAN, he was driuen backe by a great tempest at the verie toppe of the height of the Ap∣penine, and so compelled to bring his armie about PLACENTIA: howbeit shortly after he put him selfe againe into the fields for diuers vrgent & necessary causes. For had he not saued him selfe by that policie, he had almost bene taken tardie by the ambush of the GAVLES: who be∣ing angry with him that the warre continued so long in their contry, they sought to be reuen∣ged of him, as the only author & occasion of the warre. Therefore perceiuing it was time for him to auoyde this daunger, he made all the hast he could to leade his armie into some other prouince. Furthermore, he thought it would increase his estimacion much amōg straūgers, & also greatly encorage his owne people, if he could make the power of the CARTHAGINIANS to seeme so great, & also their Captaine to be of so noble a corage, as to dare to make warre so [unspec C] neere to the citie of ROME. All things therefore set a part, he marched with his campe by the mountaine Appenine, and so comming through the contry of the LIGVRIANS, he came into THVSCAN, by the way that bringeth them into the champion contry, & to the marisses about the riuer of Arnus.* 1.36 The riuer of Arnus at that time was very high, and had ouerflowen all the fields thereabouts. Annibal therefore marching with so great an army as he had, could not a∣voyde it, but that he must needes lose a number of his men & horse, before he could get out of those euill fauored marisses.* 1.37 Insomuch that he him selfe lost one of his eyes, by reason of the great paines he had taken day & night without sleepe or rest, and also through the euill ayer: though he was caried vpon a high Elephants back, which only was left him of all that he had brought with him. In the meane time, C. Flaminius Consul, to whom the charge of Sēpronius [unspec D] army was geuen:* 1.38 he was come vnto ARETIVM against the Senates minde, who were marue∣lously offended with him, bicause he left his cōpanion Cn. Seruilius at ROME, & went vnto his prouince by stelth as it were, without the furniture of a Consul & his officers. This was a very hasty man of nature, & one whom the people had brought to that dignity & office: so that he was become so prowde & insolent that men might see he would hazard all things without wit or iudgement. Annibal hauing intelligence hereof, thought it the best way to anger the Con∣sul, & to do what he could possible to allure him into the field, before his fellow Consul should come to ioyne with him. Therfore, he marching forward with his campe through the contry of FESVLA, & ARETIVM, he burnt & spoiled all the contry thereabout, & filled them all with feare, neuer leauing to destroy all before him, vntil he came to the mountaines Cortonenses, [unspec E] & so to the lake called Thrasimene.* 1.39 When he had viewed the place, he went about to surprise his enemy by some ambush: wherupon he conueied certen horsemen vnder the hills, hard by the straight that goeth vnto Thrasimene, and behind the mountaines also, he placed his light horsemē. Thē he him selfe with the rest of his army came downe into the field, supposing that the Consul would not be quiet:* 1.40 and so it fell out. For hot stirring heades are easely intrapped, & fall into the enemies ambush, & oftentimes do put all in hazard, bicause they will follow no counsell nor good aduise. C. Flaminius therefore, seeing their contry vtterly spoiled, the corne destroyed and cut downe, and the houses burnt: he made great hast to lead his armie against the enemie, contrarie to all mens minds, who would haue had him taried for his companion Cn. Seruilius the other Consul. So euen at sunne set, when he was come to the straightes of [unspec F] the lake of Thrasimene, he caused his campe to stay there, although his men were not wea∣rie with the long iorney they had taken by the way. So the next morning by breake of day,

[unspec A] making no view of the contrie, he went ouer the mountaines. The Annibal who long before was prepared for this, did but stay for the oportunitie to worke his feate: when he saw the RO∣MANES come into the plaine,* 1.41 he gaue a signall vnto all his men to geue charge vpon the ene∣mie. Thereuppon the CARTHAGINIANS breaking out on euerie side, came before and be∣hinde, and on the flanckes to assaile the enemie, being shut in betwene the lake and the moun∣taines. Now in contrarie maner, the ROMANES beginning to fight out of order, they ••ought inclosed together, that they could not see one an other, as if it had bene darke: so that it is to be wondered at, how, and with what minde they fought it out so long, considering they were compassed in on euerie side. For they fought it out aboue three howres space, with such fury and corage, that they heard not the terrible earthquake that was at that present time,* 1.42 neither [unspec B] did they offer to flie or stirre a foote: vntil they heard that the Consul C. Flaminius going from rancke to rancke to encourage his men, was slaine by a man of armes called Ducarius. Then when they had lost their Generall, and being voyde of all hope: they fled, some towardes the mountaines, and others towards the lake, of the which diuers of them flying, were ouertaken & slaine. So there were slaine* 1.43 fifteene thowsand in the field, & there scaped about ten thow∣sand. Furthermore the report went, that there were six thowsande footemen which forciblie (at the beginning of the battell) got to the mountaine, and there stayed on a hill till the battell was ended, and at length came downe vpon Annibals promise: but they were betrayed, and slaine, euery mothers sonne of them. After this great victorie, Annibal did let diuers ITALIAN prisoners goe free without raunsome paying, after he had vsed them maruelous curteouslie: [unspec C] bicause that the same of his clemencie & curtesie should be knowen vnto all nations, whereas in deede his owne nature was contrarie to all vertues. For he was hastie and cruell of nature, and from his youth was brought vp in warres, and exercised in murther, treason, & ambushes layed for enemies: and neuer cared for law, order, nor ciuill gouernment. So by this meanes he became one of the cruellest Captaines, the most suttell, and craftiest to deceiue and intrap his enemie, that euer was. For as he was alway prying to beguile the enemie: so those whom he could not ouercome in warre by plaine force, he went about to intrappe by slight and po∣licie. The which appeareth true by this present battell, and also by the other he fought against the Consul Sempronius, by the riuer of Trebia. But let vs returne to our matter, and leaue this talke till an other time. Now when the newes of the ouerthrow and death of the Consul Fla∣minius [unspec D] was reported at ROME, hauing lost the most parte of his armie: there was great mone and lamentation made through all the citie of ROME. Some bewailing the common miserie of the common wealth, others lamenting their priuate particular losse, & some also sorowing for both together. But in deede it was a woefull sight, to see a world of men & women to run to the gates of the citie,* 1.44 euerie one priuatly asking for their kinne and frends. Some do write, that there were two women, who being very sorie and pensife, dispairing of the safetie of their sonnes, dyed sodainly for the extreame ioy they had, when beyond their expectacion & hope they sawe their sonnes aliue and safe. At the selfe same time, Cn. Seruilius, the other Consul with C. Flaminius, did send him foure thowsand horsemen, not vnderstanding yet of the bat∣tell that was fought by the lake of Thrasymene. But when they heard of the ouerthrowe of [unspec E] their men by the way, and therefore thought to haue fled into VMBRIA: they were compas∣sed in by the horsemen of the enemies, and so brought vnto Annibal. Nowe the Empire of ROME being brought into so great extreamitie and daunger, bicause of so many small losses one in the necke of an other: it was ordeined, that an extraordinarie Gouernor or Magistrate should be chosen, who should be created Dictator:* 1.45 an office specially vsed to be reserued for the last hope and remedie, in most extreame daunger and perill, of the state and common wealth. But bicause the Consul Seruilius could not returne at that time to ROME, all the waies being kept by the enemie: the people contrarie to their custome, created Q. Fabius Dictator,* 1.46 (who afterwards attained the surname of Maximus, to say, verie great) who likewise did name M. Minutius Generall of the horsemen. Now this Fabius was a graue and wise counseller, and [unspec F] of great authoritie and estimacion in the common wealth: insomuche as the citizens had all their hope and confidence in him onely, perswading them selues, that the honor of ROME might be better preserued vnder the gouernment and conduct of such a Generall, rather then

vnder the gouernment of any other man whatsoeuer. So Fabius knowing it very well, after he [unspec A] had carefullie and diligentlie geuen order for all thinges necessarie: he departed from ROME, and when he had receiued the armie of the late Consul Cn. Seruilius, he added vnto them two other legions, and so went vnto the enemie. Nowe Annibal was gone from the lake of Thrasymene, and went directly towardes the citie of SPOLETVM, to see if he could take it at the first assault. But when he saw that the townes men stoode vpon the rampers of the walls, and valliantlie defended them selues: he then left the towne, and destroyed the contrie as he went, and burnt houses and villages, and so went into APVLIA, through the marches of AN∣CONA, and the contries of the MARSIANS and PELIGNIANS. The Dictator followed him at the heeles, and camped hard by the citie of ARPY, not farre from the campe of the enemie, to thend to drawe out the warre at length. For the rashnesse and foolehardines of the former [unspec B] Captaines affore time,* 1.47 had brought the state of ROME into such miserie: that they thought it a victorie vnto them, not to be ouercome by the enemie, that had so often ouercome them. Whereby all thinges were turned straight with the chaunge and alteracion of the Captaine. For, though Annibal had set his men in battell ray, and afterwardes perceiuing his enemie sturred not, went and destroyed the contrie, hoping thereby to intise the Dictator to fight, when he should see the contrie of his confederates so spoyled, as it was before his face: the Dictator, this notwithstanding, was not moued withall, but still kept his men close together, as if the matter had not concerned him. Annibal was in a maruelous rage with the delay of the Dictator, and therefore often remoued his campe, to the ende that going diuers wayes, some occasion or oportunitie might fall out of deceiue the enemie, or else to geue battell. So [unspec C] when he had passed the mountaine Appenine, he came vnto SAMNIVM. But bicause short∣lie after, some of CAMPANIA, who hauing bene taken prisoners by the lake of Thrasymene, had bene set at libertie without raunsome: they putting him in hope that he might take the citie of CAPVA, he made his armie march forward, and tooke a guide that knew the contrie, to bring him vnto CASINVM. Nowe the guide ouerhearing CASINVM, vnderstoode it CASI∣LINVM, & so mistaking the sound of the word, brought the armie a cleane contrary way vnto CALENTINVM, and CALENVM, and from thence about STELLA. So when they came into a contry enuironned about with mountaines and riuers, Annibal knew straight they had mista∣ken their way,* 1.48 and so did cruelly put the guide to death. Fabius the Dictator, did in the meane time beare all this pacientlie, and was contented to geue Annibal libertie to take his pleasure [unspec D] which way he woulde: vntill he had gotten the mountaines of Gallicanum, and Casilinum, where he placed his garrison, being places of great aduantage and commodity. So the armie of the CARTHAGINIANS was in manner compassed in euery way, and they must needes haue dyed for famine in that place, or else haue fled, to their great shame and dishonor: had not An∣nibal by this stratageame preuented the daunger. Who knowing the daunger all his armie stoode in,* 1.49 and hauing spied a fit time for it: he commaunded his souldiers to bring forth two thowsand oxen which they had gotten in spoyle in the fields, hauing great store of them, and then tying torches or fire linckes vnto their homes, he appointed the nimblest men he had to light them, and to driue the oxen vp the hill to the toppe of the mountaines, at the reliefe of the first watche. All this was duely executed according to his commaundement, and the [unspec E] oxen running vp to the toppe of the mountaines with the torches burning, the whole armie marched after them fayer and softly. Now the ROMANES that had long before placed a strong garrison vpon the mountaines, they were affrayed of this straunge sight, and mistrusting some ambushe, they soorth with forsooke their peeces and holdes. Fabius him selfe mistrusting also that it was some stratageame of the enemie, kept his men within the campe, and coulde not well tell what to say to it. In the meane time, Annibal got ouer the mountaine, not farre from the bathes of Swessa,* 1.50 which the contrie men doe call the tower of the bathes, and brought all his armie safe into ALBA: and shortlie after, he marched directlie as though he woulde goe to ROME, howbeit he sodainlie turned out of the way, and went presentlie into APVLIA. There he tooke the citie of GLERENVM, a verie riche and wealthie towne, where he deter∣mined [unspec F] to winter. The Dictator followed him harde, and came and camped by LAVRINVM, not farre from the CARTHAGINIANS campe. So he being sent for to ROME about waightie

[unspec A] affaires of the state, there was no remedy but he must needes de pase ••hence with all the sp••d•• he coulde: howebeit before he went, he left Marcus Minutius in Generall of the horsemen, his Lieutenaunt of all the armie, and commaunded him in his absence no••oned to sturre not meddle with the enemie. For he was fullie bent to follow his first determination, which wast not to vexe the enemy, nor to fight with him; though he were prouoked ••••it. Howbeit Mar∣cus Minutius litle regarding the Dictators commaundement, his backe was no soner ••••••ned•• but he set vpon a companie of the enemies dispersed in the fielde a forlaging, and slue a group number of them: and fought with the rest, euen into their campe. The rumor of this 〈…〉〈…〉 flew straight to ROME, and there was such great accomp•• made of it, that it was esteemed for a victorie: and the common people were so ioyfull of it that they straight made the power of [unspec B] the Lieutenant, equall with the Dictator Fabius:* 1.51 the which was neuer heard of before•• Fabius paciently bearing this extreame iniurie with a noble to courage, hauing no way de feared in•• the returned againe vnto the campe. Thus there were two Dictators at one selfe time (a thing ne∣uer seene nor heard of before) who after they had deuided the army betwene them other of them commaunded his army a parte, as the Consuls were wont to doe before. Marcus Minu∣tius thereupon grew to such a pride and hawtie mind, that one day he ventred to geue battell, and made not his companion Fabius counsell withall the which Annibal hauing so often o∣uercome, durst scantly haue enterprised. So he led his army into such a place, where the ene∣mie had compassed them in: insomuche that Annibal slue them at his pleasure, without any hope left them to escape, if Fabius had not comen in time (as he did) to aide them, rather bea [unspec C] specting the honor of his contrie, then remembring the priuate iniurie he had receiued. For he comming fresh with his armie to the battell, made Annibal affrayed, that the ROMANE le∣gions had libertie to retire with safetie. Whereby Fabius wanne great fame for his wisedome and valliantnesse, both of his owne souldiers, as also of the enemies themselues. For it was reported that Annibal should say, returning into his campe: that in this battell he had ouer comen M. Minutius, but withall, that he was also ouercomen by Fabius. And Minutius selfe also confessing Fabius wisedom, & considering that (according to Hesiodus saying) it was good reason to obey a better man then him selfe: he came with all his armie vnto Fabius campe, & renouncing his authority, came and humbly saluted Fabius as his father, and all that day there was great ioy, and reioycing among the souldiers. So both the armies being placed in garri∣son [unspec D] for the winter time, after great contention about it, at length there were two newe Con∣suls created: L. Paulus AEmylius, and C. Terentius Varro,* 1.52 one that of a meane man (through the fauour of the common people) was brought to be Consul. So they had libertie and com∣mission to leauie a greater armie then the Generalls before them had done. Whereby the legions were newly supplied, and also others added vnto them, more then were before. Now when the Consuls were come into the armie, as they were of seuerall dispositions, so did they also obserue diuers manners in their gouernment. Lucius Paulus, who was a wise graue man, and one that purposed to followe Fabius counsell and facions: he did desire to drawe out the warre in length, and to stay the enemie without fighting. Varro on the other side was hastie man, and venturous, and desired nothinge but to fight. So it chaunced, that now [unspec E] longe after it was knowen, to the great cost and daunger of the citie of ROME, what dif∣ference there was betwext the modestie of AEmilius, and the foolehardinesse of Varro. For Annibal beinge affrayed of some sturre and tumult in his campe for lacke of vituells, he departed from GLERENVM, and goinge into the warmest places of APVLIA, came and camped with all his armie, by a village called CANNES. So he was followed with both the Consulls, who came and camped seuerallie harde by him, but so neere one to an other, that there was but the riuer of Aufide that parted them. This riuer as it is re∣ported,* 1.53 doth alone deuide the mowntayne of the Appenine, and taketh his heade on that side of the mountayne that lyeth to the sea side, from whence it runneth to the sea. A∣driaticum. Nowe, Lucius Paulus findinge that it was impossible for Annibal beinge in a [unspec F] straunge countrey to mayntayne so greate an armie of suche sundrie nations together: her was fullie bent to tracte time, and to auoyde battel, perswadinge him selfe that it was the right and onelie way to ouercome him, being as muche to the enemies disaduantage,

as also maruelous proffitable and beneficiall for the common wealth. And sure if C. Torren∣tius [unspec A] Varro, had cared that minde, it had bene out of all doubt, that Annibals armie had bene ouerthrowen by the ROMANES, without stroke striking. Howebeit he had suche a light head of his owne, and was so sickle minded, that he neither regarded wise counsell, not Paulus AEmylius authoritie: but in countrie him not woulde fall out with him, and also complay∣ned before the souldiers, for that he kept his men pent vp, and idle, whilest the enemie did put soo••••h his men to the field to battell ray. So when his turne came, that he was absolute∣lie to commaunde the whole armie, (for they both had absolute power by turnes) he passed ouer the riuer of Auside by breake of day, and gaue the signall of battell without the priui∣lie of his companion AEmylius, who rather followed him against his will, then willinglie, bi∣cause he coulde doe none otherwise. So he caused a skarlet coate of armes to be put out [unspec B] verie earlie in the morning, for signall of battell. Annibal on the other side as glad of it as might be possible, that he had occasion offered him to fight, (considering that the conti∣nuall delaying of battell did altered his purpose) he passed his armie ouer the riuer, and had straight put them in verie good order. For he had taken great spoyles of his enemies to furnishe him selfe verie brauelie,* 1.54 Nowe the armie of the ROMANES stoode Southward, insomuche that the South winde (which the men of the contrie call Vulturnus) blewe full in their faces: whereas the enemies contrarie matiner had the vauntage of the winde and Sunne vpon their backes, and then battell stoode in this manner. The AFRIKANS were pla∣ced in both the winges, (and the GAVLES and SPANYARDES set in squadron in the middest. The light horsemen first beganne the skirmishe, and after them followed the men of armes: [unspec C] and bicause the space betwext the riuer and the footemen was verie narrow, so as they could not well take in any more ground, it was a cruell fight for the time, though it lasted not long. So the horsemen of the ROMANES being ouerthrowen, the footemen came with suche a lustie corage to receiue the charge, that they thought they shoulde not haue day enough to fight. Howbeit the ouer earnest desire they had to ouercome their enemies, made their ouer∣throwe more miserable, then their ioy and good happe was great at the beginning. For the GAVLES and SPANYARDES, (who as we haue sayd before kept the battell) not being able any longer to withstand the force of the ROMANES, they retired towardes the AFRIKANES in the wings. The ROMANES perceiuing that, ran vpon the enemy with all the fury they could, and had them in chase and fought with them, till they were gotten in the middest of them. Then [unspec D] the CARTHAGINIANS that were in both wings, came & compassed them in before they were aware. Moreouer,* 1.55 there were fiue hundred of the NVMIDIAN horsemen, that cullerably fled vnto the Consuls, who receiued them very curteously, & placed them in the rereward of the army. They seeing their time, shewed behind the enemies, & did sodainly geue them charge. Then the army of the ROMANES war vtterly ouerthrowen, & Annibal obtained victory. Liuie writeth that there were slaine in this battell* 1.56 forty thousand footmen, and aboue two thow∣sand seuen hundred horsemen. Polybius saith, that there were many more slaine. Well, letting this matter passe, it is certaine that the ROMANES had neuer greater losse, neither in the first warre with AFRICKE, nor in the seconde by the GARTHAGINIANS, as this ouerthrowe that was geuen at CANNES. For there was slaine, the Consul Paulus AEmylius him selfe, a man vn∣doubtedlie [unspec E] deseruing great praise, and that serued his contrie and common wealth euen to the lower of death: Cn. Seruilius, Consul the yeare before, he was also slaine there, and ma∣ny other that had bene Consuls, Praetors, and others of such like dignitie, Captaines, Chief∣taines, and many other Senators and honest citizens,* 1.57 and that suche a number of them, that the verie crueltie it selfe of the enemie was satisfied. The Consull Terentius Varro, who was the onelie author of all this warre and slaughter, seeinge the enemie victor euerie waye, he saued him selfe by flyinge. And Tuditanus a Chiefetaine of a bande, comminge through his enemies with a good companie of his men,* 1.58 he came vnto CANVSIVM. Thither came also about tenne thowsande men, that had escaped from their enemies, as out of a daunge∣rous storme: by whose consent, the charge of the whole armie was geuen vnto Appius Pul∣clur, [unspec F] and also vnto Cornelius Scipio, who afterwardes did ende this warre. Thus was the ende of the battell fought by CANNES. Newes flewe straight to ROME of this ouerthrowe,

