The philosophie, commonlie called, the morals vvritten by the learned philosopher Plutarch of Chæronea. Translated out of Greeke into English, and conferred with the Latine translations and the French, by Philemon Holland of Coventrie, Doctor in Physicke. VVhereunto are annexed the summaries necessary to be read before every treatise

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The philosophie, commonlie called, the morals vvritten by the learned philosopher Plutarch of Chæronea. Translated out of Greeke into English, and conferred with the Latine translations and the French, by Philemon Holland of Coventrie, Doctor in Physicke. VVhereunto are annexed the summaries necessary to be read before every treatise
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Plutarch.
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At London :: Printed by Arnold Hatfield,
1603.
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"The philosophie, commonlie called, the morals vvritten by the learned philosopher Plutarch of Chæronea. Translated out of Greeke into English, and conferred with the Latine translations and the French, by Philemon Holland of Coventrie, Doctor in Physicke. VVhereunto are annexed the summaries necessary to be read before every treatise." In the digital collection Early English Books Online. https://name.umdl.umich.edu/A09800.0001.001. University of Michigan Library Digital Collections. Accessed May 7, 2025.

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THAT VICE ALONE IS SVFFICIENT TO MAKE A MAN WRETCHED.

The Summarie. [ 40]

ALthough this Treatise be so defective both in the beginning and the end, that to this present wee know not how to guesse and conjecture, which way to redresse and supply the same; yet the very title and fragments remaining thereof, sufficiently discover the intention of the Author. And like as by the ruines of some ancient royall palace, there is in some sort represented to our thought and conceit the beaw∣tie thereof whiles it stoode entire and upright; even so, this remnant which is left unto us, sheweth sufficiently what wee have lost. But albeit the malice and injurie of the time hath deprived us of so great a benefit, and of many others semblably; yet notwithstanding, that which remaineth may profit us, maimed and imperfect as it is, and suffice to range and contrive [ 50] us in our dutie. In the beginning, our Author discourseth of the miserie of a covetous person; and one that followeth the court. Then he addeth according to his principall deseigne and purpose: That vice is the absolute work-mistresse of wretchednesse and infelicity having need of no other ministers or instru∣ments to cause a man to be miserable; whereupon he doth collect and gather, that there is no danger nor calamitie, but we ought to choose rather than to be sinfull and vicious. Afterwards he answereth those objections which are made to the contrarie, and concludeth, that adver 〈◊〉〈◊〉 can not prejudice or hurt us any thing, so long as it is not accompanied with vice.

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THAT VICE ALONE IS SVF∣ficient to make a man wretched.

HEabideth much who hath his bodie sold for a dowrie (as Euripides saith) to wit, small availes he hath thereby, and those verie uncer∣taine. But unto him who passeth not through much ashes, but a royall fire (as one would say) wherewith he is scorched and burnt round about, who continually draweth his winde thicke and short, [ 10] and is full of feare and sweat by trudging over sea for gaine, she gi∣veth in the end a certaine Tantalian riches (that is to say) such as he is not able to enjoy by reason of the continuall occupations where∣with he is encombred. For verie wisely did that Sicyonian who bred and kept a race of horses, when he gave unto Agamemnon the king of the Achaeans as a present, a notable swift mare for a courser, because he might be dispensed with, for going in warfare to Troy:

