The workes of that famous chirurgion Ambrose Parey translated out of Latine and compared with the French. by Th: Johnson

THE THIRD BOOKE TREATING OF THE Anatomy of Mans body. (Book 3)

I Following custome and the manner of such as before me have written of Anatomy, will first, (that I may make the mindes of the Readers more attentive and desirous of these studies) declare how necessary it is, and also how profitable, and then shew the order to bee observed in it, before I come to the particular description of mans body.

Furthermore, how Anatomy may bee defined, and the manner of the definition of the parts. For the first, the know∣ledge * 1.1 of Anatomy seemes in my judgement very necessary to those that desire to excell, or attaine to perfection of Physicke; that is, whereby they may be able to preserve the present health of the body, and the parts thereof, and drive away diseases. For how can either Physition or Chirurgion preserve health by the use of the like things, which consists in the temperament, con∣formation, and naturall union of the parts; or expell the disease which hurts those three, by the like use of their contraries, unlesse he shall know the nature and compo∣sure of the body, and understand as by the rule of this knowledge, how much it swerves from the nature thereof? Wherefore it is excellently said of Hippocrates; that * 1.2 the Physition called to cure the sicke Patient, ought diligently to consider, whether those things that are in him, or appeare to be in him, be like or unlike, that is, whether the Patient be like himselfe and his owne nature in all his parts and functi∣ons, temperature, composure and union; that hee may preserve those which are yet contained in the bounds of nature, and restore those that are gone astray. Which thing Galen hath also confirmed, specially where hee saith; hee must well know the * 1.3 nature and structure or composure of the bones, who takes upon him to restore them broken or dislocated to themselves and their proper seates or places. Moreover see∣ing that healing doth not onely consist in the knowledge of the disease, but as well in prescribing fit medicines and like application of them to the body and the parts thereof, all which by their naturall dissimilitude, doe require unlike medicines, ac∣cording to Galens opinion: I prethe tell mee, who can performe this, which is igno∣rant * 1.4 of the description of the whole and the parts thereof, taught by Anatomie? We may say the like of the Apothecarie, who ignorant of the scituation of the parts in the body, cannot apply Emplaisters, Ointments, Cataplasmes, Fomentations, Epi∣themes, bagges to the fit places, as to the sutures of the skull, to the Heart, Liver,

Stomacke, Spleene, Reines, Wombe or Bladder. For example, let us imagine the Liver to be troubled with a hot distemperature, but on the contrary the stomacke with a cold (which commonly happens, seeing the Liver hotter than it ought to be, * 1.5 sends up many vapours to the head; from whence cold humors fall into the stomacke) if hot things to be applied to the stomacke by the Physitions prescription, be by the Apothecarie making no difference, applied both to the stomacke and neighbouring Liver (which may chance if hee be ignorant that the stomacke bends somewhat to the left side under the breast-blade; but the liver so takes up the right side of the body that with a great parr thereof, it covers almost all the stomacke) will not he much of∣fend by encreasing the hot distemper of the liver, and not thereby giving case, or helpe to the disease? Shall not by this his ignorance, the Patient be frustrated of his desire, the Physition of his intent, and the medicine of its effect? By these examples I thinke it most manifest, that the Anatomicall knowledge of the parts of the body is exceeding necessary to all Physitions, Chirurgions, and Apothecaries, who will practise Physicke with any praise to the glory of God, and the benefit and good of man, for whose sake wee have writ these things, and illustrated them by figures, subjecting the parts to the eye, and fitly put them in their proper places,

But Anatomy is commodious foure manner of wayes; the first is, because thus * 1.6 we are led to the knowledge of God the Creator, as by the effect to the cause; for as we reade in Saint Paul, The invisible things of God are made manifest by the visi∣ble. The second is, That by meanes hereof wee know the nature of mans body, and the parts thereof, whereby wee may more easily and certainely judge and determine of sicknesse and health. The third is, that by the knowledge of the body and its parts, and together therewith its affections and diseases, wee may prognosticate what is to come, and foretell the events of diseases. Lastly, the fourth is, that considering the nature of the diseased part, we may fitly prescribe medicines, and apply them in their due places.

Now we must declare in what order Anatomie may be fitly delivered; but first we must observe there is a threefold Methode; The first is called of Composition, be∣ing * 1.7 very commodious for the teaching of Arts, which Aristotle hath used in his Workes of Logicke, and naturall Philosophy, the order and beginning taken from the least and most simple to the more compound. The second of Division, fit for the inventing or finding out of sciences. Galen hath followed this order in his Bookes of Anatomicall Administrations, and of the use of the parts. The third of Definition, which sheweth the nature and essence of things, as appeares by Galen in his Booke De Arte parva. And because this order doth also prosecute the divisions, therefore it is commonly accustomed to bee comprehended in the compasse of the second. Therefore I will follow this in my Anatomicall Treatise, deviding mans body into * 1.8 its parts, which I will not onely subject to the eye in the way of knowing them, but also to the minde in the faithfull understanding them. For I will adjoyne those things that are delivered of them by Galen in his Booke of Anatom. Administrations, with those which hee hath taught in his Bookes of the use of the parts. For there hee fitly laies the parts of mans body before our eyes, to the sense. But here he teaches to know them, not to see them; for hee shewes why, and for what use they are made. Having briefely handled these things, wee must declare what Anatomy is; that as Cicero saith out of Plat••es Phaedro, it may be understood of what we dispute. And be∣cause we attaine that by definition (which is a short and plaine speech, consisting of the Genus and difference of the things defined, being the essentiall parts, by which the nature and essence of the thing, is briefly and plainely explained) first we define Ana∣tomy, then presently explaine the particular parts of the definition.

Wherefore Anatomy, (if you have regard to the name) is a perfect and absolute devision, or artificiall resolution of mans body into its parts, as well generall as par∣ticular, * 1.9 as well compound as simple. Neither may this definition seeme illegitimate, specially amongst Physitions and Chirurgions. For seeing they are Artizans humilia∣ted to the senfe, they may use the proper and common qualities of things for their es∣sentiall differences and formes. As on the contrary, Philosophers may refuse all defi∣nitions * 1.10 as spurious, which consist not of the next Genus and the most proper, and es∣sentiall

differences. But seeing that, through the imbecilitie of our understanding, such differences are unknowne to us, in their places we are compelled in defining things, to draw into one many common and proper accidents, to finish that definition which we intend, which for that cause wee may more truly call a description, because for the matter and essentiall forme of the thing, it presents us onely the matter adorned with certaine accidents. This appeares by the former definition, in which Division and Resolution stand for the Genus, because they may be parted into divers others, as it were into species. That which is added over and besides, stands in place of the diffe∣rence, because they separate and make different the thing it selfe from all other rash and unartificiall dissections. We must know an artificiall division, is no other than a separation of one part from another, without the hurt of the other, observing the proper circumscription of each of them; which if they perish or be defaced by the division, it cannot be said to be artificiall; and thus much may suffice for the parts of the definition in generall.