[unspec A] the which though they iustly filled all the citie with sorowe and calamitie,* 1.59 yet the Senate and people of ROME kept alwaies their countenance and greatnes, euen in this extreame miserie. Insomuch that they had not only good hope to kepe their city safe, but furthermore they lea∣uied a new army & made young men to beare armor, & yet left not SICILIA and SPAYNE vn∣prouided in the meane time: so that they made the world to wonder at them, to consider these things how they could in so great calamity & trouble haue so noble harts, & such wise coun∣sel. But to let passe the former ouerthrowes; & great losses they susteined at TICINVM at TRE∣BIA, and at the lake of Thrasimene: what nation or people could haue borne this last plague* 1.60 whereby the whole force & power of the ROMANES was in maner vtterly destroied and ouer∣throwen? and yet the people of ROME so held it out, & that with so great wisedome & counsell: [unspec B] that they neither lacked manhood, nor magnanimity. Besides, to help them the more, Annibal being cōqueror, trifling time in taking his leisure, & refreshing his army he gaue the ROMANES leasure that were ouercomen to take breath againe, & to restore them selues. For doutlesse, if Annibal being conqueror, had immediatly after the victorie obtained, brought his armie di∣rectly to ROME: surely that ROMANES had bene vtterly vndone, or at the least had bene cōpel∣led to haue put all in venter. So, it is reported, that Annibal oftentimes afterwardes repented himselfe he followed not his victory, complaining openly, that he rather followed their coun∣sell which wished him to let his souldiers rest, then Maharbals aduise, general of his horsemen,* 1.61 who would haue had him gone straight to ROME, and so to haue ended all this warre. But he seing Annibals delay, told him (as it is reported) this that is now cōmon in euery mans mouth: [unspec C] Annibal, thou knowest how to ouercome, but thou knowest not how to vse victory. But what all things are not (as Nestor saith in Homer) geuen to men all together. For some had no skill to ouercome, others knew not how to follow their victory, & some also could not kepe that they had won. Pyrthus king of the EPIROTES that made warre with the ROMANES, was one of the famousest Captaines that euer was: yet, as men write of him, though he was maruelous fortu∣nate to cōquer realmes, he could neuer kepe thē. Euen so in like maner, some Captaines haue bene indued with excellent vertues, & yet notwithstanding haue bene insufficiēt in martial af∣faires, deseruing praise in a Captaine: as we may read in diuers histories. Now after this battell sought by CANNES, the ATTELLANIANS, the CALATINIANS, the SAMNITES, & after thē also, the BRVTIANS & LVCANIANS; & diuers other nations & people of ITALY, caried away with [unspec D] the same of this great victory: they al came & yelded vnto Annibal. And the city of CAPVA also; (the which Annibal was desirous to haue won long before) for taking their old frends & conse∣derats, made new league & frendship with Annibal, the which wan him great estimacion with other nations. For at that time the city of CAPVA was very populous & of great power, & the chiefest city of estimacion of all ITALY, next vnto ROME. Now to tel you is few words, what is reported of CAPVA, it is certaine that it was a Colony of the THVSCANES, the which was first called, VVLTVRNVM, & after that CAPVA, by the name of their Gouernor called Capidus: or o∣therwise, (as it is most likely) bicause of the fieldes round about it. For on euery side of it, there are goodly pleasaunt fieldes, full of all kindes of frutes growing on the earth, called in Greeke, Kepi. Furthermore, all the contry is confined round about with famous nations. Towarde the [unspec E] sea there dwell the SYBSSANIANS, the CVMANIANS, and the NEAPOLITANS. On firme land also towards the North, are the CALENTINIANS, and the CALENIANS. On the East and South side, the DAVNIANS and NOLANIANS. Furthermore, the place is of a strong scitua∣cion, and on the one side is compassed in with the sea, and on the other side with great high mountaines. Now the CAMPANIANS florished maruelously at that time: and therefore, see∣ing the ROMANES in maner vtterly vndone by the battel they had lost at CANNES, they quickly tooke parte with the stronger, as it commonly falleth out: and furthermore, besides that they made league with Annibal, they receiued him into their city with great triumphe, hoping that the warre being ended, they should be the chiefest & wealthiest of all ITALY. But marke how men are commonly deceiued in their expectation. Now, when Annibal came into the city of [unspec F] CAPVA, there was worlde of people that went to see him, for the great fame they heard of him. For there was no other talke, but of his happy victories he had wonne of the enemie. So being come into the citie, they brought him vnto Pacuuius house, his verie familiar frende,

who was a man of great wealth and authoritie, as any among all the CAMPANIANS. Then he [unspec A] made him a notable banket, to the which no citizens were bidden, sauing onely Iubellius Tau∣rea a stowt man, and the sonne of Pacuuius his hoast: who through his fathers, meanes, with much a doe, was reconciled to Annibal, for that Annibal hated him as he did, bicause he fol∣lowed Decius Magius, who alwayes tooke the ROMANES parte. But now, let vs consider a litle I pray you, how great men sometime vnwares are subiect to great daungers and misfortunes. For this young man dissembling his reconciliacion with Annibal, * 1.62 watching time & occasion notwithstanding to do him some displeasure, in the time of this feast, while they were making merie: he tooke his father aside into a secret corner of the house, and prayed him together with him, by a great good turne, to redeeme the fauor and good will againe of the ROMANES, the which they had lost through their great wickednesse. Then he tolde him howe he was de∣termined [unspec B] to kill Annibal, the enemy of his contrie, and all ITALIA besides. His father that was a man of great countenance, and authoritie, was maruelously amazed withall, to heare what his sonne said: wherfore imbracing him with the teares running downe his cheekes, he praied him to leaue of his sword, and to let his ghest be safe in his house. The which his sonne in the end yeelded to with great a doe. Thus Annibal hauing before with stoode all the force of his enemies, the ambushes of the GAVLES, and hauing brought with him also a great army from the sea, and the furdest parte of SPAYNE, through so many great and mightie nations: he sca∣ped killing verie narrowlie by the hande a young man, whilest he was at the table making merie. The next morning Annibal had audience in open Senate, where he made great and large promises, and tolde them many thinges, which the CAMPANIANS easelie beleued, and [unspec C] therefore flattered them selues, that they should be Lords of all ITALIE: howbeit they recko∣ned beside their hoast. And to conclude, they did so cowardly submit them selues to Annibal: that it seemed they had not onely suffered him to come into their citie, but that they had also made him their absolute Lord, like men that neither remembred, nor regarded their libertie. And this appeareth plainlie by one example I will shew you amongest many. Annibal willed them to deliuer him Decius Magius, the head of the contrarie faction to him. Whereunto the Senate not only obeyed with all humilitie, but worst of all, suffered him to be brought bound into the market place, in the presence of all the people: who, bicause he woulde not forsake the auncient league and frendshippe with the ROMANES, had shewed him selfe a more faith∣full citizen to his contrie and common wealth, then vnto the barbarous people. Now whilest [unspec D] these thinges passed thus in CAPVA, Mago (Annibals brother) went to CARTHAGE, to report the newes of his happie victorie to his contrie men, which they had wonne of the enemies: and with all, before the Senate to declare the noble exploytes of armes done by Annibal, and to proue the words true he spake, be poored out at the comming in of the Senate house, the golden rings which had bene taken from the ROMANE Knightes: of the which there were (as some doe report) aboue a bushell full, and as other some doe wryte, aboue three bushells and a halfe. After that, he praied a new supply for Annibals army: the which was graunted him by the Senate with greater ioy, thē afterwards it was sent. For the CARTHAGINIANS perswading them selues by the things present, that the warre would fall out as fortunate, as the beginning was fayer: they thereuppon decreed to continue the warre, and to aide Annibals attempts, by [unspec E] leauying of souldiers. Now no mā withstood this new supply to be sent to Annibal, but Hanno, a perpetuall enemie of the Barcinian faction. Howbeit the CARTHAGINIANS wayed not his counsell and aduise then, though it tended to peace, and was good counsel for them, as often∣times before he had vsed the like. So when Annibal had made league with the CAMPANIANS, he led his campe before the citie of NOLA, hoping they would yeeld of them selues without compulsion. And certainelie so had it come to passe, had not the sodaine comming thither of Marcellus the Praetor bene, who both kept the people in, pacified the sedition, & repulsed the enemy that was comming into the citie, by a saily he made vpon him at three seuerall gates, chasing & killing them euen to their campe, with great losse. This is that noble Captaine and valliant souldier Marcellus,* 1.63 who with a noble corage made the world knowe that Annibal was [unspec F] not inuincible. Annibal perceiuing that there was no other way, but to let NOLA alone till an other time: he came to ACERRES, and tooke and spoiled it without resistance. Then going on

[unspec A] further with greater power vnto CASILINVM, a sit place to offend the CAPVANS, he went a∣bout to win them that lay there in garrison: but when he saw that neither his fayer promises, nor otherwise his threates coulde preuaile, he left parte of his armie to besiege the citie, and bestowed the residue in garrisons before the winter season. Howbeit he chose for his chiefest seate and strength the citie of CAPVA, which stoode verie pleasauntlie, and had plentie of all thinges. There it was that Annibals souldiers being vsed to lye hard,* 1.64 and easely to away with colde, hunger, and thirst, became then of valliant men, rancke cowardes: of strong men, weaklings: and of seruiceable and ready men, timerous and effeminate persons, through the daily pleasures they enioyed at will. For sweete intising pleasures, do corrupt the strength and corage of the mind, and mans disposition also vnto vertue: moreouer they spoile his wit, and [unspec B] take all good counsell from him, all which thinges are daungerous for men.* 1.65 And therefore Plato rightlie calleth pleasure, the bayte of all euils. And doubtlesse in this case, the pleasures of CAMPANIA did hurt the CARTHAGINIANS more, then otherwise the highest Alpes, and all the armies of the ROMANES did.* 1.66 For one onelie winter passed ouer in suche pleasure and wantonnes, was of such great force to extinguish the vehement corage in the souldiers: that when they were brought into the fielde at the beginning of the spring, sure you would right∣lie haue sayd that they had forgotten all martiall discipline. Thus the winter being passed o∣uer, Annibal returned againe to CASILINVM, hoping that the citizens within would willing∣ly yeelde vnto him, after they had abidden so long a siege. Howbeit they were bent to abide all extreamity, before they would yeeld to their so cruell an enemy, although they lacked vit∣tells. [unspec C] Wherefore liuing first by spelt,* 1.67 or beere barley, and afterwards with nuts which they had receiued of the ROMANES by the riuer of Vulturnus: they held it out so long, that Annibal in the end being angry with the continuance of the siege, he was content to take the citie vpon composition, the which he had refused before. Now this warre, in the which the CARTHA∣GINIANS had alwayes had great victories and good fortune, and receiued any losse worthy of memorie: began at that time to decline,* 1.68 and to fall to great chaunge and alteracion. For the league that was made with Philip king of MACEDON, and the newe aide and supplie that was sent from CARTHAGE, and the taking of PETILIA, CONSENTIA, & of other cities of the con∣trie of the BRVTIANS, kept the CARTHAGINIANS in good hope. On the other side, the great victories which the ROMANES had won vpon the enemies in SPAYNE, & SARDINIA, did great∣ly [unspec D] encorage them, and gaue them also good hope that their affaires would prosper better and better. They had also chosen three excellent Captaines, Fabius Maximus, Sempronius Gracchus, and Marcus Marcellus,* 1.69 a man most worthie of praise for martiall discipline: who so wisely go∣uerned the affaires of the state, that Annibal found he should make warre with an enemie, no lesse politicke and wise, then hardy and valliant. For first of all, he was driuen from the citie of CVMES,* 1.70 with great slaughter of his men, by Sempronius Gracchus, and forced to raise his siege: and shortlie after he was ouercomen by Marcellus in a battell he fought at NOLA. For there were slaine about a thowsand ROMANES, &* 1.71 six thowsand CARTHAGINIANS, slaine, & taken flying.* 1.72 Now it is easily seene what great importance that battel was of: bicause Annibal imme∣diatly vpon it, raised his siege from NOLA, & went into APVLIA to winter his army there. By [unspec E] this meanes came the ROMANES to recouer againe, as out of a great sicknes, and sent a great power against the enemy: and were not content only to keepe their owne, but they durst also inuade others. So their chiefest intent was, to besiege the city of CAPVA, for the iniurie they had but lately receiued of the CAMPANIANS. For incontinently after the battel was fought at CANNES, they forsooke the ROMANES, euē in their greatest extreamity & misery, & tooke part with Annibal that was conqueror, forgetting the great pleasures their city had receiued in old time by the ROMANES. On the other side the CAMPANIANS, knowing they had made a fault, & being affraid of this new preparatiō of the ROMANES: they sent to Annibal into APVLIA, to pray him to come & aide their city (being of the number of his confederats) in their greatest necessity. Annibal departed out of APVLIA without delay, & came on with great iorneys into [unspec F] CAMPANIA, & cāped by TIFATA ouer CAPVA, wherby he rather deferred til another time, thē preuēted the plague hāging ouer the CAMPANIANS heades. So spoiling the cōtry roūd about NAPLES, he began to take cōceit of a new hope, that the might take the city of NOLA by treason,

For in NOLA,* 1.73 the people and Senate were at variance the one against the other, as they were [unspec A] likewise in diuers other cities of ITALIE. The common people desirous of chaunge, favored Annibal: and the noble men, and men of authority, tooke part with the people of ROME. So when Annibal went to take the citie of NOLA, Marcellus met him with his army in battell ray, as he had often done before, and failed not to fight with him, euen at the first meeting. There the ROMANES ouercame, and draue the enemie with such manhood and readines: that if the horsemen which had taken an other way had comen•••••• in time, as Marcellus commaunded them: no question the CARTHAGINIANS had bene vtterly ouerthrowen. Annibal after he had retired his army into his campe with great slaughter, he shortly after departed thence, & went into the contry of the SALENTINIANS. For certain young TARENTINES that had bene taken prisoners in former battells, where the ROMANES had bene ouerthrowen, and that were after∣wards [unspec B] deliuered free without raunsome: they to shew them selues thankeful, had put Annibal in hope to deliuer him the city of TARENTVM, so he would but bring his army before the city. Annibal intised by their promises, did what he could to obteine it, bicause he might haue some city vpon the sea in his power, the which he had desired of long time. And in deede, of all the cities vpon the sea coast, there was none so meete as TARENTVM, to bring aide out of GRECE thither, & also to furnish the cape with many things that were to be occupied daily. So thogh this thing was drawen out in length, by the garrison of the ROMANES that valliantlie resisted: yet Annibal neuer gaue ouer his enterprise, vntill that Nico and Philomenes the authors of the treason,* 1.74 had deliuered him the citie into his handes. The ROMANES kept only the castell, the which is in manner enuironned with the sea on three sides: and on the fourth side, that lay v∣pon [unspec C] the firme lande, it was verie strong with rampers and bulwarkes. Annibal perceiuing that he coulde doe no good on that side, bicause of their great strength: he determined to shut vp the mouth of the hauen of TARENTVM, hoping that was the only way to make the ROMANES yeld, when their vittells should be cut from them. Yet the enterprise seemed very hard, bicause the enemies had all the straights of the hauen in their power, and the shippes also that should besiege the issue of the hauen, were shut vp in a litle narrow place, and were to be drawen out of the hauen, at the foote of the castell, to bring them into the next sea. But when neuer a man of the TARENTINES could deuise how to bring this enterprise to passe: Annibal him selfe perceiued that these shippes might be drawen out of the hauen with certaine engines, & then to cart them through the city to the sea. So hauing set cunning workemen in hande with the [unspec D] matter, the shippes within few daies after were taken out of the hauen, and caried into the sea, and then came and shewed before the barre of the hauen.* 1.75 Thus the citie of TARENTVM be∣ing won againe, after the ROMANES had kept it the space of a hundred yeares: Annibal leauing the castell besieged both by sea and land, he returned vnto SAMNIVM. For the Consuls of the ROMANES had spoyled and stripped the CAMPANIANS that went out to sortage, and hauing brought their army before CAPVA, they determined (if it might be) to win it by siege. Where∣fore Annibal being very sory for the siege of CAPVA, he came with al his army against the ene∣my: & seeing shortly after that the ROMANES did not refuse to fight, they both marched for∣ward. And doutlesse to fight it would haue proued a bloody battell, had not Sempronius army seuered them as he did, which came into CAMPANIA vnder the conduct of Cn.Cornelius, after [unspec E] they had lost Sempronius Gracchus in the cōtry of LVKE. For, they seeing this army farre of be∣fore they could know who they were, the ROMANES & CARTHAGINIANS both were affraied, & so retired into their campe. Afterwards the Consuls went into seuerall cōtries, the one into LVKE, and the other towards CVMES, to make Annibal remoue from CAPVA: who went into LVCANIA, & foūd occasiō to fight with M. Centenius, who very fondly & desperately did hazard his army left him in charge, against a suttell and daungerous enemy. The battell being begon, M. Centenius was slaine valiantly fighting, & few other escaped. After this also, there hapned an other losse. For Annibal returning shortly after into APVLIA, he met with an other army of the ROMANES, the which Fabius the Praetor led, who also intrapped that army by ambushes, & slue the most of thē: so that of twenty thousand mē, two thousand scant scaped the edge of the [unspec F] sword. In the meane time the Consuls perceiuing that Annibal was gone, they came with all their army vnto CAPVA, & did besiege it roūd. This being come to Annibals eare, he came with

[unspec A] his army into CAMPANIA, in very good order, & wel appointed at his first comming, he set vpon the campe of the ROMANES, hauing first willed the CAMPANIANS at the selfe same in∣stant to make a salye out on thē. The ROMANE Consuls at the first tumult of their enemies, de∣uided the army betwene them, and went against them. The CAMPANIANS were easily driuen againe into the citie: howbeit against Annibal, the battell was very bloudy. For if euer he pro∣ued him selfe a valiant Captaine or noble souldier, that day he shewed it. He attempted also to surprise the ROMANES by some stratageame.* 1.76 For as his men were about to breake into the ROMANES campe, he sent one thither that had the Latine tongue excellently well, who cryed out, as by commaundement of the Consuls, that the ROMANES should saue them selues in the next Mountaines, considering they had almost lost all their campe and strength. This crye [unspec B] made on the sodaine, had easily moued them that heard it, if the ROMANES being throughly acquainted with Annibals suttelties, had not found out his deceit. Wherefore, one of them in∣coraging an other, they made the enemy retyre, and compelled him in despite of his beard to die into his campe. When Annibal had done what he could by all deuise and practise possible to rayse their seege from CAPVA, and perceiuing all would not serue, being sory for the daun∣ger of his confederats: he then determined to call a counsell, the which he had passed ouer a long time, hauing reserued it for the last refuge. For he trussed vp his cariage, and marched a∣way with his army, and as quietly as he could he passed ouer the riuer of Vulturnus, * 1.77 and coa∣sting through the contries of the SIDICINIANS, ATIFANIANS, and CASSINIANS, he came to ROME with ensignes displayed, hoping thereby he should make them rayse their seege, be∣ing [unspec C] so earnestly bent to winne CAPVA. This flying straight to ROME by curters, they were so affrayd there, as ROME was neuer in the like feare it stoode in then. For they saw their mortall enemy come to them with ensignes displayed, whome they had so often proued, almost to the vtter destruction of their Empire: and now they saw him present, whome they could not resist being absent, threatning to bring the Senate and people of ROME into subiection. So all ROME being in feare and tumult, it was ordeyned that Fuluius Flaccus (one of the Consuls ly∣ing before CAPVA) should be sent for home. And that the new Consuls,* 1.78 Sulpitius Galba, and Cornelius Centimalus, should lye in campe out of the citie: and that C. Calphurnius Praetor, should put a stronge garrison into the capitoll, and also that the Citizens that had borne any office or dignitie, should be appoynted by their countenaunce and authoritie, to pacifie the [unspec D] sodaine tumults that might happen in the city. So Annibal marched without staying, till he came to the riuer of Anienes,* 1.79 and there camped within 24. furlong of ROME: and short∣ly after that, he came with two thowsand horse so neare vnto ROME, that riding from the gate Collina, vnto Hercules temple, he had leysure to view at this pleasure,* 1.80 the situation and walles of so great a citie. Fuluius Flaccus seeing that, could not abide it, but straight sent out certen men of armes of the ROMANES against him: who comming with great surie to giue charge vpon him as they were commaunded, they easily sent him packing. The next morning, Anni∣bal brought his army out of the campe, and did set them in battell raye, determining to fight presently, if he could allure the enemy to battell. The ROMANES on the other side did the like, So, both armies marched one against the other with such life and corage, that to see them, [unspec E] they appeared men that feared no daunger, so they might obteine the victorie that day. For on the one side, the CARTHAGINIANS were to fight (in maner)for the Empire of the world: the which they thought depended vpon his battell, as beeing the last they should fight. The ROMANES in contrary manner, they were to fight for their contry, libertie, and their goods, to see whether they could keepe them, or that they should come to their enemies handes. How∣beit* 1.81 there fell out a thing worthy of memorie. For, as they were ready set in battell raye, tary∣ing but for the signall of battell to giue charge: there fell such a wonderfull great shower and storme vpon them, that both of them were driuen in spight of their teethes, to bringe backe their army into their forts againe. The next day following in like manner, vnto the which it seemed the battel had bene deferred: when they had againe both of thē set their men in battel [unspec F] raye, there fell the like storme vpon them, the which did as much hurt the ROMANES & CAR∣THAGINIANS, as the first: so that it forced them onely to looke to saue them selues, and not to thinke otherwise to fight. Annibal perceiuing this, he turned to his friends and told them, that

