The historie of the vvorld: commonly called, The naturall historie of C. Plinius Secundus. Translated into English by Philemon Holland Doctor of Physicke. The first [-second] tome

THE XXXV. BOOKE OF [unspec D] THE HISTORIE OF NATVRE, (Book 35)

WRITTEN BY C. PLINIVS SECVNDVS.

The Proem. (Book 35)

THe discourse of Mines and Metalls, wherein principally consisteth the wealth of the [unspec E] world: of other Mineralls also growing to them, with the Natures, Operations, and effects of them all, is an argument so knit and annexed to Physicke, that the handling thereof, (which I haue alreadie well-neare performed) not onely discouereth a world of wholesome medicines profitable for the life and health of man, but also inferreth a number of hidden secrets, couched within the Apothecaries shops; yea, and openeth the way vnto the curious Art and subtill deuises of Grauers, Painters, and Diers, inducing me withall to take them also before me, and to treat thereof accordingly: which when I haue done, there remaineth yet for mee a new worke to take in hand; namely, to write of sandry kinds of Earth and Stone, and those linked together & carying with them a longer traine by far, than the former minerals. Concerning which, other authors, and the Greeke writers especially, haue so particularized, that of each one of them they haue written many volumes. For mine owne [unspec F] part, I mean not to follow their steps, but by way of compendious breuitie, to proceed as I haue begun, and yet to omit nothing that is necessary, profitable, and pertinent to Nature.

CHAP. I. [unspec G]

¶ The honour of flat picture in old time.

TO begin then with that which remaineth as touching Picture and Painting, this would be knowne, That in times past it was reputed a noble and excellent art: in those daies I meane, when Kings and whole Sates made account thereof; and when those onely were thought innobled and immortallized, whom Painters vouchsafed to commend by their workmanship to posterity. But now, the mar∣ble and porphyrit stones haue put painting clean down: the gold also laid vpon them hath woon all credit from painters colours: gold I say, wherewith not only plain and en∣tire [unspec H] walls are richly guilded all ouer, but also the polished works of marble engrauen vpon them after the manner of inlaid work and marquetage of diuers pieces, resembling men, beasts, and floures, and all things else: for in these daies contented we are not with plaine squares and ta∣bles of marble, nor with the riches of mighty mountains, coucht vnder couert, & laid within our bed-chambers in that sort as they grew, but come we are now to paint-stones. Deuised this was first in the daies of Claudius Caesar: but when Nero came to be Emperor, the inuention was taken vp, to giue those colours to stones in their superficiall outside, which they had not of their own; to make them spotted, which naturally were of one simple colour: that by the helpe of mans hand, the * 1.1 Numidian red porphyrit should be set out with white spots in * 1.2 eg-fashion: the * 1.3 Si∣nadian grey marble distinguished with marks and strakes of purple: as if our delicate wantons [unspec I] shewed thereby how they could haue wished the stones to grow. Thus would they seem to cor∣rect the works of Nature, to supply the wants of mountains and quarries, and to make amends for the hils clouen in sunder for gold, and hewed in pieces for marble. And what is the end of all this prodigious prodigality and wastfull superfluity? but that the fire when it commeth, may consume in one houre a world of wealth.

CHAP. II.

¶ The estimation and account that was made of Images in times past, represen∣ted by liuely pictures.

THe manner was in antient time, to continue and perpetuat the memorial of men, by draw∣ing [unspec K] their pourtraitures in liuely colours, as like to their proportion and shape as possibly could be; but this custome is growne now altogether out of vse: in stead whereof wee haue shields and scutcheons set vp of brasse: we haue faces of siluer in them, without any liuely di∣stinction of one from another: and as for our sesterces, the heads vpon them otherwhiles bee * 1.4 changed one for another: which hath giuen occasion long since of many a jest and libel spred abroad in rime and sung in euery street. Insomuch as all men now adaies are more desirous to haue the rich matter seene that goeth to the making of images, than to be knowne by their own personage and visage as it is: and yet euery man delighteth to haue his cabinet and closet well furnished with antique painted tables: the statues & images of other men they think it enough [unspec L] to honor and adore; whiles they themselues, measuring worship by wealth, & thinking nothing honorable that is not sumptuous and costly, see not how by this meanes they giue occasion to their heires for to break open their counters and make spoile of all, or els before that day come, entice a thiefe to be hooking or twitching them away with gins and snares. Considering then, that no man careth for a liuely picture, all the monuments that they leaue vnto their heires, are images rather of their monies, than resemblances of themselues. Howbeit, these great men take pleasure to haue their owne wrestling places and halls of exercise, yea and the roomes where they are annointed, beautified and adorned with the pourtraitures of noble champions: they delight also to haue the face of Epicurus in euery chamber of the house, yea and to carry the same about them vpon their rings wheresoeuer they go: in the remembrance and honour of his natiuitie, they doe offer sacrifice euery 20 day of the Moone, and these moneth-mindes they [unspec M] keep as holy-daies duly, which thereupon they call Icades: and none so much as they who will not abide to be knowne another day by any liuely image drawne whiles they be aliue. Thus it is come to passe, that whiles artificers play them and sit still for want of worke, noble arts by the

means are decaied and perished. But I maruel nothing hereat: for thus it is verily and no other∣wise, [unspec A] when we haue no respect or care in the world to leaue good deeds behind vs, as the Images of our minds, we do neglect the liuely portraitures and similitudes also of our bodies. In our forefathers daies ywis it was otherwise: their hals and stately courts were not set out with ima∣ges and pourtraitures after this sort, there were not in them to be seene any statues or images wrought by artisan strangers, none of brasse they had, none of marble, their Oratories & Chap∣pels were furnished with their own and their ancestors * 1.5 pourtraitures in wax, and those liuely and expressely representing their visages; these were set out and disposed in order, these were the images that attended the funerals of any that was to be interred out of that stock & linage. Thus alwaies as any gentleman died, a man should see a goodly traine of all those which were liuing of that house, accompanying the corps, causing also the images of their predecessors to [unspec B] march ranke by ranke in order, according to their seuerall descents: in which solemne shew, the whole generation that euer was of that family, represented by these images, is there present, rea∣dy to performe that last duty and honour to their kinsman. Moreouer, wheresoeuer these images stood within the ora tory and chappell before said, there were lines drawne from them vpon the wall, directing to the seuerall titles and inscriptions which contained their stile, their dignities and honors, &c. As for their studies and counting houses, full they were of books, records, and rols, testifying all acts done & executed by them both at home & abroad, during the time they were in place to beare office of state. Ouer and besides those images within house, resembling the bodily shape & countenance, there were others also without dores, to wit, about the portals and gates of the house, which were the testimonies of braue minds & valiant hearts: there hung [unspec C] fixed the spoiles conquered and taken from the enemies, which notwithstanding any sale or a∣lienation, it was not lawfull for the purchaser to pluck down; in such sort, as the house it self tri∣umphed still and retained the former dignity, notwithstanding it had a new lord and master: and verily, this was to the master and owner a great spur to valour and vertue: considering, that if he were not in heart & courage answerable to his predecessor, he could neuer come in at the gates, but the house was ready to reproch and vpbraid him daily for entering into the triumph of ano∣ther. Extant there is vpon record, an Oration or act of Messala (a great Orator in his time) wher∣in vpon a great indignation he expressely forbad that there should be intermingled one image that came from another house of the Leuini, among those of his owne name and linage, for feare of confounding the race of his family and ancestors. The like occasion moued and inforced old Messala to put forth and publish those bookes which he had made of the descents and pedigrees [unspec D] of the Roman houses: for that vpon a time as he passed through the gallerie belonging to Sci∣pio Africanus his house, he beheld therein his stile, augmented by the addition of Salutio (for that was one of his syrnames) which fel vnto him by the last wil and testament of a certain rich man so called, who adopted him for his owne son: as being greatly discontented in his minde, that so base a name as that (to the shame and dishonor of the Africans) should creepe into the noble family of the Scipio's. But if I may speak without offence of these two Messalae, it should in my conceit be some token of a noble spirit and good mind that loueth and imbraceth vertue, to entitle his owne name, although vntruely, to the armes and images of others, so long as they be noble and renowned: and I hold it a greater credit so to doe, than to demeane our selues so vnworthily, as that no man should desire any of our armes or images. And seeing that I am so [unspec E] far entered into this theam, I must not passe ouer one new deuise and inuention come vp of late, namely, to dedicat and set vp in libraries the statues in gold or siluer, or at leastwise in brasse, of those diuine and heauenly men, whose immortall spirits do speak still and euer shall, in those places where their bookes are. And although it bee vnpossible to recouer the true and liuely pourtraits of many of them, yet we forbeare not for all that to deuise one Image or other to re∣present their face and personage, though we are sure it be nothing like them: and the want ther∣of doth breed and kindle in vs a great desire and longing, to know what visage that might bee indeed which was neuer deliuered vnto vs: as it appeareth by the statue of Homer. Certes, in my opinion there can be no greater argument of the felicity & happinesse of any man, than to haue [unspec F] all the world euermore desirous to know, What kinde of person hee was whiles he liued? This inuention of erecting libraries, especially here at Rome, came from Asinius Pollio, who by dedi∣cating his Bibliotheque, containing all the bookes that euer were written, was the first that made the wits and workes of learned men, a publique matter and a benefit to a Commonweale.

But whether the kings of * 1.6 Alexandria in Egypt, or of * 1.7 Pergamus, began this enterprise before [unspec G] (who vpon a certain emulation and strife one with another, went in hand to make their stately and sumptuous libraries) I am not able to auouch for certain. But to returne againe to our flat images and pictures; that men in old time delighted much therein, yea, and were carried away with an ardent and extraordinary affection to them, may appeare by the testimony, not only of Atticus that great friend of Cicero's (who set forth a book intituled, A Treatise of painted ima∣ges) but also of M. Varro, who in all his volumes, whereof hee wrote a great number, vpon a most thankfull and bountifull mind that he carried, deuised to insert not onely the names of 700 fa∣mous and notable persons, but also in some sort to set down their physiognomy & resemblance of their visage: not willing as it might seem that their remembrance should perish, but desirous to preserue the shapes and portraits of so worthy personages against the injury of time, which [unspec H] weareth and consumeth all things; indeuoring by this means, & as it were in a kind of emulati∣on striuing to do as much for them in this behalf, as the gods could do, not only in giuing them immortality, but also by dispersing those pourtraits into all parts of the world, to shew them personally in euery place to the eies of men, as if they were present.

CHAP. III.

¶ At what time scutchions and shields, with images ingrauen in them, were first erected in pub∣lique place. Where they beg an to be set vp in priuat houses. The originall of pi∣ctures. The first pourtrait that was of one single colour. Of the first Painters. How antient the Art of [unspec I] Painting was in Italy.

ANd this verily which Varro did, namely, to insert the names & counterfeits of famous men in his books, was to gratifie strangers only. But of those who were desirous in this kinde, to honour Romans, I find in the Chronicles, that Appius Claudius was the first (him I meane, who in the 259 yeare after the foundation of the city of Rome, bare the Consulship with Serui∣lius, and namely, by dedicating in temples and publicke places of the city, the shelds of his pre∣decessours by themselues alone. For within the chappell of Bellona, hee caused to bee set vp the scutchions and shields of his ancestors; taking great contentment to haue the armes of his pre∣decessors seen on high, and the same accompanied with the titles of their honorable dignities [unspec K] to be read. A goodly shew, no doubt, and a magnificent, in case there should be shewed withall a long descent of petty images representing a num•…•…er of children, as it were the nest of a faire brood and off-spring: for who would not take great joy and pleasure to see such a sight, who would not fauorably behold the arms of such a race and linage? After that Appius Claudius had giuen this precedent at Rome, there followed M. Aemilius, companion in the same Consulship with Q. Luctatius, who not contented to haue the Armoires and coats of his Progenitors, to be aduanced aloft in the stately hall and pallace Aemilia only, tooke order, that they should stand also at home in his owne house: and this also was a matter of right great consequence, beeing done according to the pattern and example of the martiall worthies in Homer: for within these shields & scutchions, resembling those which were vsed in old time in the battels before Troy, [unspec L] were represented the images of such as serued with them, ingrauen therein: for thereupon such shields took the name * 1.8 Clypei, i. chased and ingrauen, not of the old word in Latine Cluere, which signifieth to fight, or to be well reputed, as our thwarting Grammarians would with their sub∣tile sophistrie seeme to etymologize and deriue it. Certes, this originall of shields and coats of armours, implied abraue mind and noble spirit ful of vertue and valour, when euery mans shield shewed the liuely pourtrait of him that bare it in the warres. The Carthaginians were wont to make their targuets of beaten gold, and those likewise they caused to bee ingrauen with their own portraits, & carried the same with them to the wars. And verily, Q. Martius that worthy war∣riour, and reuenger of the 2 Scipio's in Spain, hauing defeated the Carthaginians & taken many of them prisoners, found among other spoils and pillage, the shield of Asdrubal, made in maner aforesaid: Which shield was erected & hung vp ouer the porch of Iupiters temple vpon Capi∣toll [unspec M] hill, and remained there vnto the first fire that consumed the temple. And seeing I am fal∣len vpon this poynt, namely, of erecting the armours woon from enemies, in publicke place; I may not passe ouer in silence the securitie and carelesse regard that our forefathers had in this

behalfe: which was so great, that M. Aufidius, who farmed and vndertook the custody or keeping of the Capitoll, the temple, and all therein, the same yeare wherein L. Manlius, and Q. Fulvius [unspec A] were Consuls, and which was from the foundation of the city of Rome 575 yeares, aduertised the Senat, That those shields there, which for so long together were appointed & assigned thi∣ther by the Censors, were not of brasse, as they had been taken for, but of siluer.

Concerning pictures, and the first originall of painters art, I am not able to resolue and set downe any thing for certain: neither is it a question pertinent to my designe and purpose. I am not ignorant that the Aegyptians do vaunt thereof, auouching that it was deuised among them and practised 6000 yeres, before there was any talk or knowledge therof in Greece: avain brag and ostentation of theirs, as all the world may see. As for the Greeke writers, some ascribe the inuention of painting to the Sicyonians, others to the Corinthians. But they do all jointly a∣gree [unspec B] in this, That the first pourtrait was nothing els but the bare pour•…•…ing and drawing onely the shadow of a person to his just proportion and liniments. This first draught or ground, they began afterwards to lay with one simple colour, and no more: which kind of picture, after that they fell once to more curious workmanship, they called Monochromaton, i. a pourtrait of one colour, for distinction sake from other pictures of sundry colours: which notwithstanding, yet▪ this plaine manner of painting continueth at this day, and is much vsed. As for the linearie portraying or drawing shapes and proportions by lines alone, it is said, that either Philocles the Aegyptian, or els Cleanthes the Corinthian was the inuentor thereof. But whosoeuer deuised it, certes Ardices the Corinthian, and Telephanes the Sicyonian, were the first that practised it: how∣beit colours they vsed none, yet they proceeded thus far as to disperse their lines within, as well [unspec C] as to draw the pourfle, and all with a coale and nothing els. And therefore their manner and or∣der was to write also the names of such as they thus painted, and alwaies to set them close to the pictures. But the first that tooke vpon him to paint with colour, was Cleophantus the Corin∣thian, who (as they say) took no more but a piece of a red potsherd, which he ground into pou∣der, and this was all the colour that he vsed. This Cleophantus, or some other of that name, was he who by the testimony of Cornelius Nepos, as I will anon shew more at large, accompanied De∣maratus the father of Tarquinius Priscus king of Rome, when he fled from Corinth to auoid the wrongs of Cypsellus the tyrant, who persecuted and oppressed him. But it cannot be so: for sure∣ly before this Tarquines time, the art of painting was grown to some perfection, euen in Italy: for proofe wherof, extant there be at this day to be seen at Ardea within the temples there, antique [unspec D] pictures, and indeed more antient than the city of Rome: and I assure you, no pictures came e∣uer to my sight, which I wonder so much at, namely, that they should continue so long, fresh, and as if they were but newly made, considering the places where they be, so ruinat and vncoue∣red ouer head. Semblably, at Lanuvium there remaine yet two pictures of lady Atalanta, and queen Helena, close one to the other, painted naked, by one and the same hand: both of them are for beauty incomparable, and yet a man may discerne the * 1.9 one of them to be a maiden, for her modest and chaste countenance; which pictures, notwithstanding the ruins of the temple where they stand, are not a whit disfigured or defaced. Of late daies, Pontius lieutenant vnder C. Caligu∣la the Emperor, did what he could to haue remoued them out of the place, and carried them a∣way whole and entire, vpon a wanton affection and lustfull fancy that he cast vnto them: but the [unspec E] plastre or porget of the wall whereupon they were painted, was of that temper that would not abide to be stirred. At Caere there continue certaine pictures of greater antiquity than those which I haue named. And verily, whosoeuer shall well view and peruse the rare workemanship therein, will confesse, that no art in the world grew sooner to the height of absolute perfection than it, considering that during the state of Troy no man knew what painting was.

CHAP. IIII.

Of Romanes that were excellent Painters. When the art of painting came first into credit and estimati∣on at Rome. What Romans they were that exhibited the pourtraits of their owne victories in pictures. And about what time painted tables made by strangers in forreine parts, were accepted and in great re∣quest at Rome.

AMongst the Romanes also this Art grew betimes into reputation; as may appeare by the Fabij, a most noble and honourable house in Rome, who of this science were syrnamed

Pictores, i. Painters: & the first who was intituled with that addition, painted with his own hand [unspec G] the temple of Salus; and this was in the 450 yeare after the foundation of our city: which pain∣ting continued in our age, euen vnto the time of Claudius Caesar the Emperor, in whose daies the temple it selfe with the painting, was consumed with fire. Next after this, the workmanship of Pacuvius the Poet (who likewise painted the chappell of Hercules in the beast-market at Rome) was highly esteemed and gaue much credit to the art. This Pacuvius was Ennius the Poets si∣sters sonne: and being as he was a famous Tragaedian besides, and of great name vpon the stage, the excellency of his spirit that way, much commended at Rome his handy-work and painting aforesaid. After him, I doe not finde that any person of worth and quality tooke pensill in hand and practised painting, vnlesse haply a man would nominat Turpilius a gentleman of Rome in our time, and a Venetian born, of whose workemanship there be many faire parcels of paynting [unspec H] extant at this day in Verona: and yet this Turpilius was altogether left-handed, and painted therewith; a thing that I doe not heare any man did before him. As for Aterius Labeo, a noble man of Rome, late Lord Pretour, and who otherwise had been vice-consull in Gallia, Narbonen∣sis or Languedoc, who liued to a very great age and died not long since, he practised painting; and all his delight and glory that he tooke, was in fine and smal works of a little compasse: how∣beit he was but laughed at, and scorned for that quality, and in his time the handicraft grew to be base and contemptible. Yet I thinke it not amisse to put downe for the better credit of pain∣ters, a notable consultation held by certaine right honourable personages as touching the Art, and their resolution in the end. And this was the case: Q. Paedius, the little nephew of Q. Paedius who had bin Consull in his time and entred Rome in triumph, him I mean whom C. Caesar Di∣ctator, [unspec I] made co-heire with Augustus, hapned to be born dumb: and Messala the great Oratour, out of whose house the grandmother of this child was descended, being carefull how the boy should be brought vp; after mature aduise and deliberation, thought good that hee should by signes and imitation be trained vp in the art of painting, which counsell of his was approoued also by Augustus Caesar. And in truth, this yong gentleman being apt therto, profited maruellous much therein, and died in his youth. But the principall credit that painters attained vnto at Rome, was, as I take it, by the means of M. Valerius Maximus, first syrnamed Messala, who beeing one of the grand-seigmeurs of Rome, was the first that proposed to the view of all the world, and set vp at a side of the stately hall or court Hostilia, one picture in a table, wherein hee caused to be painted that battel in Sicily wherein himselfe had defeated the Carthaginians and K. Hiero, [unspec K] which happened in the yeare from the foundation of Rome 490. The like also, I must needs say, did L. Scipio, and hung vp a painted table in the Capitol temple, containing his victory and con∣quest of Asia, whereupon he was syrnamed Asiaticus. But (as it is said) Africanus although hee were his owne brother, was highly displeased therewith: and good cause he had to be angry and offended, because in that battell his own son was taken prisoner by the enemy. The like offence was taken also by Scipio Aemilianus, against Lucius Hostilius Mancinus, who was the first that en∣tred perforce the city of Carthage; for that hee had caused to bee set vp in the market place of Rome a faire painted table, wherein was liuely drawne the strong scituation of Carthage; and the warlike means vsed in the assaulting and winning of it, together with all the particulars and circumstances thereof: which Mancinus himselfe in person sitting by the said picture, desciphe∣red [unspec L] from point to point vnto the people that came to behold it; by which courtesie of his hee woon the hearts of the people, insomuch, as at the next election of Magistrates, his popularitie gained him a Consulship. In the publicke plaies which Claudius Pulcher exhibited at Rome, the painted clothes about the stage and Theatre (which represented building) brought this art in∣to great admiration: for the workmanship was so artificiall and liuely, that the very rauens in the aire, deceiued with the likenesse of houses, flew thither apace for to settle thereupon, suppo∣sing verily there had been tiles and crests indeed. And thus much concerning Painters craft, ex∣ercised in Rome.