For as much as belongs to the explication of each word; we said of Mans body, because, as much as lies in us, we take care of, preserve the health, and depell the ••i∣seases thereof, by which it may appeare that mans body is the subject of Physicke, * 1.11 not as it is mans, or consists of matter and forme, but as it is partaker of health and sicknesse.

Wee understand nothing else by a part, according to Galen, than some certaine * 1.12 body, which is not wholy disioyned, nor wholy united with other bodies of their kindes; but so that, according to his opinion, the whole being composed therewith, with which in some sort it is united, and in some kinde separated from the same, by their proper circumscription. Furthermore by the parts in generall, I understand the head, breast, belly, and their adjuncts. By the particular parts of those, I understand, * 1.13 the simple parts, as the similar, which are nine in number, as a gristle, bone, liga∣ment, membrane, tendon, nerve, veine, arterie, musculous flesh; some adde fibers, fat, marrow, the nailes and haires; other omit them as excrements; but wee must note that such parts are called simple, rather in the judgement of the sense, than of reason. For if any will more diligently consider the nature, they shall finde none ab∣solutely simple, because they are nourished, have life and sense, either manifest or obscure, which happens not without a nerve, veine, and artery.

But if any shall object, that no nerve is communicated to any bone, except the teeth; * 1.14 I will answer, that neverthelesse the bones have sense by the nervous fibers, which are communicated to them by the Periosteum, as by whose mediation the Periosteum is connext to the bones, as we see it happens to these membranes, which involue the bowels. And the bones, by this benefit of the animall sense expell the noxious and excrementitious humors from themselves into the spaces betweene them and the Pe∣riosteum, which as indued with a more quicke sense, admonisheth us, according to its office and dutie, of that danger which is ready to seaze upon the bones, unlesse it be prevented. Wherefore wee will conclude according to the truth of the thing, that there is no part in our body simple, but only some are so named and thought, accor∣ding to the sense; although also otherwise some may be truly named simple, as ac∣cording to the peculiar and proper flesh of each of their kindes. Those parts are cal∣led * 1.15 compound which are made or composed by the mediation, or immediately of these simple, which they terme otherwise organicall or instrumentall; as an arme, legge, hand, foote, and others of this kinde.

And here wee must observe, that the parts are called simple and similar, because they cannot be devided into any particles but of the same kinde; but the compound are called dissimular from the quite contrary reason. They are called instrumentall and organicall, because they can performe such actions of themselves, as serves for the preservation of themselves and the whole; as the eye of it selfe, without the assistance of any other part, seeth, and by this faculty defends the whole body, as also it selfe. Wherefore it is called an instrument or organe, but not any particle o•• it, as the coates, which cannot of it selfe performe that act. Whereby wee must under∣stand, * 1.16 that in each instrumentall part we must diligently observe foure proper parts. One by which the action is properly performed, as the Crystalline humour in the

eye; another without which the action cannot be performed, as the nerve & the other humors of the eye. The third, whereby the action is better and more conveniently done, as the tunicles and muscles. The fourth, by which the action is preserved, as the eye-lids and circle of the eye. The same may be said of the hand, which is the proper instrument of holding, for it performes this action; first by the muscle, as the principall part; Secondly, by the ligament, as a part without which such action can∣not be performed. Thirdly by the bones and nailes, because by the benefit of these parts, the action is more happily performed. Fourthly by the veines, arteries and skin, for that by their benifite and use, the rest, and so consequently the action it selfe is preserved.

But we must consider, that the instrumentall parts have a fourefold order. They * 1.17 as said to be of the first order, which are first and immediately composed of the sim∣ple, are onely the authors of some one action, of which kinde are the muscles and vessels. They are of the second which consist of these first simple, and others besides, as the fingers. They are counted of the third rancke, which are composed of parts of the second order and some besides, as the hand taken in generall. The fourth order is the most composed, as the whole body, the organ and instrument of the soule. But you must observe, that when we say the muscles and vessels are simple parts, we refer you to the sense and sight, and to the understanding, comparatively to the parts which are more compound; but if any consider their essence and constitution, he shall un∣derstand they are truly compound, as we said before. Now it remaines, that wee understand, that in each part, whether simple or compound, nine things are to bee considered, as substance, quantitie or magnitude, figure, composition, number, connexion, (by which name, we also understand the orginall and insertion) tempe∣rature, * 1.18 action, and use; that by the consideration of these things, every one may ex∣ercise the art of Physicke, in preserving health, curing diseases, or foreseeing their e∣vents and ends.

But also wee must note, that of the organicall parts, there be three, by whose power the body is governed; which for that cause they call regent and principall; * 1.19 because they governe all the rest; they are the liver, heart, and braine. But they are called principall, not onely because they are necessary for life (for the stomacke, winde-pipe, lungs, reines, bladder, and such like parts perhaps are equally as neces∣sary for life) but because from each of these three, some force, power, and facultie, or also matter necessary for the whole body, flow over all the body, when no such thing proceeds from the rest of the parts. For from the liver a matter fit for nou∣rishment, is distributed by the veines through all the body; from the heart the vitall force diffused by the arteries, imparts life to the whole body; from the braine by the nerves a power or facultie is carried through all the parts of the body, which gives them sense and motion.

Galen would have the Testicles to be of this kinde, not for the necessitie of the in∣dividuall, * 1.20 or peculiar body, but for the preservation of the Species or kind. And more∣over in his book de Semine comparing the Testicles with the heart, he makes them the more noble by this reason, that by how much it is better to live well and happily, than simply and absolutely to live, by so much the testicles are more excellent than the heart, because with them wee may live well and pleasantly, but with this simply live, as we see by the example of Eunuches, and such as are gelt, by which the Testi∣cles seeme rightly to be accounted amongst the principall parts; for nature seeing it desired, that this its worke should be immortall, for the attaining of that immortality which it intends, frames those parts, like as prudent founders of a Citie, who doo not onely procure to furnish their citie with many inhabitants, so long as they are in building it, but also that it may remaine in the same state and condition for ever, or at least for many ages. And yet notwithstanding of so many cities built in the first me∣mory of man, there remaines none, whose fame and state, together with the buil∣ders * 1.21 name is not decaied and perished. But this humane worke of nature, stands yet secure for this many thousand of yeares, and shall endure hereafter, because it hath found a way, by which every one may substitute another in his place before he depart. Hence it is that all creatures have members fit for generation, and pleasures inserted

in those members, by which they might be inticed to mutuall embraces and copula∣tions. But the mind, which hath dominion over those members, hath an incredible desire of propagating the issue, by which also brute beasts, incited, desire to propa∣gate their kinds for ever. For seeing that nature understands all these her workes considered particularly by themselves, are fraile and mortall, it hath done what it could to recompence that fatall necessitie of dying, by a perpetuall succession of indi∣viduals.