That unto Troy that stately towne, he might not with him go To serve in armes; but stay at home, and rest there far from wo; [ 20] Where he might live in solace much, enjoying all his owne, For Jupiter in measure great, had wealth on him be stowne.
to the end, that he staying behinde at home, might roule and welter at ease in a depth of riches, and give himselfe much time and leasure for assured repose void of all paine and trouble. How∣beit our courtiers at this day, who would be esteemed men of action and great affaires, never ex∣pect untill they be called, but of themselves intrude and thrust their heads into princes courts and stately palaces, where they must watch, waite and give attendance in all dutifull service, with [ 30] much paine and travell, to gaine thereby at last, a great horse, a faire chaine, or some such blessed favour.
Meane while the wife is left alone behind * 1.1 In Phylace, and thinkes he is unkind To leave her so: her face she rents and teares; The house remaines halfe built, when he it reares.
and the husband is carried here and there wandring in the world, drawen on with certaine hopes which oftentimes in the end deceive him and worke his shame. But if peradventure he obtaine some thing that his heart desired, after a certaine time that he hath beene turned round about with the wheele of fortune, so long untill his head be dizzie, and mounted on high in the aire, he [ 40] wisheth and seeketh nothing more than evasion and meanes to escape, deeming and calling those happie, who leade a private life, without exposing themselves to such perils: and they again repute him blessed and fortunate, seeing him so highly advanced above themselves. Thus in one word you see, how vice doeth dispose men unto all sorts of infelicitie, being of it selfe a perfect artisan of infortunity, and needs none instruments and ministers besides. As for other tyrants, who study nothing more, than to make those most wretched and miserable whom they pinch, doe mainteine executioners and tormentours, devise red-hot fearing yrons to burne, and invent racks and other instruments for to put the reasonlesse soule to extreame torture; but vice without any such preparation of engins, so soone as it seizeth upon the soule, presently o∣verturneth and bringeth it to ruine and destruction, filleth a man with dolour and griefe, with la∣mentations, [ 50] sorowes and repentance. For a certaine proofe hereof, you shall see many endure to have their flesh mangled and cut, without saying one word; abide to be whipped and scour∣ged patiently; who being put to the racke and other tortures by their cruell masters or tyrants, will not give one screeke or crie, so long as the soule repressing the voice by reason, as with the hand keepeth it downe, and conteineth it from breaking out: whereas contrariwise, a man shall hardly or never command either anger to stay and be quiet, or dolour to be silent, no nor per∣swade him that is surprised with sudden feare to rest still, or one who is stung with remorse and

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repentance to forbeare crying out, to hold his hands frō tearing his haire & smiting his thighs; of such force and violence is vice & finne, above either the heat of fire or the edge of the sword. Moreover, cities & states, when they publish their purpose to put forth to making any ships or huge statues called Colossi, give eare willingly to the workmen disputing one against the other, as touching the workmanship, heare their reasons, & see their models & platformes which they bring, and afterwards make choise of him to goe in hand with that piece of worke, who with lesse cost and charges will do the deed as well or rather better, and more speedily. Now put the case that we publish by proclamation to make a man infortunate, or cause a life to be wretched and miserable, and that there present unto us for to enterprise this, fortune on the one side and vice on the other; the one (to wit, fortune) is full of her tooles and instruments of all forts, and [ 10] provided of furniture costly and chargeable, for to make a life unhappie and miserable; as for example, brigandise and robberies, bloody warres, inhumane cruelty of tyrants, and tempests at sea; she draweth after her flashes of lightning out of the aire, she mixeth and dresseth a poiso∣ned cup of deadly hemlocke, she bringeth sharpe edged swords to do the businesse, she stirreth slanders and raiseth false furmises and calumniations, she kindleth burning agues and hote fea∣vers she commeth with fetters, manacles and other yrons jingling; finally, she buildeth cages and prisons for this purpose; and yet the most part of all this geere proceedeth rather from vioc than fortune: but suppose that all came from fortune; and that vice standing by all naked, and having need of no other thing in the world without it selfe to assaile a man, should demand of fortune, how she could make a man infortunate and heartlesse in these tearmes? What fortune? [ 20] doest thou menace povertie? Metrocles will be ready to laugh thee to scorne, who in Winter time used to sleepe among sheepe, and in Summer season tooke his repose in cloisters and church porches; and so challenged for his felicity the king of Persia, who was wont to Winter in Babylon and passe the Summer in Media: threatenest thou servitude and bondage? bringest thou chaines and yrons, or the wofull condition to be solde in open market as a slave? Diogenes will despise thee for all that, who being exposed and offered to sale by the rovers and theeves that tooke him, cried and proclamed himselfe aloud: Who will buy a master who? doest thou temper or brew a cup of poison? why didst not thou before offer such a cup to Socrates for to drinke? but hee full meekely with all mildnesse and patience, without trembling for feare and changing either countenance or colour for the matter, drunke it off roundly; and after he was [ 30] dead, those that survived, judged him happy, as one who in the other world made account to live an heavenly and blessed life: presentest thou fire to burne withall? loe, how Decius a Ro∣mane captaine hath prevented thee; who when there was a fire made in the mids betweene two armies for to consume him, voluntarily and with a formall praier offered himselfe as an holo∣caust or burnt offering unto Saturne, according to his vow made for the safetie of the Romane empire. The honest and chaste dames of the Indians, such as entirely love their husbands, strive and be ready to fight one with another about the funerall fire; and as for her who obtei∣neth the victorie, and is burned therein together with the dead corps of her husband, all there? doe deeme right happie, and testifie so much in their hymnes and songs. As for the Sages and wise Philosophers of those parts, there is not one of them all reputed a holy man or blessed, if he [ 40] do not whiles he is alive, in perfect health and found sense and understanding, separate his owne soule from the body by the meanes of fire, and after he hath cleansed and consumed all that was mortall, depart out of the flesh all cleane & pure: but (forsooth) from abundance of wealth and riches, from an house sumptuously built and furnished, from a costly and daintie table full of fine & delicate viands, thou wilt bring me to a poore thred-bare cloake, to a bag and wallet, and to begging of my daily bread from doore to doore; well, even these things were the cause of Diogenes felicitie; these woon unto Crates freedome and glory: but thou wilt crucifie mee or cause mee to be hanged upon a jibbet, or sticke my body thorow with a sharpe stake? and what cared Theodorus whether his corps rotted above ground or under the earth? these were the hap∣pie sepultures of Tartarians and of the Hircanians, to be eaten and devoured of dogs; as for [ 50] the Bactrians, by the lawes of the countrey those were thought to have had the most blessed end, whom the fowles of the aire did eat after they were dead; Who then are they whom these and such accidents do make unhappy? even such as are false-hearted, base-minded, senselesse and void of understanding, untaught, and not exercised in affaires of the world, and in one word, such as reteine still the opinions which were imprinted in them from their infancie. Thus you see how fortune alone is not a sufficient worke-mistresse of unhappinesse and infelicity, in case she have not sinne and vice to aide and helpe her: for like as a thred is able to divide and saw (as