To come now to forrain pictures, Lu. Mummius, syrnamed Achaicus (for his conquest of Asia) was the first man at Rome, who made open shew of painted tables wrought by strangers, and [unspec M] caused them to be of price and estimation: for when as in the port-sale of all the bootie and pillage gotten in that victorie, king Attalus had brought one of them, wrought by the hand of Aristides, containing the picture only of god Bacchus, which was to cost him * 1.10 six thousand Se∣sterces, Mummius wondering at the price, & supposing that this table had some speciall and se∣cret

propertie in it more than himselfe knew of, brake the bargain, called for the picture again, & would not suffer it to be caried away, notwithstanding Attalus complained much at the hard [unspec A] measure offered vnto him; and so he brought it with him to Rome, and dedicated it in the chap∣pel of Ceres. And verily this I take to be the first painted table of a forreiners making, that euer was set vp in publick place at Rome. But after he had once begun, I see it was an ordinary thing to adorn and beautifie euen the common place also with such like: for vpon this occasion arose that prety scoffe which was giuen by Crassus the Oratour, as hee pleaded vpon a time vnder the * 1.11 old Rostra: for when there was a VVitnesse produced to depose against him, whom hee would seeme to challenge and reproued, whereupon the party replied again and vrged him instantly in these termes, Speake out Crassus, and in the face of all this Court say, what kinde of person you would make me to be? Mary (quoth he again) I take thee to be such an one (pointing directly to a table hanging there by, wherin was painted a certain Frenchman yawning and lelling out his * 1.12 [unspec B] tongue ful ilfauoredly.) In the same Forum or Grand place at Rome there stood sometime the picture of an old sheepheard leaning vpon his crooke, as touching which (for that as it should seem it was very workmanlike made) when a certain Dutch Embassador who beheld it, was de∣manded, at what price he esteemed it; answered short & quick, What a question is that? I would not haue such an one (were he aliue, as I see he is but painted) though he were giuen me for no∣thing. But if I should speake at once, who it was that gaue the greatest countenance vnto such tables in open view, I must needs say it was Caesar dictator, who shrined the pictures of Ajax and Medea in no meaner place than before the temple of Venus Genetrix. Next after him came M∣Agrippa, a man by nature inclined rather to rusticitie than to delights, and more like a rude pea∣sant than a ciuill gentleman. But surely there is extant a worthy Oration of his, and beseeming [unspec C] the principal person of a whole city, as touching the open sale of all painted tables, statues, and images, that were in the hands of priuat men, and the setting of them vp in publicke places for to adorn the city: which no doubt had bin far better than to haue them banished (as it were) and sent as they be into the country, to beautifie manors and retyring houses of pleasure: how∣beit as sterne and grim a sir as he was, he could find in his heart to bestow vpon two tables with the pictures of Venus and Ajax, 12000 sesterces, which he paid vnto the Cyzicenes for them. Al∣so hee had caused to be set in marble stone inchased, within the hotest part of his baths, many rich pictures of a small making, and couched in small tables, the which were taken away but a little before the said baths were repaired. But aboue all that euer were, Caesar Augustus the Em∣peror of famous memory, did set vp in the most frequented or perspicuous place of his Forum [unspec D] or stately hal, two excellent painted tables, one containing the liuely portrait of War, the other of Triumph. He also dedicated the pictures of Castor and Pollux, besides others, whereof I will write in my catalogue of Painters: which he hung vp all within the temple of Iulius Caesar his father. The same Augustus Caesar inclosed within the wall of that Curia, which hee erected and consecrated in the common place called Comitium, two Tables painted; the one resembling the Forrest Nemea, in habit of a woman sitting vpon a lion, she carrieth in her hand a date tree; and there standeth by her an old man resting vpon his staffe, ouer whose head there was a pretty tablet hanging down as a label, from a chariot drawn by two horses, with this inscription, Nici∣as me inussit; i. Nicias inamelled or wrought me with fire: for that verb [inussit] it pleased him to vse. As for the other table, the admirable workmanship therein was this, An old grey-beard ac∣companied [unspec E] with his son, a youth exceeding like his father, saue onely for the difference in age, which appeared in the yong down that sprung vpon his cheeks and chin. A deuise there was be∣sides of an Aegle flying ouer their heads, clasping a drag on within her talons: and as it appeared by the superscription, Philochares was the workman. By which one table (if there were no more but it in the whole world) a man may make an estimate of the infinite power that is in this art, which could cause the Senat & people of Rome to take such pleasure so many yeares together to look vpon Glaucion and his son Aristippus, persons otherwise most base and contemptible, on∣ly in respect of Philochares who painted them. As for Tiberius Caesar the Emperor, albeit hee was a prince of all other least curteous and affable, yet he delighted to hang vp those painted tables [unspec F] within the temple of Augustus Caesar, whereof I mean to write hereafter.

CHAP: V. [unspec G]

¶ The art and manner of Painting: the Colours that Painters vse.

THus far forth may suffice to be spoken of the antient dignitie of that art, which begins al∣ready to decay and die. What were the colors also that the first painters vsed in old time, when they drew their portracts with one simple colour, I haue written already in my trea∣tise of Mines & Minerals, where I discoursed likewise of painters colours. Touching those that named certain kind of pictures Monochromatea, as also who inriched them with more colours, who inuented this or that for the bettering and perfecting of them, and at what time each of these additions accrued thereto, I mean to reserue vnto my catalogue of painters: for the order [unspec H] and consequence of my work requireth, that I should first set down the nature of euery colour.

First and formost therefore this is to be noted, That in processe of time the artificer who be∣gan with one bare colour, found out the difference himselfe between * 1.13 light and shadow, & de∣uised by this distinction to set vp and debase the one and the other alternatiuely, and the same more or lesse according to his seueral intentions. After these lights and shadowes there was in∣uented a kind of lustre or glosse, different from the light aforesaid; which because it is of a mean nature between the shade and the light, and participates of both, they called by a Greeke word Tonos. As for the apt coherence of one colour with another, the ioint as it were between, and the passage from one to another, they named it Harmoge. [unspec I]

CHAP. VI.

¶ Of Painters colours, naturall and artificiall.

ALl colors be either sad or liuely; and those be so either naturally, or by artificiall mixture. Liuely or gay colors be such as the 1 1.14 master deliuers to the painter by weight & measure: as namely, 2 1.15 Vermilion, 3 1.16 Verd d' Azur, 4 1.17 Sang-dragon, 5 1.18 Verd de terre, or Borras, 6 1.19 Indico, and 7 1.20 Roset. The rest be sad or duskish, and as wel the one as the other be all either naturall or artifi∣ciall. Among the naturall of this sort (to wit the sad colours) I reckon the 8 1.21 common bole Ar∣min, 9 1.22 Ruddel or red stone, 10 1.23 Paretonium, 11 1.24 Melinum, 12 1.25 Eretria, and 13 1.26 Orpin. The rest of these [unspec K] kinds be artificial, & principally those which I haue already spoken of in the treatise of mines. Moreouer, of the baser sort are Ocre and Ruddel, burnt Cerusse or Spanish white, Sandix mine∣ral, and Scyricum, Sandaracha, Vitriol, or Black. As for Sinopis or common bole Armin, found out first it was at Sinope, a maritine town in the kingdom of Pontus, wherof it took that name; it groweth also in Egypt, the Baleare Islands, and Africk; but the best is found in the Isle Lem∣nos, and in Cappadocia, digged out of certain caues and holes. That which stucke fast vnto the rocks excelleth all the rest. The pieces of this earth if a man do breake, shew the owne natural colour which is not mixed, without-forth they be spotted. And this earth in old time was vsed for to giue a lustre vnto other colours. Of this Sinopis or Bole Armin common there be three kindes, the deepe red, the pale or weake red, and the meane between both. The best Sinopis is [unspec L] esteemed worth * 1.27 thirteene denarij Roman by the pound: this may serue the painters pensill, yea or in grosser work, if a man list to colour posts, beams, or wood: as for that which commeth out of Africk, it is worth eight asses euery pound; and this they call Cicirculum: that which is redder than the rest serueth better for painting of tablements: as for that which is most brown and duskish, called in Latine Pressior, it is of the same price that the other, and employed in the bases and feet of such tablements. And thus much for the vse in painting. Touching Phy∣sicke and the medicinable properties thereof, milde it is of nature, and in that regard of gentle operation, whether it enter into hard emplaistres of a dry composition, or into immolitiue plai∣sters that are more liquid, and principally such as are deuised for vlcers in any moist part, as the mouth or fundament. This earth, if it be injected by a clistre, stoppeth a laske: and being giuen [unspec M] to women in drinke to the weight of one denarius i. a dram, it stayeth their immoderate fluxes of the matrice. The same burnt or calcined drieth vp the fretting roughnesse of the eies, princi∣pally if it be applied with vineger. This kinde of red earth some would haue to be counted in a second degree of Rubrica for goodnesse, for they alwaies reckoned that of Le•…•…nos to be the

chiefe & simply best, as comming next in price to Minium, i. Vermilion. And in truth, this Ter∣ra Sigillata or Lemnia, was highly accounted of in old time, like as the Island Lemnos from [unspec A] whence it comes: neither was it lawfull to sel any of it before it was * 1.28 marked or sealed, & ther∣upon they vsed to cal it Sphragis. The painters ordinarily lay a ground of this vnder their ver∣million, and sophisticate it many waies. In physick it is holden to be a soueraigne thing: for if the eies be annointed round about therewith in manner of a liniment, it represseth the flux of rheumatick humors and doth mitigat the pains incident to them: the fistulous sores likewise a∣bout the angles or corners of the eies, it drieth vp that they shall not run as they vse to doe. In∣wardly also it is commonly giuen in vineger, to such as cast vp bloud at the mouth. It is taken also in drink, for the opilations and other accidents as wel of the spleen as kidnies: and besides; to stop the excessiue fluxes that be incident to women. Singular it is against any poison or veno∣mous sting of serpents, either vpon land or sea; and therefore is a familiar ingredient into all an∣tidots [unspec B] or counterpoisons. Of all other sorts of red earth, the ruddle of Egypt and Africke is fit∣test for Carpenters; for if they strike their line vpon timber with it, they shall be sure that it wil take colour and be marked very well. Moreouer, another sort there is of this red earth minerall, found with yron ore, and the same is good also for painters. There is a kind of ruddle also made * 1.29 of ochre burnt and calcined in new earthen pots well luted all ouer: and the greater fire that it meeteth withall in the furnace, the better it is. In generall, any ruddle whatsoeuer is exiccatiue, in which regard it agreeth wel with salues and healing plasters, and is very proper for to represse shingles & such cutanean wild-fires that wil stand in drops. Take of Sinopis or Bolearmin com∣mon that commeth out of Pontus * 1.30 halfe a pound, of bright Sil or ochre 10 pound, of the Greek white earth Melinum 2 pound; pun them al together, and mix them wel, so as they may ferment [unspec C] 12 daies together: and hereof is made Leucophorum, i. a kind of gum or size to lay vnder gold∣foile for to guild timber.

Touching the white earth Paraetonium, it carieth the name of a place in Egypt from whence it commeth: and many say, that it is nothing but the some of the sea, incorporat and hardened together with the slime & mud of the shore: and therfore there be winkles and such shell-fishes found therwith. It is ingendred also in the Isle Candy, and the country of Cyrenae. At Rome they haue a deuise to sophisticat it, namely by boiling fullers earth vntil it be of a fast & massie consistence: the price of the best is after 6 denier, the pound. Of al white colors it is the fattest, and for that it runs out smooth in the working, it is the fastest parget to ouercast walls withall. [unspec D]

As for the earth Melinum, white it is likewise; but the best is that which the Isle Melos doth yeeld, whereupon it took that name. In Samos also it is to be found, but painters vse it not, be∣cause it is ouer clammy and vnctuous. The Islanders are wont to creep on all foure and to lie a∣long at their work when they dig it forth of the rocks, for search it they must among the veines that run therein. The same * 1.31 operation it hath in physicke that the earth Eretria: also, if a man touch it with the tongue, he shal find it a stringent and drying: howbeit, a depilatory it is in some sort, and fetcheth away haire, or els causeth it to grow thin. A pound of it is worth a Sesterce.

There is of white colors a third kind, and that is Cerussa or white lead, the reason & making whereof, I haue shewed in my discourse of minerals: and yet there was found of it in the nature of a very earth by it selfe at Smyrna, within the land belonging to one Theodotus, wherewith in old time they vsed to color and paint ships. But in these daies we haue no other cerusse or Spa∣nish [unspec E] white but that which is artificial, made of lead & vineger, in manner aforesaid. As touching cerusse burnt, the inuention thereof came by meere chance, vpon occasion of a skare-fire happe∣ning in the harbor of Piraeeum, which caught the pots and boxes wherein the Athenian dames that dwelt by the said harbor kept their blanch of cerusse for complexion: and this cerusse thus calcined, the first that vsed in picture was Nicias, of whom I haue already spoken. The best that we haue in these daies comes out of Asia, and for that it inclineth to a purple colour, they cal it Purpurea: a pound of it is fold for 16 deniers Roman. This also is made in Rome, namely by cal cining Sil or ochre minerall, which standeth much vpon marble, and then quenching it with vi∣neger. Such vse the painters make thereof thus burnt, that no shadowes will do well without it. [unspec F]

Concerning Eretria, another kind of white earth, it takes the name of the place from whence it commeth. Nicomachus & Parasius vsed this colour much. In Physick, it is found to be cooling and emolitiue. Being burnt or calcined, it is an excellent incarnatiue: singular good for to drie any sore; proper also to be applied to the forhead for the headach; like as, to discouer any festring

or rankling matter that lieth secret within: for if a place be anointed therwith, when it is reduced [unspec G] into a liniment with water, in case it wax not dry, be sure there is some suppuration vnderneath

As touching Sandaracha and Ochra, K. Iuba writeth, that they are to be found in Tapazus, an Island within the red sea; but that which we haue, was neuer brought from thence. How Sanda∣racha is ingendred, I haue said already in the discourse of mines. There is an artificiall and so∣phisticat Sandaracha, made of cerusse burnt in a furnace, The colour of Sandaracha ought to be fiery like a flame: a pound thereof is bought for 5 Asses, i. halfe a denier. Calcine this and Rud∣dle together, and of both, being concorporat in equall quantity, you shall haue the color called Sandyx. Howbeit, I do obserue in Virgil, that he took Sandyx for an herb, as may appear by this verse:

Sponte sua Sandyx pascentes vestiet agnos. [unspec H]

A ruddie fleece shall Sandyx yeeld, To lambs, as they do graze in field.

This Sandyx to be bought and sold, carrieth but halfe the price of Sandaracha: neither bee there any colours more weighty than these in the ballance.

Among the artificiall and made colors, I reckon Scyricum, which as I haue already said, ser∣ueth for a good ground to take vermillon. The maner of making it, is to mix the best ruddle Si∣nopis and this Sandyx together.

Painters black [called in Latine Atramentum] I count an artificiall colour, although I know there is a vitrioll or coperose going vnder that name, which is minerall, and is ingendred two manner of waies: for either it issueth and ooseth out of the mine in maner of a salt humor or li∣quor; [unspec I] or els there groweth an earth it self of a brimstone colour, which serueth for it, that it may be drawn out thereof. Some painters haue bin knowne, who for to get black, haue searched into sepulchres for the coles there, among the reliques and ashes of the dead. But in mine opinion, all these be but new deuises, and foolish irregular toies without any reason; for a man need seek no farther but to soot, and that made many waies, by burning either of rosin or pitch: in which regard, many haue built places and forges of purpose to burn them in; without any emissaries; tunnels, or holes, that the said soot or smoke may not get forth: but the best black in that maner made, comes of the smoke of torchwood. This fine soot is sophisticat with grosse soot that doth gather and ingender in forges, furnaces, & stouphs: and this is that inke wherewith wee vse to write our books. Some there be who take the lees or dregs of wine, and when it is dried, boile it [unspec K] throughly; and they affirme, that if the wine were good whereof those lees came, the said inke or black will make a colour like Indico. And in truth, Polygnotus and Mycon (two as renowned pain∣ters as euer were) vsed no other black at all, but that which they made of the mare or refuse of grapes after they be pressed, & this they cal Tryginon. Apelles deuised a way by himself, to make it of yuorie or the elephants tooth burnt, and this they named therupon Elephantinum: as tou∣ching the black called Indicum, it is brought from India: but as yet I know not the maner either of the making or the ingendring of it. A kind thereof I see the diers do make, of that black flo∣rie which sticketh to their coppers. Also, there is a black made of torchwood burnt, & the coles that come of it punned to powder in a mortar. And here commeth to my mind the wonderfull nature of Cuttle fishes, which do yeeld a black humor from them like to ink: howbeit, I do not [unspec L] find that painters or writers make any vse thereof. But all blacks whatsoeuer take their perfecti∣on by sunning: if it be writing inke, with gum (Arabick;) if to colour pargetting or walls, with glew among: and looke what blacke is dissolued and liquified in vineger, the same will hold well and hardly be washed off. And thus much of the ordinary colours low prized.

Of all the colours besides, which (as I said once before) for their high price the poore pain∣ters be serued with from their masters hands who set them on worke, the rich roset or purple red that is made of Tripolie or goldsmiths earth, is simply the best: for this Tripolie is commonly died together with purples; and no silk, wooll, or cloth, wil so soon take that tincture as it. The principal is that, which hauing had the floure of a fatt, hath drunk the fil as it were, whiles the li∣quor is yet boiling, and the drugs within the caudron be in their verdure and haue not lost the heart. When this first Tripoly thus deepely died, is cast vp and taken forth, that which is put in [unspec M] next into the said liquor, is counted the second in goodnes; & so consequently by degrees; for the former euer taketh the higher die, & the oftner you dip therein, the weaker will the tincture be: which is the reason that the roset or purple red of Puteoli, is more commended, than either

the Tyrian, Getulian, or Lacedemonian, notwithstanding from thence come the most rich and pretious pearls. The reason is, because the Tripoli in Puteoli is died most with the juice of the [unspec A] Magaleb berries among, which yeelds the gallant red; & besides, is forced to drink the tincture of Mader. That roset which is made at Canusium is the worst of all other, and carieth the low∣est price: a pound of roset costeth vsually * 1.32 30 deniers Roman Painters or complexioners, when they would counterfeit a lustre or glosse of vermilion, lay a ground first with Sandyx, and then charge roset vpon it with the white of an egg: but if they be desirous to make a purple colour, the first course or ground is azur, and straitwaies they come vpon it with * 1.33 roset and the white of an egg abouesaid. After this rich and liuely rosat or purple red, Indico is a colour most estee∣med: out of India it comes, wherupon it took the name; and it is nothing els * 1.34 but a slimy mud cleaning to the fome that gathereth about canes and reeds: while it is punned or ground it loo∣keth black, but being dissolued, it yeelds a wonderfull louely mixture of purple and azur. There [unspec B] is a second sort of it found swimming vpon the coppers or vats in purple Diers worke-houses: and in truth, nothing els but the very fome or scum that the purple casts vp as it boileth, in ma∣ner of a florey. Some there be that do counterfeit and sophisticat Indico, selling in stead ther∣of pigeons dung, Selinusian earth, and Tripoli, died and deeply coloured with the true Indico: but the proofe thereof is by fire; for cast the right Indico vpon liue coles, it yeeldeth a flame of most excellent purple, and while it smoketh, the fume senteth of the sea; which is the reason that some do imagine it is gathered out of the rockes standing in the sea. Indico is valued at 20 denarij the pound. In physicke there is vse of this Indico, for it doth asswage swellings that doe stretch the skin: it represseth violent rheums and inflammations, and drieth vlcers.

The land of Armenia doth furnish vs with the colour verd d'azur, and of that country it is na∣med [unspec C] Armenicus: a stone it is that is likewise died before it can die, in manner of Borras or verd d'terre: the best is the greenest, & yet withall it doth participat the colour of azur; in which re∣gard it may properly be called Verd d'azur. In times past a pound of it was held at 300 Sester∣ces: but since there was found in Spain a kind of sand that would take the like tincture and do as well, the price hath bin well abated, and is come downe to six deniers. All the difference be∣tween this colour and azur is this, for that it stands more vpon the white, which causeth this co∣lour to be lighter and weaker. The only vse that it hath in physick, is to nourish hairs, & especi∣ally those of the eie lids. Ouer and besides all these colours aboue named, there be two more newly come vp, and those beare but a very low price; to wit, the green called Appianum, & oft times it is taken for Borras or Verd d'terre, as if there were not other things enough that did [unspec D] counterfeit and resemble it. Made it is of a certain greene chalky earth, & is worth but one Se∣sterce a pound. The second new colour is a white, called Anulare, being that which in womens pictures giues a lightsom carnation white: this also is made of a kind of chalk, & certain glassy gems or bugles, which the common sort vse to weare in rings, & thereupon is called Anulare.

CHAP. VII.

¶ What Colours refuse to be layd vpon some grounds: with what colours they painted in old time: and when the fight of Sword-fencers was first proposed to be seen at Rome.

OF all colours, Roset, Indico, Azur, Tripoli or Melinum, Orpiment, white lead or Cerusse, [unspec E] loue not to be laid vpon plaister-work or any ground, while it is moist; & yet wax wil take any of these colours abouesaid, to be imploied in those kind of works which are wrought by sire (so it be not vpon plastre, parget, & wals, for that is impossible) whether they be inameld or damaskd; yea and in their painting of ships at sea, as well hulks & hoies of burden, as gallies and ships of war: for now wee are come (forsooth) to inamel and paint those things that are in danger to perish & be cast away euery houre: so as we need not maruel any longer, that the cof∣fin going with a dead corps to a funerall fire, is richly painted: and we take a delight when wee mind to fight at sea, to sail with our fleet gallantly dight & inriched with colours, which must cary vs into dangers, either to our own death, or to the carnage of others. And when I consider so many colours, & those so variable, as be now adaies in vse, I must needs admire those artifi∣cers [unspec F] of old time; and namely of Apelles, Echion, Melanthius, and Nicomachus, most excellent pain∣ters, and whose tables were sold for as much apiece, as a good town was worth; and yet none of these vsed aboue foure colours in all those rich and durable workes. And what might those be?