Hitherto we may seeme to have aboundantly shewed what necessitie of know∣ledge in Anatomy belongs to all Artizans in Physicke, and also what order is to be observed in the same. And lastly, how it is defined, and the reason of the parts of the definition. Wherefore it remaines that wee prosecute what wee have taken in hand; which is, that wee shew and declare how to know all and every the parts of mans body, how many, and what they be, and to understand wherefore they be. For al∣though the true knowledge of Anatomy may be perfected by the sight of the eye, and touching and handling each part with the hand, yet neverthelesse the labour of describing Anatomy is not unprofitable. For by reading, such as have often exer∣cised themselves in the dissecting of mens bodies may refresh and helpe their memo∣ries, and such as have not, may make plaine and easie the way to the understanding of dissections.

CHAP. I. The Division or partition of Mans body.

BY reason the partition of mans body can hardly be understood, if the distin∣ction of the proper faculties of the soule be not understood, for whose cause the body enjoyes that forme (which wee see) and devision into di∣vers instruments; Therefore I thought good in few words to touch that di∣stinction of the faculties of the soule, for the better understanding of the partition of the body which wee intend. Wherefore the soule, the perfection of the body, and * 1.22 beginning of all its functions, is commonly distinguished and that in the first and ge∣nerall division, into three faculties, which are the Animall, vitall, and naturall. But the Animall is devided into the principall, sensitive, and motive; Againe, the principall is distinguished into the imaginative, reasonable, and memorative. And the sensitive into Seeing, Hearing, Smelling, Tasting, and Touching. But the motive into pro∣gressive and apprehensive. And the vitall is devided into the dilative, and contra∣ctive facultie of the heart and arteries, which we know or understand by the pulsi∣ficke facultie. But the naturall is parted into the nutritive, auctive, and generative fa∣culties; which three performe their parts by the helpe and ministerie of five other faculties, which are, the Attractive, Retentive, Concoctive, Assimulative, and Ex∣pulsive.

After the selfe same manner, the organ or instrument of the soule, to wit, Mans bo∣dy, * 1.23 at the first division is distinguished into three parts, which from their office they call Animall, vitall, and naturall. These againe, according to the subdivision of the subalternall faculties, are devided particularly into other parts; so that any one may know the organe of each facultie, by the propertie of the function. For while o∣ther Anatomists devide mans body into foure universall and chiefe parts, they distin∣guish from the three first, those which they call the Extremities; neither doe they teach to what rancke of the three prime parts each extremitie should be reduced. From whence many difficulties happen in reading the writings of Anatomists; for shunning whereof, we will prosecute, as wee have said, that distinction of mans bo∣dy, which we have touched before.

Wherefore, as wee said before, mans body is devided into three principall and * 1.24 generall parts, Animall, Vitall, and Naturall. By the Animall parts; wee understand not onely the parts pertaining to the head, which are bounded with the crowne of the head, the coller-bones, and the first Vertebra of the breast, but also the extremi∣ties,

because they are organs and instruments of the motive facultie; 〈…〉〈…〉 seemes to have confirmed the same, where hee writes; Those who have a thicke and * 1.25 great head, have also great bones, nerves, and limbs. And in another place: h•••• ••aith, those who have great heads, and when they stoope shew a long necke, such have all their parts large, but chiefly the animal. Not for that Hippocrates would therefore have the head the beginning and cause of the magnitude and greatnesse of the bones, and the rest of the members; but that he might shew the equallity, and private-••are or government of nature, being most just and exact in the fabricke of mans body, as if she hath well framed the head, it should not be unlike, that shee idlely or carele•…•…y neglected the other parts which are lesse seene. I thought good to dilate this passage, least any might abuse that authoritie of Hippocrates, and gather from thence, that not onely the bones, membranes, ligaments, gristles, and all the other animall parts, but also the veines and arteries depend on the head as the originall. But if any ob∣serve this our distinction of the parts of the body, he will understand wee have a farre other meaning.

By the vitall parts, we understand onely the heart, arteries, lungs, winde-pipe, and * 1.26 other particles annexed to these. But by the naturall, wee would have all those parts understood which are contained in the whole compasse of the Peritonaeum or Rim of the body, and the processes of the Erythroides, the second coate of the Testicles. For as much as belongs to all the other parts, which we call containing; they must be rec∣koned in the number of the animall, which notwithstanding, we must thus devide in∣to principall, sensitive, and motive; and againe, each of these in the manner follow∣ing. For first the principall is devided into the imaginative, which is the first and up∣per part of the braine, with its two ventricles and other annexed particles; into the * 1.27 reasoning, which is a part of the braine, lying under the former, and as it were the toppe thereof with its third ventricle. Into the memorative, which is the cerebell•…•… or afterbraine, with a ventricle hollowed in its substance. Secondly, the sensitive is parted into the visive, which is in the eyes; the auditive, in the eares; the smelling▪ in the nose; the tasting, in the tongue and palate; the tactive, or touching which is in the body, but most exquisite in the skinne which invests the palmes of the hands. Thirdly, the motive, is devided into the progressive, which intimates the legges, and the com∣prehensive, which intimates the hands. Lastly, into simply motive, which are three parts, called bellies, for the greatest part terminating and containing; for the vitall, the instrument of the faculty of the heart, and dilatation of the arteries, are the direct or streight fibers, but of the constrictive the transverse; but the three kinds of fibers * 1.28 together, of the pulsificke; or if you please you may devide them into parts serving for respiration, as are the lungs, and weazon, and parts serving for vitall motion, as are the heart and arteries, furnished with these fibers, which we formerly mentioned. The devision of the naturall parts remaines, which is into the nourishing, auctive and generative, which againe are distributed into attractive, universall, and particular; * 1.29 retentive, concoctive, distributive, assimulative, & expulsive. The attractive, as the gul∣let and upper orifice of the ventricule; the retentive, as the Pylorus or lower passage of the stomacke; the concoctive, as the body of the ventricle, or its inner coate; the distributive, as the three small guts; the expulsive, as the three great guts; we may say the same of the liver, for that drawes by the mesaraicke and gate veines, retaines by the narrow orifices of the veines dispersed through the substance thereof; it con∣cocts by its proper flesh; distributes by the hollow veine, expels by the spleene, blad∣der of the gall and kidneies. We also see the parts in the testicles devided into as many functions; for they draw by the preparing vessels; retaine by the varieous crooked passages; in the same vessels they concoct the seed by the power of their proper sub∣stance and facultie; they distribute by the ejaculatorie, at the glandules called Pro∣stata, and the hornes of the wombe, supplying the place of prostates; Lastly, they expell or cast forth by the prostates, hornes, and adjoyning parts. For as much as be∣longs to the particular attraction, retention, concoction, distribution, assimulation of each part, that depends of the particular temper, and as they terme it, occulte proper∣tie of each similar and simple part. Neither doe these particular actions differ from the universall, but that the generall are performed by the assistance of the three sorts