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it were) thorow a bone which hath lien soaking long before in ashes and vineger; and as worke∣men can bend, bow and bring into what fashion they will, yvorie, after it hath bene infused and mollified in ale or beere, and otherwise not; even so fortune comming upon that which is al∣ready of it selfe crazie and corrupt, or hath bene susteined by vice, is of power to pierce, wound and hollow the same.

Moreover, like as the poison Pharicum, otherwise called Napethus or Aconitum, being hurtful to no other person, nor doing harme to those who handle and beare it about them; but if it touch never so little one that is wounded, presently killeth him by meanes of the sore or wound which receiveth the influxion and venim thereof; even so he whose soule is like to be destroied and overthrowen by fortune, ought to have within himselfe and in his owne flesh some ulcer, [ 10] some impostume or maladie for to make those accidents which befall outwardly, wretched, pi∣tifull, and lamentable. What? is vice then of that nature that it had neede of fortunes helping hand to worke wretchednesse & infelicitie? from what coast I pray you doth not fortune raise tempests upon the sea, and trouble the water with surging billowes? environeth not she and be∣setteth the foote of desart mountaines, with the ambushes and forelayings of theeves and rob∣bers? powreth not she downe with great violence, stormes of haile-stones out of the clouds up∣on the fertile corne-fields? was it not vice and malice that stirred up Melitus, Anytus, and Cal∣lixenus to be sycophants and false accusers? is it not she that bereaveth folke of their goods, empeacheth and disableth men for being commanders and leaders of armies, and all to make them unhappie? nay she it is that maketh them rich and plentifull; she heapeth upon them he∣ritages [ 20] and possessions; she accompanieth them at sea; she is alwaies close unto them and neer at hand; she causeth them to consume and pine with lusts and desires; she enflameth and set∣teth them on fire with choler and anger; she troubleth their minds with vaine superstitions, and draweth them away after the lusts of their eies.

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