Of all whites they had the white Tripoli of Melos; for yellow ochres they took that of Athens: [unspec G] for reds, they sought no farther than to the red ochre or Sinopie ruddle in Pontus: & their black was no other than ordinarie vitriol or shoomakers black. And now adaies, when we haue such plenty of purple, that the very walls of our houses be painted all ouer therwith, when there com∣meth from India store enough not only of Indico, which the mud of their riuers do yeeld, but also of Cinnambre, which is the mixed bloud of their fel dragons and mighty elephants, yet a∣mong all our modern pictures we cannot shew one faire piece of worke: insomuch as wee may conclude, All things were done better then, notwithstanding the scarsitie that was of stuffe and matter. But to say a truth, the reason is, Giuen wee are now (as I haue oftentimes said) to e∣steem of things that be rich and costly, neuer regarding the art that is imployed about them. And here I thinke it not amisse to set down the outragious excesse of this age, as touching pi∣ctures. [unspec H] Nero the emperor commanded, that the portraict of himselfe should be painted in linnen cloth, after the maner of a gyant-like colosse 120 foot high; a thing that neuer had been heard or seen before. But see what became of it! when this monstrous picture (which was drawne and made in the garden of Marius) was don and finished, the lightning and fire from heauen caught it, and not only consumed it, but also burnt withall the best part of the building about the gar∣den. A slaue of his infranchising (as it is wel known) when he was to exhibit at Antium certain solemnities, and namely a spectacle of sword-fencers fighting at sharp, caused all the scaffolds, publique galleries, and walking places of that city to be hung & tapissed with painted cloths, wherein were represented the liuely pictures of the sword-players themselues, with all the wif∣flers and seruitors to them belonging. But to conclude, the best and most magnanimous men, [unspec I] that for many a hundred yeares our country hath bred, haue taken delight (I must needs say) in this art, and set their minds vpon good pictures. But to portray in imagery tables and painted cloth the publick shews of fencers & sword-plaiers, and to set them vp to be seen in open place to the view of the world, began by C. Terentius a Lucan: for this man to honour his grandfather, who had made him his own son by adoption, exhibited a shew for three days together of thirty paire of such fencers fighting with vnrebated swords; and a faire painted table which carried the liuely resemblance of this spectacle, hee set vp and dedicated within the sacred groue of Diana.

CHAP. VIII. [unspec K]

¶ The antiquitie of Painting, and the seuerall ages wherein the famous Painters liued. A suruey of excellent Pictures, and the Artificers that made them, together with * 1.35 the prices that their workmanship was valued at: and no∣table pictures to the number of 305.

NOw will I after a cursorie sort run through all the famous professors and Artizans in this kind, and that with as great breuity as possibly I can; for the scope I haue proposed to my selfe tends another way: and therefore let not the Reader think much if I do but touch the names of some, as it were passing by, and by occasion of others whose catalogue I meane to [unspec L] deliuer. Howbeit, in making this hast, my purpose is not to omit any excellent piece of worke which is worth the remembrance and relation, whether the same be extant at this day, or lost and perished. Where I must aduertise the readers, that in this argument my meaning is not to stand much vpon the authoritie of Greeke writers, who indeed deliuer no certitude, nor agree in their records as touching this point (notwithstanding that they would seeme diligent in that behalfe) and namely, in that they haue written, That the excellent painters flourished so many Olympiads after the famous Imageurs; and haue nominated for the first and chiefe to haue li∣ued in name, about the time of the 90 Olympiad: whereas this is for certain reported, that Phi∣dias himself was a painter in the beginning, and that the noble shield of Minerva in Athens was by him painted: besides, this is confessed and resolued vpon for a truth, that Panus his brother [unspec M] liued in the 83 Olympias, and painted the inside of the said shield; who also in another scut∣chion of Minerva, which Colores the apprentice of Phidias had made; as also in making the statue of Iupiter Olympius, wrought with the said Colores and helped him. But what should I dwel long in this matter? Is there any doubt made, that Candaules King of Lydia, the last of the race and

family of the Heraclidae, who also was commonly caled Myrsilus, bought the painted table which [unspec A] contained the battell of the Magnetes, and paid for it to Bularchus (the painter or workman ther∣of) as much gold as it came to in weight. See of what price and estimation pictures were euen in those daies! And needs it must be that this hapned about that age wherein K. Romulus liued: for the said K. Candaules died in the 18 Olympias; or as some write, in that very yeare that Romu∣lus departed this life: at what time this skill of painting (if I be not much deceiued) was in great request euery where, and growne already to an absolute perfection. Which being gran∣ted, as of necessitie it cannot be denied, euident and apparent it is, that the originall and begin∣ning of this art, was much more antient: and that those painters who vsed one colour and no more in their plain draughts called Monocromata (to wit, Hygiaenon, Dinias, and Charmas) liued a good while before, although it be not recorded in any writer in what age precisely they flou∣rished: [unspec B] as also that Eumarus the Athenian painter, who deuised first to distinguish male and fe∣male in painting; and besides, vndertook to draw with his pensill the proportion & shape of any thing that he saw; together with Cimon the Cleonaean, who followed his steps, and practised his inuentions, could not chuse but by al congruity & consequence be of more antiquity than Bular∣chus aforesaid, or the reign of Romulus & Candaules: this Cimon deuised the works called Catagra∣pha, i. pourtraits and images standing by as and side-long: the sundry habits also of the visage and cast of the eie, making them to look, some backward ouer their shoulders, others aloft, and some againe downward: his cunning it was to shew in a picture, the knitting of the members in euery ioint: to make the veins appeare how they branched and spread: and besides, the first hee was that counterfeited in flat pictures, the plaits, folds, wrinckles, and hollow lappets of a [unspec C] garment. As touching Phanaeus the brother of Phidias, hee painted also the battell betweene the Athenians and the Persians, vpon the plains of Marathon; for now by this time were pain∣ters furnished in some sort with colours to their purpose; and the art was growne to such perfe∣ction, that in the picture resembling the said battell, the full personages were pourtraied most liuely, of the captains on both sides, to wit, Milciades, Callimachus, and Cynegyrus, for the Atheni∣ans; Datis also and Artaphanes, for the Barbarians or Persians.

CHAP. IX.

¶ The Painters that first entred into contention for to win the prize by their Art: and [unspec D] who deuised to paint with the pensill.

MOreouer, during the time that the aboue-named Panaeus flourished, there were prises pro∣posed at Corinth and Delphos, for those painters that could win them: and the first that striued for the best game, was the said Panaeus, who challenged Timagoras the Chalcidian vpon this occasion, That the same Timagoras had giuen him the foile before at the Pythian games; which also doth appeare by certain verses composed by Timagoras himselfe as touching that argument, which sauor of great antiquity. Whereby the error of Chronicles beforesaid is manifestly conuinced, who haue failed much in the calculation of the times. Furthermore, be∣sides these painters aboue rehearsed, others there were of great name, and yet all of them before that 90 Olympiad whereof they write; as namely, Polygnotus the Thasian, who was the first that [unspec E] painted women in gay and light apparell, with their hoods and other head attire of sundry co∣lours; and in one word, passed all others before him in deuises, for the bettering of this art. His inuention it was to paint images with their mouths open, to make them shew their teeth; and in one word, represented much variety of countenance, far different from the rigorous and hea∣uy looke of the visage beforetime. Of this Polygnotus workemanship, is that picture in a table which now standeth in the stately gallerie of Pompeius, and hung sometime before the Curia or Hall that beareth his name, in which table he painted one vpon a scaling ladder, with a targuet in his hand; but so artificially it is done, and with such dexterity, that whosoeuer looketh vpon him, cannot tell whether he is climbing vp or comming downe. All the painting of Apollo his temple at Delphos, was of this mans doing; who also beautified with pictures, the great gallery [unspec F] or walking place at Athens, which thereupon was called Poecile; and this he did gratis, and would not take one penny for it; whereas Mycon afore him, painted one part thereof, & was well paid for his workmanship; which liberall mind of his, wan him the greater credit and honor be∣sides: for by a decree from the Amphyctions (who are the lords of the publick counsel of state

in Greece) it was granted, that in all cities and towns of Greece wheresoeuer he came, he should [unspec G] be lodged and entertained of free cost. Besides that Mycon before mentioned, there was another of the name, distinguished only by this, that the former was called Mycon the elder, and this My∣con the yonger, who had a daughter named Timarate, & she could paint likewise excellently. But to come now to that ninetieth Olympia, there flourished in that time Aglaophon, Cephissodorus, Phrylus, and Euenor, who was both father and master to Parasius that most renowned painter, of whom I purpose to speak in his rank when the time comes; all these were reputed very good ar∣tizans in their time, howbeit not so excellent that I should need stand long vpon them or their workmanship, making haste as I do vnto those glorious and glittering painters indeed, who shine as bright stars aboue all their fellowes; among whom, Apollodorus the Athenian was the first that gaue light, and he liued in the 93 Olympias: this man led the way to others, & taught [unspec H] them to expresse the fauor and beauty of any thing, which he obserued especially: of whome I may well and truly say, that he and none before him brought the pensill into a glorious name & especiall credit. Of his making there is one picture, of a priest at his deuotions, praying & wor∣shipping; as also another representing Ajax, all on a flaming fire with a flash of lightning, which at this day is to be seen at Pergamus, as an excellent piece of worke. And verily before his daies there cannot be shewed a table of any ones painting worth the sight, and which a man would take pleasure to behold and looke vpon any long time.

When this man had opened the dore once, and shewed the way to this art, Zeuxis of Heraclea entred in, and that was in the fourth yere of the 95 * 1.36 Olympias: and now that the pensill was ta∣ken in hand (for now I speak thereof) he seeing that it made good worke, followed on therewith, [unspec I] and by continuall practise brought the same to great perfection, whereby he wan much credit to the art, and reputation to himselfe. Some writers there bee, who range him wrong in the 89 Olympias; at which time it must needs be, that Demophilus the Himeraean and Neseas the Thra∣cian liued; for to one of them apprentice he was: but whether of the two was his master, there is some doubt made; and verily so excellent he proued in his art, that the abouenamed Appollodorus made verses of him; in which he signifieth, that Zeuxes had stollen the cunning from them al, and he alone went away with the art. He grew in processe of time to such wealth by the means only of his excellent hand, that for to make shew how rich he was, when he went to the solemnity of the games at Olympia, he caused his owne name to be imbrodered in golden letters, within the Iozenge worke of his clokes, whereof he had change, and which he brought thither to be seen. In [unspec K] the end, he resolued with himselfe to work no longer for mony, but to giue away al his pictures, saying, That he valued them aboue any price. Thus he bestowed vpon the Agrigentines, one pi∣cture of queen Alcmena; and to king Archelaus he gaue another of the rustical god Pan: there was also the pourtraict of lady Penelope, which he drew in colours; wherein he seemeth not only to haue depainted the outward personage and feature of the body, but also to haue expressed most liuely the inward affections and qualities of her mind: and much speech there is of a wre∣stler or champion of his painting; in which picture he pleased himselfe so well, that hee subscri∣bed this verse vnder it, * 1.37 Invisurus aliquis faciliús quam imitaturus, i. Sooner will a man enuy me, than set such another by me. Which thereupon grew to be a by-word in euery mans mouth. One stately picture there is of his workmanship, Iupiter sitting vpon a throne in his Majestie, with all [unspec L] the other gods standing by and making court vnto him. Hee pourtraied Hercules also as a babe lying in a cradle, and strangling two fell serpents with his hand, together with his mother Alc∣mena, and her husband K. Amphytrion in place, affrighted both at the sight thereof. Howbeit, this Zeuxis as excellent a painter as he was, is noted for one fault and imperfection; name∣ly, that the head and joints of his pourtraicts, were in some proportion to the rest som∣what with the biggest; for otherwise so curious and exquisite hee was, that when he should make a table with a picture for the Agrigentines, to be set vp in the temple of Iuno Lacinia, at the charges of the city, according to a vow that they had made, he would needs see all the may∣dens of the city naked; and from all that company he chose 5 of the fairest to take out as from seuerall patterns, whatsoeuer he liked best in any of them; and of all the louely parts of those [unspec M] fiue, to make one body of incomparable beaury. Many draughts he made of one color, in white. There liued in his time Timanthes, Androcydes, Eupompus, and Parasius, who were his concurrents, and thought as well of themselues as he did.

CHAP. X. [unspec A]

¶ Of birds deceiued by pictures. What is the hardest point in the art of painting?

OF those foure before named, Parasius by report was so bold as to challenge Zeuxis openly and to enter the lists with him for the victory; in which contention and triall, Zeuxis for proofe of his cunning, brought vpon the scaffold a table, wherein were clusters of grapes so liuely painted, that the very birds of the aire flew flocking thither for to bee pecking at the grapes. Parasius againe for his part to shew his workmanship, came with another picture, wher∣in he had painted a linnen sheet, so like to a sheet indeed, that Zeuxis in a glorious brauery and [unspec B] pride of his heart, because the birds had approoued of his handy-worke, came to Parasius with these words by way of a scorn and frumpe, Come on sir, away with your sheet once, that we may see your goodly picture. But taking himselfe with the manner, and perceiuing his own error, he was mightily abashed, & like an honest minded man yeelded the victory to his aduersary, say∣ing withall, Zeuxis hath beguiled poore birds, but Parrhasius hath deceiued Zeuxis, a professed artisane. This Zeuxis, as it is reported, painted afterwards another table, wherein he had made a boy carrying certaine bunches of grapes in a flasket, and seeing again that the birds flew to the grapes, he shook the head, and comming to his picture, with the like ingenious mind as before, brake out into these words, and said, Ah, I see well enough where I haue failed, I haue painted the grapes better than the boy, for if I had don him as naturally, the birds would haue bin afraid and neuer approched the grapes. He pourtraied also diuers pieces of earthen vessels in potterie, [unspec C] which onely were left behind in Ambracia, at what time as Fulvius syrnamed Nobilior, remoo∣ued the Muses from thence of his pourtraying, and brought them to Rome. Moreouer, there remaineth yet at Rome within the galleries of Philippus, the picture of Helena, wrought by the hand of Zeuxis: and in the temple of Concord another, resembling Marsias the Musitian bound to a tree.

As for Parasius before named, borne hee was at Ephesus, and inuented also diuers things of himself to the aduencement of this art: for the first he was that gaue the true symmetrie to a por∣traiture, and obserued the just proportions: he first exactly kept the sundry habits and gestures of the countenance: he it was, that first stood vpon the curious workemanship of couching and laying the haires of the head in order: the louely grace and beauty about the mouth and lips, he [unspec D] first exactly expressed: and by the confession of all painters that saw his worke, he woon the prise and praise from them all in making vp the pourfils and extenuities of his liniaments, which is the principall point and hardest matter belonging to the whole art: for to draw forth the bodily proportion of things, to hach also, yea, and to fill within, requireth (I confesse) much labour and good workmanship; but many haue bin excellent in that behalfe; mary to pourfil wel, i. to make the extremities of any part, to mark duly the diuisions of parcels, & to giue enery one their just compasse and measure is exceeding difficult; and few when they come to the doing of it, haue been found to attaine vnto that felicity. For the vtmost edge of a worke must fall round vpon it selfe, and so knit vp in the end, as if it shadowed somwhat behind, and yet shewed that which it seemeth to hide. In this so curious and inexplicable a point, Antigonus and Xenocrates both, [unspec E] who wrote as touching this art, haue giuen him the honour of the best; not onely confessing his singular gift herein, but also commending him for it. Many other plots and projects there doe remaine of his drawing, pourtraied as well in tables as vpon parchment, which serue as patterns (they say) for painters to learn much cunning by. And yet for inward works, and to expresse the middle parts of a portraiture, he seemeth not so perfect, nor answerable to himselfe otherwise. There is a notable picture of his making, which he called * 1.38 Demon Atheniensinm, that is to say, the common people of the Athenians; the deuise whereof was passing full of wit, and verie in∣uentiue: for his intention was in one and the same pourtrait, and vnder one object of the eye to expresse the nature of the people, variable, wrathfull, vnjust, and vnconstant; the same al∣so [unspec F] he would haue to appeare exorable, milde, and pittifull; haughtie, glorious and proud, and humble, lowly, and submisse; fierce and furious, and the same coward-like, and ready to run a∣way: all these properties, I say, he represented vnder one cast of the eie. This workeman painted also Theseus, which stood sometimes in the capitoll of Rome; a certaine Admirall likewise of a

nauie armed with a corselet. In one table also which is at Rhodes, he depainted Meleager, Hercu∣les, [unspec G] and Perseus. This table was thrice blasted with lightening; howbeit, the pictures were not de∣faced, but remained whole and entire as at the first: a miraculous thing, and that which maketh much for the credit of the picture. Archigallus was of his painting; a picture that Tiberius the Emperor tooke great pleasure in; and as Eculco mine author doth testifie, he esteemeed it worth 60000 sesterces, and inclosed it within his bed-chamber. Moreouer, he counterfeited one Cressa a nource, with her infant in her arms: he pourtraied Philiscus, and god Bacchus with the goddesse Vertue standing by him: also two boies; on whom a man might see most liuely resembled, the carelesnesse and simplicity of that age: likewise a priest, attended vpon with a pretty boy, hol∣ding a censar in his hand, and a coronet. Ouer and besides, two pictures there be of his handie∣work, going vnder the name of Hoplitides, i. armed: the one running in his armour in battel-wise, soas he seemeth all in a sweat: the other disarming himself, all wearied, so as a man would think [unspec H] his wind were gone, or that he drew it very short. Great praise there is of one table of his, wher∣in are depainted, Aeneas, Castor, and Pollux; also of another, which contained Telephus, Achilles, A∣gamemnon & Vlysses. An artisan ful of work, & who would euer be doing one thing or other; but so arrogant withall, as no man euer shewed more insolency than he, in regard that hee was cun∣ning and well thought of: which he knew well enough, and no man needed to tell him. In this proud spirit of his, he would take vpon him diuers titles and additions to his name: among o∣thers, he would call himselfe * 1.39 Abrodiatus: and other words he vsed, whereby hee would make himselfe known that he was prince of painters, and the art by him made perfect and accompli∣shed. But it exceedeth how vaine-glorious he shewed himselfe, in that hee gaue out, hee was in [unspec I] right line descended from Apollo: also that the pourtrait of Hercules, which is in a table at Lin∣dos, he drew from the very person of Hercules himselfe, answerable in all points to the proporti∣on and lineaments of his body; who (by his saying) had appeared to him oftentimes in his sleep of purpose, that he might paint him liuely as he was. In this veine of vanity, being vpon a time put down by Timanthes the Painter at Samos, where, by the judgement of all that were present, his picture representing Ajax, and the awarding of the armor of Achilles from him to Vlyxes, was not thought comparable to another of Timanthes his making: I am ill apaied (quoth he) and so∣ry at the heart, for this noble knight and braue warrior Ajax, whose euill hap it is thus to be foi∣led once againe by so vnworthy a weight, and a far meaner person than himselfe. He delighted also to paint small pictures in prety tables, and those representing wantonnesse and lecherie: and this he did (as he was wont to say) for his recreation, and as it were to breath himselfe when [unspec K] he had laboured hard at greater workes.

As for Timanthes, an excellent fine wit he had of his owne, & ful he was of rare inuentions: he it was that made the famous picture of Iphigenia, sohighly commended by eloquent orators: and to say a truth, his conceit therin was admirable: for when he had deuised that the poor innocent lady should stand hard at the altar, ready to be slain for sacrifice, and had painted those that were present about her, with heauy and sad countenance, weeping & wailing all for the instant death of this young princesse, and her vnckle Menelaus aboue the rest, full of sorrow and lamentation, and shewing the same as much as possibly might be: hauing by this time spent in them all the signes that might testifie the hearts griefe, and that he was come to pourtray her own father A∣gamemnon, [unspec L] he represented his visage couered with a vail, for that he was not able to expresse suf∣ficiently the extraordinary sorrow aboue the rest which he had to see his own daughter sacrifi∣ced, and her guiltlesse bloud spilt. Other pieces of worke there be, patternes all of singular wit: among the rest, he deuised within a very small table, a Cyclops lying a sleep: and yet because he would seem euen in that little compasse to shew his giant-like bignesse, hee deuised withall to paint little eluish Satyres hard by, and those taking measure of one of his thumbes with long perches. In sum, so inuentiue he was, that in the works which passed through his hand, a man shal euer conceiue & vnderstand some hidden thing within more than is painted without: for albeit a man shall see in his pictures as much art as may bee, yet his wit went alwaies beyond his art. Moreouer, his picture of a prince was thought to be most absolute; the majesty whereof is such, that all the art of painting a man, seemeth to be comprised in that one pourtrait. This piece of [unspec M] worke remaineth at this day within the temple of Peace, in Rome.

In this age flourished Euxenidas, and taught Aristides his cunning, who prooued afterwards a singular workeman. Eupompus also trained vp Pamphilus the painter vnder him, whose apprentise

was Apelles. There is a fine picture of Eupompus his making, to wit, one who had obtained the vi∣ctorie at the publique Gymnick exercises of actiuitie, painted naked as hee performed his de∣uoir, [unspec A] holding in his hand the branch of a date tree. This Eupompus was of such authoritie, that wheras before his time there were but two kinds of pictures, to wit, Helladicum, i. the Greekish; and Asiaticum, i. Asiatick; he brought in a new diuision, and made 3 distinct members thereof: for in loue of him, because he was a Sicyonian born, the foresaid Helladicum beeing parted in twain, there arose three seuerall sorts, the Ionnian, Sicyonian, and Attick.

As for Pamphilius, renowned he was for painting a confraternity or kindred; the battel fought before Philus, and the victorie of the Athenians: semblably, of his making is the picture of V∣lysses in a punt or small bottom. Himselfe was a Macedonian borne, but of all painters, the first that gaue his mind to other good literature, and especially to Arithmetick & Geometry; with∣out the insight of which two sciences, hee was of opinion, that vnpossible it was to be a perfect [unspec B] painter. He taught none his cunning vnder * 1.40 a talent of siluer for 10 yeares together: and thus much paid Apelles and Melanthus vnto him for to learn his art. His authoritie brought to passe, that ordained it was at Sicyone, and so consequently throughout all Greece, that gentlemens sons or free-born should go to painting schoole, and there be taught first aboue all other things the art Diagraphice, that is to say, the skil to draw and paint in box tables: and for the credit of Painters he brought to passe, that the art should be ranged in the first degree of liberall Scien∣ces. And verily this craft of painting hath bin alwaies of that good respect and so honored, that none but gentlemen and free-born at the first beginning medled therewith, yea, and afterwards honorable personages gaue themselues to the practise thereof, with this charge from time to time, to teach no slaue the mysterie of painting, who by a strict and perpetuall edict were exclu∣ded [unspec C] from the benefit thereof. Neither shall you euer heare of any piece either of picture or gra∣uerie and embossing, that came out of a seruile hand.