of fibers, but the speciall by the severall occult propertie of their flesh, arising from their temperature, which we may call a specificke propertie. Now in the composi∣tion of mans body, nature principally aimes at three things. The first is, to create parts necessary for life, as are the heart, braine, and liver. The second, to bring forth other for the better and more commodious living, as the eyes, nose, eares, armes and hands. The third is, for the propagation and renewing the species or kind, as the privie parts, testicles, and wombe. And this is my opinion, of the true di∣stinction of mans body, furnished with so many parts, for the performance of so ma∣ny faculties; which you, if you please, may approve of and follow. If not, you may follow the common and vulgar, which is, into three bellies, or capacities, the upper, middle, lower (that is, the head, breast and lower belly) and the limbs or joints. * 1.30 In which by the head we doe not understand all the Animall parts, but onely those which are from the crowne of the head to the first vertebra of the necke, or to the first of the backe, if according to the opinion of Galen Lib. de ossibus, where he makes mention of Enarthrosis and Arthrodia, we reckon the necke amongst the parts of the head. By the brest, whatsoever is contained from the coller bones to the ends of the true and bastard, or short ribbs, and the midriffe. By the lower belly, the rest of the trunke of the body, from the ends of the ribbs to the share-bones; by the limbs, we understand the armes and legges. We will follow this division in this our Ana∣tomicall discourse, because wee cannot follow the former in dissecting the parts of mans body, by reason the animall parts are mutually mixed with the vitall and na∣turall, and first of the lower belly.

Nature would not have this lower belly bony, because the ventricle might bee * 1.31 more easily dilated by meate and drinke, children might grow the better, and the body be more flexible. It is convenient we beginne our Anatomicall administration from this, because it is more subject to putrifaction than the rest, both by reason of its cold and moist temperature, as also by reason of the feculent excrements therein contained. Yet before we goe any further, if the Anatomicall administration must be performed in publike, the body bring first handsomely placed, and all the instru∣ments necessary for dissection made ready, the belly must be devided into its parts, of which some containe, and othersome are contained.

They are called containing, which make all that capacity which is terminated by the Peritonaeum or Rim of the belly. The vpper part whereof is bounded by Galen * 1.32 within the compasse of the direct muscles, and by a generall name is called Epigastri∣um, or the vpper part of the lower belly. That againe is devided into three parts, that is, into that which is above the navell, and which carries the name of the whole, into that which is about the navell, and is called the umbilicall or middle part; and lastly, into that which is below the navell, called the Hypogastrium, or the lower part of the lower belly.

In every of which three parts there be two laterall, or side parts to be considered, as in the Epigastrium, the right and left Hypochondria, which are bounded above and * 1.33 below, in the compasse of the midriffe, and the short ribbs. In the vmbilicall the two Lumbares (some call them Latera sides) which on both sides from the lowest parts of the breast, are drawne to the flankes, or hanch-bones; in the Hypogastrium, the two Ilia, or flankes, bounded with the hanch and share-bones. Neither am I ignorant, the Ilia or flankes, which the Greekes call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 signifie all the emptie parts, from the ends of the ribs, even to the hanch-bones, whereupon they also call them 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 as if you should say, empty spaces, because they are not encompassed with any bone. Yet I thought good that this doctrine of deviding the belly should be more di∣stinct, to call the parts which are on each side the navell Lumbares, and those on the lower part of the lower belly Ilia, flankes. But we must observe that the Ancients have been so diligent in deciphering the containing parts, that as exactly as might be, they designed the bowells contained in the belly, which being diverse lie in sundrie places; for the greater portion of the liver lies under the right Hypochondrium; un∣der the left almost all the ventricle and spleene. Vnder the Epigastrium the lower ori∣fice of the ventricle, and the smaller portion of the liver; In the Lumbares, or fides, in the right and upper part the right kidney, in the lower part towards the flancke, the

blinde gut; in the middle part thereof the collicke and emptie guts. In the upper part of the left side lies the left kidney, in the middle part, the rest of the emptie and collike guts. Vnder the region of the navell, lies the girdle or upper part of the kall, the collike gut thrusting it selfe also through that way. Vnder the Ilia or flankes, the right and left, lie the greater part of the gut Ileon, the hornes of the wombe in women bigge with child, and the spermaticke vessels in men and women. Vnder the Hypogastrium in the lower part lies the right, or straight gut, the bladder, wombe, and the rest of the kall.

If we know, and well understand these things, wee shall more easily discerne the * 1.34 parts affect by the place of the paine, and cure it by fit application of remedies, with∣out the hurting of any part. The distinction of such places, and the parts in those places, as seeming most profitable, I have thought good to illustrate by the placing these two following figures, in which thou hast deciphered, not onely the forefaid parts, containing, and contained, but also of the whole body, and many other things which may seeme to conduce to the knowledge of the mentioned parts. The Figures are these.

[illustration]

The Figure shewing the foreparts of the body.

A The hairy Scalp, cald 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

b the forehead cald Frons. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

c the temples cald tēpora, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

From b to d The compasse of the face.

e The greater or inward corner of the eyes, cald Canthus internus.

f The lesser or externall angle of the eye, cald Canthus externus,

* The lower eyebrow which is im∣moveable, Palpebra.

g The cheek-ball cald mala, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

h The chek-puf cald bucca, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

i The ridge of the nose cald Nasus externus, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

k The nosthrils cald nares, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

l The outward care; auris externa.

m The mouth made of the two lips, Os.

n The chin called mentum, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

o The necke, collum 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

From o. to e. the pillar of the necke, truneus, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

pp The hollow of the necke, called iuguli, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

qq The patel bones, claves 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

r The chest pectus, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

s The right brest.

ss The left brest: to this Region we apply cordiall Epithemations moist and drie.

tt The nipples of the brests, Pa∣pillae 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

u The trench of the heart which the Ancients called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Latines scrobiculus Cordis. This part is annointed for the mouth of the stomacke.