the first time he thought not to winne ROME, and that at the second time the occasion was [unspec A] taken from him. So there was a thinge that greatly troubled Annibal, and that was this. That though he came so neare to ROME, with an army of horsemen and footemen: yet he heard that the ROMANES had sent ayde into SPAYNES, and that they had redeemed the contry where he had bene, at a farre greater prise then reason required. Wherefore being in a rage withall, he caused all the goldsmithes and banckers shoppes of the ROMANE citizens to be sold by the Cryer. But afterwards, casting with him selfe what a hard enterprise it was to take the citie of ROME, or els being affrayde to lacke vittells: (for he had stored him selfe onely but for tenne dayes) he raysed his campe, and remouing thence, came to the holy woode of the goddesse Feronia, and rifled the riche temple there, and afterwardes went thence into the contry of the BRVTIANS and LVCANIANS. The CAPVANS hauing intelligence thereof, being left out of all [unspec B] hope: they yelded vp their citie vnto the ROMANES. The citie of CAPVA beeing thus yelded vp, and brought againe to the subiection of the ROMANES, it was of great importance to all the people of ITALY, and withall brought a great desire of chaunge. Annibal him selfe also fol∣lowing euill counsell, did spoyle and destroy many cities he could not keepe: whereby he did sturre vp the harts of diners nations against him. For where before when he was Conqueror, he had often let prisoners goe without ransom paying, through which liberalitie he had won the harts of many men: euen so at that present time, his barbarous crueltie made diuers ci∣ties (misliking to be subiect to the CARTHAGINIANS) rebell against him, and to take part with the ROMANES. Amongest them was SALAPIA, the which was yelded vp vnto the Con∣sul Marcellus, by Blacius meanes, chiefe of all the ROMANE faction: and a band also of choyce [unspec C] horsemen which was left there in garrison,* 1.82 were manner in slaine euery man of them. This is the citie where Annibal fell in fancy with a gentlewoman, and therefore they greatly reproue his immoderat lust and lasciuiousnes. Howbeit there are others, that greatly commending the continencie of this Captaine, say that he did neuer eate lying, and neuer drancke aboue a pint of wine, nether when he came to make warre in ITALY, nor after that he returned into A∣FRICK. Some there be also that say, Annibal was cruell, and vnconstant, and subiect to diuers such other vices: howbeit they make no manner of mention of his chastitie or incontinencie. But they report that his wife was a SPANYARD, borne in CASTVLO, a good towne: and that the CARTHAGINIANS graunted her many things, and trusted her very much, bicause of the great faith and constancie of that nation. Now Annibal after he had lost (as we haue told you) [unspec D] the citie of SALAPIA: he found the meanes to cry quittance, and to make the ROMANES lose more then he had lost. For at the selfe same time, Fuluius Viceconsul, lay beseeging of HER∣DONEA, hoping to winne the citie without resistance. And bicause he stoode in no feare of a∣ny enemy round about him, (for Annibal was gone into the contry of the BRVTIANS) he kept no watch, and was altogether negligent in martiall affayres, contrary to the nature of the RO∣MANE Captaines.Annibal being aduertised thereof by spialls, would not lose such a goodly o∣portunitie: and therefore comming into APVLIA with his armye ready, he came so hastely vnto HERDONEA, that he had most stollen vpon Fuluius, vnprouided in his campe. Howbe∣it the ROMANES valiantly receiued the first charge with such corage, that they fought it out lenger then it was looked for. Notwithstanding, in the ende, as the ROMANES two yeare be∣fore [unspec E] that had bene ouercome not farre from thence, with their Consul Fuluius: euen so like∣wise vnder the conduct of this Fuluius Viceconsul,* 1.83 the ROMANE legions were vtterly ouer∣throwen, and their Captaine slaine, with the most part of his armye. The Consul Marcellus was at that time in the citie of SAMNIVM, who being aduertised of this great ouerthrow, de∣sired to be euen with him: and though it seemed he came too late to helpe things past reme∣die, yet he brought his army into the contry of the LVCANIANS, whether he vnderstood An∣nibal was gone after his victorie, and came and camped directly ouer against his enemye, and soone after came to battell. The which the CARTHAGINIANS refused not, but gaue such a fierce onset on either side, that they fought it out till Sunne set, and no man knew who had the better, and so the night parted them. The next morning the Romanes shewing againe in [unspec F] field in battell raye, made it knowen that the enemies were affrayd of them: For Annibal kept his men within the campe, and the next night following stale away without any noyse, and

[unspec A] went into APVLIA. Marcellus also followed him foote by foote, and sought to put all to hasard by some notable battell: for he bare him selfe thus in hand, that of all the ROMANE Captaines there was none machable with Annibal but him selfe, either in counsell, wit, or policie: or els in martiall discipline, or warlike stratageames. Howbeit the winter following kept him, that he could not fight any set battell with the enemie: for after he had made a fewe light skirmi∣shes, bicause he would not trouble his souldiers any more in vaine, he bestowed them in gar∣rison for the winter time. At the beginning of the next springe, procured partly by Fabius let∣ters (who was one of the new Consuls for that yeare,) and partly also through his owne dis∣position: he brought out his garrisons sooner then they were looked for, and came with his army against Annibal,* 1.84 who lay at that time at CANVSIVM. Now it chaunced, that through the [unspec B] nearenes of both their campes, and the good desire they both had to fight: in fewe dayes they fought three seuerall times. The first battell, when they had fought it all night, in manner with like hope of both sides, and that it could not be iudged which of them had the better: they bot of purpose retyred into their campe againe. The second day Annibal was conque∣rer, after he had slayne almost two thowsand seuen hundred enemies, and put the residue of the army to flight. The third day, the ROMANES to recouer the shame and dishonor they had lost the day before: they were the first that prayed they might fight, and so Marcellus led them out to battell. Annibal wondering at their valiantnes,* 1.85 sayd vnto his people: that he delt with an enemy that could nether be quiet Conquerer, nor conquered. So the battell was more blou∣dy and cruell then any that was before: bicause the ROMANES did their best to be reuenged [unspec C] of their losse, and the CARTHAGINIANS on the other side were mad in their mindes, to see that the vanquished durst prouoke the vanquishers vnto battell. In the ende, the ROMANES being sharpely reproued, and also perswaded by Marcellus to sticke to it valliantly like men, that the newes of their victorie might come to ROME, before the news of their ouerthrowe: they flue in among the presse of their enemies, and neuer left fighting, till that after they had thrise broken their enemies, they made them all flie. At the selfe same time Fabius Maximus tooke the citie of TARENTVM againe, almost after the selfe same sort it was lost. This being re∣ported vnto Annibal, he sayd: the ROMANES haue also their Annibal. The next yeare follow∣ing, Marcellus and Crispinus were chosen Consuls,* 1.86 who preparing to put them selues in readi∣nes for warre, they led both the armies against the enemy. Annibal dispayring that he was not [unspec D] able to resist them in battel, he sought all the wits he had to deuise some way to intrappe them by sutteltie, whome he could not ouercome by battel. So Annibals head being occupied thus, there was offred him a better occasion to bring this enterprises to passe,* 1.87 then he looked for. Be∣twene both campes, there was a prety groue, in the which Annibal layed certen bands of the NVMIDIANS in ambushe, to intrappe the enemies passing to and fro. On the other side, the Consuls by consent of them all, thought it best to send to view this groue, and to keepe it if neede required: least in leauing it behind them, the enemies should come, & so be vpon their iacks afterwards. Now before they remoued their armye, both the Consuls went out of their campe, with a small company of horsemen with them, to view the situacion of this place: and so going on very vndiscreetely, and worse appoynted then became men of their authoritie & [unspec E] place, they vnfortunatly fell into Annibals ambush. So, when they saw them selues in a momēt compassed about on euery side with enemies, that they could not goe forward, and were also fought withall behind: they defended them selues the best they could, rather by compulsion, then of any determination they had to fight. So Marcellus was slaine fighting valiantly:* 1.88 and Crispinus the other Consul also very sore hurt, who hardly scaped the enemies hands. Annibal being aduertised that Marcellus was slaine, who was the chiefest man of all the ROMANE cap∣taines, that had most hindered the happy successe of his victories, and had besides troubled him most: he presently went and camped there where the battell was fought, and when he had found Marcellus body,* 1.89 he gaue it honorable pompe and funerall. Hereby we may see how magnanimitie, and excellent vertues, are esteemed of all men: considering that the cruell and [unspec F] most mortall enemye, gaue honorable buriall to so noble and excellent a Captaine. The ROMANES in the meane time seeing one of their Consuls dead, and the other Consul very fore hurt: they drew straight to the next mountaines, and camped in a strong place. Howbeit Cri∣spinus

had sent to the next townes of the mountaines, to aduertise them that Marcellus his [unspec A] companion was dead, and that the enemy had gotten the ringe he sealed his letters withall; wherefore he wished them to beware of any letters written in Marcellus name. Crispinus Mes∣senger came but newly vnto SALAPIA, when letters were brought also from Annibal in the behalfe of Marcellus, to tell them that he would be there the next night. The SALAPIANS knowing his craft, they sent his Messenger away, & carefully looked for Annibals comming. About the fourth watche of the night, Annibal came to the citie of SALAPIA, who of purpose had put all the ROMANES that had fled, in the vauntgard, bicause that they speaking the Latin tongue, might make them beleue that Marcellus was there in person. So when the Citizens had suffred six hundred of them to come in, they shut to the gates, and with their shot and darts thrust out the rest of the armye, and put all them to the sword they had let into the [unspec B] citie. Thus Annibal beeing in a maruelous rage he had missed of his purpose: he remoued thence, and went into the contry of the BRVTIANS, to ayde the LOCRIANS that were besee∣ged the ROMANES, both by sea and by land. After all these thinges, at the earnest request of the Senate and people, two new Consuls were created, both famous Captaines, and valiant souldiers,* 1.90 Marcus Liuius, & Claudius Nero: who hauing deuided athe army betwixt them, went vnto their seuerall charge and prouinces. Claudius Nero went into the contry of the SALENTI∣NIANS; and M. Liuius into GAVLE, against Hasdrubal BARCINIAN, who was come ouer the Alpes; & made haste to ioyne with his brother Annibal, bringing with him a great army both of footemen and horsemen. Nowe it chaunced at the same time, that Annibal had receyued great losse by Claudius the Consul. For first of all, he ouercame him in the contry of the LVCA∣NIANS, [unspec C] vsing the like policies and fetches that Annibal did. Afterwardes againe, meeting with Annibal in APVLIA, by the citie of VENVSIA: he fought such a lustye battell with him, that many of his enemies lay by it in the fielde. By reason of these great losses, Annibal sodainly went to METAPONY, to renew his army againe. So hauing remayned there a few dayes, he re∣ceiued the army from Hanno, the which he ioyned vnto his, & then returned vnto VENVSIA. C. Nero lay not farre from VENVSIA with his campe: who hauing intercepted letters of his e∣nemies, he vnderstoode by them that Hasdrubal was at hand with his armye. Thereuppon, he bethought him selfe night and day, what police he might vse to preuent the ioyning of two so great armies together as these. So after he had taken aduise of him self, he followed in sight, a daungerous determination: but peraduenture necessary, as the time required. For, leauing [unspec D] the campe vnto the charge of his Lieutenant, he tooke part of the armye with him, and ma∣king great iorneyes, came to PICENVM (being he marches of ANCONA) so that on the sixt day he came to SENA.* 1.91 There both the Consuls ioyned their forces together, and setting vpon Hasdrubal by the riuer of Metaurum, they had very good lucke at that battell. For, as it is re∣ported, there were six and fifty thowsand of the enemies slayne on that daye: so that they al∣most had as great an ouerthrow, as the ROMANES had receiued before at the battell of CAN∣NES. Now Claudius Nero, after this famous victorie, returning as speedily vnto VENVSIA as he went thence, he set vp Hasdrubals head, where the enemies kept their watche: and did let cer∣ten prisoners goe, to carye newes to Annibal of this great ouerthrow. For afterwardes it was knowen, that Annibal knew nothing yet of Claudius secret enterprise, nor of the speedy execu∣tion [unspec E] and great slaughter he had made. Whereat sure I can but wonder, that so suttill a Cap∣taine as Annibal, could be deceiued by Claudius, considering both their campes lay so neare to∣gether: so that he first heard the newes of the ouerthrow of his brother, and all his armye, be∣fore he vnderstoode any thing of the Consuls departure, or heard of his returne againe to the campe. Now Annibal hauing not onely receiued a generall, but also a perticular great losse by the death of his brother: he sayd then he plainely saw the chaunge & alteracion of the CAR∣THAGINIANS good fortune, and shortly after remoued his campe, and went thence into the contry of the BRUTIANS. For he knew that this great ouerthrow giuen by the riuer of Metau∣rum, was a maruelous incoragement to the ROMANES,* 1.92 and would also be a great logge in his way, for the successe of all this warre. This notwithstanding , he gathered all his pow∣er [unspec F] he had left in ITALY, after so m any great battells and conflicts, and so many cities taken: and mainteyned the warre with an inuincible courage. But the most straungest thinge in Annibal

[unspec A] was this that through his authoritie wisedom, he kept all his army in peace and amitie to∣gether (being a medley of SPANYARDS, AFRICANES, GAYLES and of diuers other nations) and neuer was heard that there, was any brawle or tumult amonge them. Howbeit the RO∣MANES,* 1.93 them selues, after they had wonne. SICILIA SARDINIA, and SPAYNE againe, they could neuer vtterly ouercome him, nor driue him out of ITALY, before they had sent Cor∣nelius Scipio into the riske: who making with the CARTHAGINIANS, he brought them to such great extremitie that, they were driuen to send for Annibal home out of ITALY. Anni∣bal at that time, (as I haue sayd before) was in the contry of the BRVTIANS, making warre by intodes and sodaine inuasions, rather then by any fought battell: sauing that once there was battell fought in haste betwixt him and the Consul Sempronius, and immediatly after be name [unspec B] and set vpon the same Sempronius with all his armye.* 1.94 At the first battell, Annibal had the victo∣rie: but after the second, Sempronius ouercame him. Since that time, I can finde in no Guerkenot Latyn Author, that Annibal did any famous acte in ITALY, worthy memorie. For being sent for he AFRICKE by the CARTHAGINIANS, he left ITALY, sixteen yeares after this APRION warre was begonne greatly complayning of the Senate of CARTHAGE and of him selfe also, Of the Senate, bicause that all the time he had bene in his enemies contry so long, they had allowed him so litle money: and so scanted him besides with all other thinges necessary for the warres: And of him selfe, bicause that after he had so often ouercome the ROMANES,* 1.95 he had alwayes delayed time after the victorie, and had giuen the enemy libertie to gather force againe. It is reported also, that before he imbarked and tooke sea, he set vp trumphing arche [unspec C] or piller, by the temple of Iuno Lacinia, in the which were briefly grauen his noble victories, both in the Punick and Graeke tongue. So when he was departed out of ITALY,* 1.96 the wind ser∣ued him well, that in few dayes he arriued at LEPTIS, and landing all his army, he first came to ADRVMENTVM, and afterwards vnto ZAMA. There receiuing aduertisement how the affayres of the CARTHAGINIANS prospered: he thought it best to deuise some way to end this warre. For this cause he sent vnto Scipio, to pray him to appoynt him some conuenient place where they might both meete, and talke together, of matters of great importance. Now it is not cer∣tainely knowen, whether Annibal did this of his owne head, or by commaundement from the Senate Scipio refused not to come to parley. Wherefore at the day appoynted, there met two famous generalls of mighty nations,* 1.97 in a great plaine together, either of them hauing his In∣terpreter, [unspec D] to talke together of diuers matters touching peace and warre. For, Annibal was al∣together bent to peace: bicause he saw the affayres of the CARTHAGINIANS were worse & worse euery day: that they had lost SICILIA, SARDINIA, and SPAYNE: bicause the warre was brought out of ITALY into AFRICK: bicause Syphax (a mighty king) was taken prisoner of the ROMANES: and also bicause that their last hope consisted in the army he had brought into AFRICK: which was the onely remayne and reliefe of so long a warre as he had made in ITALY: and also bicause that the CARTHAGINIANS had so small a power left (both of straungers, and also of Citizens) that there were scarse men enough to defende the citie of CARTHAGE. So he did his best to perswade Scipio, with a long oration he made, rather to a∣gree to peace, then to resolue of warre. Howbeit Scipio that liued in hope to bringe this warre [unspec E] to a good ende, he would not seeme to giue eare to any peace. Wherefore after they had long debated the matter of either side, in the ende they brake of, and made no agreement. Shortly after, was this famous battell striken by the citie of ZAMA, in the which the ROMANES obtay∣ned a* 1.98 victorie. For first of all, they made the CARTHAGINIANS Elephants turne vpon their owne army, so that they did put all Annibals horsemen out of order. And Laelius and Masinissas who made both the winges, increasing their feare, gaue the horsemen no leysure to gathes them selues in order againe. Howbeit the footemen fought it out a long time, & with a mar∣uelous great corage: insomuch that the CARTHAGINIANS (trusting in their former victo∣ries) thought that all the safetie and preseruation of AFRICK, was all in their handes, and therefore they layed about them like men. The ROMANES on the other side had as great harts [unspec F] as they, and besides, they stoode in the better hope. Howbeit one thing in deede did the RO∣MANES great seruice to helpe them to the victorie: and that was, Lalius and Masinissaes re∣turne from the chase of the horsemen, who rushed into the battell of the enemie with great

furye, and did put them in a maruelous feare. For at their comming, the CARTHAGINIANS [unspec A] harts were done, and they saw no other remedie for them, but to hope to scape by flying. So it is reported, that there were slayne that day, aboue twenty thowsand CARTHAGINIANS in the field, and as many more prisoners. Annibal their generall, after he had taryed to see the ende of the battell,* 1.99 fled with a few of his men out of the great slaughter. Afterwardes when he was sent for to CARTHAGE, to helpe to saue his contry: he perswaded the Senate not to hope a∣ny more in warres, but did counsell them, that setting all deuises a part, they should send vnto Scipio the ROMANE Captaine, to make peace with him vpon any condicion. When the tenne Ambassadors had brought the capitulacion and agreement vnto CARTHAGE of the articles of peace: it is reported that there was one Gisgo, who misliking to heare talke of peace, he made an oration, and perswaded all he could to renew warre against the ROMANES. Where∣fore [unspec B] Annibal perceiuing that diuers men confirmed his opinion,* 1.100 and being much offended to see such beasts, and men of no vnderstanding, to dare to speake of such matters, in so daunge∣rous a time: he cast him downe headlong, whilest he was yet in his oration. So when he sawe that the Citizens, and all the whole assembly, thought this too presumptuous a part of him, & vnmeete altogether for a free citie: he him selfe got vp into the pulpit for orations, and sayd. Let no man be offended, if a man that from his youth hath bene alway out of CARTHAGE, & brought vp all his life time in warres, be ignoraunt of the lawes and ordinaunces of the citie. After that, he spake so wisely to the articles of peace, that the CARTHAGINIANS being imme∣diatly moued by the authoritie of so great a person: they all agreed to accept the condicions which the vanquither, & the necessitie of time offred them. The articles out of dout were ve∣ry [unspec C] extreame, and such as the vanquished are wont to receiue with all extreamitie by the con∣querors. But besides all other things, the CARTHAGINIANS were boūd to pay the ROMANES an annuell tribute, vntill a certen time were ronne out. So when the daye came that the first pencion was to be payd to the ROMANES, and that euery man grudged when the subsedy was spoken of: some saye that Annibal being offended with the vaine teares of the CARTHAGI∣NIANS, he fell a laughing. And when Hasdrubal Haed••s reproued him bicause he laughed in such a common calamitie of all the citie, he aunswered: that it was no laughture nor reioy∣cing from the hart, but a scorning of their fond teares, that wept when there was lesse cause (and onely bicause it touched euery priuate mans purse) then before, when the ROMANES tooke from the CARTHAGINIANS their shippes, armor, and weapons, and their spoyles of [unspec D] the great victories which they had wonne before, and now gaue lawes and ordinaunces vnto them that were vanquished. I know some Authors write, that Annibal immediatly after he had lost the battell, fled into ASIA, for that he was affrayde they woulde deliuer him into Scipioes hands, that perhaps might demaund him of them. But whether that was done sodainely, or some time after the battel was lost at ZAMA, it makes no great matter: considering that all the world knoweth, that when he sawe things brought to extremitie, he presently fled into ASIA vnto king Antiochus.* 1.101 So is it most true, that king Antiochus receiued him with great curtesie, and vsed him very honorably: insomuch as he made him of counsell with him all in all, both in priuate and publike causes. For the name of Annibal caried great reputacion with all men: besides that, he had a common and mortal hate to the ROMANES, which was a pricking spurre [unspec E] still to moue warre against them. And therefore it seemeth that he came in happy hower into that contry, not onely to pricke forward the courage of the king against them, but also to set warres at libertie against the ROMANES. So he tolde him, that the onely way to make warre with the ROMANES, was to goe into ITALY to leauy ITALIAN souldiers, by whome onely, that victorious contry of all other nations might be subdued. He requested of the king a hun∣dred shippes, sixteene thowsand footemen, and a thowsand horsemen onely. With this smallarmy he promised to inuade ITALY, and that he would maruelously trouble the ITALIANS, whome he knew yet to stand in no small feare of him, for the very sound of his name onely: bicause of the late warres he had made there, so freshe yet in memorie. Furthermore, he tooke hart againe vnto him to renew the warres of AFRICK, if the king would licence him to sende [unspec F] men vnto CARTHAGE, to stirre vp the BARCINIAN faction, whome he knew hated the RO∣MANES to death. When he had gotten the king to graunt him his request, he called Ariston