Furthermore, about the 170 Olympias there flourished Echion and Therimachus, two renow∣ned painters: as for Echion, ennobled he is for these pictures, god Bacchus, a Tragedie and a Co∣medie, represented by painting: also Semiramis, who of a bond-maiden came to be a queen; an antient woman carrying a torch or lamp, going before a yong wife newly wedded, and leading her to the bride-bed, who followeth with a modest, shamefast, and bashfull countenance most apparant to the eie.

But what should I speake of these painters, when as Apelles surmounted all that either were before, or came after. This Apelles flourished about the 112 Olympias, by which time hee be∣came [unspec D] so consummate and accomplished in the art, that hee alone did illustrate and inrich it as much, if not more, than all his predecessors besides: who compiled also diuers bookes, wherein the rules and principles, yea and the very secrets of the art are comprised. The speciall gift that he had was this, that he was able to giue his pictures a certain louely grace inimitable: and yet there were in his time most famous and worthy painters, whom he admired, whose works when hee beheld hee would praise them all, howbeit not without a but: for his ordinarie phrase was this, Here is an excellent picture, but that it wants one thing, & that is the Venus it should haue; which Venus the Greeks call Charis, as one would say, the grace: and in truth he would confesse, that other mens pictures had all things els that they should haue, this onely excepted; wherein hee was persuaded that he had not his peere or second. Moreouer, he attributed vnto himselfe [unspec E] another propertie, wherein hee gloried not a little, and that was that hee could see to make an end when a thing was well done. For beholding wistly vpon a time a piece of worke of Proto∣genes his doing, wherein he saw there was infinite pains taken, admiring also the exceeding curi∣ositie of the man in each point beyond all measure, he confessed & said, That Protogenes in eue∣rie thing else had done as well as himselfe could haue done, yea and better too. But in one thing he surpassed Protogenes, for that he could not skill of laying worke out of his hand when it was finished well enough. A memorable admonition, teaching vs all, That double diligence and ouermuch curiositie doth hurt otherwhiles. This painter was not more renowned for his skill and excellencie in art, than he was commended for his simplicitie and singlenesse of heart: for [unspec F] as he gaue place to Amphion in disposition, so hee yeelded to Asclepiodorus in measures and pro∣portion, that is to say, in the iust knowledge how far distant one thing ought to be from ano∣ther. And to this purpose impertinent it is not, to report a pretty occurrent that fell between Protogenes and him: for being very desirous to be acquainted with Protogenes, a man whom hee

had neuer seen, and of his works, whereof there went so great a name, he imbarqued and sailed to [unspec G] Rhodes, where Protogenes dwelt: and no sooner was hee landed, but he enquired where his shop was, and forthwith went directly thither. Protogenes himselfe was not at home, only there was an old woman in the house who had the keeping of a mighty large table set in a frame, and fitted ready for a picture: and when he enquired for Protogenes, she made answer, that he was not with∣in; and seeing him thereupon ready to depart, demanded what his name was, & who she should tell her master asked for him. Apelles then, seeing the foresaid table standing before him, tooke a pensil in hand and drew in colour a passing fine and smal line through the said table, saying to the woman, Tell thy master, that he who made this line enquired for him; and so he went his wayes. Now when Protogenes was returned home, the old woman made relation vnto him of this that hapned in his absence; and as it is reported, the artificer had no sooner seene and beheld the draught of this small line, but he knew who had been there, and said withall, Surely Apelles [unspec H] is come to town; for vnpossible it is, that any but hee should make in colour so fine workeman∣ship. With that hee takes me the pensill, and with another colour drew within the same line a smaller than it: willing the woman when hee went forth of dores, that if the party came againe, she should shew him what he had done, and say withall, that there was the man whom he inqui∣red after. And so it fell out indeed, for Apelles made an errand againe to the shop, and seeing the second line, was dismaied at first and blushed withal to see himselfe thus ouercome; but taking his pensil, cut the foresaid colours throughout the length, with a third colour distinct from the rest, and left no room at all for a fourth to be drawn within it. Which when Protogenes saw, hee confessed that he had met with his match and his master both; and made all the hast he could [unspec I] to the hauen to seek for Apelles to bid him welcome & giue him friendly entertainment. In me∣morial whereof it was thought good both by the one and the other, to leaue vnto posterity this table thus naked without any more work in it, to the wonder of all men that euer saw it, but of cunning artisans and painters especially: for this table was kept a long time, and as it is well known, consumed to ashes in that first fire that caught Caesars house within the Palatine hil: and verily we took great pleasure before that, to see it many times, containing in that large & extra∣ordinarie capacitie that it had, nothing els but certaine lines, which were so fine and small, that vnneth or hardly they could be discerned by the eie. And in truth, when it stood among the ex∣cellent painted tables of many other workemen, it seemed a very blanke hauing nothing in it: howbeit as void and naked as it was, it drew many to it euen in that respect, being more looked [unspec K] vpon and esteemed better than any other rich and curious work whatsoeuer. But to come again vnto Apelles, this was his manner and custom besides, which he perpetually obserued, that no day went ouer his head, but what businesse soeuer he had otherwise to call him away, he would make one draught or other (and neuer misse) for to exercise his hand and keepe it in vre, insomuch as from him grew the prouerbe, Nulla dies sine Linea, i. Be alwaies doing somewhat, though you doe but draw a line. His order was when he had finished a piece of work or painted table, and layd it out of his hand, to set it forth in some open gallerie or thorow-fare, to be seen of folke that passed by, and himselfe would lie close behind it to hearken what faults were found there∣with; preferring the iudgement of the common people before his owne, and imagining they would spy more narrowly, and censure his doings sooner than himselfe: and as the tale is told, [unspec L] it fell out vpon a time, that a shoomaker as he went by seemed to controlle his workemanship about the shoo or pantofle that he had made to a picture, & namely, that there was one latchet fewer than there should be: Apelles acknowledging that the man said true indeed, mended that fault by the next morning, and set forth his table as his manner was. The same shoomaker com∣ming again the morrow after, and finding the want supplied which he noted the day bfore, took some pride vnto himselfe, that his former admonition had sped so well, and was so bold as to cauil at somewhat about the leg. Apelles could not endure that, but putting forth his head from behind the painted table, and scorning thus to be checked and reproued, Sirrha (quoth hee) re∣member you are but a shoomaker, & therefore meddle no higher I aduise you, than with shoos. Which words also of his came afterwards to be a common prouerbe, Ne sutor vltra crepidam. [unspec M] Ouer and besides, very courteous he was and faire spoken, in which regard King Alexander the Great accepted the better of him, and much frequented his shop in his owne person: for, as I haue said before, he gaue streight commandement, That no painter should bee so hardie as to make his picture but only Apelles. Now when the King being in his shop, would seeme to talke

much and reason about his art, and many times let fal some words to little purpose, bewraying his ignorance; Apelles after his mild manner, would desire his grace to hold his peace, & said, sir, [unspec A] no more words, for feare the prentise boies there that are grinding of colours, do laugh you to scorn: So reuerently thought the king of him, that being otherwise a cholericke prince, yet hee would take any word at his hands in that familiar sort spoken in the best part, and be neuer of∣fended. And verily, what good reckoning Alexander made of him, he shewed by one notable ar∣gument; for hauing among his courtesans one named Campaspe, whom he fancied especially a∣boue the rest, in regard as wel of that affection of his as her incomparable beauty, he gaue com∣mandement to Apelles for to draw her picture all naked: bur perceiuing Apelles at the same time to be wounded with the like dart of loue as wel as himself, he bestowed her on him most frank∣ly. By which example, hee shewed moreouer, that how great a Commander, and high minded a prince he was otherwise, yet in this mastering and commanding of his affections, his magnani∣mity [unspec B] was more seen: and in this act of his he wan as much honor and glory, as by any victory o∣uer his enemies; for now he had conquered himselfe, and not onely made Apelles partner with him of his loue, but also gaue his affection clean away from her vnto him, nothing mooued with the respect of her whom before he so dearly loued, that being the concubin of a king, she should now become the bed fellow of a painter. Some are of opinion, That by the patterne of this Cam∣paspe, Apelles made the picture of Venus * 1.41 Anadyomene. Moreouer, Apelles was of a kind bountiful disposition euen to other painters of his time, who commonly as concurrents, do enuie one ano∣ther. And the first he was that brought Protogenes into credit and estimation at Rhodes; for at the first, his owne countrymen made no account at all of him (a thing ordinarily seen, that in our own country we are least regarded) but Apelles, for to countenance and credit the man, demanded [unspec C] of him what price he would set of al the pictures that he had ready made; Protogenes asked some small matter and trifle to speake of: howbeit, Apelles esteemed them at fifty talents, and promi∣sed to giue so much for them: raising a bruit by this means abroad in the world, that he bought them for to sel againe as his owne. The Rhodians hereat were moued and stirred vp to take bet∣ter knowledge of Protogenes, what an excellent workeman they had of him: neither would Proto∣genes part with any of his pictures vnto them, vnlesse they would come off roundly and rise to a better price than before time. As for Apelles, he had such a dexterity in drawing pourtraits so liuely, and so neer resembling those for whom they were made, that hardly one could be known from the other; insomuch, as Appion the Grammarian hath left in writing (a thing incredible to [unspec D] be spoken) that a certain Physiognomist or teller of Fortune, by looking onely vpon the face of men and women, such as the Greekes call Metoposcopos, judged truly by the portraits that A∣pelles had drawne, how many yeres they either had liued or were to liue, for whom those pictures were made. But as gracious as he was otherwise with Alexander and his train, yet he could neuer win the loue and fauor of prince Ptolomaeus, who at that time followed the court of K. Alexander, and was afterwards king of Egypt. It fortuned, that after the decease of Alexander, and during the reigne of K. Ptolomae aforesaid, this Apelles was by a tempest at sea cast vpon the coast of Ae∣gypt, and forced to land at Alexandria; where, other painters that were no well willers of his, practised with a jugler or jeaster of the kings, and suborned him in the kings name to train A∣pelles to take his supper with the king. To the court came Apelles accordingly, and shewed him∣self in the presence. Ptolomae hauing espied him, with a stern and angry countenance demanded of [unspec E] him what he made there, and who had sent for him? and with that shewed vnto him all his serui∣tors who ordinarily had the inuiting of ghests to the kings table, commanding him to say which of all them had bidden him: whereat Apelles, not knowing the name of the party who had brought him thither, and beeing thus put to his shifts, caught vp a dead cole of fire from the hearth thereby, and began therewith to delineat and draw vpon the wall the proportion of that cousiner beforesaid. He had no sooner pourfiled a little about the visage, but the king presently tooke knowledge thereby of the party that had played this pranke by him and wrought him this displeasure. This Apelles drew the face of K. Antiochus also, who had but one eie to see withall: for to hide which deformity and imperfection, he deuised to paint him, turning his vi∣sage a little away, and so he shewed but the one side of his face, to the end, that whatsoeuer was wanting in the picture, might be imputed rather to the painter, than to the person whomhe por∣traied. And in truth, from him came this inuention first to conceale the defects & blemishes of the visage, and to make one halfe face onely, when it might be represented full and whole, if it

pleased the painter. Among other principall pieces of worke, some pictures there be of his ma∣king, [unspec G] resembling men and women lying at the point of death, and euen ready to gasp and yeeld vp the ghost. But of all the pictures & portraitures that he made, to say precisely which be the most excellent, it were a very hard matter: as for the painted table of Venus, arising out of the sea (which is commonly knowne by the name of Anadyomene) Augustus Caesar, late Emperour of fa∣mous memory, dedicated it in the temple of Iulius Caesar, his father; which hee inriched with an Epigram of certaine Greeke verses, in commendation as well of the picture, as the painter. And albeit the artificiall contriuing of the said verses went beyond the worke, which they seemed to praise, yet they beautified and set out the table not a little. The nether part of this picture had caught some hurt by a mischance: but there neuer could be found that painter yet, who would take in hand to repaire the same and make it vp again as it was at first: so as, this wrong & harm [unspec H] done vnto the work, and continuing still vpon the same, turned to the glory of the workeman. This table remained a long time to be seen, vntill in the end for age it was worm-eaten and rot∣ten: in such sort, as Nero being Emperor was fain to set another in the place, wrought by the hand of Doratheus. But to come againe vnto Apelles; he had begun another picture of Venus Anadyo∣mene, for the inhabitants of the Island Cosor Lango, which hee minded should haue surpassed the former: howbeit, before he could finish it, surprised he was with death, which seemed to en∣uie so perfect workmanship: and neuer was that painter knowne to this day, who would turne his hand to that piece of worke, and seeme to go forward where Apelles left, or to follow on in those traicts and liniments, which he had pourfiled and begun. One picture he drew of * 1.42 K. A∣lexander the Great, holding a * 1.43 thunderbolt and lightening in his hand, which cost twentie ta∣lents [unspec I] of gold, and was hung in the temple of Diana at Ephesus. And verily, this deuise was so finely contriued, that as Alexanders fingers seemed to bear out higher than the rest of the work, so the lightening appeared to be clean without the ground of the table, and not once to touch it. [But before I proceed any farther, let the readers take this with them, and alwaies remember, that these rich and costly pictures were wrought with foure colours and no more.] And for the workmanship of this picture, the price thereof was paid him in good gold coine by weight and measure, and neuer told and counted by tale. Of his handyworke was the picture of a Megaby∣zus or guelded priest of Diana in Ephesus, sacrificing in his pontificall habits & vestiments ac∣cordingly. Also the counterfeit of prince Clytus, armed at all pieces saue his head, mounted on horse-back and hasting to a battell, calling vnto his squire or henxman for his helmet, who was [unspec K] portraied also reaching it vnto him. To reckon how many pictures Apelles made of K. Alexan∣der and his father Philip, were but losse of time, and a needlesse discourse. But I cannot omit the painted table, containing the pourtrait of Abron that wanton and effeminat person; which piece of work the Samians so highly extoll and magnifie: ne yet another picture of Menander the K. of Caria, that he made for the Rhodians, and which they so much admire. Neither must I for∣get the counterfeit of Ancaeus: of Gorgosthenes the Tragaedian, which he made at Alexandria: or while he was at Rome, one table containing Castor and Pollux, with the image of Victorie, and Alexander the Great: Likewise another representing the counterfeit of Warre in person, bound with his hands behind at the backe, and Alexander the king mounted in a charriot triumphant: both which tables Augustus late Emperor of immortall memory, had dedicated modestly, and in [unspec L] simplicity of heart caused them to be hung vp in the most conspicuous places of his Forum or hall that he built: but when Claudius Caesar came to weare the diademe, he thought it more for the honour of Augustus, to scrape out the face of Alexander, as well in the one as in the other, and to set in the place the liuely image of the said Augustus to be seen. It is thought likewise, that the full pourtrait of Hercules, painted in a table, standing now in the temple of Antonia, was of his doing: an exquisite piece of worke no doubt, for notwithstanding that the backe part stand toward them that looke vpon it, yet it sheweth the entire visage, which is an exceeding hard matter: a man that beholdeth this Hercules, would think that the picture it selfe turned the face to be seen, which the painter seemed by the rest of the work to hide from the eie. Of his painting there is a * 1.44 prince or worthy knight all naked, in which picture he seemed to challenge Nature: and to haue pourtraied euery part so well, as shee her selfe could not haue framed the same bet∣ter. [unspec M] There is or was at leastwise, a horse of his painting: which he pourtraied, to set against other horses painted by diuerse workemen, with whom he was entred into contention for the victory: in which triall, he appealed from the sentence of men to the judgement of foure-footed beasts,

euen liuing horses indeed: for perceiuing that his concurrents were in fauor too mighty for him [unspec A] and that they were like to carry away the prize by corrupting the judges and vmpires, he caused liuing horses to be brought vp into the place; and hauing presented before them the pictures of his concurrents horses one by one, they seemed not to joy nor make toward them: but no soo∣ner had he shewed * 1.45 that of his owne pourtraying, but they fell all to neigh, as taking it for one of their fellows; which experiment serued euer after for a rule, to know indeed a good piece of workmanship in that kind. Moreouer, he made a picture representing Neoptolemus the sonne of Achilles, in habit of a man of armes, sitting on horsebacke and riding against the Persians: like∣wise another, resembling Archelaus with his wife and little daughter: also K. Antigonus armed before with a cuirace, & marching on foot with his horse of seruice led by him. Howbeit those Painters that are counted more skilfull and cunning than others, preferre before all other pie∣ces [unspec B] of his work manship, one picture of the same king sitting vpon his horse; and another which doth represent the goddesse Diana, among a consort or company of other virgins at sacrifice; whom he depainted so artificially in this table, that he seemeth to haue surmounted. Homer the Poet, who eftsoons in his poems describeth the same maiden Diana with her traine of yong da∣mosels. What would you haue more? he would seeme to pourtray those things which indeed cannot be pourtraied, crackes of thunder, leames or flashes of lightening, and thunderbolts; all which pictures go vnder the name of Brontes, Astrape, and Ceraunobolos; his inuentions serued as precedents and patterns for others in that art to follow. One secret he had himselfe, which no man was euer able to attaine and reach vnto, and that was a certain blacke verish which hee v∣sed to lay vpon his painted tables when he had finished them; which was so finely tempered, [unspec C] and withall driuen vpon the worke so thin, that by the repercussion thereof it gaue an excellent glosse and pleasant lustre to the colors; the same also preserued the picture from dust and filthi∣nesse: and yet a man could not perceiue any such thing at all, vnlesse he held the table close at hand, and looked very neere. And great reason hee had besides to vse this vernish, namely, lest the brightnesse of the colours without it, might offend and dazzle the eyes, which now beheld them as it were afarre off through a glasse stone; and withall, the same gaue a secret deeping and sadnesse to those colours which were too gay and gallant. And thus much may suffice for A∣pelles.

In his time liued Aristides the Thebane, a famous painter. This Aristides was the first that would seeme to paint the conceptions of the mind, and to expresse all the inward dispositions [unspec D] and actions thereof, which the Greeks cal Ethe: yea, the very perturbations and passions of the soule he represented in picture: howbeit, his colours were vnpleasant and somwhat too harsh: He represented in a table the winning of a towne by force, wherein was pourtraied most liuely a little infant winding it selfe and making pretty means to creep vnto the mothers pap, who lay a dying vpon a mortall wound receiued in her brest; but it passed, how naturally the poor womans affection was expressed in this picture; for a man might perceiue in her, very sensibly, a certaine sympathie and tender affection yet, vnto her babe, albeit she were now in her deadly pangs and going out of the world, fearing euen then, least the childe should meet with no milke when she was dead, but in stead of sucking it, fall to licke her bloud, and doe it selfe hurt and injurie: this painted table K. Alexander the Great translated from Thebes to Pella, the city where himselfe [unspec E] was borne. The same Aristides painted the counterfeit of a battell betweene the Greeks and the Persians: in which table, he comprised an hundred fighting men: his bargaine was to haue of Mnason the tyrant or K. of Elate, for euery personage that hee made * 1.46 ten pounds of siluer. Hee pourtraied the running in a race of charriots drawn with four steeds, so liuely, that a man would haue thought he saw the wheels running about. And as for an humble suter or suppliant, he de∣painted him so naturally, making his petition and following it with such earnestnesse, that hee seemed in maner to cry with an audible voice from the very picture. He counterfeited in a pain ted table, hunters with their venison that they had taken. Leontion also the painter; and a woman vnder the name of Anapauomene, dying for kind heart and the loue of her brother: likewise prince Bacchus, and lady Ariadne his wife, which be pictures much looked vpon at Rome in these dayes within the temple of Ceres; a plaier besides in a tragoedy, accompanied with a boy (& these are to be seen in the chappell of Apollo) howbeit, this table hath lost the beauty which it first had, through the folly of an vnskilfull painter, vnto whom it was put forth to be scoured and refresh∣ed, by M. Iunius the Pretor, against the solemnitie of the Apollinar games. Moreouer, there was

to be seen in the chappell of Faith within the Capitoll, the picture of an old man with an harp, [unspec G] teaching a boy to play; which was of Aristides his making; but there is a man lying sicke in his bed, of his painting, that cannot be praised sufficiently. And verily to conclude with his owne word, so accomplished he was in this art, that K. Attalus (by report) gaue vnto him for one table with the picture, one hundred talents of siluer.