From u to E, the lower belly, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

χ. The Epigastirum or upper part. of the lower belly.

yy. The Hypocondria or Praecor∣dia.

* The outward Liver-remedies are applied to this place.

Z. The region of the navill, c••l∣lep umbilicalis, or the middle part of the lower belly.

A. The navill umbilicus. The roote of the belly 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

BB. The side, Latera, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. and in our Author, Lumbi seu Lumbaris regio.

C. Hypogastrium, the water∣course, Aqualiculus, the lower part of the lower beelley, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

DD. The flankes called Ilia and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

E. The Groine called pubes or pecten, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

FF. The Leske cald inguen, where those tumors are cald Bubones.

G. the yard with the foreskinne, penis cumpraeputi••.

H. the stones or testicles, with the cod or scrotum.

II. the shoulders humeri, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

KK. the armes Brachia, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

L. the bowt of the arme, called Gibber, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

M. the out side of the lower part of the arme cald cubitus 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

N. the wrest called Brachial•• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

O. the after-wrest postbrachiale, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

P. the Palme called Palma or volo manus, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

Q the backe of the hand Dorsum manus, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

QQ. the fore ann middle part of the thigh, where wee apply cuppingglasses to bring downe womens courses, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

RR. the knee, genus 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

SS. the leg, Tibia 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

TT. the calfe of the leg sura, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

VV. the instep, tarsus,

XX. the top of the foote Dor∣sum pedis, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

YY. the inner Ankles, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 ZZ. the outward anckles. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the toes of the feete, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the place under the inward anckle, vvher•• the veine called Saphe•••• is opened.

[illustration]

The Figure of the backe parts of a man.

A The forepart of the head, synciput, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

B. the top or crowne of the head vertex, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

C. the hinder-part of the head, occiput, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

From D. to D. the face, Facies. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

* E. the eyebrowes supercilia, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

F. the upper eye-lid, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

* The tip of the nose cald globulus nasi.

H. the backe part of the neeke, cald cervix, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. and the nuke or nape of the necke. There is a hollownesse at the top of this cervix, where wee apply Seatons.

I. the backe part of the shoulder top, called ax∣illa, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

KK. the shoulder blades scapulae, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

1, 2, 3. On this place wee set cupping glasses.

4, 5, 6, 7. the backe dorsum, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

8, 9. the ridge, spina dorsi, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

L the arme hole, ala, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

* the elbow, Gibber brachij.

M M M M. the sides, Latera.

N N the loines Lumbi, or the region of the kid∣neyes, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

O O. the place of the hips, coxendices, where we apply remedies for the Sciatica.

P. the place of the holy-bone, or Os sacrum where we apply remedies in the diseases of the right gut.

Q. the place of the Rumpe or Coccyx.

RR. the buttocks Nates, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

SS. the backe parts of the thigh, Femen.

TT. the ham, Poples, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

VV. the calfe of the leg, sura.

XX. the foote or paru••s pes, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

YY. the utter ancle, Malleolus externus.

ZZ. the heele, calx or calca••eus, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

aa the sole of the foote Planta pedis, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

b the inside of the lower part of the arme called Vlna, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

c. the outside of the same, Cubitus 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

dd the wrest, Carpus

ee the backe part of the hand, dorsum manus. g. the forefinger index 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. h, the thumb, pollex, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

i. the middle finger, medius, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

k the rig-finger Annularis, medicus, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

l. the little finger, Auricularis, minimus, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

CHAP. II. Of the containing parts of the Epigastrium, and the preparation to Anatomicall administration.

THe containing parts of the Epigastrium are the Epidermis or thinne outward * 1.35 skinne, the true skinne, the fleshie or fatty Pannicle, the eight muscles of the Epigastrium with their common coate, the Rim of the belly, the five vertebra's of the loines, all the holy-bone, the hanch-bone, share-bone, the white line, and midriffe. Of these parts some are common to the whole body, as the three first; the other proper to the parts contained in the Epigastrium taken in generall. Which that you may see in their order, first you must cut round about the navell, to the upper superficies of the muscles, that so wee may keepe it, till such time, as occasion shall offer it self, to shew the vmbilicall vessels lying in that place, which are one veine, two arteries, & the vrachus (if it be there.) Which being done, you must draw a straight line from the chest, over the breast-blade, even to the share-bone, which may divide the common containing parts, even to the white line.

Then presently it will be convenient to draw two other lines acrosse, or overtwhart, of the like depth on each hand, from the circumference of the navell, even to the sides, that so on each part wee may draw the skinne more commodiously from the parts lying vnder it; the sight of which otherwise it would hinder. These things being done, the skinne must bee devided from the parts lying under it from the de∣signed circumference left about the navell. Wee must teach how the skinne is two-fold, the true and false, and render a reason of the name, which we will every where doe, as farre as the thing will suffer, and it shall lie in our power. And in doing or examining these things, it will be convenient diligently to inquire into the nine things mentioned in the preface. Wee will beginne with the skinne, because that part is first obvious to our senses.

CHAP. III. Of the utmost skinne or Cuticle.

THe skinne being the first part, and spred over all the body, is twofold, that * 1.36 is, the true, and bastard skinne. The true is called by the Greekes Derma, which may almost every where be pulled from the parts lying under it, which it invests; except in the face, eares, the palmes of the hands, soles of the feete, fingers, and privities, where it stickes so close that it cannot be sepa∣rated.

The bastard (which first of all wee will declare, because it first presents it selfe to our sight) is by the Greekes called Epidermis; because it covers the true skinne, they terme it commonly the Cuticle. The substance of it is excrementitious, and as it * 1.37 were a certaine drie flouring, or production of the true skinne. That it drawes not its substance from the seede is apparent by this, that as it is easily lost, so it is easily repaired, which happens not in parts truly spermaticall. This utmost thinne skinne, or cuticle, may two manner of wayes be made apparent by it selfe, and separated from the other, as by burning with fire, or ardent heate of the Sunne (in some de∣licate bodies, and such as are not accustomed to be conversant in Sun-shine.) The quantitie in thicknesse is very small; but the extent is most large, because it covers * 1.38 all the skinne; the figure of it is round, and long, like those parts which it invests. * 1.39 The composure of it is obscure; yet because this Cuticle is the excrement of the true skinne, wee say it hath its matter from the excrementitious superfluitie of the nerves, veines, arteries, and substance of the true skinne.