[unspec A] TYRIAN vnto him, a fine suttell fellowe, and meete for such a purpose: to whome he made large promises, and perswaded him to goe to CARTHAGE to his friends, and to cary them let∣ters from him. Thus Annibal being a banished man, and fled out of his contry, raysed warre in all partes against the ROMANES. And surely his counsell had taken good effect, had king Anti∣ochus rather followed his aduise, as he did at the first, then the vaine perswasions of his fine Courtiers. But enuy, a common plague frequenting Princes Courts,* 1.102 bred Annibal great ene∣mies. For they beeing affrayd that by his counsells he should growe in great fauor with the king, (for he was a wise and politike Captaine) and that thereby he should beare great sway and authoritie: to preuent it, they lacked no deuise to bringe him in disgrace with the king. And it so chaunced at that time, that P. Villius, who came Ambassador vnto EPHESVS, he [unspec B] had often conference with Annibal. Hereuppon his priuie enemies tooke occasion to ac∣cuse him, and withall, the king him selfe became so ielous of it, that from thence forth he neuer more called him to counsell. At the selfe same time also, as some doe report, P. Corne∣lius Scipio AFRICAN (who was one of the Ambassadors sent vnto king Antiochus) talking fa∣millierly with Annibal,* 1.103 prayed him amongest other thinges to tell him truely, whome he thought the worthiest Captaine of all others. Annibal aunswered him. First he thought Alexander, king of MACEDON the chiefest: next vnto him, Pyrrhus king of the EPIROTES: and thirdly, him selfe. The Scipio AFRICAN smyling, asked him: what wouldest thou saye, Annibal, if thou haddest ouercome me? Truely sayd he, then I would be chiefest my selfe. This aunswer pleased Scipio maruelous well, bicause he saw he was nether dispised, nor yet brought [unspec C] to be compared with the other, but left alone as peereles, by some secret flattery of Annibal. After these things, Annibal found occasion to talke with king Antiochus, and beganne to lay open his life vnto him from his youth, and to bewray the malice he had alwayes borne vnto the ROMANES: whereby he so satisfied the king, that he was againe receiued into his grace and fauor, which he had almost vtterly lost. Thereuppon the king was determined to haue made him Admirall of his armye by sea, the which he had put in readines for ITALY, and al∣so to make proofe of his great corage and seruice, whome he knewe to be a worthy man, and a mortall enemy to the ROMANES. But one Thoas, Prince of the AETOLIANS, thwarting this o∣pinion, either for malice, or els for that his fancye was such: he altered the kinges minde, and cleane changed his purpose, the which was a matter of greate importance for the warre he [unspec D] pretended to make. For he gaue counsell vnto Antiochus, that he should goe him selfe into GRAECE, and direct his owne affayres: and that he should not suffer another to cary away the honor & glory of this warre. So king Antiochus shortly after went into GRAECE, to make warre with the ROMANES. Within fewe dayes after, when he consulted whether he shoulde make league with the THESSALIANS, Annibals opiniō was specially asked: who spake so wisely tou∣ching the state of the THESSALIANS, & the chiefest matter of importance, that they all went with his opinion, and gaue their consents vnto it. Now his opinion was, that they should not neede much to care for the THESSALIANS, but rather to make all the meanes they could, to get king Philip of MACEDON to take their part: or els to perswade him to be a Newter, and to take nether parte.* 1.104 Furthermore, he gaue counsell to make warre with the ROMANES in their [unspec E] owne contry, & offred him selfe to ayde him the best he could. Euery man gaue good eare to his words, but his opinion was rather cōmended, then followed. Wherefore euery man mar∣uelled, that such a Captaine as he, that had so many yeares made warre with the ROMANES (who had in manner cōquered all the world) should then be so light set by of the king, when it specially stood him vpon, to haue such a mans help & coūsel. For, what captaine liuing could a man haue foūd more skilful or politike, or meter to make war with the ROMANES, then him? Howbeit the king made no reckoning of him, at the first beginning of this warre: but shortly after, disdaining al their coūsell, he cōfessed that Annibal* 1.105 only saw what was to be done. For af∣ter the ROMANES had obtained victory in the war he made in GRAECE: Antiochus fled out of EVROPE into EPHESVS, where making mery, & there following pleasure, he hoped to liue in [unspec F] peace, litle thinking the ROMANES would come with any army into ASIA. Now, these flatte∣ring courtiers stil fed his humor: a perpetual plague to kings & Princes, that suffer them selues to be flattered, & are cōtēted to be deceiued, bicause they giue good eare to that that pleaseth

them. But Annibal, who knewe the power and ambition of the ROMANES, perswaded the king [unspec A] to hope for any thing rather then peace, and bad him trust to it, that the ROMANES would ne∣uer stay, till they had proued whether they could enlarge the dominions of their Empire, in∣to the third part of the world, as they had done in AFRICK, and EVROPE. Antiochus perswa∣ded by the authority of such a man, straight commaunded Polyxenidas, a very seruiceable man, and skilfull in sea seruice, that he should goe meete with the army of the ROMANES that was comming thither. Then he sent Annibal into SYRIA, to leauy a great number of shippes to∣gether, and afterwards made him, and Apollonius,* 1.106 (one of his fauored Courtiers) generalls of this armye by sea: who notwithstanding that Polyxenidas was put to the worst by the RO∣MANES, they went and set vpon the RHODIANS, that were confederats with them. Annibal in this battell assayling Eudamus the Captaine of the RHODIANS, that led the left wing: he had [unspec B] already compassed in the Admirall galley, and doubtles had obtayned the victorie, but that the other wing came in to rescue, after they had followed Apollonius in chase, and tooke the victorie from him, that was his owne. After this battell by sea, which had no great good suc∣cesse: we doe not find that Annibal did any thing worthy memorie. For king Antiochus being ouercome, besides other condicions, the ROMANES offred him: they desired that Annibal (the mortall enemy of their contry) should be deliuered vnto them. Annibal foreseeing this long before, he sodainely stale from Antiochus, after this notable battell that was fought by MAGNESIA, where the kings power was ouerthrowen. So, after Annibal had wandred vp and downe a long time, he fled at length vnto Prusias, king of BITHYNIA,* 1.107 for succor. Nowe he did not so much trust to his friendshippe, but bicause he sought for the meetest place he coulde [unspec C] come by, as also for the safest, the which he most desired: considering that the ROMANES had the most part of the sea and land in their subiection. Some say, that after king Antiochus was ouercome, Annibal went into CRETA vnto the GORTYNIANS: and that the rumor ranne im∣mediatly, he had brought a great masse of gold aud siluer with him. Wherefore being affrayd least the CRETANS should offer him some violence, he deuised this shifte to scape the daun∣ger. he filled earthen pots with lead, gilt, and sent them into the temple of Diana, fayning that he was maruelous carefull for them, as though all his treasure had bene there. On the other side he had hid all his gold in images of brasse, the which he had left caresly lying on the groūd in the house. In the meane time, whilest they watched the temple carefully, that these earthen pots should not be caried away without their priuitie: Annibal hoysed sayle, and fled into BI∣THYNIA. [unspec D] In BITHYNIA there is a village vpon the sea side, which the contry men call LIBYS∣SA, of the which by some mens saying, there ranne an olde oracle and prophecy in this sort.

The land of Libyssa shall couer vnder movvlde The valliant corps of Annibal, vvhen he is dead and colde.

There Annibal lay, not spending his time idely, but passing it away in exercising of the ma∣ryners, riding of horses, and trayning of his souldiers. Some Authors also do write, that at that time Prusias made warre with Eumenes,* 1.108 who was a confederate and friend of the ROMANES: and that he made Annibal his Lieutenant generall of his army by sea: who assayling Eumenes with a new found and vnknowen deuise, wanne the victory of the battell by sea. For before they began to fight, it is reported that Annibal had gotten an infinite number [unspec E] of snakes into earthen pots, and when the battel was begonne, and they busily tending their fight: he threw those pots with snakes into the enemies shippes, and that by this fearefull and straunge deuise he made them flie. Now whether this was true or not, the olde chronicles do make no manner of mention, but onely AEmylius and Trogus. And therefore I report me to the Authors. So, the newes of the dissention betwixt these two kings, (Prusias, and Eumenes) being brought to ROME: the Senate sent T. Q. Flaminius Ambassador into ASIA, whose name was famous for the noble victories he had obtayned in GRAECE, to the ende (as I coniecture) to make peace betwixt these two kings. Flaminius being come vnto king Prusias, he was mar∣uelously offended, and sory in his mind to see Annibal yet aliue, (that was the mortallest ene∣my of the ROMANES) after the cōquests of so many nations, & the sacking of so many people: [unspec F] therfore, he was very earnestly in hand with king Prusias, to deliuer him Annibal. Annibal from the first beginning mistrusted king Prusias inconstancye very much, and therefore had digged

[unspec A] diuers vaults in his house, and made seuen seuerall vents to flie out at, if he were sodainely ta∣ken. The report of Flaminius cōming did encrease his suspition the more, for that he thought him the greatest enemy he had in ROME: both generally for the hate he bate vnto all the RO∣MANES, as also perticularly for the remembraunce of his father Flaminius, that was slayne in the battell fought by the lake of Thrasymene. So Annibal being full of care and griefe (as it is reported) he found deuises to escape, the which stood him to no purpose against such a great power. For when the kings gard which were sent to take him, had cōpassed his house about: Annibal thought to flie at their first comming, and to saue him selfe by the secretest vault he had. But when he found that the place was kept by the gard, then he determined to rid him selfe out of the ROMANES handes, by destroying him selfe. So, some doe report, that he was [unspec B] strangled by one of his men, whome he had commaunded to helpe to dispatche him. Others write againe, that he had droncke bulles bloud, and when he had droncke it, dyed, as Clitar∣chus, and Stratocles doe falsely report of Themistocles. Howbeit Titus Liuius, that famous Hi∣storiographer writeth, that Annibal called for the poyson he had ready for such a mischiefe, and that holding this deadly drinke in his hand, before he dranke he sayd: Come on, let vs rid the ROMANES of this payne and care, sith their spight and malice is so great, to hasten the death of a poore old man that is halfe dead already. The auncient ROMANES aduertised Pyr∣rhus king of the EPIROTES, who came with enseignes displayed to the very walls of the citie of ROME, that he should looke to him selfe, and beware of poysoning: and these ROMANES nowe doe make a friende forgetting his kingly state and faithfull promise, vilely to betraye his [unspec C] poore ghest. After he had sayd, bitterly cursing king Prusias,* 1.109 he poysoned him selfe, being three score & tenne yeare olde, as some writers doe testifie. His body was buried in a tombe of stone by LIBYSSA, on the which was ingrauen no more but this: Here lyeth Annibal. The ROMANES beeing aduertised of his death, euery man sayde his opinion, as his fancye serued him. Some greatly blamed. T. Q. Flaminius crueltie, who to make him selfe famous by some notable acte, (as he thought) made a poore olde man put him selfe to death, that was in manner half dead by age, and besides, was past doing the state of ROME any more hurt, they being Conquerors in manner of all the world. But some againe on the other side, commended Flaminius for it, & sayd it was a good deede of him, to rid the ROMANES of their mortall enemye: who though he had but a weake body, yet he lacked no wit, wise counsell, and great experience in warres, [unspec D] to intise king Prusias to make warre, and to molest all ASIA besides with newe warres. For at that time, the power of the king of BITHYNIA was so great, that it was not to be lightly regar∣ded. For after that, Mithridates king of the same BITHYNIA, did maruelously molest the RO∣MANES both by sea and by land, & moreouer fought battells with L. Lucullus, and Cn. Pompey, famous Captaines of the ROMANES: And so the ROMANES might also be affrayd of king Pru∣sias, and specially hauing Annibal his Captaine. So some iudge, that Q. Flaminius was specially sent Ambassador vnto king Prusias, secretly to practise Annibals death. Howbeit it is to be sup∣posed, that Q. Flaminius was not so desirous to haue Annibal so sodainely put to death, as he would haue bene glad otherwise to haue brought him againe to ROME, that had done such mischiefe to his contry: and this had bene a great benefit for ROME, and much honor also vn∣to [unspec E] him selfe. Such was the death of Annibal the CARTHAGINIAN, a famous man doubtles, & highly to be commended for martiall prayse,* 1.110 setting his other vertues aside. So we may easi∣ly iudge, of what power and force his noble mind, his great wisedom and corage, and his perfit skill of martiall discipline was in all thinges. For in all the warre the CAR∣THAGINIANS had so vehemently, and with such great preparation en∣terprised: they neuer thought them selues ouercome, till Annibal was ouerthrowen at that great battel by ZAMA. So it appeareth, that all their strength and skill of warres be∣gan, & also ended, with [unspec F] Annibal their Captaine.

THE LIFE OF Scipio African.

[illustration]

* 1.111PVblius Scipio a PATRICIAN, of the familye of the Cornelij, who was the [unspec A] first ROMANE Captaine against whome Annibal fought in ITALY: was the father of Cornelius Scipio afterwards surnamed AFRICAN, the first so called, bicause he had conquered that nation. The lame Scipio, af∣ter he had obtayned many great victories in SPAYNE, and done no∣table feates of armes: was in the ende slayne with a wound he had in a battell against his enemies, as he was plying and incoraging of his men from place to place, thronging in the greatest daunger and fury of the battell. Shortly after did his brother Cn. Scipio also ende his life, much after one selfe manner, and was slayne valliantly fighting. So these two Captaines, be∣sides the same they achieued by their noble deedes, left behind them great prayse of their [unspec B] faithfulnes, modestie, and corage: the which made them not onely wished for of their soul∣diers that were then liuing, but also of all the SPANYARDS besides. Cn. Scipio had a sonne cal∣led P. Cornelius Nasicae, one that had bene Consul and had also triumphed: who beeing but a younge man, was thought the meetest man of all the citie of ROME to receyue Idea, the mo∣ther of the goddes. This Publius had two sonnes, the so famous Scipioes: of the which the one was called ASIAN, bicause he conquered ASIA: and the other AFRICAN, bicause he subdued AFRICK at that famous battell of ZAMA, where he ouerthrewe Annibal and the CARTHAGI∣NIANS, as we sayd before. Whose life we purpose nowe to write, not so much to make the glory of his name (so famous by all the Graeke & Latyn Authors) the greater by our history: as for that we would make all men know the order of his noble deeds, & moral vertues, to thend [unspec C] that all Princes & noble Captaines in reading it, should behold the liuely image of perfit ver∣tue, which may moue an earnest desire in thē to follow the example of P. Cornelius Scipioes life, who from his childhod gaue great hope & shew of a noble nature, & excellent vertue, after he followed the instruction of martiall discipline, vnder the conduct of his father. He was caried into the field at the beginning of thesecond warre with the CARTHAGINIANS, followed the campe being but seuenteene yeare old,* 1.112 & in a very short time grew so toward, & forward in al things, in riding, in watching, in taking all maner of paynes like a soldier, that he wan great cō∣mendacion of his own father, & besides, great estimation also of all the army. Furthermore, he shewed such tokens of a sharp wit, & noble corage: that it made him beloued, & also feared of

[unspec A] his enemies. For this Scipio was present at the battell of the horsemen, where P. Cornelius Scipio the Consul fought with Annibal,* 1.113 by the riuer of Thesin: & some writers doe affirme, that Cor∣nelius the father being hurt, was almost taken by the enemye, had not his sonne Scipio saued him, who had then but a litle downe on his beard, he was so young. After that also, at the bat∣tel that was sought by CANNES, to the great losse, & in maner vtter destruction of the Empire of ROME, when the ten thowsand men that fled to CANVSIVM, had all together with one cō∣sent referred the gouernment of the army vnto Appius Pulcher, that had bene AEdilis, and vnto Cornelius Scipio, that was yet but very young: the same Scipio shewed then by his deedes, what noble mind and corage was in him. For when he saw certen young men consult together be∣twene them selues to forsake ITALY: he thrust in among them, & drawing out his sword, made [unspec B] them all sweare they would not forsake their contry. These, and such like deedes done by him with a liuely corage & noble mind, being then but a young man: wanne him such fauor with the ROMANES, that not respecting his young yeares, nor their auncient custō, they called him forward,* 1.114 & laid offices of great charge & gouernment vpon him. Insomuch that when he su∣ed for the office of AEdilis before his due time, notwithstanding that the Tribunes of the peo∣ple were against his sute, bicause he was so younge a man: yet the people suffered him to be brought from tribe to tribe, & so was presently chosen AEdilis with the most voyces. So after his father & Vncle, (both famous and noble Captaines) had bene slaine one after the other in SPAYNE, & that the ROMANES were in consultacion to appoynt some worthy captaine in the roome: they could finde no man that durst vndertake this so daungerous warre, considering [unspec C] the losse of two so great captaines before. Wherfore the whole assēbly being called to choose a Viceconsul, all the other Princes & peeres of the Realme being silent at so worthy a motion: Scipio onely of all the rest,* 1.115 being but foure & twenty yeare old, stoode vp in the middest of thē, & laid, with a good hope & confidence he would willingly take the charge vpon him. He had no sooner offred this promise, but he was presently made Viceconsul of SPAYNE, with the wō∣derful good wil & fauor of the people, who gaue him all their voyces. Howbeit the Senators afterwards considering better of the matter, against what captaines & natiōs he should make warre: they thought it vnpossible so younge a man coulde performe so waightye a charge. Wherefore mens minds were wonderfully chaunged againe on the sodeine, as if the tribes of the people had repented them of their voices & election.* 1.116 Scipio perceiuing it, called an assem∣bly [unspec D] presently, & made such an oration of his age, and discipline of warres, that euery man that heard him wondred at him, & the people began againe to renew the good hope they had of him for the warres. For he had not only a noble corage in him, beeing indued with many sin∣guler vertues, but he was also a goodly gentleman, & very comly of person, and had besides a pleasaunt countenaunce: all which things together, are great meanes to winne him the loue and good will of euery man. Moreouer, euen in his gesture and behauior, there was a certaine princely grace. Now, the glory of martiall discipline, being ioyned vnto those his rare gifts of mind and nature: it was to be doubted, whether his ciuil vertues made him more acceptable vnto straungers, then wonderful for his skil in warres. Furthermore, he had filled the common peoples harts with a certen superstitious feare, bicause he did daily (after he had takē the mans [unspec E] gowne) vse to goe vp to the Capitoll, & so into the church without any company: insomuch that all men began to thinke that he learned some secret thinges in the temple, which others might not know, as they were perswaded long before, that Numa Pompilius was taught by the Nymphe AEgeria. Furthermore, it seemeth that some had the like opinion of Scipio, as in olde time they had of Alexander king of MACEDON, to were: that oftentimes there was a snake seene in his mothers chamber. But let these things go. Scipio departing out of ITALY with ten thowsand footemen,* 1.117 & a fleete of thirty gallies, euery one of thē hauing fiue owers to a banks he sailed into SPAYNE, & in few dayes arriuing at EMPORIA, he landed his men, and marched by land to TARRACON. There he kept a counsell, and many Ambassadors of the cities their confederats came thither, who being curteously receyued, returned to their lodgings with [unspec F] such aunswer as they liked. After this, Scipio beeing carefully bent to prosecute the warre he had taken vpon him, he thought it best to ioyne the remayne of the olde bandes with his ar∣my, which had bene saued through the manhood and valiantnes of Lucius Martius. For after

both the Scipioes were slayne, and both SPAYNES almost lost, and the ROMANE legions also [unspec A] ouerthrowen and put to flight: L. Martius a ROMANE Knight,* 1.118 hauing gathered together the remnant of both armies, resisted (beyond all hope of man) the enemies puffed vp with glory of the victorie they had gotten, and with great valiantnes, and vnspeakeable industry he main∣teyned warre in SPAYNE, against three Captaines of the CARTHAGINIANS. Now Scipio being comen to this army that lay in garrison for the winter time, euery man did certainly perswade them selues that the warre should prosper: and when they sawe him, they remembred their old Captaines, insomuch that there was neuer a souldier could haue his fill, with looking vp∣on this young man. Howbeit, after he had commended the souldiers for their noble corage, not dispayring for the calamitie of their contry: he greatly honored Lucius Martius, to shewe, that who so trusteth in his owne vertues, neede not enuy the glory of another man. So winter [unspec B] being past, he tooke the old and newe bands out of the garrisons, and first of all determined to goe and lay siege vnto new CARTHAGE. For of all the cities of SPAYNE it was the wealthiest, and none more meeter to make warre both by sea & land, then that. Moreouer, the captaines of the CARTHAGINIANS had bestowed in this citie all their munition, and greatest treasure: and left a strong garrison, both in the citie, and castel. But the Captaines them selues were de∣uided in diuers contries, to the end that they three might kepe the whole region from spoile, least of all looking then that CARTHAGE should be beseeged. So Scipio hauing put all in rea∣dines, he came to beseege new CARTHAGE with all his army both by sea and land.* 1.119 This semed to be a maruelous hard enterprise, and would continue long, both bicause the citie was very strong of it selfe, and also for that the men within it were so coragious: that they did not one∣ly [unspec C] thinke them selues able to defend the citie, but their harts serued them also to make salyes out vpon the enemie, and to skirmish with them, euen to the very trenches of the ROMANES campe. Howbeit it happeneth often that what a man can not attaine by force, he may winne by industrie. Now Scipio knew, that the lake or mer which is not farre from the walls of CAR∣THAGE, did ebbe and flowe with the tyde, and that it was passable by forde on that side where they might easiliest come to the walles: So, he thinking to imbrace this occasion, and that he could not possibly meete with a better deuise to take CARTHAGE: when he saw his time, he set his mem in battell ray, and hauing deuided them into seuerall squadrons, gaue a more desperat assault vnto the citie, then he had done before. In the meane time, he chose out a band of the valiantest men he had, and commaunded them to wade ouer the lake, and to scale the walles [unspec D] on that side, where they within the towne made least accompt of it. So, these souldiers that were commaunded to giue this attempt, after they had passed ouer the lake without any let or trouble: they found that part of the wall without any watche or garde, bicause the greatest fury of the fight, was on the other side of the citie. Therefore they easily getting vp on the wal, came and assayled the enemies behind them. The citizens, and those of the garrison, percey∣uing they were vnwares fallen into that great daunger: they immediatly forlooke the walles, and seeing them selues charged on euery side, betooke them to their legges, and fled. The RO∣MANES pursued them so hottely,* 1.120 that they wanne the citie, and sacked it: where they found a wonderfull great spoyle, and aboundance of all things necessary for warre. Scipio greatly pray∣sed his souldiers, & did reward them, for that they had done so valiant seruice. Howbeit when [unspec E] he should come to giue the scaling crowne of the wals, vnto the first man that got vp vpon the wall: there were two souldiers at such variance for the matter, that all the army was in daun∣ger of diuision and mutinie vpon that occasion. Thereuppon Scipio called his men together, and in open assembly told them, that he knewe they both got vp on the wall together, and so gaue them both a scaling crowne: & by this meanes their tumult was presently pacified. Af∣terwards he sent vnto all the cities of SPAYNE, the hostages that were found in the city, which were a maruelous number: the which wanne him great fame for his curtesie and clemency, whereby he allured many nations to yeld them selues vnto the ROMANES, and to forsake the CARTHAGINIANS. But one thinge aboue all the rest, chiefly increased his prayse, and wanne him great loue and good will,* 1.121 as a myrror and example of all vertue. There was a young Lady [unspec F] taken prisoner, that in beautie excelled all the women in CARTHAGE: whome he carefully caused to be kept, and preserued from violence and dishonor. And afterwards when he knew