About the same time, there flourished (as I haue said before) Protogenes; born he was at Cau∣nos a city in Cilicia, and subject to the Rhodians: he was so exceeding poore at the beginning, and withall, so studious, intentiue, and curious in his worke without all end, that fawer pictures by that means came out of his hands, and himselfe neuer rise to any great wealth. Who it was that taught him his art, it is not knowne for certaine: but some say that he painted ships vntill he was 50 yeres of age: which they collect by this argument, That when at Athens in the most [unspec H] conspicuous and frequented place of the city, he was to adorne with pictures the porch before the temple of Minerva; wherein he depainted that famous * 1.47 Paralus and * Hemionis, which some call Nausicaa, he deuised certaine borders without: wherein he painted among those by∣works (which painters call Parerga) certaine small gallies and little long barks, to shew therby the small beginnings of his art, and to what height of perfection hee was come to in the end, when his workmanship was thought worthy to be seen in the most eminent place of that citie. But of all the painted tables that euer he wrought, that of * 1.48 Ialysus is accounted the principall, which is now dedicated at Rome within the temple of Peace: whiles he was in painting this Ialy∣sus, it is said, that he liued only vpon steeped Lupines, which might serue him in stead of meat and drinke both, to satisfie his hunger and quench his thirst: and this hee did, for feare least too [unspec I] much sweetnesse of other viands should cause him to feed ouer liberally, and so dul his spirit and senses. And to the end that this picture should be lesse subiect to other injuries, and last the lon∣ger, he charged it with foure grounds of colours, which he laid one vpon another: that euer as the vpper coat went, that vnderneath might succeed in the place and shew fresh againe. In this table, the pourtraiture of a dog is admirable and miraculous; for not only art, but fortune also met together in the painting thereof; for when he had done the dog in all parts to the content∣ment of his owne minde (and that ywis was a very hard and rare matter with him) & could not satisfie and please himselfe in expressing the froth which fell from his mouth as he panted and blowed almost windlesse with running; displeased he was with the very art it selfe: and albeit he thought that he had bin long enough already about the said froth, and spent therein but too [unspec K] much art and curiositie, yet somewhat (he wist not what) was to be diminished or altered there∣in: the more workmanship and skill that went thereto, the farther off it was from the truth in∣deed and the nature of froth (the onely marke that he shot at:) for when he had done all that he could, it seemed still but painted froth, and not that which came out of the dogs mouth; where∣as it should haue been the very same and no other, which had been there before. Hereat he was troubled and vexed in his mind, as one who would not haue any thing seene in a picture of his, that might be said like, but the very same indeed. Many a time he had changed his pensill and colours; as often, he had wiped out that which was done, and al to see if he could hit vpon it; but it would not be, for yet it was not to his fansie. At the last, falling clean out with his own work∣manship, because the art might be perceiued in it, in a pelting chase he flings me the spunge-ful [unspec L] of colors that he had wiped out, full against that vnhappy place of the table which had put him to all this trouble: but see what came of it! the spunge left the colours behind, in better order than hee could haue laied them, and in truth, as well as his heart could wish. Thus was the froth made to his full mind, and naturally indeed by meere chance, which all the wit and cunning in his head could not reach vnto. [After whose example, Nealces another painter did the like, and sped as wel, in making the froth falling naturally from a horses mouth; namely, by throwing his spunge against the table before him, at what time as he painted a horse-rider cheering and cher∣king vp his horse, yet reining him hard as he champed vpon his bit.] Thus (I say) Fortune taught Protogenes to finish his dog. This picture of Ialysus and his dog, was of such name and so highly esteemed, that K. Demetrius when hee might haue forced the city of Rhodes, on that side onely [unspec M] where Protogenes dwelt, forbare to set it on fire, because he would not burne it among other pain∣ted tables: and thus for to spare a picture, he lost the opportunitie of winning a towne. During this strait siege and hot assault of Rhodes, it chanced that Protogenes himselfe was at worke in a little garden that he had by the townes side, euen as a man would say within the compasse of

Demetrius his camp. And for all the fury of warre and the daily skirmishes within his sight and hearing, yet he went on still with his workes that he had in hand, and neuer discontinued one [unspec A] hour. But being sent for by the king, and demanded, How he durst so confidently abide without the walls of the city in that dangerous time? he answered, That he knew full well that Demetri∣us warred against the Rhodians, and had no quarrell to good Arts and Sciences. The king then (glad in his heart that it lay now in his hand to saue those things, which he had spared before, and whereof he had so good respect) bestowed a very strong guard about Protogenes for his bet∣ter safety & security: and as great an enemy as he was to the Rhodians, yet he vsed otherwhiles to visit Protogenes of his owne accord in proper person, because he would not eftsoones call him out of his shop from worke: and setting aside the maine point and occasion of lying before Rhodes, which was the winning thereof, the thing that hee so much desired; euen amid the as∣saults, [unspec B] skirmishes, and battels, hee would finde time to come to Protogenes, and took great plea∣sure to see his worke. By occasion of this siege and hostilitie, arose this tale moreouer of one table of his making, That all the whiles he painted it, the dagger (forsooth) was set to his heart, and a sword ready to cut his throat: and it was the picture of a Satyre playing vpon a paire of bag-pipes, which he called * 1.49 Anapauomenos: by which name, as well as by the thing it selfe, hee would seem to signifie, that he tooke but little thought and care during those dangerous trou∣bles. Moreouer, he made the picture of lady Cydippe, and of * Tlepolemus: he painted also Philis∣cus a writer of Tragoedies, sitting close at his study meditating and musing. Also, there be of his making, a wrestler or champion, Antigonus the king, and the * 1.50 mother of Aristotle the Philoso∣pher, who also was in hand with Protogenes, persuading him to busie himselfe in painting all the [unspec C] noble acts, victories, and whole life of king Alexander the Great, for euerlasting memoriall and perpetuitie: but the vehement affection and inclination of his minde stood another way, and a certaine itching desire to search into the secrets of the art, tickled him, and rather drew him to these kinds of curious workes whereof I haue already spoken. Yet in the later end of his daies, he painted K. Alexander himselfe, and god Pan. Ouer and besides this flat painting, he gaue him∣selfe greatly to the practise of founderie, and to cast certaine images of brasse, according as I haue already said.

At the very same time liued Asclepiodorus, whom for his singular skill in obseruing symetries and just proportions, Apelles himselfe was wont to admire. This Painter pourtraied for Mnason the foresaid king of the Elateans, the 12 principall gods, and receiued for euery one of them [unspec D] 300 pound of siluer. The said Mnason gaue vnto Theomnastus for painting certaine Princes or Worthies, one hundred pounds apiece.

In this rank is to be ranged Nicomachus, son and apprentice both to Aristodemus. This Nicho∣machus pourtraied the rauishing of Proserpine by Dis or Pluto: which picture standeth in a table within the Chappell of Minerua in the Capitoll aboue the little cell or shrine of Iuventus. In the same Capitoll, another table there is likewise of his making, which Plancus (Lord Generall of an army for the time being) had there dedicated and set vp: the same doth represent Victorie catching vp a triumphant chariot drawn with four horses aloft into heauen. He was the first that pourtraied prince Vlixes in a picture, with a * 1.51 cap vpon his head. He painted also Apollo and Di∣ana: Cybele likewise the mother of the gods, sitting vpon a Lyon: of his workmanship is the ta∣ble, [unspec E] representing the religious priestresses of Bacchus in their habite, together with the wanton Satyres creeping and making toward them. Semblably, the monstrous meermaid Scylla, which at this day is to be seen at Rome within the temple of Peace. A ready workeman he was, & you shall not heare of a painter that had a quicker hand than he, at his worke: for proofe wherof, this voice goeth of him, That hauing vndertaken for a certain sum of money to Aristratus the tyrant of Sicyone, to paint a monument or tombe which he caused to bee made for Telestes the Poet, and to finish it by such a day appointed and set downe in the couenants of the bargain, he made no great hast to go about it, but came some few daies before the expiation of the prescript term for to begin the same worke: whereat the tyrant was wroth, and menaced to punish him for ex∣ample: howbeit, he quit himselfe so well, and followed his worke with such wonderfull celeri∣tie, [unspec F] that in few daies space he brought it to an end: and yet the art and workmanship therof was admirable. Vnder him were brought vp as apprentices, his brother Aristides, his owne son Aristo∣cles, and Philoxenus the Eretrian.

This Philoxenus made one painted table for Cassander the king, containing the battel between

Alexander the Great and K. Darius, which for exquisitart commeth not behind any other what∣soeuer. [unspec G] One picture there is of his doing, wherein he would seeme to depaint lascious wanton∣nesse, which he pourtraied by 3 drunken Sylenes making merry and banquetting together. He gaue himselfe also to the speedy workemanship of his master before him, and for that purpose inuented other compendious means of greater breuitie to make riddance and quicke dispatch with his pencill.

With these may be sorted Nicophanes also, a proper, feat, and fine workman, whose manner was to take out all pictures and paint them new againe, thereby as it were to immortalize the memo∣ry of things: a running hand hee had of his owne, and besides, was by nature hasty and furious: howbeit, for skill and cunning there were but few comparable vnto him. In all his workes hee aimed at loftinesse and grauity: so that a man may attribute the stately port that is in this Art, [unspec H] vnto him and no other.

As touching Perseus apprentice to Apelles, & who wrote a book to him of the very art) he came far short both of his master & also of Zeuxis. As for Aristides the Theban, who also liued in this age, he brought vp vnder him his two sons, Niceros and Aristippus. This Aristippus pourtraied a Satyre crowned with a chaplet, and carrying a goblet or drinking cup: he taught Antonides and Euphranor his cunning; of whom I will write anon: for meet it is to annex vnto the rest, such as haue bin famous with the pencill in smaller works and lesse pictures; among whom I may rec∣kon Pyreicus, who for art and skill had not many that went before him; and verily of this man, I wot not well, whether he debased himselfe and bare a low sale, of purpose, or no? for surely his mind was wholly set vpon painting of simple and base things: howbeit, in that humble & lowly [unspec I] carriage of himselfe, hee attained to a name of glory in the highest degree; his delight was to paint shops, of barbers, shoomakers, coblers, taylers; and semsters: hee had a good hand in pour∣traying of poore asses, with the victuals that they bring to market, & such homely stuffe where∣by he got himselfe a by-name, and was called Rhyparographus. Howbeit, such rude and simple toies as these were so artificially wrought, that they pleased & contented the beholders, no thing so much. Many chapmen he had for these trifling pieces, and a greater price they yeelded vnto him, than the fairest and largest tables of many others. Whereas contrariwise, Serapion vsed to make such great and goodly pictures, that (as M. Varro writeth) they were able to take vp & fill all the stals, bulks, and shops, jutting forth into the street vnder the old market place Rostra; this Serapion had an excellent grace in pourtraying tents, booths, stages, and theaters; but to paint a [unspec K] man or woman, he knew not which way to begin. On the other side, Dionysius was good at no∣thing els, and therefore he was commonly called Anthropographus. Moreouer, Callicles also occu∣pied himselfe in smal works; and Calaces set his mind especially vpon little tables and pictures which were to set out comoedies and interludes; but Antiphilus practised both the one and the other; for he pictured the noble ladie Hesione, K. Alexander the Great, and Philip the king his fa∣ther, with the goddesse Minerva: which tables hang in the Philosophers schoole or walking∣place within the stately galleries of Octauia, where the learned clerks and gentlemen fauorers of learning, were wont to meet and conuerse. Within the galleries also of Philippus, there are to be seen, the picture of prince Bacchus, the pourtrait of Alexander in his childhood, and of Hyppolitus the yong gentleman, affrighted and astonied at the sight of a monstrous bull let loose and ready [unspec L] to incounter him. Likewise in the gallerie of Pompey, the counterfeits of Cadmus and Europa; all pictures of Antiphilus his making. Of his handy-worke, there is a fool with his bel, cockscomb, bable, and in other ridiculous habit, going vnder the name of Gryllus, deuised for the nones to make sport and pastime; wherupon all such foolish pictures be called Grylly. Himself was born in Aegypt, howbeit he learned all his cunning of Ctesidemus. In this bed-roll of painters, I should not do well to passe ouer in silence, the workeman that painted the temple of Iuno, at Ardea, e∣specially seeing that he was infranchised free burgeois of that city, and honored besides with an Epigram or Tetrastichon, remaining yet to be read in the mids of his pictures in these foure Hexameter verses following;

Dignis digna loca picturis condecorauit, [unspec M] Reginae Iunonis supremi conjugis templum Marcus Ludius Elotas Aetolia oriundus; Quem nunc, & post semper eb artem hanc Ardea laudat.

This stately Church of Iuno Queen, with pictures richly dight, Whom wife to mighty Iupiter, and sister, men do call; [unspec A] Commends the hand of Marke Ludie, Elotas also hight, Aetolian born: whom Ardea doth praise, and euer shall.

These verses are written in antique Latine letters. By occasion of whose name, I must not de∣fraud another Ludius of his due praise and commendation, who liued in the time of Augustus Caesar Emperor of happy memory: for this Ludius was he who first deuised to beautifie the wals of an house with the pleasantest painting that is in all varietie, to wit, with the resemblance of manors, farms, & houses of pleasure in the country, hauens, vinets, floure-work in knots, groues, woods, forrests, hils, fish. pooles, conduits, and drains, riuers, riuerets, with their banks, and what∣soeuer a man would wish for to see: wherin also he would represent sundry other shews of peo∣ple, [unspec B] some walking and going to and fro on soot; others sailing & rowing vp and down the stream vpon the riuer, or els riding by land to their farms, either mounted vpon their mules and asses, or els in wagons and coaches: there a man should see folk in this place fishing and angling, in that place hauking and fouling: some hunting here, the hare, the fox, or deere both red and fal∣low; others busie there in haruest or vintage. In this maner of painting a man should behold of his workmanship faire houses standing vpon marishes, vnto which all the ways that lead be tic∣klish and full of bogs; where you should see the paths so slipperie, that women as they goe are afraid to set one foot afore another; some at euery step ready to slide, others bending forwards with their heads as though they caried some burdens vpon their neck and shoulders, and all for feare lest, their feet failing vnder them, they should catch a fal: and a thousand more deuises and [unspec C] pretty conceits as these full of pleasure and delight. The same Ludius deuised walls without dores, and abroad in the open aire to paint Cities standing by the sea side. All which kinde of painting pleaseth the eie very well, and is besides of little or no cost. Howbeit, neither hee nor any other in this kinde (howsoeuer otherwise respected) grew euer to be famous and of great name, that felicitie they only attained vnto, who vsed to paint in tables: and therefore in this re∣gard, venerable antiquitie we haue in greater admiration; for painters in old time loued not to garnish wals for to pleasure the master only of the house, ne yet to bedeck houses in that maner which canot stir out of the place, nor shift and saue themselues when fire commeth, as painted tables may, that are to be remoued with ease. Protogenes, as excellent a painter as he was, conten∣tented himselfe to liue within a little garden in a small cottage, and I warrant you no part ther∣of [unspec D] was painted. Apelles himselfe might well haue the walls of his house rough cast or finely plai∣stered, but neuer a patch thereof had any painting: they took no pleasure, nay they had no lust at all to paint vpon the whole wals, and to work vpon them from one end to another; al their skil and cunning attended vpon the publique seruice of states and cities: and a painter was not for this or that place only, but imploied for the benefit indifferently of all countries and nations.

But to return again to our particular painters: there flourished at Rome a little before Augu∣stus Caesars days, one Arellius a renowned painter, but that he had one notable foul fault that mar∣red all and discredited his art; giuen he was exceedingly to wenching, and sure hee would be to haue one woman or other all times in chase: which was the reason hee loued alife to be painting of goddesses, which were euer drawn by the pattern of his sweet-hearts whom hee courted. A [unspec E] man might know by his pictures, how many queans he kept, and which were the mistresses or ra∣ther goddesses whom he serued. Of late daies wee had among vs here at Rome one Amulius a Painter; he caried with him in his countenance and habit grauitie and seuerity; howbeit he lo∣ued to make gay and gallant pictures, neither scorned he to paint the most trifling toies & mea∣nest things that were. The picture of Minerva was of his making, which seemes to haue her eie ful directly vpon you, looke which way soeuer you will vpon her. Hee wrought but some few houres of the day, and then would he seem very graue and antient, for you should neuer find him out of his gown and long robe, but very formall, though he were close set at work & euen lockt as it were to his frame. The golden house or palace of Nero caught vp all the workes hee made, where they remained as it were in prison, and neuer came abroad; which is the reason that none [unspec F] of his pictures els be extant. After him succeeded Cornelius Pinus, and Actius Priscus, two Pain∣ters of good reputation, who painted the temples of Honour and Vertue for Vespasianus Augustus the Emperor, when he caused them to be re-edified: but of the twaine, Priscus in his workeman∣ship came neerer to the painters of antient time.

CHAP. XI. [unspec G]

¶ The manner how to make Birds silent, and to leaue their chattering and singing. Who first deuised with fire and pencill to enamel and paint the arched roufes and embowed seelings of houses. The ad∣mirable price of pictures inserted here and there among other matters.

SInce I haue proceeded so far in the discourse of Painters and their art, I must not forget to set down a pretty jest, which hath bin reported by many as touching Lepidus: It hapned du∣ring the time of his Triumvirat, that in a certain place where he was, the magistrates atten∣ded him to his lodging enuironed as it were with woods on euerie side: the next morrow Lepi∣dus [unspec H] took them vp for it, and in bitter tearmes and minatorie words chid them, for that they had laid him where he could not sleep a wink all night long, for the noise and singing that the birds made about him. They being thus checked and rebuked, deuised against the next night to paint in a piece of parchment of great length a long Dragon or serpent, wherewith they compassed the place where Lepidus should take his repose; the sight of which serpent thus painted so ter∣rified the birds, that they had no mind to sing, but were altogether silent. By which experiment at that time, it was known afterwards, that birds by this means might be stilled.

As touching the feat of setting colours with wax, and * 1.52 enamelling with fire, who first began & deuised the same, it is not known. Some are of opinion, that the inuention therof came from Aristides; and that Praxiteles practised the same, & brought to an absolute perfection. But sure∣ly [unspec I] there were pictures wrought by fire a good while before Aristides daies; and namely by Polyg∣notus, Nicanor, and Arcesilaus of Paros. Lysippus also in his painted tables that he made at Aegina vsed to entitle them with this inscription, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. Lysippus painted this with fire: which verily he would neuer haue done, if the art of painting with fire (called Encaustice) had not bin before deuised. Moreouer, Pamphilus, master to Apelles, is reported not onely to haue himselfe practised this painting with vernish, and to inamel by the means of fire, but also to haue taught it vnto Pausias the Sicyonian, who was the first that excelled in this kinde, and caried away the name from all others in his time. This Pausias was the son of Brietes, and apprentice also to his father in the beginning: he vsed also the plaine pensil, wherewith he wrought vpon the walls at Thespiae; which hauing been in times past painted by Polygnotus, were now to be refreshed and [unspec K] painted new again by his hand: howbeit in comparison of the former worke he was thought to come a great way short of Polygnotus; and the reason was, because he dealt in that kind of work which was not indeed his proper profession. He it was that brought vp first the deuice of pain∣ting vaulted roufes; for neuer was it the manner to adorne and garnish embowed seeling ouer head with colours, before his time. His delight naturally was to be painting little tables, and therein he loued to portray little boies. Other painters his concurrents, and no well-willers of his, gaue it out, that he made choice of this kind of work, because such painting went but slow∣ly away, and required no quicke and nimble hand. Whereupon Pausias, to disproue his aduer∣saries, and withall to get himselfe a name, as well for celeritie and expedition, as for his art and skill otherwise in these small pieces, began and finished in a table the picture of a boy, within [unspec L] one day, and thereupon it was called Hemeresios. In his youthfull daies he fell in fancie with a woman in the same towne where he dwelt, named Glycera: a fine wit she had of her owne, and e∣specially in making chaplets and guirlands of floures, she was full of inuention. Pausias by his acquaintance with her, and striuing to imitate with his pensill her handiworke, and to expresse that varietie of floures which she gathered and couched together full artificially in her Coro∣nets, enriched his owne pictures also with a number of colours, and brought the art to wonder∣full perfection in that point. In the end he painted Glycera also his loue, sitting, with a Chap∣let of floures her hand: and certes this is the most excellent peece of worke that euer went out of his shop: this table with the picture was thereupon called by some, Stephanoplocos, i. [A woman] plaiting and twisting a guarland: by others, Stephanopolis, i. Selling guirlands: for [unspec M] that this Glycera got a poor liuing by making chaplets, and had no other good means to main∣tain her selfe. The counterfeit taken from this table and made by it (which kind of pattern the Greekes call Apographon) L. Lucullus bought of Dionysius a painter of Athens, and it cost him * 1.53 two talents of siluer. Furthermore, this Pausias made faire and great pictures also; and

namely, one of his making which doth represent a solemne sacrifice of oxen, is to be seen at this day within the stately galleries of Pompeius: and verily, this maner of painting the solemnity of [unspec A] a sacrifice he first inuented: but no man euer after could attaine to his dexteritie in that kinde: and notwithstanding many gaue the attempt, and seemed to imitate him, yet they came al short of him: aboue al, he had a singular gift to work by perspectiue; for when he was minded to paint a boeuforoxe, to shew the full length, he would not portray him sidelong or aflank, but afront: by which means the beast is best represented, not only how long b•…•…t also how large and big he is euery way. Again, whereas all other painters, whensoeuer they would raise their work, & make any thing seeme eminent and high, vse to colour the same white and bright, and the better to make their perspectiue, do shadow or deep the same with black: this man in lieu thereof, would paint the oxe all of a black colour, and cause the body as it were of the shadow to arise out of it [unspec B] selfe. And verily so excellent he was in this perspectiue, that a man would say, his euen, plaine, and flat picture were embossed and raised work, yea and imagin where fractures were, that al was sound and entire. This man liued also at Sicyone, and verily for a long time this city was repu∣ted the natiue countrey that bred painters, and, the onely place stored with excellent pictures. But during that time wherein Scaurus was Aedile at Rome, all the rich tables which were in the publick places of that city, whether in the market steads, temples, or common halls, were seised vpon and brought to Rome, for to satisfie great sums of money wherein the Sicyonians stood indebted.

After Pausias, there arose one Euphranor the Isthmian, whom flourished about the 104 Olym∣pias, far surpassing all other painters of his time. This Euphranor is hee whom I haue named a∣mong [unspec C] the famous imageurs and founders. Of his workmanship there be Colosses of brasse, sta∣tues of marble stone, yea and faire drinking cups chased and engrauen. Of an excellent capacity he was, and apt to learn any thing, studious withall, and painfull aboue all others, and whatsoe∣uer he gaue his mind vnto, therein he excelled: and in one word, a general man he was like him∣selfe still, that is to say, his craftsmaster in all, and as good in one thing as another. This is hee who seems to haue expressed first the port and maiestie that is in princes and great states, and to haue obserued symmetry and proportion: & yet he was not without his imperfection, for com∣monly as he made the bulk of the body too slender, so the joints and heads were somewhat with the biggest; howbeit he wrot books touching symmetrie and proportion, as also of colours. A∣mong other works of his, there are reckoned these, to wit, the portraiture of a battel or skirmish [unspec D] of horsemen, the twelue chiefe gods and goddesses, also the liuely picture of Theseus, of whom he was wont to say, That the Theseus of Parasius painting was fed with roses, but this Theseus of his with good flesh. There be excellent tables of his making at Ephesus, to wit, Vlyxes feigning himselfe mad, and in that fit coupling an oxe and a horse in one and the same yoke: also diuers personages in their clokes and mantles after the Greekish fashion, musing and in a deep study; likewise a captain putting vp his sword into his scabberd.

At the same time liued Cydias, he who in a table represented the * 1.54 Argonauts, for which Hor∣tensius the Orator was content to pay 144000 Sesterces. This picture he shrined in an Oratorie or chappell built of purpose for it, in a house of pleasure that he had at Thusculum.