It is in number one, like as the true skinne which it outwardly covers, that it might be a medium betweene the object, and fixed facultie of touching, diffused o∣ver * 1.40 all the true skinne which every where lies under it. For the temperature, by the common consent of Physitions, it is in the midst of all excesse; for that seeing it is * 1.41 the medium betweene the object and facultie, if it should be hotter, colder, moister, or drier, it would deceive the facultie by exhibiting all objects, not as they are of themselves, but as it should be; no otherwise than as to such as looke through red or greene spectacles, all things appearered, or greene. Wherefore for this reason it was convenient the cuticle should be void of all sense. It hath no action in the body; but it hath use, for it preserves and beautifies the true skin; for it seemes to be given by the singular indulgence of nature, to be a muniment and ornament, to the true * 1.42 skinne. This providence of nature, the industrie of some Artizans (or rather Curti∣zans) doth imitate, who for to seeme more beautifull, doe smooth and polish it. By this you may understand; that not all the parts of the body have action, yet have they their use, because, according to Aristotles opinion; Nature hath made nothing in vaine. Also you must note that this thinne skinne, or cuticle being lost, may eve∣rie where be regenerated, unlesse in the place which is covered with a scarre. For * 1.43 here the true skinne being deficient, both the matter and former facultie of the cuti∣cle is wanting.

CHAP. IIII. Of the true skinne.

THe true skinne called by the Greekes Derma, is of a spermaticke substance, * 1.44 wherefore being once lost, it cannot be restored as formerly it was. For in place thereof comes a scarre, which is nothing else but flesh dried be∣yond * 1.45 measure. It is of sufficient thicknesse, as appeares by the separating from the flesh.

But for the extent thereof it encompasses the whole body, if you except the eyes, eares, nose, privities, fundament, mouth, the ends of the fingers where the nailes grow, that is, all the parts by which any excrements are evacuated. The figure of it * 1.46 is like the cuticle round and long, with its productions, with which it covers the extremities of the parts.

It is composed of nerves, veines, arteries, and of a proper flesh and substance * 1.47 of its kinde, which wee have said to bee spermaticall, which ariseth from the processe of the secundine, which leade the spermaticke vessels even to the navell, in which place each of them into the parts appointed by nature, send forth such vessels, as are spread abroad and diffused from the generation of the skinne. Which also the similitude of them both, that is, the skinne and membrane Chorion do argue. For as the Chorion is double, without sense, encompassing the whole in∣fant, lightly fastened to the first coate which is called Amnios; so the skinne is double, and of it selfe insensible (for otherwise the nerves were added in vaine from the parts * 1.48 lying under it) ingirting the whole body, lightly cleaving to the fleshie Pannicle. But if any object that the Cuticle is no part of the true skinne, seeing it is wholy dif∣ferent from it, and easily to be separated from it, and wholly void of sense: I will an∣swer, these arguments doe not prevaile. For that the true skinne is more crasse, thicke, sensible, vivide, and fleshie, is not of it selfe, being rather by the assistance and admix∣ture of the parts, which derived from the three principall it receives into its proper substance; which happens not in the cuticle. Neither if it should happen would it be better for it, but verily exceeding ill for us, because so our life should lie fit and open to receive a thousand externall injuries, which encompasse us on every side, as the violent and contrary accesse of the foure first qualities.

There is only one skin, as that which should cover but one body, the which it every * 1.49 where doth, except in those places I formerly mentioned. It hath connexion with the parts lying under it by the nerves, veines, and arteries, with those subjacent parts * 1.50 put forth into the skinne investing them, that there may be a certaine communion of all the parts of the body amongst themselves.

It is cold and drie in its proper temper in respect of its proper flesh and substance, * 1.51 for it is a spermaticall part. Yet if any consider the finewes, veines, arteries, and fleshie threds which are mixed in its body, it will seeme temperate, and placed as it were in the midst of contrarie qualities, as which hath growne up from the like por∣tion of hote, cold, moist, and drie bodies. The vse of the skinne is to keepe safe and sound the continuitie of the whole body, and all the parts thereof, from the * 1.52 violent assault of all externall dangers, for which cause it is every where indewed with sense, in some parts more exact, in others more dull, according to the dignitie and necessitie of the parts which it ingirts, that they might all be admonished of their safetie and preservation. Lastly, it is penetrated with many pores, as breathing pla∣ces, as we may see by the flowing out of sweate, that so the arteries in their diastole might draw the encompassing aire into the body, for the tempering and nourishing of the fixed inbred heate, and in the Systole expell the fuliginous excrement, which in Winter supprest by the cold aire encompassing us, makes the skinne blacke and rough. Wee have an argument and example of breathing through these, by drawing the aire in by transpiration, in women troubled with the mother, who with∣out * 1.53 respiration live onely for some pretty space by transpiration.

CHAP. V. Of the fleshie Pannicle.

AFter the true skinne, followes the membrane, which Anatomists call the fleshy Pannicle, whose nature that we may more easily prosecute and de∣clare, we must first shew what a membrane is, and how many wayes the word is taken. Then wherefore it hath the name of the fleshie Pannicle. A membrane therefore is a simple part, broade and thin, yet strong and dense, white and nervous, and the which may easily, without any great danger be extended * 1.54 and contracted. Sometimes it is called a coate, which is, when it covers and de∣fends some part. This is called the fleshie Pannicle; because in some parts it degene∣rates * 1.55 into flesh, and becomes musculous, as in a man from the coller bones, to the haire of the head, in which part it is therefore called the broad muscle, where as in o∣ther places it is a simple membrane, here and there intangled with the fat lying under it, from whence it may seeme to take or borrow the name of the fatty Pannicle. But in beasts (whence it tooke that name, because in those a fleshie substance maketh a * 1.56 great part of this Pannicle) it appeares manifestly fleshie and musculous over all the body, as you may see in Horses, and Oxen; that by that meanes being moveable, they may drive and shake off their flies, and other troublesome things, by their sha∣king and contracting their backs. These things considered, we say the fleshie Pannicle in its proper body, is of a nervous or membranous substance, as that which hath its o∣riginall * 1.57 from the coate Amnios, (which is next to the infant) dilated neare to the na∣vell and stretched forth for the generation of this Pannicle; in which thing I thinke good to note, that as the membranes Chorion and Amnios mutually interwoven with small nervous fibers, encompasse and invest the child, as long as it is contained in the wombe; so the skinne and fleshie Pannicle knit together by such like bands, engirt the whole body.