[unspec A] that she was maried vnto Luceius, Prince of the CELTIBERIANS: he sent for her husbande that was a verie young man, and deliuered her vnto him, vntouched, or dishonored. Luceius not forgetting his noble curtesie vnto her, did let all his subiects vnderstand the great bounty, modestie, and rare excellencie of all kinde of vertues that were in this ROMANE Generall: and shortly after he returned againe to the ROMANES campe, with a great number of horsemen. The three Captaines of the CARTHAGINIANS (Mago, Hasdrubal BARCINIAN, and the other Hasdrubal, the sonne of Gisgo) knowing that the losse of new CARTHAGE did them great hurt,* 1.122 as well in the impairing of their credit with other straunge nations, as also by the coniecture diuers made of the successe of this warre: they first practised to dissemble the losse of it, and then in speach to make light of it as much as they could. Scipio hauing ioined vnto him diuers [unspec B] nations and Princes of SPAYNE, (among the which were the two litle kings, Mandonius, and Indibilis) vnderstanding where Hasdrubal BARCINIAN lay: he marched towards him with his armie, to fight with him, before Mago and the other Hasdrubal came to ioyne with him. Has∣drubal BARCINIAN lay in campe by the riuer of Besula,* 1.123 & was verie desirous to fight, trusting wholly to his strength and army. But when he heard that Scipio was at hand, he left the valley, and got to a hill of pretie strength. The ROMANE legions followed him, and gaue him no re∣spit, but pursued so neere, that they came and assaulted his campe at their first comming. So they fought it out vpon the trenches and rampers, as if they had bene at the assault of a citie. The CARTHAGINIANS trusting to the strength of the place, and driuen vnto it of necessitie, (the which maketh cowards most desperat) they valliantly resisted their enemies the best they [unspec C] could. The ROMANES in contrarie maner, being valliant, and full of good hope, fought it out lustely like men, and the fight was so muche more cruell, for that it was in the sight of their Generall Scipio, and of all the armie besides: insomuch that their valliant seruice there could not be hidden. Therefore they neuer gaue ouer the assault, vntill that hauing done their vt∣termost endeuor, they got vp vpon the rampers, and entred in diuers places into the enemies campe, and made them flie. Hasdrubal, Captaine of the CARTHAGINIANS, saued him selfe by flying, with a few with him, before the ROMANES entred into their fort. After this battell, Scipio according to his maner,* 1.124 caused all the spanish prisoners to be brought before him, and then gaue them libertie to depart, without paying of raunsome. Among the prisoners, there was a young gentleman of the kings blood, and nephew vnto Masinissa, whom when he had [unspec D] vsed verie honorably, he sent vnto Masinissa, with great and rich gifts: to shew thereby that a Generall of an army should be as bountifull & full of ciuill vertues,* 1.125 as otherwise skilfull & ex∣pert in martiall discipline. For the ende of warre is victorie: the benefit whereof consisteth in bountie, and clemencie. From thence commeth the glorie and all other praises due to Cap∣taines: as it happened in those things whereof we now treate. For a great number of SPANY∣ARDS being present, wondering at the great clemencie of the Generall of the ROMANES they coulde doe no lesse but call him king, to honor and recompence his vertue. But Scipio strake that word dead straight,* 1.126 the which was no common sound to the ROMANES eares, and there∣fore he would by no meanes allow that title, which he knewe to be hatefull to the noble men of his contrie, and also vnmeete for the libertie of the ROMANES. He onely prayed the SPA∣NYARDS, [unspec E] that if they had any mind & desire not to shew them selues vnthankefull to him that then they would be faithfull and louing to the people of ROME. So whilest these things were done by Scipio, the other two Captaines of the CARTHAGINIANS, (Mago, and Hasdrubal, the sonne of Gisgo) after they vnderstoode of the ouerthrowe of their men by the riuer of Besula: they made all the speede they could to ioyne together, and shortly after came and met with Hasdrubal BARCINIAN, to consult together, and to take order for the warre. So after they had layed their heades together, and considered all thinges, they concluded thus: that Hasdrubal BARCINIAN should go into ITALIE to his brother Annibal,* 1.127 where the warre was greatest: and that Mago, and the other Hasdrubal shoulde remaine in SPAYNE, should sende for aide from CARTHAGE, & should not fight with the ROMANES vntill all their forces looked for were as∣sembled, [unspec F] and so might make a great and puisant armie. When Hasdrubal was gone into ITA∣LIE, Hanno was sent from CARTHAGE in his place. But practising in his iorney to make the CELTIBERIANS to rebell, M. Syllanus came and set vpon him by Scipioes commaundement,

and was so fortunate, that he ouer came him in battell, and tooke him prisoner.* 1.128 Nowe there [unspec A] was a citie which the contrie men called ORINGE, the which was verie wealthie, and meete to renewe the warre. Lucius Scipio was sent thither with parte of the armie to besiege it: but finding it a verie strong scituacion, and too well manned to take it at the first assault, he enui∣ronned the towne, and within few dayes tooke and lacked it. Winter came on a pace, and the time of the yeare made them both to retire into their garrisōs, for the winter. So Scipio hauing had so good fortune in this warre, he went vnto TARRACON: Mago, and the other Hasdrubal, the sonne of Gisgo, went to the sea side. The next sommer, warres growing more bloody and cruell then before in the lower SPAYNE, the ROMANES and CARTHAGINIANS met, and ioy∣ned battell by the riuer of Besula, and fought set battells. After they had fought a long time together, Scipio at length got the victorie, & made the enemies flie: (of the which there were [unspec B] slaine a great number in the field) and geuing them no leasure to gather together againe, and to make head against him, he fought with them, and followed the chase so hottely, that Has∣drubal and Mago were driuen to leaue the maine land, and to flie to GADES, after they had lost all their armie. In the armie of the CARTHAGINIANS, there was a young man of a noble co∣rage, and verie wise, called Masinissa, who finding meanes to haue secret conference with Syllanus, he was the first man that offred him frendshippe, either being brought to it through Scipioes, liberalitie, or else bicause he thought the time was come, that it was the surest way to take part with the ROMANES, which were the conquerors. It is that Masinissa that afterwards,* 1.129 (through the goodnes of the ROMANES) became the great and mighty king of NVMIDIA, and in deede he was diuers wayes a profitable frende vnto the ROMANES. Furthermore, the selfe [unspec C] same yeare, (which was the fourteenth of the seconde warre with the AFRICANS) SPAYNE was the first nation and people of the vpland men dwelling in the hart of the realme, that was conquered vnder the happie conduct of the Viceconful Scipio: howbeit it was the last realme that was made a prouince long time after, by Augustus Caesar. Now Scipio not contenting him self with the great victories he had obteined, in verie short time in SPAYNE (for he had an ima∣gination & good hope also to cōquer AFRICKE) he thought that his best way, to make all the meanes he could possible to get Syphax, king of the MASAESYLIANS,* 1.130 a frend to the ROMANES. Wherefore after he had felt the kinges minde, perceiuing that he was well inclined to make league with the ROMANES: he presently set all his other affaires aside, and sailed into AFRIKE with two gallies onely, at fiue owers to a bancke. At the selfe same time also came Hasdrubal, [unspec D] the sonne of Gisgo thither, from GADES: so that both these valliant & lusty Captaines came of purpose to the king, enuying one the other, to craue the kinges good will, vnto their contrie and common wealth. Syphax welcomed them both into his Court, and did vse them ve∣rie honorably and curteouslie, and appointed that they should both eate at one table, and lye in one selfe chamber, bicause the one shoulde not thinke his enterteinment better then the o∣ther. It is reported, that Hasdrubal wondering at the magnanimity and great wisedom of Sci∣pio that was present, he considered with him selfe the great daunger the citie of CARTHAGE and all AFRIKE besides was in,* 1.131 through that mans meanes: for he saw him yet a young man, quicke, and excellent in all manner of great vertues, and that had continuallie obtained such victories, and therefore considering the lustie youth of this gentleman, he imagined that it [unspec E] was vnpossible to perswade him to imbrace peace, rather then warre. Besides, he was affraied also that Syphax, moued by the personage and authoritie of him that was present, would take parte with the ROMANES: and in deede his minde gaue him rightlie, for so it happened. For though Syphax at the first shewed him selfe in different to them both, and had moued talke to end the warre betwext the ROMANES and the CARTHAGINIANS: yet afterwards when Scipio tolde him he coulde conclude no peace without consent of the Senate of ROME, he reiected Hasdrubal, and inclining to Scipioes request, he made league with the people of ROME. So Sci∣pio being returned againe into SPAYNE,* 1.132 him self partely by force, and partely also by L. Mar∣tius meanes, conquered ILITVRGIVM, CASTVLO, and certaine other places that refused to yeeld them selues vnto the ROMANES. And to the end nothing should be lacking for all kinde [unspec F] of sports and pleasures, after he had so fortunatelie obtained so many famous victories: when he was come to newe CARTHAGE, he caused the fensers to prepare them selues to fight with

[unspec A] great pompe, where there were many great estates, not only to see that pastime, but also they them selues to handle the weapons in person. But amongest other SPANYARDES of noble houses, there were two called, Corbis, & Orsua,* 1.133 which were at strife together for the kingdom: but that day they ended their quarrell, the one being slaine by the others hand. The fight was verie lamentable & grieuous to the beholders: but the death of him that was slaine, troubled them much more, for they were both cousin germaines. After all this, Scipio hauing his mind still occupied in matters of greater waight and importance, then those which he had already brought to passe: he fell sicke. His sickenes being caried through all SPAYNE, and as it hap∣peneth often, his disease being reported to be muche greater and daungerous then it was in deede: thereuppon, not only the nations of SPAYNE beganne to rise in hope of chaunge, but [unspec B] the armie selfe also of the ROMANES, the which he had left at SVCRO. First of all, martiall di∣scipline was corrupted,* 1.134 through the absence of the Generall. Afterwardes also, the report of his sickenes, and daunger of his life being spred abroad in the armie, raised suche a rebellion among them: that some of them litle regarding the authoritie and commaundement of the head Captaines of the bands, they draue them away, and chose two meane souldiers for their Captaines, who presumptuouslie tooke vpon them the name geuen vnto them by men of no authority, and yet with more arrogancie, made the bundells of roddes and axes to be caried before them. Such follie doth furie and vaine ambicion oftentimes worke in mens minds. On the other side,* 1.135 the SPANYARDS slept not, and specially Mandonius and Indibilis: who aspiring to the kingdom of SPAYNE, came to Scipio when he was conqueror, after he had taken newe [unspec C] CARTHAGE. But afterwards, being offended to see the power of the ROMANES increase daily, they sought occasion to make some alteracion. So after they had heard, not onely of Scipioes sicknes, but also how he was at deathes dore, and did beleue it: they presentlie leauied an ar∣mie, and went and made warre with the SVBSSITANS which were confederates of the RO∣MANES. But Scipio being recouered againe of his sickenes, like as vpon the false rumor of his death euery man beganne to rise: euen so after the truth was knowen in deede of his recoue∣rie, they were all put downe againe, and not a man of them durst proceede any further in their rebellion.* 1.136 Scipio being more skilfull in martiall discipline, then acquainted with sedition and rebellion: although he was maruelously offended with the souldiers that had committed this follie, yet in the end, least following his anger, men should haue thought him to haue excee∣ded [unspec D] all boundes of reason in punishing of them, he referred all vnto the counsell. The most parte of them gaue aduise, that the authors of the rebellion shoulde be punished, and all the rest pardoned: for by this meanes sayd they, the punishment shall light vpon a few that haue deserued it, and all the rest shall take example by them. Scipio followed that aduise,* 1.137 and pre∣sently sent for all the seditious bands, to come to new CARTHAGE to receiue their pay. The souldiers obeyed his commaundement, some of them making their fault lesse then it was, as men doe often flatter them selues: others also trusting to the Captaines clemencie, as kne∣wing him not to be extreame in punishment. For Scipio was wont to say,* 1.138 that he had rather saue the life of one ROMANE citizen, then to kill a thowsand enemies. The rumor ranne also, that Scipio had an other armie readie, the which he looked for to ioyne with them, and then [unspec E] to set vpon the kings, (Mandonius & Indibilis) who made warre with the SVESSITANS. These souldiers departing frō SVCRO; with good hope in obtaine pardon; came vnto CARTHAGE. Howbeit the next day after they were come into the towne, they were brought into the mar∣ket place: where their armor••••d weapons being taken from them, they were enuironned with all the legions armie. Then the ROMANE Generall sitting in place of iudgement, shewed him selfe before all the cōpany in as good health & good disposition of bodies as euer he was in all his youth. Then he made a sharp & bitter oration, full of grieuous complaines: insomuch as there was not one of all the souldiers that were vnarmed, that durst cast vp their eyes, to looke their Generall in the face, they were so ashamed. For their consciences did accuse them for the fault they had committed, and the feare of death did take their wits and senses from [unspec F] them, & the profence of their gratious Captaine, made them blush as well that were innocent, at the parties that were offendors. Wherefore there was a generall and sorowfull silence of all men. So after he had ended his oration, he caused the chiefe authors of this rebellion to be

brought forth before the whole assembly,* 1.139 who, after they had bene whipped according to the [unspec A] maner, were presently beheaded, the which was a fearefull and lamentable sight to the behol∣ders. These matters thus pacified, Scipio made all the other souldiers to be sworne againe, and then went and proclaimed warre against Mandonius and Indibilis. For they considering with them selues, howe the ROMANE souldiers that had rebelled in the campe, were put to death: they were out of hope to obtaine any pardon. Therefore they had leauied an army of twentie thowsand footemen, & two thowsand horsemen, and came downe with them against the RO∣MANES. Scipio hauing intelligence thereof, before that the kings could increase their army, & that other nations could rebel: he departed from CARTHAGE, & went with as great speede as he could to meete with the enemy. The kings were camped in a very strong place, and trusted so to their army, that they were not determined to prouoke the enemy, nor also to refuse the [unspec B] battell if it were offred them. Howbeit it chaunced by the nerenes of both campes, that within few dayes, they being prouoked by the ROMANES, came downe & set their men in battell ray, & ioyned battell with Scipio: so that a good while together, the fight was very bloody & cruel. But at length the SPANYARDS seeing them selues compassed in behinde, and being driuen to fight in a ring to defend the enemy on euery side, they were ouercome: so that the third parte of them scarcely saued them selues by flying. Mandonius & Indibilis seeing them selues vtterly vndone, & that there was no hope nor remedy left: they sent Ambassadors vnto Scipio, hum∣bly to pray him to receiue them to mercy, and to pardon them. But Scipio knowing right well how greatly they had offended him, and the ROMANES, yet thinking it more honorable to o∣uercome the enemie by curtesie and clemency,* 1.140 then by force: he did pardon them, and only [unspec C] cōmaunded them to geue him money to pay his souldiers. In the meane time Masinissa came from GADES, & landed: bicause he would him selfe in person confirme the frendship he had offered Scipio in his absence, by the meanes of M. Syllanus, and also speake with him face to face, whom he iudged to be a worthie man, for the famous victories he had obteined. And in truth Masinissa was not deceiued in the opinion he had of the valliantnes & vertues of Scipio, but found him the selfe same man whom he before had imagined him to be in his minde: the which but seldom happeneth so notwithstanding. For besides the great rare giftes of nature that Scipio had aboue all others, there was in him also a certaine Princely grace and maiestie,* 1.141 Furthermore, he was maruelous gentle & curteous vnto them that came to him, and had an eloquent tongue, and a passing gift to winne euerie man. He was verie graue to his gesture [unspec D] and behauiour, and euer ware long heare. Masinissa being come to salute him, when he sawe him, he had him in suche admiration as it is reported, that he could not cast his eyes of him, nor haue his fill of looking on him. So he thanked him maruelouslie for sending his Ne∣phewe vnto him, and promised him that his deedes shoulde confirme and witnesse the frend∣shippe agreed vppon betwene them: the which he euer after inuiolablie kept vnto the RO∣MANES, euen to the hower of his death. So all the nations of SPAYNE became subiect to the Empire of ROME, or at the least their confederates: whereupon those of GADES also follow∣ing the example of others,* 1.142 came and yeelded them selues vnto the ROMANES. This is a verie auncient nation, and if we may credit the reporte of it: as CARTHAGE was in AFRIKE, and THE••ES in BOEOTIA, so was GADES vpon the sea, a Colony of the TYRIANS. Scipio after he [unspec E] bad conquered all SPAYNE, and driuen out the CARTHAGINIANS, considering that there re∣mained nothing more for him to doe: he left the gouernment of the prouince vnto. L. Len∣tulus, and to Manlius Acidinus, and returned to ROME.* 1.143 When he was arriued at ROME, the Senate gaue him audience out of the citie, in the temple of Belloua. There, when he had par∣ticularly told thē of the things he had valliantly & fortunately brought to end: & further, that he had ouercome foure Captaines in diuers foughtē fields & also put to flight foure armies of the enemies, & driuē the CARTHAGINIANS out of both SPAYNES, & that there was no nation left in all those parts, but was subdued to the ROMANES, the Senate gaue iudgement, that all these things were worthy of a noble triumphe. But bicause neuer man yet was suffred to enter into ROME in triūphe, for any victories he had obtained, whilest he was only but Viceconsul, [unspec F] and had not yet bene Consul the Senators thought it not good, and Scipio him selfe also made no great sute for it, bicause he would not be an occasion to bring in any newe custome,