As for Antidotus, apprentise he was to Euphranor: of his handiwork there is a picture at Athens [unspec E] resembling one with a shield ready to enter into combat or sight; also a wrestler and a plaier vp∣on the fife or hautbois, which is a piece of work highly commended, and few comparable vnto it: more curious and precise he was in the secrets of the art, than obseruant of symmetry & pro∣portion; being otherwise giuen to vse sad and duskish colours. The greatest name that he had, was for bringing vp Nicias the Athenian, who of all others painted women most excellently. For lights and shadowes in perspectiue he was excellent: also a passing great care and regard he had so to raise his worke, as that it seemed to be embossed and higher than the boord of his ta∣ble: the pictures of Nemea, which out of Asia were transported to Rome by Syllanus, and hung vp in the Senat house, as I haue shewed heretofore; of prince Bacchus, within the temple of Concord; of Hyacinthus, which Augustus Caesar vpon a speciall liking to it brought with him to Rome, af∣ter [unspec F] hee had forced and sacked Alexandria; (in which regard Tiberius Caesar his successour, see∣ing what affection Augustus Caesar had vnto it in his life time, dedicated it in the Temple of the said Augustus) and lastly of the goddesse Diana, were all proofes of his skill and work∣manship. Moreouer, at Ephesus the Sepulchre of Megabyzus one of the Priests of the Or∣der

of Diana of Ephesus was of his painting: like as at Athens, the necromancie of the Poet Ho∣mer. [unspec G] This picture Nicias held at so high a price, that he would not let it go vnto K. Attalus for 60 talents, but chose rather to bestow it freely vpon his own natiue country, being otherwise a man for his own priuat state very wealthy. Besides these before rehearsed, he made others of a larger size, among which are reckoned Calypso, Io, and the lady Andromeda. The excellent picture also of K. Alexander, which is in the gallery of Pompeius, together with Calypso painted sitting, came out of his shop. The perfect po•…•…traying of fourfooted beasts is ascribed vnto him; and in truth, a singular grace he had and felicitie in painting dogs. This is that Nicias of whom Praxiteles gaue so good testimonie: for being asked vpon a time, what pieces he esteemed best of all those that himselfe had cut in marble? he answered, Euen those wherein Nicias hath had a hand: so much did he attribute vnto his * 1.55 vernish and polishing. Another Nicias there was, who liued in the [unspec H] 112 Olympias; but whether this man were he or no, it is not certainly knowne; howbeit some there be that would haue him to be the same. Certes, Atheman of Marona was taken for as good a workman euery way as Nicias, and in some respects better: he learned the art of Glaucion the Corinthian. In choice of his colours he stood not so much vpon gallantnesse, but vsed those that were with the saddest; howbeit those dark and shadowed works of his shewed more plea∣sant and delectable than his masters: wherby appeared his profound knowledge and deep skil, in the very laying and couching of his colours. The picture of Philarchus he drew, which is in the Temple of Ceres Eleusine. The frequent assembly also of the dames of Athens, which they call Polygynaecon, was of his pourtraying: likewise he represented Achilles in his youth, hidden vnder the habit of a yong damosell, and how the crafty foxe Vlysses discouered and found him [unspec I] out, notwithstanding he was so disguised. But one table aboue the rest woon him the greatest credit, and that was, wherein he painted an horsekeeper training and nurturing his palfrey. Cer∣tes, but that he died in his youth, there had not been a painter in all the world comparable vnto him.

As touching Heraclides the Macedonian, he also may run in the range of famous Painters: ar the beginning he employed himselfe in painting ships: after that King Perseus was taken pri∣soner, he left his natiue countrey and went to Athens, where liued at that time Metrodorus, a Painter and Philosopher both, a man of great name and authoritie as well in the one profession as the other: and therefore when L. Paulus after the defeature of the said Perseus sent vnto the A∣thenians, and requested them to send vnto him an excellent Philosopher to teach and instruct [unspec K] his children, together with a singular painter to set out his triumph with curious pictures, the Athenians made choice of Metrodorus onely, and commended him alone vnto Lucius Paulus, for the best approoued and most consummate to serue his turne and satisfie both his desires: which by good proofe and experience Paulus found true, and gaue iudgement of him accor∣dingly.

Timomachus the Byzantine flourished in the dayes of Caesar Dictatour, for whom hee painted Ajax and Medea: which pictures when he bought of him for 80 talents, hee caused to be hung vp in the temple of Venus * 1.56 Genetrix. Now when I speake of a talent, you must vnderstand the Attick talent, which M. Varro doth value at 6000 deniers Roman. There goeth as great praise likewise and commendation of other pieces that passed from vnder the hands of Timomachus, to [unspec L] wit, the pictures of Orestes, of Iphigenia in Tauris, and of Lecythion, who taught youths dancing, vaulting, and other feats of actiuitie: he pourtraied also in a table, a goodly race, descent, and kindred of gentlemen; two persons besides in their clokes or mantles, after the Greekish fashi∣on, ready to make a speech vnto the people, the one set, the other standing vpon his feet: but it seemed that art fauored and graced him most in painting Minerva's shield, where he portraied Gorgon or Medusa's head most liuely.

Aristelaus was the son of Pausias, and vnder his father he learned the mysterie of painting, who is counted one of the greatest painters that euer was. Of his workmanship are the tables con∣taining the pictures of Epaminondas, Pericles, Medea, Vertue, and Theseus. Hee also drew with his pensil in colours, the common people of Athens, and a solemne sacrifice of Oxen.

There was also one Mechopanes, apprentise likewise vnto the same Pausias, who is highly com∣mended [unspec M] by some for his curious and exquisit workmanship: but such it is, as none but cunning artists can conceiue, for otherwise I assure you his colours are vnpleasant, and hee loued to lay on too much of one thing, and that was Sil.

As for Socrates the painter, his pictures were liked very well of all that saw them, and in truth, they deserued no lesse: for of his doing are these and such like, to wit, Aesculapius, with his daugh [unspec A] ters, Hygia, Aegle, Panacea, and 1 1.57 Iaso: and an idle lazy •…•…ubber, knowne by a deuised name Ocnos, whom he pourtraied twisting a cord of Spart, and euer as he did it, an asse behind him gnawed it asunder. Thus much may serue concerning the principall painters that haue been knowne to excell in both kinds, to wit, with the pensill, and with fire: it remaineth now that I should dis∣course of those who were next vnto the principall, and so reputed.

In this second course of painters I must range Aristoclides, who beautified with his pictures the temple of Apollo in Delphos: as for Antiphilus, he is as much praised for painting a boy blow∣ing hard at the coles; in which table, it is a prety sight to see how all the house (which was faire enough besides) shineth by the fire that he makes, as also what a mouth the boy makes: likewise [unspec B] for the picture of a company of Spinsters, so liuely, that one would imagin he saw euery woman making hast to spin off her distaffe, striuing avie who shal haue don her task first. He deuised al∣so to portray Ptolomae hunting, & this they call 2 1.58 Aposcopon, for which he is much commended: but principally for a braue Satyr of his workmanship, clad in a Panthers skin. Aristophon woone much credit by painting Ancaeus wounded to death by a wild bore, & his wife Astypale standing hard by, who seemeth to lament for his sake, and (as it were) to feele part of his paine: he made also one faire table, inriched with a number of personages, to wit, K. Priamus, faire Helena, dame Credulitie, Vlixes, Deiphobus, and Dolori. Androbius got himself a great name by a picture, represen∣ting one 3 1.59 Scyllis [a cunning diver] cutting in two the anker cables of the Persian fleet, riding at sea. Artemon likewise was renowned for the counterfeit of lady Danae, found floting in the sea [unspec C] by 4 1.60 rouers or men of war, who seemed to wonder at her beauty, and to behold her with much contentment: also for picturing queene Statonice: Hercules and Deianira his wife: but the most excellent pieces of his work manship, be those which are to be seene in the galleries of Octauia, among other of her stately buildings; to wit, Hercules ascending vp into heauen from the moun∣taine Oeta within the region of Doris, where he changed this mortall life, and by the generall consent of all the gods, was receiued into their society: the whole history also of Laomedon, as touching his falshood to Hercules and Neptune. Alcimachus the painter was renowned for the picture of hardy Dioxippus, who 5 1.61 carried away the prize in all feats of actiuity, at the solemn games of Olympia, and neuer sweat nor touched 6 1.62 dust for it; which easie victory the Greekes [unspec D] call Aconiti. As for Caenus, he was excellent at painting Coronets & Garlands: also at drawing coats of arms in scutchions, of gentlemen and noble persons, with the stile of their titles & dig∣nities. Ctesilochus, an apprentice to Apelles, became very famous for one picture aboue the rest, al∣though it were but a wanton one and offensiue to chast eies; wherein forsooth hee depainted Iu∣piter, attired in a caule or coife about his head like a woman, groning and crying out also (as wo∣men do in trauell of childe birth) among the goddesses for their helping hand, who plaied the midwiues about him, vntil he was deliuered of god Bacchus, and brought to bed. Cleon was much spoken of, for the picture which hee made of K. Admetus: Ctesidamus for pourtraying the win∣ning of Oechalia by Hercules. And for drawing the picture of lady Laodamia, the wife of Protesi∣laus, Clesides was notorious for one picture which he made in despight of queene Stratonice, wife to K. Antiochus, and to be reuenged of her for a disgrace that he had receiued at her hands: for [unspec E] being in the court, and perceiuing that the queen did him no honour at all, nor gaue him any countenance, he made no more ado, but painted her in her colours, tumbling and wallowing a∣long full vnseemly with an odde base fisherman, whom as the voice went, she was inamored vp∣on; and when he had done, set it vp in the very hauen of Ephesus, recouered a barke presently, and away he went vnder sale as fast as wind and tide would carry him. When the queene heard of it, she made but a jeast and mocke of it; neither would shee suffer the picture to be taken away, in regard of the wonderfull workmanship, which-expressed her and him so like and liuely. Craterus was a Comoedian and plaier in Enterludes, howbeit, a fine Painter, as may appeare by his han∣dy worke at Athens, within the publicke place Pompeium. Eutychides pourtraied a charriot [unspec F] drawne with two horses, and Victorie to guid and driue the same. Eudoxus had the name for his pictures which are seen at stage-plaies, to beautifie the place: who also was a good imageur and cast many faire pieces in brasse. Iphis was well thought of for Neptune and Victorie of his pain∣ting: and Abron was no lesse esteemed for the pictures resembling Amity and Concord; as also for the pourtraitures of the gods. Leontiscus pictured Aratus the Generall of the Achaeans, re∣turning

with victory, and triumphing with his trophy. He painted also a minstrel wench play∣ing [unspec G] vpon a Psaltry, and seeming to sing to it; which was thought to be a daintie piece of worke. As for Leon, he painted Sappho the Poetresse. And Nicaearchus was much bruited abroad, for a pi∣cture, shewing Venus accompanied with the Graces and the pretty Cupids. And of his worke∣manship is Hercules, sad and pensiue: penitent also and repentant, for that which he had done in his furious madnesse. Nealoes made one picture of Venus most curiously: for passing witty hee was, full of inuention, and exquisit in his art. When he painted the nauall battell betweene the Aegyptians and the Persians, which was fought vpon the riuer Nilus, the water whereof is rough and like the sea; because he would haue it knowne, that the fight was vpon the said riuer, he de∣uised another by-worke to expresse the same, which all the Art of painting otherwise could not performe: for he painted an Asse vpon the banke, drinking at the riuer, and a Crocodile lying [unspec H] in wait to catch him: whereby any man might soone know it was the riuer Nilus, and no other water. Oenias the painter made one pictiure aboue the rest, which he called Syngenicus. Philiscus became renowned by a painters shop of his painting, where he deuised a prentice boy blowing the coles to kindle a fire. Phalerion pourtraied Scylla, transformed into a monstrous Meeremaid. Simonides got credit by the picture of Agatharrhus, who woon the best game at running: and of the goddesse of Memory, named Mnemosyne. Simus took pleasure in painting a yong boy lying a∣sleep in a waulke-mill or Fullers worke-house: another sacrificing vnto Minerva at the feast Quinquatrus: and of the same mans doing, there is an excellent picture of Nemesis, representing Iustice and Reuenge. Theodorus drew one snetting his nose: and the same painter represented in a table, how Orestes murdered his owne mother Clytemnestra, and Aegysthus the Adulterer that [unspec I] kept her. The warre of Troy hee depainted in many seuerall tables: and these hang in the gal∣leries of Philip at Rome. Of his handy-worke is lady Cassandra the Prophetesse, which is to bee seen in the Chappell of Concord. Also, Leontium the courtisane belonging to Epicurus and his followers, was of his painting; like as king Demetrius musing and standing in a deepe studie. As for Theon the painter, hee described with his pensill the madnesse of Orestes, and pourtrayed Ta∣myras the Harper or Musitian. Tauriscus made one table, representing a man flinging a coit: and another resembling queene Clytemnestra. He pictured also a little Pan, whom he called Pannis∣cus, in manner of an Anticke: Polynices also making claime to his kingdome, and marching in warlike manner to recouer the possession thereof againe: and last of all, signieur Capaneus, who lost his life in skaling the walls of Thebes. And here commeth to my minde one notable ex∣ample [unspec K] as touching Erigonus, which I cannot passe with silence: This Erigonus, seruant somtime to Nealces the Painter, and employed onely in grinding colours, profited so much by seeing his master worke, that he became a Painter himselfe, and left behinde him an excellent workeman of his owne teaching, Pausias brother to Aegineta the Imageur. But one thing more there is, of rare admiration and worthie to be remembred, That the last peeces of excellent Painters, and namely such tables as bee left vnperfect, are commonly better esteemed than those that bee fully finished: as wee may see by the Raine-bow or Iris which Aristides was entered into, the two brethren Castor and Pollux, begunne by Nicomachus; the Picture of Medea, killing the children that shee had by Iason, which Timomachus was in hand with; and the Venus, that as I sayd before, Apelles liued not to make an end of: for in these and such like imperfect tables, [unspec L] a man may (as it were) see what traicts and lineaments remayne to bee done, as also the ve∣ry desseignes and cogitations of the Artificers: and as these beginnings are attractiue allure∣ments to mooue vs for to commend those hands that began such Draughts: so the conceit that they be now dead and missing, is no small griefe vnto vs, when wee behold them so raw and fore-let. But to come againe vnto our Painters: therebe more yet behinde, and those of verie good regard in their time, howbeit, I will runne them ouer sleightly, and as it were pas∣sing and glauncing by them, namely, Aristonides, Anaxander, Aristobulus the Syrian, Arcesi∣las the sonne of Tisicrates, Corybas Apprentice to Nicomachus, Carmanides to Euphranor, Dionyso∣dorus the Colophonian, Diogenes who followed the Court of King Demetrius, Euthymedes, He∣raclides the Macedonian, Mydon of Solae brought vp vnder Pyromachus the Imageur, Mnasithemus [unspec M] of Sicyone, Mnasithemus the sonne of Aristonides, who was Apprentice likewise vnto him, and Nessus the sonne of Abron, Polemon of Alexandria, Theodorus of Samos, and Stodius, (all three trayned vp vnder Nicosthenes) and Xenon of Sicyone, who learned his Craft of Ne∣ocles.

Moreouer, women there were also, excellent * 1.63 Paintresses, to wit, Timarete, the daughter of Nicon, who made that excellent pourtraiture of Diana at Ephesus, a most antique picture: Irene [unspec A] the daughter of Cratinus the painter, who learned vnder her father, & drew the picture of a yong damosell, which is at Eleusine: Calypso, of whose workemanship there is the picture of an old man, and of Theodorus the juglar: Alcisthene painted a dauncer: and Aristarete, both daughter and apprentise to Nearchus, made proofe how well she had profited, by the picture of Aesculapi∣us. And M. Varro saith, That when he was a yong man, there was at Rome one Laela, a Cyzecene borne, who passed her whole life in virginity; and she was skilful both in painting with the pen∣sill, and also in enamelling with hot steele in yuorie: her delight was principally in drawing women; and yet there is a Neapolitane of her pourtraying in a faire long table: last of all, shee took out her owne counterfeit at a mirroir or looking glasse. This one thing is reported of her, [unspec B] that no painter had a quicker hand or went faster away with his worke than she: and look what pictures soeuer came out of her hands, they were so artificially done, that they did out-sell a great deal the works of Sopylos and Dionyfius (the most famous painters in that age) notwithstan∣ding their pictures and tables were so faire, as that they take vp whole cabinets; and wel was he (before that her pictures came abroad) who could be furnished out of their two shops. There was yet one paintresse more, to wit, Olympias: howbeit I heare no great matter of her, but this onely, that she taught Autobulus the art of painting.

To come now to painting by the means of fire: I find this agreed vpon by all, that practised it was in old time but two waies only, that is to say, with wax, and in yuorie with a little steele or punching yron; vntill such time as they fell to pai•…•…ting ships also with wax and fire: and in this third sort the manner is to vse great pensils or brushes dipt in wax molten ouer the fire: and [unspec C] this kind of painting ships is so fast and sure, that neither sun will resolue, nor salt water eat and fret, ne yet wind and weather pierce and chinke it.

Moreouer, iu Aegypt they haue a deuise to staine cloths after a strange and wonderful maner: They take white clothes, as sailes or curtaines when they haue bin worne, which they besmeare not with colours but with drugs that are apt to drinke and take colour: when they haue so don, there is no apparence in them at all of any dye or tincture. These clothes they cast into a lead or cauldron of some colour that is seething and scalding hot: where, after they haue remained a pretty while, they take them forth againe, all stained and painted in sundry colours. An admi∣rable thing, that there being in the said cauldron but only one kind of tincture, yet out of it the [unspec D] cloth should be stained with this and that colour, and the foresaid boiling liquor change so as it doth, according to the quality & nature of the drugs which were laied vpon the white at first. And verily, these stains or colours are set so sure, as they can neuer be washed off afterwards: thus the scalding liquor, which no doubt if it had diuers tinctures and colours in it, would haue con∣founded them all into one; now out of one doth dispense and digest them accordingly, and in boiling the drugs of the clothes, setteth the colour and staineth surely. And verily, this good moreouer haue the clothes by this scalding, that they be alwaies more firme and durable, than if they had not come into the boiling cauldron.

CHAP. XII.

¶ The first deuisers of the art of Potterie, and in working in cley. Of Images made of earth. Of ear∣then vessels, and their value in old time.

NOw that I haue discoursed of painting enough, if not too much, it were good to annexe and joyne thereto the craft of Potterie, and working out of cley. And to begin with the o∣riginal and inuention of making the image or likenesse of any thing in cley, it is said, that Dibutades, a Sicyonian born, and a Potter, was the first that deuised at Corinth to form an image in the same clay whereof he made his pots, by the occasion and means of a daughter which hee had: who being in loue with a certain yong man, whensoeuer he was to take a long iourney far from home, vsed ordinarily to mark vpon the wal the shadow of her louers face by candle light and to pourfill the same afterwards deeper, that so she might inioy his visage yet in his absence. This her father perceiuing, followed those tracts, and by clapping cley therupon, perceiued that it took a print, and made a sensible forme of a face: which when hee saw, hee put it into the fur∣nace to bake among other vessels, & when it was hardned, shewed it abroad. And it is said, that

this very piece remained in the bains of Corinth safe, vntill Mummius destroied the city. How∣beit, [unspec G] writers there be who affirme, That Rhoecus and Theodorus, both of the Isle Samos, were the first inuentors of this feat of forming shapes in cley, long before the expulsion of the * 1.64 Bacchia∣dae out of Corinth. And by their saying, when Demaratus was faine to flie out of that city, and to retire himselfe into Tuscan (where he begat Tarquinius, afterwards syrnamed Priscus, & king of Rome) there accompanied him from Corinth Eucheir and Eugramnus, two Imageurs in cley, and they taught in Italy the art of Potterie and Imagerie in that kind. As for Dibutades before∣said, the inuentor he was not of his craft; but indeed he deuised to vse with other cley and earth, a ruddle, or els to colour the white cley with madder. His inuention it was to set vp Gargils or Antiques at the top of a Gauill end, as a finiall to the crest tiles, which in the beginning he cal∣led * 1.65 Protypa. The same man afterwards deuised other counterfeits, and those be termed Ectypa: [unspec H] and hence come the louvers and lanterns reared ouer the roofs of temples, which are so curious∣ly wrought in earth. In sum, this man gaue the originall name Plastica to the craft, and Plastae, to to the craftsmen in this kind. But Lysistratus of Sicyone, and brother to Lysippus, of whom I haue written before, was the first that in plaster or Alabaster represented the shape of a mans visage in a mould from the liuely face indeed; and when hee had taken the image in waxe, which the foresaid mould of plastre had giuen, vsed to form and fashion the same more exactly. This man staied not there, but began to make images to the likenesse and resemblance of the person: for before him euery man studied only to make the fairest faces, and neuer regarded whether they were like or no. Lysistratus also inuented to make counterfeits in cley, according to the images and statues in brasse, already made. And in the end, this feat of working in cley grew to such [unspec I] height, that no images or statues were made without moulds of cley: wherby it may appear, that the skill and knowledge of Potterie is more antient than founderie or casting brasse. To come now to Imageurs in cley, Damophilus & Gorgasus were counted most excellent & principal of all others, and they were good painters besides; as may appear by the temple of Ceres in Rome, that standeth at the greatest shew-place, called Circus Maximus, which these two workmen enrich∣ed both with pictures, and also with earthen images: for in the said temple there be certaine Greek verses set vp, which testifie, That all the work on the right hand was wrought by Damo∣philus & on the left hand by Gorgasus. Before this temple was built, M. Varro saith, that all Rome was furnished with images, of Tuscan work, and no other: but of this church, when it was re-edi∣fied, the pictures vpon the wals were esteemed so rich, that people thought them worthy to bee [unspec K] cut out in great crusts and flakes out of the said wals; and for to saue them, they bestowed cost to set them in frames fair crested about the edges: also (by his report) the images wherwith the festeries & louers of the said church stood adorned, were dispersed into diuers parts of the city, as singular pieces of work, and well was he that could haue one of them. Moreouer, I reade, that Chalcosthenes made diuers pieces of work in raw cley at Athens, and the place called Ceramicos tooke the name of his work-house. And M. Varro writeth, that himselfe knew at Rome a certaine man named Posis, who was wont to make of cley, clusters of grapes, and fishes, soliuely, that who∣soeuer looked vpon them, could hardly haue discerned them by the eie from grapes and fishes indeed. The same author doth highly extoll and magnifie one Arcesilaus, a very familiar friend of Lu. Lucullus, and whom he loued very well, whose * 1.66 moulds were commonly sold dearer euen [unspec L] to workemen themselues, than the workes of others after they were finished. And hee sayth, That the image of Venus Genetrix, which standeth in the Forum of Caesar, was of his making: but before hee had fully finished the same, for haste of dedication, it was set vp vnperfect. After which time (as he affirmeth) Lu. Lucullus bargained with him to make the image of Felicitie, for which he was to haue threescore thousand Sesterces, howbeit, the death both of the one and the other, was the cause that the worke was neuer finished. As for Octauius, a knight of Rome, being minded to make a fair standing cup, hee paied to him for the mould in plastre one whole talent. The same Varro praiseth also Praxiteles, who was wont to say, that the craft of Potterie and wor∣king in cley, was the mother of Founderie, and of all workes that are cut, engrauen, chased and embossed: who, albeit hee were an excellent founder and imageur in brasse, and knew how to carue, graue, and chase passing well, yet would he neuer goe in hand to make any piece of worke, [unspec M] but he would forme it first in cley, in a mould of his own making. Moreouer, this art (by his say∣ing) was much practised in times past, in Italy and Tuscan especially: from whence, and namely out of the city Fregellae, king Tarquinius Priscus sent for one Turianus, to no other purpose in