Therefore the fleshie Pannicle is equall in magnitude and like in figure to the * 1.58 true skinne, but that it lies under it, and is contained in it, in some places mixt with the fat, in others encreased by the flesh interwoven with it, and in other some is one∣ly a simple membrane. * 1.59

The composition of it is such, as the sight of it presents to our eye, that is, of veines, arteries, nerves, and the proper flesh, some whites mixed and interlaced with fat, and sometimes with musculous flesh. It is but one, by reason of the use wee shall presently shew; It is situated betweene the skinne and fat, or common coate of the muscles, annexed to these and the other parts lying under it, by the veines, nerves, and arteries ascending from these inward parts, and implanting themselves into the substance thereof, and then into the true skinne.

The temperature thereof is diverse, according to the varietie of the parts inter∣woven with it. The use of it is, to leade, direct, and strengthen in their passage, the * 1.60 vessels which are disseminated into the true skinne, and the whole superficies of the body. But in beasts it hath another commoditie, that is, it gives a shaking or trembling motion to their skinne and backe, for that cause we formerly touched.

CHAP. VI. Of the Fat.

THe fat comming neare the condition of an excrement, rather than of a * 1.61 part (as we said, when we treated of the simular parts) is of an oily sub∣stance, bred of the aiery and vaporous portion of the bloud, which swea∣ting through the pores of the coates, or mouthes of the vessels, becomes concreate about the membranes, and nerves, and cold bodies, and turnes into fat by the coldnesse of the place. Whereby we may know that cold, or a more remisse heate, is the efficient cause of fat, which is manifest by contemplation not onely of crea∣tures * 1.62 of diverse kindes, but also by those of the same species and sexe, if so be that the one be colder than the other.

By which we may understand that the fat is the more or lesse in quantity according * 1.63 to the different temper of the whole body, and of its particular parts; for its compo∣sition, it consists of that portion of the blood which we formerly mentioned, in∣termixt * 1.64 with certaine membranes, nervous fibers, veines and arteryes. The greatest part of it lyes betweene the fleshy pannicle and the common coate of the * 1.65 Muscles, * 1.66 Otherwiseit is diffused over all the body, in some places more, in some lesse, yet it is alwaies about the nervous bodyes, to which it delights to cleave. Most Anatomists enquire whether the fat lye above or beneath the fleshy pannicle. But me thinkes this question is both impertinent and idle; being we often see the fat to be on both sides. It is of a middle temper betweene heat and cold, being it ariseth of the more aery portion of the blood; although it may seeme cold in respect of the efficient cause, that is, of cold by which it concreats. For the rest, moisture is predo∣minant in the fat. The use therof is, to moisten the parts which may become dry by long fasting, vehement exercise or immoderate heat, and besides to give heat, or keep the parts warme. Although it doe this last rather by accident, than of its owne nature, as heated by exercise, or by some such other chance; it heats the adjacent parts, or may therefore be thought to heat them, because it hinders the dissipation of the na∣tive and internall heat; like as cold heats in winter, whereby the bellyes are at that time the hotter. I know some learned Phisitions of our time stiffly maintained, that the fat was hot, neither did they acknowledge any other efficient cause thereof, than tem∣perate heat and not cold. But I thinke it best to leave the more subtle agitation of these questions to naturall Philosophers. But we must note, that at the joints which are more usually moved, there is another sort of fat, farre more solid and hard, than that which we formerly mentioned, often found mixed with a viscid and tough humor like the whites of Eggs, that so it might be sufficient for a longer time to moisten these parts, subject to be hurt by drynesse, and make them slippery & so fitter for mo∣tion, in imitation whereof they usually grease hard bodyes, which must be in frequent motion, as coach wheeles and axeltrees. And there is another kind of fat, which is called Sevum, seame, in one thing differing from the ordinary fat, that is much dryer; the moister and softer portion of the fat being dissipated by the raging heat of the place. For it is found principally about the midriffe, where there are many windings * 1.67 of arteryes and veines, and it is also about the reines, Loines, and basis of the heart. The fat is wasted by long fasting; is dryed and hardened by vehement exercise and immoderate heate. Hence it is that it is much more compact in the palmes of the hands, and soles of the feet, about the eyes and heart, so that it resembles the flesh in densitie and hardnesse; because by the continuall motion and strong heat of these parts, the thinner portion being dissipated & diffused, the more Grosse & terrestriall remaine.

CHAP. VII. Of the common coate of the Muscles.

NExt under the fat, appeares a certaine coate, spred over all the Muscles, and called the common coate of the Muscles, it is of a nervous substance; * 1.68 as all other membranes are. The quantity and breadth thereof is bounded * 1.69 by the quantity of the Muscles which it involves, and fits it selfe to, as that which en∣compasses the Muscles of the Epigastrium, is of equall largnesse with the same Mus∣cles. The figure of it is round: It is composed of veines, nerves, arteryes and its * 1.70 peculiar flesh consisting of three sorts of fibers; the beginning of it is from the Perio∣stium, in that part where the bones give ligaments to the Muscles; or according to the opinion of others, of the nervous and ligamentous fibers of the Muscles, which rising up and diffused over the fleshy superficies thereof, are united for the generation of this coate. But this membrane arising from the Periostium (as every membrane which * 1.71 is below, the head takes its originall from the Periostium either primarily, by the inter∣position of no Medium, or secondarily) is stretched over the Muscles by their tendons. But if any object, that this membrance pluct from the belly of the Muscle, may seeme

to end in a ligament. I will answer, that it is the condition of every nervous part, so to binde or fasten it selfe to another part of his owne kinde as to a stay, so that it can scarse be pluckt from thence. We see the proofe hereof, in the Peritonaeum or Rim in the Epigastrium or lower part of the lower belly. That which covers the Muscles of the Epigastrium is but one, unlesse you had rather part it in two, the right and the * 1.72 left distinguished by the interposition of the Linea Alba, or white Line. It is scituate betwixt the fat and Muscles; for it is fastened above and below to these parts with * 1.73 fibers, which in smallnesse and fitnesse exceed the Spiders web. But by its vessells, it participates with the three principall parts, and is of a cold and dry temper. The use * 1.74 of it is, to containe the Muscles in their naturall vnion, and to keepe them as much as in it lyes, from putrifaction, which may happen to them from pus or matter, which is often cast forth of the simular parts into the empty spaces and distances of the Muscles. Wherefore going about to separate the fat of the Epigastrium (where thou must begin the dissection of mans body) you must have a care, that you hurt it not with your knife, but that, before you touch the Muscles, see you artificially take it away, that you may the more easily separate the Muscles lying under it, distin∣guished by a manifest space at the white Line, which is made by the meeting toge∣ther * 1.75 of the proper coates of all those muscles.