[unspec A] and to breake the olde. So when he came into the citie, he was afterwardes declared Consul,* 1.144 with the great good will and consent of the whole assemblie. It is reported that there neuer came such a world of people to ROME, as were there as that time, not only for the assemblies sake, but more to see P. Cor. Scipio. Wherefore, not the ROMANES onely, but all the straun∣gers also that were there, all their eyes were vpon Scipio, and sayd both openly and priuately: that they should send him into AFRIKE, to make warre with the CARTHAGINIANS, at home in their owne contrie. Scipio also being of the same opinion, said, that he would aske aduise of the people, if the Senate would be against such a worthie enterprise. For amongest the peres and Senators, there were some that vehemently inueyed against that opinion, and among the rest, Fabius Maximus speciallie, a man of great fame and authoritie. Scipio went forward with [unspec B] the matter, and thwarted him, and shewed many reasons that there was no way to ouercome the CARTHAGINIANS, and to driue Annibal out of ITALIE, but that only: and that all other counsells were in vaine, and vnproffitable. After this matter was long debated in counsell, SI∣CILIA was appointed vnto Scipio: and the whole Senate gaue him commission to go with all his armie into AFRIKE, if he thought it meete and proffitable for the common wealth. The decree of the Senate being published, euerie mans minde ranne of so great enterprises, that they perswaded them selues AFRIKE was alreadie their owne, and had great hope to end this warre. Howbeit Scipio saw it a hard matter to make his preparation for this iorney, bicause of the pouertie of the common treasure, and for lacke of young men: the flower and choyce of the which was vtterlie gone, by the former great losses and ouerthrowes Annibal had geuen [unspec C] them. Howebeit to satisfie euerie mans expectacion of him, he made all the possible speede he could, to prepare thinges necessarie for the warres. So diuers people of THVSCAN, and of the VMBRIANS, offered to helpe him to their best power: some of them gaue him timber to builde his shippes, others holpe him with armor, and others also furnished him with corne, and all other kinde of vittells and munition for his armie. The shippes being built, and all the armie by sea put in readines, in the space of fiue and fortie dayes,* 1.145 a thing incredible to many: Scipio departed out of ITALIE, and sailed towards SICILE. But when he came to take muster of his armie, he speciallie chose those that had serued long time in the warres, vnder the con∣duct of M. Marcellus, the which were all esteemed for verie expert souldiers. And for the SI∣CILIANS, he partely wanne them by curtesie, and partely by compulsion compelled them to [unspec D] geue him aide for the warre he tooke in hand, the which he ment to make in AFRIKE, when the time of the yeare should serue for it. Among other things, it is reported that Scipio chose out of diuers cities, three hundred young gentlemen of the noblest houses of all the sayd pro∣uince, and commaunded them to meete at a certaine day appointed,* 1.146 euerie man with horse and armor. Then comming at the day appointed, according to his commaundement: the Consul bad them choose whether they would followe him in the warres of AFRIKE, or else deliuer vp their armor & horse, to as many other ROMANES as they were in number. So when they all prayed they might be dismissed from the warre, Scipio appointed three hundred other young ROMANES in their places, whom he had brought out of ITALIE with him vnarmed, bicause he would mount and arme them at the SICILIANS cost, as in deede it chaunced. Af∣terwards, [unspec E] they did him great seruice in AFRIKE, in many great battells. Now time was come on for Scipio to put his armie in garrison for the winter time, when he came to SYRACVSA, ta∣king order not only for the preparation of warre, but also for the affaires of SICILIA. There when it was tolde him by complaint of diuers, that there was a great companie of ITALIAN souldiers in that citie, who would not restore the spoiles which they had gotten in the warres, but kept them stil in their hands, notwithstanding that the Senate had enioyned them by spe∣ciall commaundement to make restitution to the SYRACVSANS: he straight compelled them by proclamation, to accomplishe the Senates commaundement. Whereby he wanne all the peoples hartes of SICILIA and was reported to be a iust and vpright Consul. In the meane time he was aduertised by Caius Laelius, that returned out of AFRIKE with great spoyle: howe [unspec F] king Masinissa was very desirous of his comming thither, and that he instantly prayed him he would come into AFRIKE, as soone as he coulde possible, so it were without the preiudice of the common wealth. Moreouer, that diuers nations and people of AFRIKE had the like de∣sire:

who hating the gouernment of the CARTHAGINIANS, desired nothing more, then some [unspec A] good occasion to rebell. Nowe this iorney was not deferred through Scipioes fault or negli∣gence, considering that such a Captaine could hardly be founde that was more carefull and diligent in his charge then he. Howbeit the affaires of SICILIA, and the oportunitie he had to recouer LOCRES againe, did hinder him that he coulde not bring his purpose to passe ac∣cording to his minde. Furthermore, his Lieutenaunt Pleminius disorder grieued him much: bicause that hauing left him at LOCRES, he fell to all sortes of insolencie, as to deflowre wo∣men, and to spoyle the poore citizens: insomuch that they being maruelously offended with these infinite troubles and villanies offered them, they determined rather to suffer all other things, then to be subiect to the gouernment of so vile & wicked a man. So the Ambassadors of LOCRES being arriued at ROME, and exhibiting their complaintes in open Senate of the [unspec B] great wrongs and iniuries Pleminius did them: the noble men tooke the matter so grieuously, that they made bitter decrees, not only against the same Pleminius, but also against P.C. Scipio himselfe. Wherupon Scipioes enemies hauing gotten matter enough to accuse him,* 1.147 they were then so bold to affirme, that he was acquainted with the iniuries offred the LOCRIANS, with the licentiousnesse of Pleminius, and with the rebellions of his souldiers also: and that he had suffred all these things more negligently, then became the office or duety of a Consul. They added thereto moreouer, that his army he had in SICILE was altogether vnruly, & vnseruice∣able, & regarded not the ordinances of the campe: and that the Captaine him selfe was care∣lesse, & altogether geuen ouer to pleasure and idlenes. But aboue all others, Fabius Maximus was his heauy enemy,* 1.148 and so vehement against him in his words, that he exceded the bounds [unspec C] of all modesty and reason, and thought good to call him presently home out of SICILIA, and to dismisse him of his charge. This decree was thought of all men very straight, & extreame. Wherefore following Quintus Metellus counsell, the Senators appointed ten Ambassadors to go into SICILIA, to make diligent inquiery, whether the accusations obiected against Scipio were true: and if they found him in fault, that then they should commaund him in the name of the Senate presently to returne into ITALY. And on the other side, if they foūd that he was vniustly accused, and only through the procurement of his malicious enemies & detracters: then that they should send him to his armie, and encorage him valliantly to go forward with this warre. So when the Ambassadors were arriued in SICILIA, after they had made diligent inquiery according to the articles of their commission: they coulde not finde that Scipio was [unspec D] faultie in any thing, sauing that he had too lightly passed ouer the wrongs and iniuries Plemi∣nius had done vnto the LOCRIANS. For Scipio was verie liberall in rewarding of his men,* 1.149 and exceeding curteous and mercifull also in punishing of them. But when they saw his army, his shippes, and all his other furniture and munition for warre: it is reported that they wondred so much to see the great aboundance and good order taken for all thinges, that when they re∣turned to ROME, they greatly commended Scipio, and reiecting all the accusations of his ac∣cusers, they did promise the Senate and people of ROME, assured hope of victory. So when all these home troubles at ROME were taken away, there chaunced other outward troubles a broad that grieued him much. For the Ambassadors of king Syphax came and told him that their maister had made new league with the CARTHAGINIANS,* 1.150 & was become frend to Has∣drubal, [unspec E] whose daughter he had maried: and therefore that he wished him if he ment to do his contry good, to make no attempt vpon AFRIKE, for he was determined to reckon the CAR∣THAGINIANS frends his, & also to set vpon them whom the CARTHAGINIANS account their enemies. Scipio quickelie returned the Ambassadors againe vnto Syphax, bicause the effect of their comming should not be blowen abroad in his campe: & gaue them letters, in the which he praied king Syphax, that remembring his league and faithfull promise, he should beware he attempted nothing vnworthy the name of a ROMANE, and faith of a king. Afterwards calling his men together, he told thē, that the Ambassadors of king Syphax were come into SICILE, to complaine of his long tarying, as Masinissa had done before. Therefore he was to hasten his iorney to goe into AFRIKE, and thereupon cōmaunded all his souldiers to put them selues in [unspec F] readines, and to prouide all things necessary for their iorney. The Consuls commaundement being published through all SICILE, there repaired immediatlie vnto Lilybea a multitude of

[unspec A] people, not only of those that were to faile into AFRIKE, but of others also that came to see the fleete & army of the ROMANES: bicause they neuer saw an army better furnished, nor set out with all things necessary for warre, nor better replenished with souldiers, then that. So Scipio, all things being ready, imbarked at LILYBEA with so earnest a desire to passe ouer the sea, that neither owers nor wind did content his minde. Yet he was brought in few daies sailing, to the promontory or mountaine called fayer, and there he put all his men a land. The newes of his arriual flying straight to CARTHAGE, all the city was presently in such an vprore, that sodainly they sounded the alarom, and garded the gates & walls, as appeareth by testimony of some in writing. For from M. Regulus time, vnto that present day, it was almost fifty yeares space since any ROMANE Captaine euer entred AFRIKE with force of armes. And therefore it was no [unspec B] maruell though they were affrayed, and grew to vprore. The name of Scipio did encrease their feare the more, bicause the CARTHAGINIANS had no Captaine matchable with him. Has∣drubal the sonne of Gisgo had the name at that time of a lusty Captaine, whom they knew had notwithstanding bene ouercome, and driuen out of SPAYNE by Scipio. Howbeit putting all the hope & safety of their contry in him, & in king Syphax that mighty king: they neuer left in∣treating the one, nor perswading the other, to come & helpe the affaires of AFRIKE, with all the spede they could possible. So, whilest they two were preparing to ioyne both their armies together, Annibal the sonne of Hamilcar, being appointed to kepe the next contry adioyning to it, came against the ROMANES. Scipio after he had destroyed the contry, & enriched his ar∣my with great spoyle: he camped by the city of VTICA, to see if it were possible for him to win [unspec C] so noble and wealthy a city, and being besides so commodious for the warres both by sea and land. At the selfe same time Masinissa came to the ROMANES campe,* 1.151 and was inflamed with a vehement desire to make warre against king Syphax, by whom he had before bene driuen out of his kingdom & inheritance. Scipio, that had knowen him in SPAYNE, a young Prince of an excellent wit, and quicke & valliant of his hand: he sent him to discouer the army of the ene∣mies, before the CARTHAGINIANS could gather any greater power, and willed him to vse all the deuise and meanes he coulde possible to intise Hanno to fight. Masinissa as he was com∣maunded, began to prouoke the enemy, and drawing him out by litle & litle, he brought him where Scipio lay with all his legions armed, looking for a good hower to fight. The armie of the enemies was nowe wearied, when the ROMANES came to set vpon them with their freshe [unspec D] army. Hanno at the first onset was ouercomen, & slaine,* 1.152 with most of his men: and all the rest fled, and dispersed them selues here and there, where they thought they might best scape. Af∣ter this victory, Scipio returning backe againe to besiege the city of VTICA: the sodaine com∣ming of Hasdrubal and king Syphax, made him to leaue of his enterprise, for that they brought with them a great army both of footemen & horsemen, and came and camped not farre from the ROMANES. Scipio perceiuing that, raised his siege immediatly, and came and fortified his campe vpon a hill, from whence he might go & fight with the enemy, and molest them of V∣TICA, and also keepe his shippes safe that road at ancker. Howbeit the time of the yeare being comen, that both armies were to dispose their men in garrisons for the winter season: he de∣termined to send vnto king Syphax to feele his minde, and to make him leaue the frendshippe [unspec E] of the CARTHAGINIANS if it were possible. For he knew well it was his mariage with Sopho∣nisba,* 1.153 that through her flattering perswasions had brought him to that furie, that he had not only forsaken the frendshippe of the ROMANES, but also ment to destroy them, contrary to his faith and promise: and that if he had once satisfied the heate of his loue with her, he thought then he might be called home againe. Syphax hauing vnderstoode Scipioes message sent him, he answered, that in dede it was time not only to leaue the league with the CARTHAGINIANS, but also to geue vp all thought of warre: and so promised, that he would be a good meane to make peace. Scipio gaue good care vnto it, and caught holde of an excellent fine deuise.* 1.154 He chose the valliantest souldiers in his army, apparelled them like slaues, and made them waite vpon the Ambassadors, and gaue them instructions what they shoulde doe. These fellowes, [unspec F] whilest the Ambassadors and king Syphax were in talke together about the articles and con∣dicions of peace, and that the consultation helde lenger then it was wont to doe: they went and walked vp and downe through the enemies campe, to see all the wayes and entries into

it, according vnto Scipioes instructions. After they had done this diuers times, they came a∣gaine [unspec A] to Scipio. Truce was taken for a time, the which being expired, Scipio seemed to make preparation for warres, (as being out of hope of any peace) & to make his army ready by sea, preparing engines of batterie to returne to besiege VTICA, as he had done before. He gaue out this rumor through all the contry, to perswade his enemies that it was true: howbeit ha∣uing called the Captaines & pety Captaines of his army together, he made them priuy to his intent & enterprise. He told them that both the enemies campes lay not farre a sunder, of the which, the one of them had all their tents & cabbons of wodde: and the building of the other campe was all of reedes, so that they were both easie to be burnt. Wherupon hauing sent for Masinissa, and Caius Lalius to come vnto him, he gaue them charge about midnight to geue a∣larom vnto Syphax campe, and to set it a fire: and that he him selfe on the other side, would set [unspec B] vpon the CARTHAGINIANS campe. They two obeying Scipioes commaundement, performed his will without delay, & came at the hower appointed thē to assaile the NVMIDIANS campe, and so did set the houses of reedes afire, which tooke fire in such sort, as the flame was imme∣diatly rounde about the campe. The NVMIDIANS at the first, thinking the fire had comen by misfortune, ranne thither straight vnarmed to quench it. But when they found them selues a∣mong the legions of the ROMANES, and that there was nothing but killing downe right, see∣ing them selues so compassed in on all sides, they saw their best remedie was to flie. On the o∣ther side also, where Scipioes army was: the CARTHAGINIAANS campe was almost all burnt, an the enemies put to flight with such cruell slaughter,* 1.155 that some wryters affirme there were slaine that night about fortie thowsand men, as well CARTHAGINIANS as NVMIDIANS. This [unspec C] great ouerthrow and slaughter being caried to CARTHAGE, did put the citizens there in such a feare and terror, that some thought best to send for Annibal out of ITALIE: and others gaue aduise to make peace with Scipio. Howbeit the BARCINIAN faction which was rich and weal∣thy, & altogether against the peace makers: they so preuailed, that they leauied a new power to begin warre againe. King Syphax and Hasdrubal, hauing leauied a great multitude of foote∣men and horsemen againe, renewed their armie sooner then was looked for, and came againe to pitche their campe directly ouer against the enemies. Scipio hauing vnderstanding of that, would nottary, but determined to geue them battell, whilest his men were in good hart, and willing to fight. So it chaunced at the first, by the neerenes of both their campes, that there were certaine skirmishes: but in the end, the armies came to ioyne battell, and the ROMANES [unspec D] sought with such corage & terror, that at the first onset, they made the NVMIDIANS & CAR∣THAGINIANS flie, and slue the most part of them. Hasdrubal and Syphax scaped, by flying out of the slaughter. Scipio sent Masinissa, & Caius Laelius with the light horsemen to giue them chase. Syphax being comen into NVMIDIA, & from thence into his owne realme & kingdom he lea∣uied an army in hast, of all sorts of people, & came to meete with Masinissa & Caius Laelius, and was not affrayed to geue them battell. But it was a fond parte of him, considering that he was nothing like so strong as his enemy, neither for nūber of fighting men, nor yet in likelyhood of souldiers. For neither the souldiers, nor Captaines of his army were matchable with the soul∣diers & Captaines of the ROMANES cāpe: & therfore king Syphax was easily ouercome by such skilful souldiers,* 1.156 & moreouer was him selfe taken in battel, with many other great noble men, [unspec E] whom Masinissa wold hardly haue looked for: & thē they were brought vnto Scipio. At the first there was a maruelous ioy amōg thē, when it was told thē that king Syphax should be brought prisoner vnto the cāpe: but afterwards when they saw him bound, they were al sory to see him in such pityfull state, remēbring his former greatnes & regall maiesty. For they called to mind how famous the name of this king had bene but a litle before, what wonderful great wealth he had, & also the power of so great a realme & kingdom. Howbeit Scipio the ROMANE Consul, receiued him very curteously, & gently asked him what he ment to chaunge his mind in that sort, & what moued him to make warre with the ROMANES. Then the king remēbring his for∣mer frendship & faithful promise broken, he boldly told him, that it was the loue he bare to his wife Sophonisba, who only had procured him to deale so dishonorably with the ROMANES: how∣beit, [unspec F] that he had so smarted for it, as all others might take example by him, and beware how they breake their promise. And yet, that this was a great comfort to him in his extreame mi∣sery,

[unspec A] to see that his mortall enemy Masinissa was also taken with that franzie and mud humor, wherewith he before was possessed. For after Syphax was ouercome and taken; Masinissa went vnto CYRTHA, the chiefe city of the realme, the which he wan, and found Sophonisba there,* 1.157 with whom he fell in fancy: who after she had finely wrapped him in with here decenfull flat∣teries and kindnes, he promised her also to deliuer her out of the ROMANES hands & bicause he might the better performe his promise made, he tooke her to his wife, & maried her. Whē Scipio was informed of these things, it grieued him maruelously. For it was knowen to all men, that Syphax was ouercome vnder the conduct, & through the ROMANES meanes: and there∣fore all that was belonging to Spyhax, was at the disposition of the ROMANES. Wherefore if Masinissa had without Scipioes consent, vndertaken to defend Sophonisbaes quarrell: then it ap∣peared [unspec B] plainly, he despised the authority of the Consul, & the maiesty of the people of ROME•• Furthermore, his filthie lust did agrauate his fault the more, the which seemed so much more intollerable, by how much the continency of the ROMANE Consul was the greater,* 1.158 the which Masinissa saw daily before his eyes, and might haue bene a paterne and example vnto him. For Scipio, besides many other proofes and shewes of his vertues, in all places where he obtayned victory, he alwayes kept the women vndefiled, which were taken prisoners. So, Scipio being much offended with Masinissa, (though he shewed it not before company) receiued him very louingly at his returne to the campe: yet afterwards notwithstanding, taking him aside, he so sharply reproued him, that he made him know what it was to obey a moderate, and also a se∣uere Captaine. Whereupon Masinissa went into his tent and wept, & could not tell what way [unspec C] he should take: howbeit shortly after, perceiuing that it was vnpossible for him to keepe pro∣mise with Sophonisba, which grieued him to the hart: he sent her poyson, & a message withall,* 1.159 the which she dranke immediatly, & so willingly made her selfe away. Furthermore, the CAR∣THAGINIANS after they had receiued such wonderfull great losses and ouerthrowes, one after an other, perceiuing that their affaires were brought to suche a straight and extreamitie, that they were no more to looke after the inlarging of their dominions, but only to cōsider which way they might keepe their owne contry: they sent for Annibal to come out of ITALIE.* 1.160 Who returning with great speede into AFRIKE, before he did anything else, he thought good first to talke with P. Scipio about peace: either bicause he was affrayed of the good fortune of this young man, or else for that he mistrusted he coulde not otherwise helpe his contrie and com∣mon [unspec D] wealth, which he saw decaying, & like to be destroied. Wherfore a place was appointed, where they might meete according to his desire: where when they were both met, they had long talke together about the ending of this warre. In the end, Scipio offred Annibal such con∣dicions of peace, that by them it appeared the ROMANES were not wearie of warre, and that Scipio him selfe being a young man, had better hope to obtaine victorie, then great desire to hearken to peace. So, all hope of peace being set aside, they brake of their talke, and the next morning two famous and worthie Captaines of the most noble nations that could be, prepa∣red them selues to battell, either to geue or take away in short time from their cōmon weales, the seigniorie and Empire of all the worlde. The place where they imployed all their force, and where this famous battell was fought, as it is reported, was by the citie of ZAMA:* 1.161 in the [unspec E] which the ROMANES being conquerors, did first make the Elephants flie, then the horsemen, and in the ende brake so fiercely into the footemen, that they ouerthrew all the army. It is re∣ported that there were slaine and taken by the ROMANES, aboue fortie thowsande CARTHA∣GINIANS. Annibal fled out of the fury of the battell, & saued him selfe, though that day he had shewed him selfe like a valliant and famous Captaine.* 1.162 For at this battell he had set his armie in better order then euer he had done before, and had strengthened it, both with the com∣moditie of the place, and reliefe besides: and euen in the verie furie and terror of the battell he so besturred him selfe among his souldiers, that the enemies them selues did commend & praise him, for a noble Captaine. After this victory, Scipio meeting with Vermina king Syphax sonne, that brought aide to the CARTHAGINIANS: he put him to flight, and came and brought [unspec F] his army to the walls and hauen of CARTHAGE, thinking (as in deede it fel out) that the CAR∣THAGINIANS would sue to him for peace. For, as the CARTHAGINIANS before had bene very good souldiers, & readie to make warres: so were they now become timerous & faint harted,

specially when they saw their Generall Annibal ouercomen, in whom they chiefly reposed all [unspec A] their hope and trust, for defense of their contrie. Wherefore they being (as I haue sayed) out of hart, sent Ambassadors vnto Scipio, to pray him that according to his accustomed cle∣mencie he woulde graunt them peace. Nowe was great sute made at ROME, to haue the go∣uernment of the prouince of AFRIKE, and one of the newe Consuls made hast to come and make warre, with such charge and preparation as was meete for his dignitie and calling: and therefore Scipio doubting that an other shoulde carie away the glorie for ending of so great a warre, he was the better contented to yeeld to the CARTHAGINIAN Ambassadors requestes. So, the capitulaciō of the articles of peace was offred vnto the CARTHAGINIANS, according to the conquerors mind: and besides all other things, the whole fleete of all their shippes and gallies (in the which consisted much their hope) were taken from them. For when the whole [unspec B] fleete was burnt, it was such a lamentable sight vnto them all, that there was no other thing but weeping and lamenting through the whole city, as if CARTHAGE had bene destroied and rased to the very ground. For as some doe write, there were fiue hundred shippes burnt of all sortes.* 1.163 These things therefore should make vs all beware of humaine frayeltie, the which we often forget in our prosperitie. For they that before perswaded them selues to conquer the world, after they had wonne so many great battells and victories of the enemie, and in maner conquered all ITALIE, and so valliantly besides besieged the city of ROME: were in short time after brought to such misery and extreamity, that all their power and force being ouercome, they had left them no more but the walls of CARTHAGE, and yet they were not sure to keepe them, but through the speciall grace and fauor of the enemie. After these things were done, [unspec C] Scipio by decree of the Senate, did not only restore king Masinissa to his realme againe, but also adding thereunto the best part of all king Syphax contrie, they made him one of the mightiest kings of all AFRIKE: and afterwards he gaue honorable gifts vnto euery man as he had deser∣ued. In fine, after he had set all the affaires of AFRIKE at good stay, he brought his army backe againe into ITALIE: at what time there came to ROME a world of people,* 1.164 to see so great and famous a Captaine, returning from such wonderfull great victories. So he entred into ROME with pompe of triumphe,* 1.165 Terentius Culeo following of him with a harte on his head, bicause that through his fauor and frendship he was taken out of bondage. Polybius wryteth, that king Syphax was led in triumphe: howbeit some say he dyed before Scipio triumphed. In deede di∣uers that did triumphe, some before him during the warres of the CARTHAGINIANS, and o∣thers [unspec D] afterwards in the warres of MACEDONIA & ASIA, they made greater shew of plate, both of gold and siluer in their triumphe, and led also a greater number of prisoners: howbeit one onely Annibal that was ouercome, and the glorie of so great a warre ended, did make the tri∣umphe of P. Scipio so excellent and famous, that it farre passed all the golde and magnificent pompe of all others triumphes. For after AFRIKE was conquered, no nation then was asha∣med to be ouercome by the ROMANES. For he made this prouince, as it were a bridge and o∣pen passage to increase and enlarge the Empire of ROME, both in MACEDON, and also in A∣SIA, and in other parts of the world besides. Now Scipio (whom I may rightly call AFRICAN, after the conquest of AFRIKE) being returned to ROME, he lacked no temporall dignities nor honors. For in the counsell holden for the election of Censors, although there were diuers o∣thers [unspec E] of the noblest houses of ROME that sued for that office: yet he him selfe, and AElius Pe∣tus were preferred before all the rest,* 1.166 and after they were created Censors, they did gouerne in their office like good men, and with good quietnes. Afterwards the Censors that followed them, did still one after an other choose Scipio AFRICAN Prince of the Senate: the which di∣gnitie was wont to be geuen to them only,* 1.167 that obtained the type of all honor, through their great conquests and benefits done to their contry. Shortly after, he was againe chosen Con∣sul with Sempronius Longus,* 1.168 the sonne of that Sempronius whome Annibal ouercame in that great ouerthrow, at the battell by the riuer of Trebia. They two were the first (as it is repor∣ted) that deuided the noble men and Senators from the people, in the showe place to see pas∣time. This separation was verie odious to the people of ROME, and they were maruelouslie [unspec F] offended with the Consuls for it: bicause they tooke it, that increasing the honor of the state of the Senators, they thereby did discountenaunce and imbase them. Some say also, that