the world, but to agree with him for to make the image of Iupiter in earth to set it vp in the ca∣pitoll: for surely, no better he was than made of clay, and that by the hand of a porter; which [unspec A] was the reason, that they vsed to colour him ouer with vermillon: yea and the charriots with foure horses which stood vpon the lanterne of the said temple, were of no other stuffe; concer∣ning which, I haue spoken in many places. The same Turianus also made the image of Hercules, which at this day retaineth still in the city that name, which testifieth what matter he is made of. Lo, what kind of images there were in those daies made in the honour of the gods by our an∣cestors, for the most excellent! neither haue we cause to be ashamed of those our noble proge∣nitors, who worshipped such and no other. As for siluer and gold, they made no reckoning ther∣of, either about themselues or the very gods whom they worshipped: and verily, euen at this day there continue still in most places, such images of earth. As for the festiers and lanterns of tem∣ples, [unspec B] there be many of them both within the city of Rome, and also in diuers burrough townes vnder the Empire, which for curious workmanship (as it were chased and ingrauen) are admira∣ble; and for continuance of time more lasting and durable, than our louvers of gold; and for any harme they do, lesse subject I am sure to injurie. Certes in these daies, notwithstanding the infi∣nit wealth and riches that we are growne vnto, yet in all our diuine seruice and solemne sacrifi∣ces, there is no assay giuen or tast made to the gods out of Cassidoine or cristallbols, but only in earthen cups. If a man consider those things aright, & weigh them duly in particular, he shall find the bounty and goodnesse of the earth to be inenarrable, though he should not reckon her benefits that she hath bestowed vpon mankind, in yeelding vs so many sorts of corne, wine, ap∣ples, and such like fruits, herbs, shrubs, bushes, trees, medicinable drugs, mettals, and mineralls, [unspec C] which I haue already treated of: for euen in these works of earth and pottery, which we are glut∣ted with (they be so vsuall and ordinary) how beneficiall is the earth vnto vs, in yeelding vs con∣duit pipes for to conuey water into our bains, tyles flat yet hooked and made with crochets at one end to hang vpon the sides of the roofe, chamfered for to lie in gutters to shoot off water, curbed for crests to clasp the ridge on both sides; brickes to lie in wals afront for building, and those otherwhiles to serue as binders in parpine-worke with a face on both sides; to say nothing of the vessels that be turned with the wheele and wrought round; yea and great tuns and pipes of earth deuised to contain wine and water also? In regard of which stone and earthen vessels, K. Numa ordained at Rome a seuenth confraternitie of potters. Ouer and besides, many men there haue bin of good worth and reputation; who would not be burnt to ashes in a funerall fire after [unspec D] they were dead, but chose rather to haue their bodies bestowed entire within coffins of earth, lying among leaues of myrtle, oliue, and blacke poplar, after the Pythagorean fashion: in which manner, M. Varro tooke order for to be interred. And if we looke abroad into the world, most Nations vnder heauen do vse these earthen vessels: and euen still, those that be made of Samian earth and come from that Isle, are much commended for to eat our meats out of, and to be ser∣ued to the bourd: and Eretum here in Italy, retaineth yet the name for such vessell: but for drin∣king-cups, onely Surrentum, Asia, and Pollentia, within Italy; Saguntum in Spaine, and Perga∣mus in Asia, be in credit: at Tralleis also a city in Sclauonia, and Modenna (to goe no farther than Lombardie in Italy) there is made much faire vessell of earth, appropriat vnto those pla∣ces: for euen in this respect, some nations are innobled and growne into name. This earthen [unspec E] ware is of that price besides, that it is thought a commodity worth the transporting too and fro ouer land & sea, by way of merchandise. But if we speak of that kind that is wrought by turners craft with the wheele, the daintiest vessels come from Erythrae. And in very truth, such may the earth be, that much art and fine workmanship is shewed therein: in testimony whereof, there be two stone vessels or earthen (call them whether you wil) within the principal temple of that ci∣ty to be seen at this day, thought worthy to be consecrated there, in regard of their clean worke and their thinnesse besides, which a master and his prentise wrought in a strife and contention, whether of them could driue his earth thinnest: howeuer it be, they of the Island Cos are most commended for the fairest vessels of earth; and yet those of Hadria beare the name to be more durable, and of a more fast and firme constitution. And since I am entred thus far, I will obserue [unspec F] vnto you some examples of seueritie not impertinent to this discourse: I find vpon record, That Q. Ceponius was condemned and fined for an ambitious man, onely for this, because hee had sent an earth * 1.67 amphor [of wine] as a present vnto one who was to giue him his voice when he stood for an office. And that you may certainly know that vessels of earth haue in some sort

been in request among riotous gluttons and wastfull spend thrists, listen what Fenestella saith as [unspec G] touching this point, the greatest exceeding (quoth he) and gaudiest fare at a feast, was serued vp in three platters, and was called Tripatinum: the one was of Lampreys, the second of Pikes, the third of the fish Myxon: whereby it may appeare, that euen in those daies men began at Rome to grow out of order, and to giue themselues to riot and superfluity: yet were not they so bad, but we may prefer them euen before the Philosophers of Greece: for it is written, that in the sale of Aristotles goods, which his heirs made after his decease, there were sold 60 platters, which were wont ordinarily to go about the house. As for that one platter of Aesop the plaier in tragoe∣dies, which cost six hundred thousand sesterces, I doubt not but their stomackes rise thereat when they reade thereof in my treatise as touching birds. But this is nothing (I assure you) to that charger of Vitellius, who whiles he was Emperor caused one to be made and finished that [unspec H] cost a * 1.68 million of sesterces, for the * 1.69 making wherof there was a furnace built of purpose in the field; the which I rather note, because they should see the monstrous excesse in these daies, that vessels of earth should be more costly than of Cassidonie. Alluding to this monstrous platter, Mutianus in his second Consulship (when he ripped vp in a publicke speech, the whole life of Vitellius, now dead) vpbraided the very memoriall of him in these very terms, calling his excesse that way, Patinarum paludes, i. platters as broad as pools. And verily (saith he) that platter of Vi∣tellius, came nothing behind another, which Cassius Seuerus reproched Asprenas withall, whom he accused bitterly, and said, that the poison of that one platter had killed an 130 persons who had tasted thereof.

Furthermore, there are certaine townes that are in good account by reason onely of this ves∣sell [unspec I] made therein, and namely Rhegium and Cumae.

The priests of Cybele the mother of the gods, who are called Galli, vse to gueld themselues with a sheard of Samian earth; and they be of opinion, that if it be done with any thing els, they shall die thereof, if we may beleeue M. Caelius, who whetted that tongue of his (which shortly after was in that sort to be cut out) against Vitellius; which turned to his great reproch and infa∣mie, for that himselfe euen then railed vpon Vitellius in so bad termes, and lost his tongue for his labour.

But to conclude, what is it, that Art and the wit of man hath not deuised? for there is a means found to make a strong kind of mortar or cement by the broken sheards of potters vessell, if the same be ground into powder and tempered with lime; and the ordering of it in this manner, [unspec K] causeth it to be more firme and last the longer; and such they call Signina. And hereby also men haue found out certain durable pauements of that kind.

CHAP. XIII.

¶ The varietie of sundry kinds of earth: of the dust or sand of Puteoli: and of other sorts of earth which will harden as a stone.

OVer & besides the cement aboue named, there be other percels that the earth it self doth affoord, fit to be laid in pauing worke: for who can sufficiently wonder at this, namely, [unspec L] That the worst part of it (which thereupon is callled dust and sand, as it were the very ex∣crement thereof) should be of that nature vpon the side of the hills of Puteoli, as being oppo∣sed against the waues of the sea, and continually drenched & drowned therwith, should become a stone so compact and vnited together as it were into a rock, that it scorneth all the violence of the surging billows; which are not able to vndermine and pierce the same, but hardeneth euery day more than other; euen as if it were tempered with the strong cement of Cumes. Of the same property is the earth within the country about Cyzicum: onely this is the difference, that not the dust or sand there, but the earth it selfe cut out into what parcels you will, in case it be dren∣ched in the sea water a certaine time, is taken forth againe a very hard stone. The same (by re∣port) happeneth about the citie Cassandria: as also about Gnidos in a fountaine of fresh water, [unspec M] wherein if earth do lye, within the space of eight moneths it will turne to be a stone. Certes, all the way as a man goeth from Oropus as farre as to Aulis, what ground soeuer is beaten vpon by the water, changeth into rockes and stones. There is found also in Nilus a certaine sand, whereof the finest part differeth not much from that of Puteoli before said: not in regard

that it is so strong as to breake the force of the sea-water & to beat back the waues, but to sub∣due and crush the bodies of our yong gentlemen, and therefore serueth well in the publicke [unspec A] place of wrestling for those that be giuen to such exercises: and for this purpose verily was it brought from thence by sea to Patrobius, a slaue lately infranchised by Nero the Emperor. I reade also, that Leonatus, Cratus, and Meleager, who were great captains vnder Alexander the Great, and followed his court, were wont to haue this sand carried with them, with other baggage belong∣ing to the camp. But I mean not to write any more of this argument, no more verily than of the vse of earth in those places where our youth annoint their bodies against they should wrestle; wherein our youths addict themselues so much to the exercise of the body, that they haue spoi∣led themselues otherwise, and lost the vigor of the mind.

CHAP. XIIII. [unspec B]

¶ Of mudwalls: of Bricke walls, and the order and manner of making them.

WHat shall we say? See we not in Africke and Spaine both, certain walls of earth, which they cal * 1.70 Formacei, of the forme and frame that is made of planks and boords of each side, between which a man may say they are rather infarced & stuffed vp, than otherwise laid and reared orderly; but I assure you, the earth thus infarced, continueth a world of yeres and perisheth not, checking the violence of raine, winde and fire, no mortar and cement so stiffe and strong. There are yet to be seene in diuers parts of Spaine, the watch-towers of Anniball, the high turrets and sconces also reared vpon the tops of hils, made all of earth: and hereof we haue [unspec C] our turfes, which naturally are so proper not only for the rampiers and fortifications of a camp, but also for wharfs, banks, and buttresses, to breake the violence and inundation of riuers. As for the manner of making walls, by dawbing windings and hurdles with mud and clay, also of rearing them otherwhiles with vnbaked bricke; who is so ignorant that he knoweth it not? how∣beit, for to make good brickes, they ought not to be made of any soile that is full of sand and grauell, much lesse then of that which standeth much vpon grit & stones, but of a greyish marle or whitish chalkie clay, or at leastwise a reddish earth: but in case wee bee forced to vse that which is giuen to be sandy, yet we must chuse that kind of sand which is tough and strong. The best season to make these bricks or tyles, is in the spring time; for in the mids of Summer they [unspec D] will cleaue and be full of chinkes; but if you would haue good brickes for building, they ought to be two yeares old at the least. Now the batter or lome that goeth to the making of them, ought to be well steeped and soked in water, before it be fashioned into bricke or tyle. Brickes are made of three sizes: the ordinarie bricke that we vse, is called Didoron, which carrieth in length one foot and a halfe, and in breadth a foot: a second sort is named Tetradoron, i. three foot long: and the third, Pentadoron, of three foot and nine inches in length: for the Greeks in old time, called the span or space of the hand from the thumbe to the little fingers end stretch∣ed out, Doron; which is the reason that gifts and rewards be called in their language, Dora, for that they were presented by the hand. You see therefore, how according to the length that they carrie, either of foure or fiue spans, they haue their denomination of Tetradora, or Pentadora; [unspec E] for the breadth is one and the same in them all, to wit, one foot ouer. Now there beeing this dif∣ference in the size, in Greece the manner is to imploy the smaller sort in their priuat buildings, but the bigger serueth for greater publicke workes. At Pitana in Asia, and in Massia and Ca∣lentum, cities of low Spaine, the bricks that be made, after they are once dried, will not sinke in the water, but flote aloft; for of a spungeous and hollow earth they be made, resembling the na∣ture of the pumish stone, which is very good for this purpose, when it may be wrought. The Greeks haue alwaies preferred the walls of bricke, before any others, vnlesse it be in those places where they had flint at hand to build withall: for surely such brick wals, if they be made plump vpright & wrought by line and leuell, so as they neither hang nor batter, be euerlasting: & ther∣fore such bricks serue for wals of cities and publick works; their roial pallaces likewise be built [unspec F] therewith. After this sort was that part of the wall at Athens laid and reared, which regards the mount Hymettus: so they built also at Patrae, the temples of Iupiter & Hercules, although all the columns, pillars, and architraues round about them, were of ashler stone: thus was the pallace of K. Attalus built at Tralle is; likwise that of K. Croesus at Sardis, which afterward was conuerted

to their Senat-house, named Gerusia: likewise the sumptuous and stately house of king Mauso∣lus [unspec G] at Halicarnassus: which goodly aedifices continue at this day. Wee read in the Chronicles, that Muraena and Varro when they were the high Aediles at Rome, caused the outmost coat which was ouercast of the brick-wals of Lacedaemon, to be cut out whole and entire, and to bee set and enclosed within certaine frames or cases of wood, and so to be translated from thence to Rome, for to adorne and beautifie the publicke hall for elections of Magistrates, called Comi∣tium; and all for the excellent painting vpon that parget. The workmanship therein although it were excellent and wonderfull in it selfe, yet being thus remoued and brought so far safe, it was esteemed more admirable. Moreouer, here within Italy the walls of Aretine and Meuania be made all of bricke: mary at Rome they dare not build their houses with this kind of bricke, because a wall bearing in thicknesse but one foot and an halfe, wil not sustain aboue one * 1.71 single [unspec H] story; for the order of the city permitted not the common wals and those which were outmost, to be thicker than a foot and an halfe: neither wil the partition wals within abide that thicknes, but are made after another sort.

CHAP. XV.

¶ Of Brimstone and Alume, with their seuerall kinds: also their medicinable properties.

HAuing spoken sufficiently of Bricks, it remaineth that I should proceed to other kinds of earth: wherein the nature of sulphur or brimstone is most wonderfull, being able as it is to [unspec I] tame and consume the most things that be in the world: it is ingendred within the Islands Aeoliae, which lie between Italy and Sicily; those I meane which (as I haue said before) doe al∣waies burne by reason thereof. Howbeit, the best sulphur is that which commeth from the Isle Melos. There is found thereof likewise in Italy, within the territory about Naples and Capua, and namely in the hills called Leucogaei: that which is digged out of the mines, is fined and brought to perfection by fire. Of brimstone there be foure kinds; to wit, Sulphurvif or Quicke∣brimstone, which the Greeks call Apyron, because it neuer came into the fire: the same is found solid of it selfe, i. by whole pieces and in masse, which their Physitians doe vse, and none but it; for all the other kindes consist of a certaine liquid substance, and being boiled in oile are made vp and confected to their consistence: whereas the sulphur vif is digged out of the mine such [unspec K] as we see, that is to say, transparent, cleere, and greenish. The second kind is named Gleba, good onely for Tuckers and Fullers. The third sort also yeeldeth but one vse and no more, and that is, for tincture of wooll, by reason that the smoke and perfume thereof wil bring it to be white and soft; and this brimstone they call Egula. As for the fourth kinde, it serueth most of all for mat∣ches and wieks.

As touching the nature of Brimstone, so forcible it is, that if it be cast into the fire, the verie smell and steeme thereof will driue those in the place into a fit of the falling sicknesse, if they be subject thereunto. As for Anaxilaus, he would commonly make sport withall at a seast, and set all the guests into a merriment: for his manner was to set it a burning within a cup of new earth ouer a chafing dish of coales, and to carry it about the table where they were at supper: [unspec L] and in very truth the reuerberation of the flame would make all that were neere it to looke pale and wan after a most fearefull manner, like as if there were as many grisly ghosts or dead mens faces. And to come more neere to the properties that it hath respectiue vnto Physicke, it hea∣leth mightily, and is a maturatiue: it doth resolue withall and discusse any gathering of impo∣stumes; in which regard it entereth ordinarily into such plasters that bee discussiue and emol∣litiue. A cataplasme made with it, incorporate with grease or sewet, and so applyed vnto the loynes and regions of the Kidnies, doth wonderfully assuage the paine and griefe in those pla∣ces: being tempered with turpentine, it riddeth away the foule tettars called Lichenes that a∣rise in the face, yea and cleanseth the leprosie. The Greekes haue a pretty name for it and call it Harpacticon, for the speedy remouing and snatching it from the place where it is applied; [unspec M] for eftsoones it ought to be taken away. The same reduced into a lohoch or liquid Electuarie, is good to be licked and let downe softly towards the lungs, in case of shortnesse and difficul∣tie of winde: in which sort it serueth for them that spit and reach out of the breast by cough∣ing, filthie matter: and soueraigne it is for those that be stung with scorpions. Take sulphur-vif,

mix it with sal-nitre, grind the same together with vinegre, it maketh a singular good liniment for to scoure the foule morphew: let the same be tempered and prepared with vineger of Sanda∣racha, [unspec A] it killeth the nits that breed in the eie-lids. Moreouer, brimstone is imployed ceremoni∣ously in hallowing of houses; for many are of opinion, that the perfume and burning thereof, will keep out all inchantments, yea, and driue away foule fiends and euill spirits that doe haunt a place. The strength of Sulphur is euidently perceiued & felt in the springs of hot waters, that boile from a vain of it: neither is there in all the world, a thing that sooner catcheth fire; wherby it is apparant, that it doth participat much of that element. Thunderbolts & lightnings in like manner do sent strongly of brimstone: the very flashes and leames thereof stand much vpon the nature of sulphur, and yeeld the like light. Thus much shall suffice as touching the nature of sulphur. [unspec B]

The nature of Bitumen approcheth neere vnto brimstone: where it is to be noted in the first place, that the Bitumen whereof I speake, is in some places in manner of a muddy slime; in o∣thers, very earth or minerall. The slimy bitumen ariseth (as I haue said before) out of a lake in Iurie; as for the minerall bitumen, it is found in Syria, about a maritime town vpon the seacoast called Sidon: but both the one and the other are of a compact and massie substance, growing to∣gether fast and vnite. And yet there is a kind of Bitumen liquid, and namely that of Zacynthus, and the Bitumen which is brought from Babylon, where verily it is white naturally as it grow∣eth. The Bitumen also which commeth from Apollonia is liquid: and all these the Greeks doe comprehend vnder one name Pissasphalton, a word deriued of Pitch and Bitumen. There is a fatty kind of Bitumen likewise resembling an vncteous or oleous liquor, within the territorie [unspec C] of Agragentum in Sicilie, arising out of a fountaine, and it floteth aloft: The inhabitants of the countrey vse to scum and fleet it off by the meanes of certaine chats or catkins which grow vp∣on many reeds and canes, for quickly will it hang and cleaue to the downe of such. Great vse they haue of this Bitumen, for it serueth their turnes to maintain lamp-light, in steed of oile: & therewith also they kill the farcins, scabs, and mange in their jades and laboring garrons. Some writers there be who reckon Naphtha (whereof I haue written in my second book) to be a kinde of Bitumen; but so ardent it is, and holdeth so much of the fire, that wee know not which way to make any vse thereof. Concerning the marks of good Bitumen, the best is knowne by the glosse that it carrieth, if it shine exceeding much: the same also is ponderous and weighty: whereas the lighter sort is but indifferent heauy, and argueth some sophistication with pitch. In operation [unspec D] it hath the qualities of brimstone; astringent it is, and yet resolutiue: it draweth together, and soldereth withall. A perfume thereof while it burneth, chaseth away serpents. The Babylonian Bitumen is thought to be very effectuall for the cataracts, pearles, and filmes that ouerspred the eies: soueraigne likewise for the leprie, and filthy tettars of the face called Lichenes, and the itch in any part of the body: it serueth in a liniment for the gout: and there is no kind thereof, but it causeth the haires of the eie-lids, which grow vntowardly and fal into the eies, for to turn vp againe. If the teeth be well rubbed with bitumen and sal-nitre together, it doth ease and as∣suage their paine: and being giuen in wine, it helpeth an old cough, and the shortnesse of wind. In case also of the dissenterie, it is taken in that manner, for it staieth a bloudy flix: but if it bee drunke with vineger, it doth discusse and dissolue * 1.72 cluttered bloud which is within the [unspec E] body, and expelleth the same downeward by seege: it doth likewise assuage the paine of the loynes or small of the backe, and generally mitigateth any griefe of the joints, if it bee layed too in manner of a cataplasme with Barley meale. There is a speciall plastre or cataplasme made of Bitumen, which carrieth the name thereof; it stancheth bloud, it bindeth and draweth together the edges of a wound, also it knitteth and vniteth again sinews which be cut in twain. There is an ordinary medicine also for the quartane ague, made in this wise: Take of Bitumen one dramme, of Mints the like weight, of Myrrhe the quantitie of one Obolus, mix and incor∣porat all these together: a perfume or smoke thereof will bewray the falling sicknesse. The ve∣ry smell of Bitumen also discusseth the fits of the mother when it riseth and stoppeth the wo∣mans breath: A suffumigation thereof, doth likewise reduce the matrice and tiwill into the [unspec F] right place, if they bee slipped and fallen downe too low, and ready to hang forth of the bodie: beeing drunke with Wine and Castoreum, it bringeth the ordinary course of the monethly termes in women. It serueth also for diuerse and sundrie other vses than in Phy∣sicke: For if any brasen Pots, Chaufers, pannes or kettles, or such like vessels, bee enhuiled

therwith, it hardeneth them against the violence of fire. I haue said already, that they were wont [unspec G] in old time to vernish their images with bitumen: it hath beene vsed in mortar also in stead of lime, and with that kind of cement were the walls of Babylon laid, and the stones sodered toge∣ther. Iron-smiths also haue much vse of bitumen, and namely, in sanguining or colouring their ironworke; and nailers especially about their naile heads; many other waies likewise it serueth their turne.

As touching Alume, which we take to be a certain salt substance or liquor issuing out of the earth, there is no lesse vse therof than of bitumen, and the emploiment is not much vnlike. Of alume there be many kinds: in the Island Cypresse there is found alume which they call White, and another named Blacke: and albeit the distinction in the colour be but small, yet it is occu∣pied to farre different vses; for the cleare alume which they name the white, is proper for to co∣lour wooll with any bright tincture; contrariwise, the blacke serueth for sad, darke, and browne [unspec H] colours. The foresaid black alume is occupied much by goldsmiths, to purge and purifie their gold: and yet all these alumes the one as well as the other, be engendred of water & slimie mud, that is to say, of a certaine sweat that the earth naturally doth yeeld: it is suffered to run and ga∣ther togither into a place, during winter; and in the heat of summer, it fermenteth and taketh the perfection: that which commeth soonest to concoction and ripenesse, the same is alwaies the whitest and purest. As touching the mines of alume, they grow naturally in Spaine, Aegipt, Armenia, Macedonia, Pontus and Affricke, which be all countries of the continent: in the Islands likewise it is found, namely in Sardinia, Melos, Lipara, and Strongyle. The best simply is that which commeth out of Aegypt, and in the next place is that accounted of Melos. In sum, [unspec I] alume may be reduced into two principal kinds; for either it is pure and cleare, or els thick and grosse: as for the former kind, it may be knowne whether it be good and naturall, if it be bright like water, & white as milk, not offensiue to their hands that rub it, & yet participating in some sort of a fiery heat; this they cal Phormion: but in case it is sophisticat, you may soon find it by the juice of a pomegranat, for that which is true and the right kind, is no sooner mixed there∣with, but it waxeth black. The second sort is of a pale color, and besides naturally rugged in the hand, and lightly it will stain like gall nuts; which is the reason that the Greeks cal it Parapho∣ron. The vertues of the cleare alume, be astringent, hardning, and fretting: if it be tempered with hony, it healeth the cankers or sores in the mouth: wheals and itch it likewise cures in any part of the body: but this inunction must be vsed in a baine; and regard ought to be had of it in the proportion, namely, that there be two third parts of hony to one of alume. The ranke smell of [unspec K] the arme-holes it doth allay, and represseth sweat and the stinke therof: it is taken in pills, for the obstructions and schirrosities of the spleene: and in that sort, it driueth away an itch & sen∣deth forth corrupt bloud by vrine: made into an vnguent with Sal-nitre and Nigella Romana, it healeth the bleach or scabs. Of alume that is thick, hard, and massiue, there is one kind which the Greeks call * 1.73 Schistos, and the nature thereof is to cleaue along into certaine filiments or threads like haires, of a greenish colour; which is the reason that some haue giuen it rather the name of Trichitis: howsoeuer it be named, it commeth of a certaine marquesit stone, wherupon also they call it Chalcitis; so as it may be counted a very sweat of the said stone, gathered toge∣ther or congealed into a some. This kind of alume is exiccatiue; howbeit, not so good as the o∣ther to represse any offensiue humors in the body: but surely it is singular for the ears, either in∣fused, [unspec L] or applied as a liniment: it helps also the sores of the mouth, if a man let it melt together with the spittle or moisture of the mouth: for eyesalues likewise it serues fitly among other in∣gredients; and is very appropriat for the accidents befalling to the secret parts of either sex, as well men as women: but before it be vsed, it would be boiled vpon a pan ouer the fire, till it giue ouer to melt. There is another sort of alume, that is weaker in operation, which the Greeks call Strongyle: and this likewise is found of two sorts; the one is hollow and light in manner of mushroms, easie to be melted in any kind of liquor; and this is altogether rejected as good for nothing: the other is hollow also and light in manner of a pumish stone, full of holes too, but re∣sembling the pipes rather of spunges; the same is round in forme, and enclining to a white co∣lour; [unspec M] a certaine vnctuositie or fattinesse it carrieth with it, apt to breake and crumble, and yet without sand, neither will it colour and staine the fingers blacke in the handling: this must be calcined by it selfe vpon cleare burning coales, vntill such time as it be reduced into ashes. But would you know the best and principall alume of all the sorts that are? it is that (no doubt)

which (as I haue said before) is brought out of the Island Melos, and therefore called Melinum. Certes, there is not an Alume more astringent, nor more proper to harden: none more firm and [unspec A] thicke than it. It doth subtiliat the roughnes of the eies: and being calcined, it is the better for to represse the fluxion of humors into the eies: and in the same sort prepared, it killeth the itch in any part of the body: generally, whersoeuer it is applied outwardly, it stauncheth bloud: be∣ing vsed in a liniment with vinegre vnto any place where the haire hath been plucked vp, it cau∣seth that which commeth again to be but soft and in maner of a downe. There is no kind of it, but the same is exceeding astringent, wherupon it took the name in * 1.74 Greek. In regard of which stypticitie, they are all very good for the accidents of the eies. Alume incorporat with some grease or fat, is singular to represse the flux of bloud: very proper also for the red gum incident to children: and in some sort staieth such vlcers as tend to putrifaction, yea, it drieth vp the breaking forth of * 1.75 wheales and pushes. With the juice of the Pomgranat, it is good for the in∣firmities [unspec B] of the eares; in which sort it doth amend the ruggednesse of the nailes, the hardnesse and nodocitie of cicatrices or skars, the excressence and turning vp of the flesh about the naile roots, and the kibes of the heeles. With vinegre, or calcined with the like weight of gall nuts; it is excellent for cankers and inflammation of such vlcers as be corrosiue. Tempered with the iuice of Beets or Coleworts, it cleanseth the leprosie. Incorporat with two parts of salt, it hea∣leth those sores which are giuen to eat and spread farther: and mingled with water it riddeth away nits, lice, and such vermine breeding in the head; in which manner it healeth burnes and sealds. But with pitch and the floure of Eruiles, it scoures away dandruffe and scurfe in any part of the body. In a clystre, Alume is soueraigne for the bloudie flix. It serueth likewise for the [unspec C] uvula in the mouth, and the inflammation of the Amygdales. In one word, for all those purpo∣ses which I haue said, other sorts of Allume are good for, we must alwaies thinke, that the A∣lume brought from Melos, is the best and most effectuall. As touching other vses besides Phy∣sicke, wherein it is emploied necessarily, and namely in dressing of skins and colouring wooll, of what reckoning it is, I haue shewed already. It remaineth now to treat of all other kinds of earth respectiuely, as they serue in the vse of Physicke.

CHAP. XVI.

¶ Of the diuerse sorts of earth, to wit, of Samia, Eretria, Chia, Selinusia, Pnigitis, and Ampelitis, together with their medicinable properties. [unspec D]

FRom the Isle Samos there be brought two kinds of earth: whereof the one is called by the Greekes Syropicon, the other Aster. As for the former, the commendation of it, is to be fresh, light, and cleauing to the tongue: The other, is white and of a more compact consti∣tution: but both the one and the other, before they be vsed, ought to be calcined and washed. Some there be who preferre the former: but both be very good for those that spit bloud. They enter into emplaistres, which are deuised and made for to exiccat: and they are mingled also with eie-salues.

Touching the earth Eretria distinguished it is likewise by two kindes, for some there is of it white, other of ash colour: and this for Physick is held to be the better. It is known to be good, [unspec E] if it be soft in hand; and, if vpon a piece of brasse it draw a line of purple colour. What power it hath, and how it is to be vsed in Physicke, I haue shewed already in my discourse of painters co∣lours. But this is a general rule in all kinds of earth (for I will put it off no longer) that are to be washed, First to let them lie well steeped in water, then ought the same to be dried in the Sun; which done, it ought once againe to be braied in water, and let to rest vntil they be settled, that they may be digested and reduced into trochiskes. But for the burning and calcining of these earths, it ought to be done in certaine pots, and eftsoones followed and plied with shaking and stirring.

Among the sorts of earth that be medicinable, there is reckoned that which commeth from Chios, & the same is white, hauing the same effects that the earth of Samos: but our dames vse [unspec F] it most for to embellish & beautifie the skin. To which purpose, the earth of Selenus likewise is emploied: White this earth is as milke, and of all others, will soonest resolue in water; which if it be tempered with milke, serues to whiten and refresh the pargetting and painting of wals.

The earth called * 1.76 Pignitis, is very like vnto Eretria beforenamed, only it is found in greater

clots or pieces, & otherwise is glutinous. The same effects it hath that Cimolia, howbeit, some∣what [unspec G] weaker in operation.

There is an earth called Ampelitis, which resembleth Bitumen as neer as may be. The triall of that which is good indeed, is, if in oile it be gentle to be wrought as wax; and if when it is tor∣rified, it continue still of a blacke colour. It entreth into medicines and compositions, which are made to mollifie and discusse: but principally it serueth to beautifie the eie-browes, and to colour the haire of the head blacke.

CHAP. XVII.

¶ Sundry sorts of chaulkes for to scoure clothes, and namely the Tuckers earth Cimolia, Sarda, and Vmbrica. Of the common chaulke: [unspec H] and of Tripolium.

OF Chaulks there be many kinds: of which, Cimolia doth affoord two sorts, and both per∣tinent to Physick; the one is white, the other inclineth to the colour of Roset. Both the one and the other is of power to discusse tumors, and to stay distillations, if they be vsed with vineger. They do keep downe biles and emunctories and swellings behind the eares: the foule tettars also, and other offensiue pimples and pushes they represse, applied in the forme of a liniment: incorporat therewith salt-petre, salnitre, and put vineger thereto, it is an excellent medicine to allay the swellings of the feet; with this charge, that this cure be done in the Sun, and that after six houres, the medicine be washed off with salt water. Put thereto the cerot Cy∣prinum, [unspec I] it is singular good for the swelling of the genetoirs. This Fullers earth Cimolia is of a cooling nature, and being vsed in the forme of a liniment, it staieth immoderat sweats: the same taken inwardly with wine in the baine or hot-house, restraineth the breaking forth of pimples. The best of this kind, is that which commeth out of Thessalie. It is to be found also in Lycia a∣bout Bubon. There is ouer and besides, another vse of this Cimolia or Tuckers cley, towit, in scouring clothes. As for the chaulke Sarda, so called because it is brought out of Sardinia, it is employed only about white clothes, for if they be moteley or pied coloured, it is of no vse. Of al kinds of Cimolia it is the cheapest, and of basest account: yet that of Vmbria is of more price, and that which they call Saxum in Latine, and is our ordinary white chaulke: this property it hath, that with lying in water it groweth; this is commonly bought therefore by weight, where∣as [unspec K] the other is sold by measure. As for the foresaid earth of Vmbria, it serueth only for to polish and giue a glosse to clothes: for why should I scorne or thinke much to handle this matter al∣so? seeing there is the expresse law or act Metella, prouided for Fullers, the which C. Flaminius and Lu. Aemylius, when they were Censors, proposed vnto the people for to be enacted; so care∣full were our predecessors, to take order for all things. To come then to the mysterie of Fullers craft: First they wash and scour a piece of cloth with the earth of Sardinia, then they perfume it with the smoke of brimstone, which done, they fall anone to burling of it with Cimolia; pro∣uided alwaies that it be the right and haue the natiue colour, for if it be sophisticat, it is soone knowne by this, that it waxeth blacke, and wil chaune and cleaue, if it come after sulphur: and if it be the true Cimolia, it doth refresh and giue a cheerefull hew to precious and rich colors, yea [unspec L] it setteth a certain glosse and lustre vpon them, if they were made duskish & sad by the smoake of sulphur. But in case the clothes be white, then the common chaulke is better to be vsed pre∣sently after the brimstone: for hurtfull it is to other colors. In Greece, they vse in stead of Ci∣molia, a certaine plastre which they haue from Tymphe. Yet is there another kind of chalke or white cley, named* Argentaria, for that it giueth a glistering siluer color to clothes. Howbeit, one sort more there is of chalk, which of all others is most base and least esteemed; this is that chalke, wherwith our auncestours in old time ordained to whiten the cirque, in token of victo∣ry: wherewith also they vse to marke the feet of those slaues which were brought ouer from be∣yond sea, to be bought and sold in the markets: such an one somtime was that Publius, the deui∣ser of riming and wanton jestures vpon a stage: such another was his cousin germaine, Manilius [unspec M] Antiochus, the Astrologer; yea, and Taberius Erotes the excellent Grammarian: whom all three, our great grandfathers saw in that manner brought ouer in one and the same ship.

CHAP. XVIII. [unspec A]

¶ Who they were in Rome, and of whom enfranchised, that of slaues rise to be mightie, and of exceeding wealth.

BVt what meane I to stand vpon those who had learning to commend and bring them into some state of credit and honour? Haue not the same forefathers of ours seene in the like plight standing within a cage, with a marke of chaulke vpon their feet, and a locke about their heeles, Chrysogonus the slaue to Sylla, Amphion to Qu. Catulus, Hero to Lu. Lucullus, Demetrius to Pompey, Auge the bondmaid to Demetrius (though she was thought to be the base daughter of Pompey,) Hipparchus the slaue of Antonius, Menas and Menecrates of Sex. Pompeius, and an infinite sort of others, whom I cannot reckon vp? and yet they all being by their masters enfranchised, [unspec B] became wonderfull rich by the bloudshed and goods of Romane citizens, in that licentious time of proscriptions. Well, this was the marke of slaues set out by companies in the market to be sold: and this is the opprobrious and reprochful note, to twit those by, that in their fortunes are growne insolent. And yet we in our daies haue knowne the same persons to climbe vnto the place of highest honour and authority, insomuch, as we haue seene with our owne eies the Se∣nat (by commandement from Agrippina the Empresse, wife to Claudius Caesar) to decree vnto en∣franchised slaues, the robes of Pretours, with the badges and ornaments to that dignity belong∣ing; yea, and such to bee sent againe as it were with the axes and knitches of rods decked with Lawrell, into those countries to gouerne, from whence they came at first poore slaues with their feet chalked and marked for the market. [unspec C]

CHAP. XIX.

¶ Of the earth of Galata, and Clupea: of the Baleare earth, and Ebusitana.

OVer and aboue those before rehearsed, there be other sorts of earth, hauing a property by themselues, which I haue named heretofore, but in this place I am to set downe their na∣ture and vertues also. There is a kind of earth comming out of the Isle Galata, and about Clupea in Affricke, which killeth scorpions: like as the Balearike and Ebusitane earth, is the death of other serpents. [unspec D]

Notes

• * 1.1

  Numidicus.
• * 1.2

  O•…•…atus.
• * 1.3

  Sinadicus.
• * 1.4

  for they were so made that they might be taken off and set on againe.
• * 1.5

  These images were no •…•…ther than thevis•…•…ge & head a•…•… a•…•… as to the shoul ders.
• * 1.6

  Ptolomaeus. Philadelphus.
• * 1.7

  Attalus.
• * 1.8

  Quasi glyp•…•…i, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Caelend•…•….
• * 1.9

  i. Atalanta.
• * 1.10

  VI. M. Sester∣tium.
• * 1.11

  Sub veteribus, which some interpret Ta∣bernis.
• * 1.12

  Quintilianus▪ reporteth this otherwise.
• * 1.13

  i. White and blacke.
• 1 1.14

  Because they be rich and costly.
• 2 1.15

  Minium.
• 3 1.16

  Armenium.
• 4 1.17

  Cinnabaris.
• 5 1.18

  Chrysocolla.
• 6 1.19

  I•…•…dicum. Lacca mixta cum caeruleo.
• 7 1.20

  Purpurissum.
• 8 1.21

  Sincpis.
• 9 1.22

  Rubrica.
• 10 1.23

  A white kind of fattie earth like pla∣stre.
• 11 1.24

  A white earthlike chalke.
• 12 1.25

  A whitish earth or ash∣colour white.
• 13 1.26

  Auripig∣mentum.
• * 1.27

  Or rather three denarij, for otherwise there were no proportion be∣tweene it and the other of that kind.
• * 1.28

  With the image of a goat, as Diose. saith: or of Diana, accor∣ding to Galen.
• * 1.29

  Thus Dale∣champ reades this plac•…•… ac∣cording to Philander, out of Dioscor. and Theophrast.
• * 1.30

  Selibr•…•…: others read Sex lib•…•….
• * 1.31

  i. To staunch bloud.
• * 1.32

  In singula•…•… libras ad dena∣rios trigi•…•…a.
• * 1.33

  our painters in stead therof vse Lac.
• * 1.34

  They say it is made of Oad: and in those countries from whēc•…•… it com∣meth, Gal•…•… Nil.
• * 1.35

  This argumēt or title rea∣cheth to many chapters fol∣lowing.
• * 1.36

  For Olympias was counted the space of fiue yeares.
• * 1.37

  Graece melius 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉▪ which Iambick verse some attribute to Apollodorus.
• * 1.38

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.39

  li. fine, delicat and sumptuos: for he would be in his pur∣ple, or his gol∣den chaplets, his staffe tipt with gold, and his shooebuc∣kles of the same.
• * 1.40

  Minoris ta∣lento annis de∣cem: yet Budae∣us readeth an∣nuis talentis decem, i. ten ta∣lents by the yeare.
• * 1.41

  i. Ortam mar•…•… i. rising out of the sea.
• * 1.42

  Of this pi∣ture Apelles was wont to say, That there were two A∣lexaders: the one begotten by Philip, who was 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉: & the other pain∣ted by Apelles, and he was 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. i. inimitable.
• * 1.43

  The manner was to expresse lightening, by three shafts bond together in the middest.
• * 1.44

  Some thinke he meaneth Hero & Lean∣dere: and they read, He ro Leandrū pinx∣it, i' he painted Hero and Le∣ander.
• * 1.45

  Viler Maae. reporteth, t•…•…t he painted a mare.
• * 1.46

  M•…•…ac.
• * 1.47

  Names of gallies.
• * 1.48

  A worthy knight, sonne of Ochi•…•…us.
• * 1.49

  One at rest, or reposing himselfe. Some reade, Triptolemus.
• * 1.50

  Phaesti•…•….
• * 1.51

  In token of nobility, as Pierius noteth in his Hiero∣glyphicks, 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ 〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.52

  Encaustice.
• * 1.53

  781 lib. 5 •…•…h.
• * 1.54

  i. Diuers vali∣ant knights, whoaccompa∣nied prince Ia∣son in his voi∣age to Colchos for the golden fleece.
• * 1.55

  Circumli∣tioni: others read circumdu ctioni, i. the the first draught or pourfiling.
• * 1.56

  This Saint Iulius Caesar honored most: for that hee would seem to bee descended from Iulus or Ascanius, son of Aeneas, and nephew to Ve∣nus by Anchi∣ses.
• 1 1.57

  I am not of D•…•…echampius his opiniō, who takes Iaso here for the valiant knight Iason; For the termi∣nation of the word is meere teminine as Io, I••o, Sappho, & such like: be∣sides, who sees not, that Iaso is respect ue to Physick, for that Jäsis in Greek signifi∣eth curing or healing, and it so sotteth well with the names of her other sisters, which are likewise significant.
• 2 1.58

  i. (leuelling his shot at the Deere or wild beast) •…•…s Dale∣coampius doth interpret it: or els according to Scalieer (hol ding his hand ouer his ies to spie his game, & •…•…ake his mark the better.
• 3 1.59

  or 〈◊〉〈◊〉, according to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Herod.
• 4 1.60

  raedonibus otherwise is∣ca•…•…oribus, i. fi∣shermen
• 5 1.61

  for he was the challenger & none would comeforth a∣gainst him.
• 6 1.62

  for at wrest∣ling especially, they caught vp dust in their hands, to take hold the better of one ano∣thers bodies, which were glib with oile.
• * 1.63

  i. that knew how to handle the pensill.
• * 1.64

  i. The race of Bacchis, who for a time reig ned at Corinth
• * 1.65

  i Moulds or patterns.
• * 1.66

  Hee meaneth those whereby images of brasse were cast.
• * 1.67

  Vini ampho∣ram: I suppose that he means the vessell it selfe for wine, and not full of wine.
• * 1.68

  Decies sester∣tiûm, accor∣ding to Budae∣us; but if you read according to Hotomanus, ducenties, it is twenty times as much more
• * 1.69

  This platter be called, the targuet of Mi∣nerva, and hee got himselfe therby a name to be called Patinarius. See Sueton.
• * 1.70

  Some reade fornacei, i, ar∣ched walls.
• * 1.71

  For by reason that Romewas so populous, they made many lofts o∣uer head, so that the buil∣ding was rai∣sed to 60 and 70 foot in vp∣right wals 〈◊〉〈◊〉 & these serued as •…•…enements, & were called Coenacula, and one paire of staires leading into the street, serued them all: wheras the lord and ma∣ster of the house kept be∣neath with his houshold, and was not trou∣bled with these ten ants or in-mates.
• * 1.72

  Hereupon it is an ordinary medicine, to giue Mumia (which is Pis∣sasphaltō) vnto those that are falne from on high and bee inwardly brui∣sed.
• * 1.73

  Some take this for Alume de plume: o∣thers, for the stone Amian∣tus.
• * 1.74

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.75

  Papular•…•…
• * 1.76

  Some reade 〈◊〉〈◊〉.