[unspec A] Scipio AFRICAN afterwardes repented him selfe that he had taken away the olde custome, and brought in a newe. At that time there fell out greate variaunce betwext Masinissa and the CARTHAGINIANS touching their borders and confines. Whereuppon the Senate sent Scipio thither with two other commissioners: who after they had hearde the cause of their quarrell, they left the matter as they founde it, and would proceede no further it.* 1.169 And this they did, bicause that the CARTHAGINIANS being troubled with ciuil warres at home, should take vpon them no other warres abroade, neither shoulde haue leasure to attempt any alterna∣cion otherwise. For the ROMANES had great warre with king Antiothus, & Annibal CARTHA∣GINIAN was there with him, who still stirred vp the olde enemies against the ROMANES, and practised to raise vp new enemies against them, & in all thinges to counsell the CARTHAGI∣NIANS [unspec B] to cast away the yoke of bondage, which the ROMANES had brought them into vnder the title of peace, & to proue the frendship of the kings. Howbeit shortly after, the ROMANES hauing obtained victorie, and driuen king Antiochus out of GRAECE: they intended also to conquer ASIA: and therefore all their hope was in Scipio AFRICAN, as a man that was borne to ende warres of great importaunce. Howbeit Lucius Scipio, and Caius Lalius were Consuls, & either of them made sute for the gouernment of ASIA. The matter being consulted vpon, the Senate stoode doubtfull what iudgement they should geue, betwext two so famous men. Howbeit, bicause Laelius was in better fauour with the Senate, and in greater estimacion: the Senate beganne to take his parte. But when P. Cornelius Scipio AFRICAN, the elder brother of Lucius Scipio, prayed the Senate that they would not dishonor his house so, and tolde them [unspec C] that his brother had great vertues in him, and was besides verie wise, and that he him selfe also woulde be his Lieutenaunt: he had no sooner spoken the wordes, but the Senators re∣ceiued him with great ioy, and presentlie did put them all out of doubt. So it was ordayned in open Senate, that Lucius Scipio should goe into GRAECE to make warre with the AETO∣LIANS, and that from thence he shoulde goe into ASIA, if he thought good, to make warre with king Antiochus: and also that he shoulde take his brother Scipio AFRICAN with him, bicause he shoulde goe against Annibal, that was in Antiochus armie. Who can but won∣der at the loue and naturall affection of Publius Cornelius Scipio AFRICAN,* 1.170 the which he first shewed from his youth vnto his father Cornelius, and afterwardes also vnto his brother Lu∣cius Scipio, considering the great thinges he had done? For, notwithstanding he was that A∣FRICAN [unspec D] by name that had ouercomen Annibal, that had triumphed ouer the CARTHAGI∣NIANS, and excelled all others in praise of martiall discipline: yet of his owne good nature he made him selfe inferiour to his younger brother, bicause he might haue the honour of obtayninge the gouernment of that prouince from his fellowe Consul Laelius, that was so well beloued, and of so great estimacion. Lucius Scipio the Consul brought great honor to his contrie by that warre, for that he followed the sownde and faithfull counsell of his bro∣ther. For first of all goinge into GRAECE, he tooke truce for sixe monethes with the AE∣TOLIANS, through the aduise of his brother AFRICAN: who counselled him, that setting all thinges a parte, he shoulde straight goe into ASIA, where the warre was ryfest. Af∣terwards also he wanne Prusias king of BITHYNIA from Antiochus frendshippe, who before [unspec E] was wauing vp & downe, doutfull which side to take, and all through his brother AFRICANS meanes and practise. So the authoritie of the AFRICAN was verie great, and all those that woulde obtaine any thing of the Consul, came first to the AFRICAN to be their meane and intercessor. Nowe when he came into ASIA, Antiochus Ambassador, and Heraclides BI∣ZANTINE, came vnto him to offer to make peace, and after they had openly tolde their mes∣sage, perceiuing that they could not obtaine reasonable condicions of peace: they priuately talked with Scipio AFRICAN as they were commaunded, and practised the best they coulde to make him king Antiochus frende. For they tolde him, that Antiochus would sende him his younger sonne which he had taken, and furthermore that he woulde willinglie make him his companion in the gouernment of all his realme, only reseruing the name and title of the king. [unspec F] Howebeit P. Scipio, excelling no lesse in faithfulnesse and bountie, then in many other ver∣tues,* 1.171 after he had aunswered them to all other matters, he tolde them, that for his sonne he woulde take him for a maruelous frendlie gifte: and that for a priuate good turne,

he would doe the best he could to requite him with the like. Howbeit, that he would counsell [unspec A] the king aboue all things to leaue of thought of warre, and to receiue those offers and condi∣cions of peace, which the Senate and people of ROME would offer him. Shortly after, Antio∣chus sent P. Scipio his sonne according to his promise: who (as it is reported) had bene taken prisoner from the first beginning of the warre, as he went from CHALCIDE, vnto ORICVM: or as other wryters say, as he passed by in a pinnase. Yet some holde opinion, that he was ta∣ken as he went to discouer the counsell of the enemies, and that he was then sent againe vn∣to his father, lying sicke at the citie of ELEA. This great curtesie of king Antiochus was mar∣uelous well thought of of the AFRICAN, and not without cause: for to see his sonne after he had bene away so long, it did greatlie lighten his spirites, and diseased bodie. But P. Scipio, to shewe some token of a thankefull minde, prayed the Ambassadors that came vnto him, [unspec B] greatlie to thanke king Antiochus for the exceeding pleasure he had done him, to sende him his sonne. Afterwardes he gaue Antiochus aduise also that he should not geue battell, till he vnderstoode of his returne from ELEA to the campe. So Antiochus being perswaded by the authoritie of so worthie a man, he kept close in his campe for a certaine time, and determi∣ned to drawe the warre out at length, hoping in the ende that he might come to speake with the Consul, by the AFRICANS meanes. But afterwardes, the Consul camping hard by MA∣GNESIA, did so vexe and prouoke the enemie, that the king came out to battell, and sette his men in battell ray. It is reported that Annibal him selfe was present at the battell, being one of the Generalls for the king. So Antiochus being ouercome, and his armie discomfited, perceiuing that there was no helpe in his affaires: he came vnto the AFRICAN, (who being [unspec C] newlie recouered of his sickenes,* 1.172 came to the campe within a litle after the field was wonne) and by his meanes obtayned of the Consul to be contented to talke of peace. When Antio∣chus Ambassadors were come to the campe, and that they had humblie craued pardon in the behalfe of their king, and also prayed that they would geue them suche condicions of peace, as they best liked of: Scipio AFRICAN with the consent of them all aunswered them, that it was not the manner of the ROMANES to yeeld to aduersitie, neither also to be prowde in pro∣speritie: and therefore that he nowe made him the selfe same offers and condicions of peace, which he did before the victorie. That the king shoulde not meddle with EVROPE, that he should surrender vp all he had in ASIA from the mountaine Taurus, vnto the riuer of Tanais: that he shoulde pay tribute twentie yeres together: that he shoulde also put in suche ostages [unspec D] as the Consul would choose out: and that specially aboue all the rest, they should deliuer An∣nibal CARTHAGINIAN vnto the Consul, who was the only author and procurer of this warre. But he, as we haue wrytten in his life, perceiuing that king Antiochus armie was ouerthro∣wen both by sea and by lande, escaped the ROMANES handes, and went vnto Prusias king of BITHYNIA. Antiochus hauing accepted the offers and condicions of peace, sayd, that the RO∣MANES vsed him verie fauourablie, to ridde him of so great care, and to appoint him so small a kingdome. For great kingdomes,* 1.173 and ouermuch wealth which euerie man coueteth, are full of great and sundrie troubles: insomuch that Theocritus wordes are as true, as other∣wise excellently written.

The things I vvish are nother vvelth, nor Scepter, Robe, nor Crovvne, [unspec E] Nor yet of svviftnes and of strength to beare avvay renovvne: But singing vvish a mery hart in simple shed, to looke Aloofe vpon the troublous seas, that are so hard to brooke.

So when the mightie king of ASIA was ouercomen, and that so great a warre was so ea∣selie ended beyonde all mens opinion: the Consul L. Scipio returned to ROME, and made his entrie into the citie, shewing a great and honorable triumphe. He also deserued the sur∣name of the prouince and contrie subdued by him. So that as his elder brother before was called AFRICAN, for that he had conquered AFRIKE: euen so was Lucius Scipio surnamed ASIAN,* 1.174 for conquering ASIA vnto ROME. And P. Scipio, through whose counsell his bro∣ther Lucius had brought his warres to happie ende, he went not cleere without honor also. [unspec F] For shortlie after, two noble Censors, T. Q. Flaminius, and Marcus Claudius Marcellus chose him Prince of the Senate the thirde time. Nowe at that time, the house and familie of the

[unspec A] Scipioes and Cornelians florished,* 1.175 with supreame degree of honor: and the authoritie of Scipio AFRICAN was growen to such height and greatnes, as no priuate man could wishe to be any greater in a free citie. Howbeit the secret malice of wicked harts, which could no lenger abide this greatnes and authoritie, began at length to burst out, and to light vpon those that were the authors of so great things.* 1.176 For two Tribunes of the people, suborned (as it is reported) by Porcius Cato: they accused P. Scipio AFRICAN for keeping backe king Antiochus money, and bicause he brought it not into the common chamber or treasurye. Scipio AFRICAN knowing his innocencie, being called by the Magistrate, shewed him selfe obedient, and came into the market place with a bold coutenaunce, and there made an oration, declaring what thinges he had done for the benefit and commoditie of his contry and common wealth. The rehersal [unspec B] of these thinges did not mislike the common people that were present: bicause he did it ra∣ther to auoyd the daunger prepared for him, then otherwise for any vaine glory or oftentati∣on. Howbeit the Tribunes not being so contented, were vehement against him, and spared no iniurious words, but accused him as though he had in deede bene in fault, howbeit vpon sus∣pition, rather then of any due proofe. The next morning being commaunded to come before them againe, he appeared at the hower appoynted, and being well accompanied with his friends, he came through the whole assembly, and went vp to the pulpit for orations. When he saw that euery man kept silence, then he spake in this manner. I remember my Lordes, that on such a day as this, I wanne that famous victory of Annibal and the CARTHAGINIANS, and therefore leauing a side this contention, I thinke it good we go vnto the Capitol to giue God [unspec C] thankes for the victorie. So he departed thence, and all the whole assembly followed him, not onely to the Capitoll, but also to all the other temples of the citie, leauing the two Tribunes all alone with their Sergeaunts.* 1.177 That daye was the very last daye of all the AFRICANS good fortune, for the great assembly and multitude of people that wayted vpon him, and for the great good will they bare him. For from that day forward he determined to get him into the contry, farre from all ambition, and the company of people and so went vnto LINTERNVM in a maruelous rage, that for reward of his so great seruice, and so sundry benefits as he had brought vnto his contry, he receiued but shame and reproache: or els, for that in deede being as he was of a noble minde, he thought it more honor willingly to giue place to his enemies, then to seeke to mainteyne his greatnes by force of armes. So when the Tribunes did accuse [unspec D] him of contempt, and that his brother Lucius did excuse his absence by reason of his sickenes: Tiberius Gracchus,* 1.178 one of the Tribunes that was against the AFRICAN, tooke his excuse (be∣yond all mens opinions) for good payment, and did so well defende Scipioes cause, sometime honorably praysing him, another time also threatning his enemies that the Senate afterwards thanked him very greatly for it. For they were maruelously offended for the great iniurie they did him. Some doe write, that P. Scipio him selfe, before he went vnto LINTERNVM, did with his owne hands teare the booke his brother had brought vnto the Senate,) to deliuer the ac∣compt of his charge: and that he did it not for any deceit nor pride, but with that selfe bold∣nes of mind he had aforetime vsed to the treasurers, when he did against the law require the keyes of the common treasure,* 1.179 to supply the present neede of the state •• Nowe some there be [unspec E] also that saye, it was not the AFRICAN, but Scipio ASIAN that was accused needed before the Tri∣bunes; and that Scipio AFRICAN was sent in commission at that time into THYSCAN. Who, vnderstanding of his brothers accusation at his returne to ROME, and finding his brother Lu∣cius condemned, and the Sergeaunts wayting on him to cary him, being bound, into prison: he was in suche a rage withall, that he rescued his brother by force on of the Sergeaunts hands, and from the Tribunes of the people. And they report beside, that Tiberius Gracchus one of the Tribunes, complayning first that the authoritie of the Tribuneship was troden vn∣der feete by a priuate person: he afterwardes letting fall all the malice and enuy he bare vnto the Scipioes, defended their cause, bicause the Tribunes should rather seeme to be ouercome by a Tribune, then by a priuate person. They sayd moreouer, that the selfe same daye the Se∣nate [unspec F] supped in the Capitoll, he perswaded the AFRICAN to let Tiberius Gracchus mary his younger Daughter. This promise was no sooner made, but P. Scipio comming home to his house, tolde his wife that he had bestowed their Daughter: Whereuppon she being angry,

told him againe, that he should not haue married her without consent of her mother, though [unspec A] he could haue bestowed her vpon Tiberius Gracchus. This aūswer liked Scipio maruelous wel, when he saw that his wife was of his mind, touching the mariage of their Daughter. I knowe it is thought of some, that it was attributed to Tiberius the sonne, and to Appius Claudius his father in lawe. For Polybius, and other auncient writers affirme, that Cornelia, the mother of Caius and Tiberius Gracchi,* 1.180 was maried vnto Gracchus after the AFRICANS death. For Scipio AFRICAN was maried vnto AEmylia the Daughter of L. Paulus AEmylius Consul, that was slayne at the battell of CANNES. By her he had two Daughters, of the which the eldest was maried vnto P. Cornelius Nasica, and the younger vnto Tiberius Gracchus, either before, or after the death of his father. Nowe towching his sonne, there is litle mention made of him in wri∣ting, that a man may write of certainty to be true. We haue spoken of his younger sonne that [unspec B] was taken by king Antiochus, and afterwards franckly sent vnto his father: of whome notwith∣standing afterwards I find no mention in writing, sauing that some say he was afterwards Prae∣tor, and that he came to this office by meanes of Cicercius his fathers Secretary. There appea∣reth in writing also, that the younger AFRICAN was adopted by the sonne of P. Scipio. Cicero in his booke intituled Cato Maior sayth, how weake (sayd he) was the sonne of P. AFRICAN that adopted thee his sonne? And in his sixth booke also de repub AEmylius the father exhor∣teth Scipio his sonne, to follow iustice and piety, as his grandfather Scipio AFRICAN had done. And touching the death of P. Scipio AFRICAN,* 1.181 writers doe diuersly varye: for some say that he dyed, and was buryed at ROME. And for proofe thereof they doe bringe forth the monu∣ment that was set vp for him by the gate Capena, ouer the which stoode three statues or i∣mages, [unspec C] two whereof were the images of P. and Lucius Scipio, and the third was of Q. Ennius the Poet. And surely that which Cicero wrote, seemeth to confirme it true: our Ennius, sayd he, was maruelously beloued of AFRICAN the great, and therefore it is thought that he was bu∣ryed in Scipioes tombe. Other authors write also (and surely they agree best with the common report) that Scipio AFRICAN dyed at LINTERNVM, and that there he was buried at his owne appoyntment: bicause his contry so vnthankfully acknowledging his seruice, should do him no honor at his death: and that there they set him vp a tombe, and his statue vpon that, the which afterwards was blowen downe by a tempest of wind, and the which Liuie him selfe wit∣nesseth he saw. Furthermore, by CAIETA this Epitaphe was grauen in a plate of copper, set in a marbell tombe. [unspec D]

* 1.182The man that vanquishe Annibal and conquered Carthage tovvne, And eke increast the Romanes both in Empire and renovvne, Lyes heere a beape of dust and earth bid vnderneath this stone: His deedes, his provvesse, and his life, are altogether gone. VVhom mother Europe could vvithstand, nor Africk in time past, (Behold mans frailtie) heere he lyes in litle roome at last.

Now touching the time of his death, hauing made great searche for it, I haue found in cer∣taine Graeke Authors,* 1.183 that the AFRICAN liued foure and fifty yeares, and dyed shortly after. Furthermore, he was a noble Captaine, and worthy of all commendacion for martiall disci∣pline, and besides excelled in all other vertues: the which did so delight his mind, that he was [unspec E] wont to say, he was neuer lesse idle, then when he tooke his ease: nether more solitary, then when he was alone. For some times he would withdraw him selfe out of the assembly, & from all mens company, and thought him self safe when he was alone. The fame of his noble deedes was so great, that wheresoeuer he went, all fortes of people would come and see him. The common report went, that when he was at LINTER∣NVM, there came certaine rouers vnto him to see so famous a man, and to losse that so faithfull and victorious a hand. For vertue hath great force and power with all sortes of people:* 1.184 bicause it doth not onely make [unspec F] the good but the euil also to loue and honor it.

THE COMPARISON OF Annibal with P. Scipio African.

[illustration]

[unspec A] NOW let vs compare Annibal and Scipioes deedes together, as tou∣ching their ciuill discipline. First, if we remember their deedes in warres, it is manifest that both of them haue bene great and famous Captaines in warre, and that they haue not onely bene comparable with the noblest Kinges and Princes in their time (being also in that age when warres florished most) but with those also that were before their time. One thing maketh me wonder much at them, that they ha∣uing great and heauy enemies in their contry, (who sought to ouer∣throw all their doings and enterprises) could possibly goe thorough with so great matters, and to obtayne such happie and famous victories, in straunge and for∣reyne [unspec B] warres. Therefore passing ouer all other matters, what a doe had P. Scipio, before he could obtayne to be sent into AFRICK, to make warre with the CARTHAGINANS Fabius Maximus, and other noble men of the citie being greatly against it? Againe, what enemy had Annibal of Hanno, who was Prince and head of the contrary faction against him? Now, they both hauing ouercomen such great troubles at home, did notwithstanding bringe thinges to end worthy perpetuall memorie: not by chaunce, as it hapneth vnto many, but through their industrie, great wisedom, and counsell. So, diuers doe wonder greatly at Annibals corage and noble mind: who after he had sacked the citie of SACVNTVS, came boldly from the furdest part of the world into ITALY, and brought with him a great army of footemen and horsemen, and came to make warre with a great state and common wealth, the which his predecessors [unspec C] alwayes dreaded: and after he had wonne many battells, and slayne sundry Consuls and Cap∣taines of the ROMANES, he came and camped hard by the citie of ROME it selfe, and procured straunge kings and farre nations to make warre with the ROMANES. He that was able to doe so great things as these, men can not otherwise thinke of him, but that he was a great and va∣liant Captaine. Others also speaking of Scipio, doe greatly prayse and commend him for the foure Chieftaines he ouercame, and for the foure great armies which he defeated, and put to flight in SPAINE, and also for that he over came and tooke that great king Syphan prisoner. In fine, they come to prayse that famous battell in the which Scipio ouer came Annibal ZAMA For if Fabius (sayd they) were praysed, bicause he was not ouercome by Annibal: what esti∣mation will they make of the AFRICAN, that in a pitched battell ouercame that so famous & [unspec D] dreadfull Captaine Annibal, and also did ende so daungerous a warre? Besides alfeo, that Scipio did alwayes make open warre, and commonly fought with the enemy in plaine field. Where Annibal in contrary manner did alwayes vse craft and s••••elry, and was full of stratageames & policie. And therefore all Authors, both Graeke and La••y••y doe count him very fine and sut∣tell. Furthermore, they greatly commend Annibal for than he maynteyned his army of so sun∣dry

nations, so long time in peace, as he had warre with the ROMANES: and yet that there [unspec A] was neuer any mutinie of rebellion in his campe. On the other side they blame him againe, bicause he did not follow his victory, when he had ouercomen the ROMANES at that famous battell of CANNES: and also bicause he spoyled his souldiers with too much ease, and the pleasures of CAMPANTA and APVLIA, whereby they were so chaunged, that they seemed to be other souldiers then those that had ouercomen the ROMANES, at the sundry battells of TREBIA, THRASYMENE, and CANNES. All writers doe reproue these thinges in Annibal, but specially his crueltie. For amongest other thinges, what crueltie was it of him to make a wo∣man with her children to come from ARPIto his campe, and afterwardes to burne them a∣liue? What shall a man say of them whome he cruelly put to death, in the temple of Iuno La∣cinia, when he departed out of ITALY? For Scipio AFRICAN on the other side, if we shall ra∣ther [unspec B] credit the best authors that write, then a number of other detracters and malitious wri∣ters: we may say he was a bountifull and temperate Captaine, and not onely liuely and vali∣ant in fight, but also curteous and mercifull after victorye. For oftentimes his enemies proued his valiantnes, the vanquished his mercy and clemency, & all others men his faithfulnes. Now therfore, let vs tel you what his continency & liberalitie was, the which he shewed in SPAYNE vnto a young Lady taken prisoner, and vnto Luceius Prince of the CELTIBERIANS: doth it not deserue great prayse? Nowe for their priuate doings, they were both vertuously brought vp, and both of them imbraced learned men. For as it is reported, Annibal was very famillier with Socillus LACEDAEMONIAN, as the AFRICAN was with Ennius the Poet. Some saye also, that Annibal was so wel learned in the Graeke tongue, that he wrote an historie in Graeke tou∣ching [unspec C] the deedes of Manlius Volso. Now truely I doe agree with Citero, that sayd in his booke de Oratore, that Annibal heard Phormio PERIPATETICIAN in EPHESVS,* 1.185 discoursing very large∣ly of the office and duety of a Chieftaine and generall, and of the martiall lawes & ordinaun∣ces: and that immediatly after being asked what he thought of that Philosopher, he should aunswer in no very perfit Graeke, but yet in Graeke, that he had seene many old doting fooles, but that he had neuer seene a greater doterd then Phormio. Furthermore, both of them had an excellent grace in their talke, & Annibal had a sharpe tawnting wit in his aunswers. When king Antiochus on a time prepared to make warre with the ROMANES, and had put his army into the field, not so well furnished with armor and weapon, as with gold and siluer: he asked Annibal, if he thought his army sufficient for the ROMANES? yea (Sir) {quod} he, that they be, were [unspec D] the enemies neuer so couetous. This may truely be sayd of Annibal,* 1.186 that he obtayned many great victories in the warres, but yet they turned to the destruction of his contry. Scipio in contrary manner did preserue his contry in such safetie, and also did so much increase the do∣minions thereof: that as many as shall looke into his desert, they can not but call ROME vn∣thankefull, which liked rather that the AFRICAN (preseruer of the citie) should goe out of ROME, then that they would represse the fury and insolency of a few. And for myne owne o∣pinion; I can not thinke well of that citie, that so vnthankfully hath suffred so worthy and in∣nocent a person to be iniured: and so would I also haue thought it more blame worthy, if the citie had bene an ayder of the iniurye offred him. In fine, the Senate (as all men doe report) gaue great thankes vnto Tiberius Gracchus, bicause he did defend the Scipions cause: and the [unspec E] common people also following the AFRICAN, when he visited all the temples of ROME, and left the Tribunes alone that accused him, did thereby shewe how much they did loue and ho∣nor the name of the Scipioes. And therefore, if we should iudge the Citizens harts and good wills by those things, men would rather condemne them for cowards, to haue suffered such outrage, then vnthankfull forforgetting of his benefits: for there were very few that consen∣ted to so wicked a deede, and all of them in manner were very sory for it. Howbeit Scipio, that was a man of a great minde, not much regarding the malice of his enemies: was content ra∣ther to leaue the citie, then by ciuill warres to destroy it. For he would not come against his contry with ensignes displaied, nether would he solicite straunge nations and mighty kings to come with force, and their ayde, to destroy the citie, thew which he had beautified with so ma∣ny [unspec F] spoyles and triumphes: as Martius Coriolanus, Alcibiades, and diuers others did, by record of auncient stories. For we may easily perceiue howe carefull he was to preserue the libertie

[unspec A] of ROME, bicause when he was in SPAYNE, he refused the title and name of king which was offred him and for that he was maruelous angry with the people of ROME, bicause they would haue made him perpetuall Consul and Dictator: and considering also that he com∣maunded they should set vp no statue of him, nether in the place of the assembly, nor in the iudgement seate, nor in the Capitoll. All which honors afterwardes were giuen by the Citi∣zens vnto Caesar, that had ouercomen Pompey. These were the ciuill vertues of the AFRICAN, which were great and true prayses of continency. Now therefore, to deliuer you the summe and effect of all these thinges: these two so famous Captaines are not so much to be compa∣red together in their ciuill vertues (in the which Scipio chiefly excelled) as in the discipline of warres, and in the glory of their famous victories. To con∣clude, [unspec B] their deathes were somewhat a like: for they both dy∣ed out of their contries, although Scipio was not condemned by his contry as Annibal was, but would by voluntary banishment dye out of the citie.

The ende of the whole volume of Plutarkes liues.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The partēlage of Annibal.
• * 1.2

  The sharpe wit and dispo∣sition of An∣nibal.
• * 1.3

  Annibal cho∣sen Lieuete∣nant generall after the death of Has∣drubal•• being but 26. yeare olde.
• * 1.4

  Diuers causes of Annibals mortall hate to the Ro∣manes.
• * 1.5

  The Barcini∣an faction.
• * 1.6

  Iberus fl.
• * 1.7

  The conspi∣racie of the Spanyards a∣gainst Anni∣bal.
• * 1.8

  Tagus fl.
• * 1.9

  Annibal stra tageame.
• * 1.10

  The Iberians yeeld them selues vnto Annibal.
• * 1.11

  Annibal lay∣eth seege to the citie of Saguntus.
• * 1.12

  Two contrary factions in the Senate of Carthage: the Barcinians, & Hannians. Hamilcar Barcha Hanno: a graue coun∣seller and go∣uernor in peace.
• * 1.13

  A happy thing to fol∣low good coū∣sell.
• * 1.14

  VVise coun∣sell for gouer∣nors to pre∣uent things at the beginning
• * 1.15

  Annibal wan the citie of Saguntus.
• * 1.16

  P. Cornelius, and T. Sem∣pronius Con∣suls.
• marg 1.17

  VVarres pro∣claymed by the Romanes, with the Car∣thaginians.
• * 1.18

  The greatnes of the domi∣nion of A∣fricke.
• * 1.19

  This place is false.
• * 1.20

  Annibal de∣termineth to inuade Italy.
• * 1.21

  Annibale dreame at the riuer of Iberus.
• * 1.22

  The head & course of the riuer of Rhone. Arar. fl.
• * 1.23

  The Volcin people that inhabited a∣bout the riuer of Rhone.
• * 1.24

  P. Cornelius Scipio Consule sent against Annibal, and arrived at Massilia.
• * 1.25

  The Boians & Insubriās, reuolt from the Romanes, & take parte with Annibal.
• * 1.26

  Lagdunum, built by Plā∣cus Muna∣tius. Druenti•• fl.
• * 1.27

  Annibal made waies through the rockes of the mountaines, by force of fire and vine∣ger.
• * 1.28

  The valley of Taurinus. Annibals comming in∣to Italie by Piedmont, not farre from Turine.
• * 1.29

  Anniballs ar∣my in Italie.
• * 1.30

  Annibals first conflict with the Romanes, and victorie. P. C. Scipio Consul h••r••, and s••••ed from •••••• ene∣mies by his sonne, who was after∣wards called African. Paed••s fl.
• * 1.31

  P. Cornelius Scipio, and T. Sempro∣nius Longu••, Consulls a∣gainst Anni∣bal. Trebia fl.
• * 1.32

  Ambush laied by Annibal to entrappe Sempronius.
• * 1.33

  Annibal fought with Sempronius the Consul, a•• the riuer of Trebia.
• * 1.34

  The Numi∣dians craft i•••• flying.
• * 1.35

  Annibals vi∣ctorie of the Consul Sem∣pronius.
• * 1.36

  Arnus fl.
• * 1.37

  Annibal lost one of his eyes in the marishes, by the riuer of Arnus.
• * 1.38

  C. Flaminius, & Cn. Serui∣lius, Consuls.
• * 1.39

  Montes Cor∣tonenses. Lacus Thra∣simenus.
• * 1.40

  The iudge∣ment of a souldier.
• * 1.41

  Battell be∣twext Anni∣bal and C. Flaminius the Consul, by the lake of Thrasymene.
• * 1.42

  The Romanes were so ear∣nest in fight, that they heard not the noise of an earthquake. C. Flaminius the Consul slaine
• * 1.43

  Plutarke in the life of Fa∣bius Maxi∣mus, addeth to as many prisoners. Annibals craftines to dissemble vertue. The naturall disposition of Annibal.
• * 1.44

  Extreame ioy causeth sodaine death
• * 1.45

  The office of Dictator, of what effect.
• * 1.46

  Q. Fabius Maximus, created Di∣ctator.
• * 1.47

  Hastines of Captaines oftentimes very hurtfull.
• * 1.48

  The guide cruelly put to death by Annibal.
• * 1.49

  Annibals stratageame in the moun∣taines of Gal∣licmum, and Casilinium, a∣gainst Q. Fa∣bius Dicta∣tor.
• * 1.50

  Certaine bathes at Swessa, called the tower of the bathes. Gleremen: a citie in Apu∣lia.
• * 1.51

  Two Dictators together neuer heard of before.
• * 1.52

  L. Paulus. AEmylius, and C. Te∣rentius Var∣ro, Consuls.
• * 1.53

  Ansidusfl.
• * 1.54

  Battell at Cannes
• * 1.55

  A strata∣geame of Annibal.
• * 1.56

  Pluturke in the life of Fa∣bius sayth that there were fiftie thousand slaine, and foureteene thowsande taken priso∣ners.
• * 1.57

  Paulus AEmylius Con∣sul slaine as the battell of Cannes.
• * 1.58

  Great slaugh∣ter at the bat∣tell of Cannes
• * 1.59

  The constan∣cy of the Romanes in ex∣treamities.
• * 1.60

  The Romanes left three great battells to Annibal, at Ticinum, Trebia and Thrasimens.
• * 1.61

  Maharbal generall of Annibals horsemen. Maharbals saying to Annibal.
• * 1.62

  Conspiracy a∣gainst Anni∣bal at Capva.
• * 1.63

  Marcellus victorie of Annibal at the citie of Nola.
• * 1.64

  Annibals souldiers marred with ease at Capua.
• * 1.65

  Pleasure, the baite of all e∣uills.
• * 1.66

  One wintere ease spoiled a souldier, and made him a coward.
• * 1.67

  The hard shife of the Cassilinians to liue, during Annibals siege.
• * 1.68

  Annibals good seruant began to faile him.
• * 1.69

  Three famous Captaines of the Romanes Fabius Max∣imus.
• * 1.70

  Sempronius Gracchus, Marcus Mar∣cellus.
• * 1.71

  Plutarke in the life of Marcellus, speaketh of fiue thowsand Carthaginiās slaine, and only of fiue hundred Ro∣manes.
• * 1.72

  The victories of the Ro∣manes against Annibal.
• * 1.73

  Two factions in Naples.
• * 1.74

  The citie of Tarentum deliuered vn∣to Annibal by treason.
• * 1.75

  Tarentum wonne by Annibal.
• * 1.76

  Annibals stratageame.
• * 1.77

  Vulturnus fl.
• * 1.78

  Sulpicius Galba, Cor∣nelius Centi∣malous, Con∣suls.
• * 1.79

  Anienes fl.
• * 1.80

  Annibal com∣methe to in∣uade Rome.
• * 1.81

  A wonder.
• * 1.82

  Salapia, a city where Annibal fell in loue.
• * 1.83

  The death of Fuluius Vice∣consul.
• * 1.84

  Diuers conflicts of the Romanes with Annibal.
• * 1.85

  Annibals wordes of Marcellus.
• * 1.86

  Marcellus, & Crispinus: Consuls.
• * 1.87

  Annibal Lay∣eth ambushe for the Ro∣manes.
• * 1.88

  The death of Marcellus.
• * 1.89

  The power of magnanimitie
• * 1.90

  Marcus Li∣uius, and C. Nero: Consuls
• * 1.91

  Sena, a citie of Apulia. Metaurum fl. M. Leuius, & C. Nero Con∣suls; ouercame Hasdrubal, & slue 56000. of his men.
• * 1.92

  The chaunge and altera∣tion of the Car∣thaginians good fortune.
• * 1.93

  The praise of Annibals great wisedomes in that gouern¦ment of his army. P. C. Scipio inuaded Car∣thage.
• * 1.94

  The last bat∣tell Annibal fought in ledily with Sempronius, in the which he ouercame Annibal.
• * 1.95

  Annibals arche of trietumphe. Annibal de∣parteth out of Italy.
• * 1.96

  Annibal sent for to returne into Africk, after he had warred 16. yeares in I∣taly.
• * 1.97

  Annibal and Scipioes mee∣ting, & talke.
• * 1.98

  Scipioes vi∣ctory of the Carthagin∣ians at the battell of Za∣ma.
• * 1.99

  The flying of Annibal.
• * 1.100

  Annibal could not a∣bide to heare fooles talke of warre.
• * 1.101

  Annibal in his misery, fled vnto king Antio∣chus into A∣sia.
• * 1.102

  Enuy, the cō∣mon plague and poyson of Princes Courtes.
• * 1.103

  Scipio Afri∣can met with Annibal at Ephesus. Annibals iudgement of the most fa∣mous Cap∣taines.
• * 1.104

  Annibal cost. selleth king Antiochus to make warre with the Ro∣manes.
• * 1.105

  King Antio∣chus iudge∣ment of An∣nibal.
• * 1.106

  Annibal made generall of Antiochus army by sea, together with Apollonius.
• * 1.107

  Annibal fled to Prusias king of Bithynia.
• * 1.108

  Annibal, king Prusias gene∣rall by sea, a∣gainst Eume∣nes, king of Pergamum. A straunge deuise of snakes put in earthen pots, and throwen into the ene∣mies shippes. Titus Quin∣tius Flamini∣us sent Am∣bassador into Asia.
• * 1.109

  Annibal poy∣soned him selfe, being 70. yeare old. Annibals tombe by Li∣byssa.
• * 1.110

  The praise of Annibal.
• * 1.111

  The parētage of Scipio.
• * 1.112

  The first soul∣diers are of P. Cor. Scipio, being but se∣uenteene yeare olde.
• * 1.113

  P. Scipio res∣cued his fa∣ther from be∣ing taken of the enemies.
• * 1.114

  Honors done to Scipio, be∣ing but a young man.
• * 1.115

  Scipio Vice∣consul at 24. yeares of age.
• * 1.116

  Scipioes great mind and goodly perso∣nage.
• * 1.117

  Scipioes ior∣ney into Spayne.
• * 1.118

  The valiant∣nes of Lucius Martius a Romane knight.
• * 1.119

  Scipio besee∣geth new Car∣thage in Spayne.
• * 1.120

  Scipio wanne citie of new Carthage by assault.
• * 1.121

  The great chastitie of Scipio.
• * 1.122

  Mago, Has∣drubal Barci∣nian, Hasdru∣bal Gisgo, the three fa∣mous Cap∣taines of the Carthaginiās.
• * 1.123

  Besula fl.
• * 1.124

  Scipioes libe∣ral∣tie to his enemies.
• * 1.125

  Vertues meete for a General.
• * 1.126

  Scipio called king, by the Spanyards.
• * 1.127

  Hasdrubal sent into Ita∣lie to his bro∣ther Annibal with an army.
• * 1.128

  Hanno, the chiefe of the contrarie fa∣ction vnto Hasdrubal Barcinian, ouercomen in battell, and takē prisoner.
• * 1.129

  Masinissa offereth his frendshippe vnto the Ro∣manes.
• * 1.130

  Syphax king of the Masa∣sylians.
• * 1.131

  Hasdrubals iudgement of Scipio.
• * 1.132

  Syphax king of the Masae∣syliās, maketh league with the Romanes.
• * 1.133

  The vnfortu∣nate fight of two cousin germanes.
• * 1.134

  The rebellion of the Romane•• souldiers a∣gainst their Captaines, in Scipioes sick∣nes.
• * 1.135

  Mandonius Indibilis, two kinges is of Spayne.
• * 1.136

  Scipioes wise∣dome suppres∣sing his anger.
• * 1.137

  Scipioes great wisedome in punishing the offendors.
• * 1.138

  Scipioes care of his countrie∣men.
• * 1.139

  Scipio did put the authors of the rebellion to death.
• * 1.140

  A noble thing to ouercome the enemie by clemencie. Masinissa cometh vnto Scipio.
• * 1.141

  A Princely Maiestie in Scipioes personage.
• * 1.142

  The antiqui∣tie of those of Gades. Scipioes noble deedes.
• * 1.143

  Scipioes re∣turne out of Spayne to Rome.
• * 1.144

  Scipio made Consul.
• * 1.145

  Scipio prepa∣red his armie and nauy by sea, in 45. dayes.
• * 1.146

  Scipio poli∣cie in Sicilia.
• * 1.147

  P.C. Scipio accused.
• * 1.148

  Q. Fabius Maximus, a great a∣uersary vnto Scipio.
• * 1.149

  Scipioes na∣ture.
• * 1.150

  King Syphax reuolteth frō the Romanes.
• * 1.151

  The ready & faithfull good will of Masi∣nissa to the Romanes.
• * 1.152

  Hanno ouer∣comen and slaine.
• * 1.153

  Sophonisba, king Syphax wife.
• * 1.154

  Scipioes craft.
• * 1.155

  A maruelous great slaugh∣ter of the Carthaginiās.
• * 1.156

  Syphax, king of the Masae∣sylians, ouer∣come, & takē in battell.
• * 1.157

  Masinissa wan the city of Cyrtha, where he fell in loue with Sophonisba, king Syphax wife.
• * 1.158

  The great & rare cōtinen¦cy of Scipio.
• * 1.159

  Sophonisba poysoned her selfe, through Masinissaes procurements
• * 1.160

  Annibal sent for into Italy, to runno in∣to Afrike.
• * 1.161

  Battell at Za∣ma, and Scipiues victorie of the Cartha∣ginians.
• * 1.162

  The praise of Annibal.
• * 1.163

  Fiue hundred shippes of the Carthaginiās, burnt by Sci∣pio.
• * 1.164

  Scipio re∣turne to Rome.
• * 1.165

  Scipioes tri∣umphe at Rome, for the Cartha∣ginians.
• * 1.166

  Scipio, and AElius Pe∣tus, chosen Censors.
• * 1.167

  Scipio Prince of the Senate.
• * 1.168

  Scipio and Sempronius Longus cho∣sen Consuls.
• * 1.169

  The craftie counsell of Scipio.
• * 1.170

  The naturall loue of Scipio African to his brother L. Scipio.
• * 1.171

  The fidelitie and loue of P. Scipio to his contrie.
• * 1.172

  Antiochus being ouer∣come, accep∣tesh condi∣cions of peace.
• * 1.173

  Great king∣domes and wealth are ful of troubles.
• * 1.174

  L. Scipio sur∣named Asian, for his cōquest of Asia, T. Q. Flani∣nius, M. C. Marcellus Censors.
• * 1.175

  The time of the florishing of the Corneli;
• * 1.176

  The inconstā∣cy of these worldly things Great men most enuied.
• * 1.177

  The last for∣tunate day of the Africans good fortune. The volunta∣ry banishmēt of P. Scipio from Rome.
• * 1.178

  T. Gracchus Tribune.
• * 1.179

  diuers opin∣ions about the accusasion of the Africans.
• * 1.180

  The Africans wife, & chil∣dren.
• * 1.181

  Diuers opini∣ons touching the death of P. Scipio. Statues of the two Scipioes and Ennius the Poet, by the gate Ca∣pena at Rome. Scipio Afri∣can dyed at Linternvm.
• * 1.182

  The Epitaphe of Scipio A∣frican.
• * 1.183

  Scipio Afri∣can 54. yeare old at the time of his death.
• * 1.184

  The power of vertue.
• * 1.185

  Phormio Pe∣ripatetician reading Phi∣losophie in E∣phasus.
• * 1.186

  Annibals wit∣ty aunswer, vnto the king Antiochus.