CHAP. VIII. What a Muscle is, and how many differences there be thereof.

A Muscle is the instrument of voluntary motion; and simple voluntary moti∣on is performed six manner of wayes, upwards, downewards, forwards, * 1.76 backwards, to the right hand and to the left; but the compound one * 1.77 way, which is circularly, the which is performed by the continuall succession of the motion of the Muscles ingirting the part. Such a Motion Falconers use when they stretch forth their hand and Lure their Hauke. We have some parts, which have motion without a Muscle, but that motion is not voluntary; such parts be the heart, stomacke, gutts, both the bladders (that is, that of the Gall and that of the urine) and diverse other which have the motions of attraction, expulsion and retention, by the meanes of the three sorts of fibers; for they draw by the right, expell by the transverse; and retaine by the oblique. The differences of Muscles which are many * 1.78 and diverse, are taken from their substance, originall, insertion into the part which they move, for me or figure, holes or openings, magnitude, colour, site, kind of fibers, their conjugation or connexion, heads, bellyes, tendons? opposition in action and office. Some in substance are nervous, venous, arterious, because they have mani∣fest * 1.79 nerves, veines and arteryes, as the Midriffe, the Intercostall and Epigastricke Muscles and many more, and that for their difference from other Muscles, into which neither nerve nor veine, or Arteryes are manifestly inserted, although secretly they admit them all for sense and motion, life and nourishment, such are the Muscles of the wrest, the wormy muscles of the hands and feet; for if there be any nerves observed in them, they are very small. Some had rather make the difference of Muscles thus, that some of them are fleshy, some nervous, others membranous. From their Ori∣ginall, * 1.80 some arise from the bones, as these which move the hands, armes and Leggs; others from gristles, as the Muscles of the throat; others from membranes which in∣vest the tendons, as the wormy Muscles of the hands and feet; others from ligaments as the Extenders of the fingers; others from other muscles, as the two lower Muscles of the yard which proceed from the Sphincter Muscle of the fundament. Others have no originall, as the membrane which we call the fleshy pannicle assumes flesh in certaine places, and degenerates into a Muscle; such are the Cremaster or hanging Muscles of the testicles, the large Muscles of the face, and if you please the Midriffe, as that which is composed of two coates, the one in compassing the ribbs and the Peri∣tonaeum, hath flesh in the midst betweene the two membranes. And moreover some Muscles have their originall from one onely bone, as these which bend and extend

the Cubite, others arise of many bones as the oblique descending, the Dorsall and many Muscles of the necke, with arise together from many spondyls and sides of spondyls. There be others according to the opinion of some men, both from the bones and gristles of the Pubis at the right or direct Muscles of the Epigastrium, yet by their favour I thinke otherwise. Because by the Anatomicall and received axiome, A * 1.81 Muscle is there thought to take his beginnings from whence he receives a nerve; but these Muscles take a nerve from the intercostall muscles, wherefore their originall ought to be referred to the sides of the brest blades, as shall be shewed in due place. * 1.82 From their insertion arise these differences, some are inserted into a bone, as those which move the head, Armes and Legs; others into a gristle, as those of the Throtle, eyelids, nose and the obliqueascendant muscles of the Epigastrium; some into a bone and gristle both, as the right muscles of the Epigastrium and the Midriffe; some into the skin, as the muscles of the lips; others into the Coates as the muscles of the eyes; others into Ligaments, as the muscles of the yeard. But these differences following may be drawne both from their insertion and originall. For some muscles arising from many parts, are inserted into some one part, as divers of these which move the arme, and the shoulder, which arising from many spondiles are inserted into the bone of the shoulder and the shoulder blade. Others arise from one part, and in∣sert themselves into more, as those which arise from the bottome of the shoulder blades, are extended and inserted into some eight or nine of the upper ribbs, to helpe respiration; and the benders and extenders of the fingers and toes; Others arising from many bones are inserted into as many, as some of those which serve for respiration, to wit those which we call the hinder Saw-muscles and the Semispinatus, which sends a tendon into all the ribbs. Others have their originall from many bones, and end in gristles of the seven ribbs, as those two which lye under the Sternon. Moreover also these differences of muscles may be drawne from the originall and insertion, that some proceed from bones and are inserted into the next bone, to helpe and strengthen the motion thereof, as the three muscles of the Hip; others arise from an upper bone & are not inserted into the next, but into some other, as the long muscles. Some are named from the part they move, as the temporall muscles because they move the tem∣ples; others from their office, as the grinding muscles, because they move the skin as a mill, to grinde asunder the meale. From their forme or figure, because some are like * 1.83 Mice, other like Lizards which have their Leggs cut off, for that they imitate in their belly, body or tendon, the belly or taile of such creatures, & from whence the names of Musculus and Lacertus are derived. Such are those which bend the wrest, and which are fastened to the bone of the Leg, & which extend the foot; Others are triangular, as that which lifts up the arme, called Epomis or Deltoides, and that which drawes the arme to the breast, called the Pectorall muscle. Others quadrangular as the Rhomboides, or Lozenge muscle of the shoulder blade and the two hindesum-muscles serving for respiration, and two of the wrests which turne down the hand; Others consist of more than foure angles, as the oblique descending, and that muscle with joynes it selfe to it from the shoulder blade; others are round and broad, as the Midriffe, others circular as the Sphincter muscle of the fundament and bladder; others are of a pyramidall figure, as the seaventh muscle of the eye, which compasses the opticke nerve in beasts but not in men. Others have a semicirculer forme, as that which shuts up the eye feated at the lesser corner thereof. Others resemble a Monks cowle, or hood, as the Trapezius of the shoulder blade. Besides others at their first originall are narrow, but broad at their insertion, as the Saw-muscle of the shoulder and the transverse of the Epigastrium; others are quire contrary, as the three Muscles of the Hippe; others keepe an equall breadth or bignesse in all places, as the intercostall muscles and these of the wrest; others are long and slender, as the long muscle of the thigh; others are long and broad, as the oblique descending muscles of the Epigastrium; others are directly contrary, as the Intercostall, which are very narrow. From their perforati∣ons, * 1.84 for some are perforated, as the Midriffe which hath three holes, as also the ob∣lique and transverse of the Epigastrium, that so they may give passage forth to the preparing spermaticke vessells, and to the ejaculatory vessells, the Coate Erythroides associating and strengthening them; others are not perforated. From their magnitude * 1.85

for some are most large, as the two muscles of the Hipp, others very small, as the eight small muscles of the necke, and the proper muscles of the Throtle, and the wormy muscles. Others are of an indifferent magnitude. From their colour, for * 1.86 some are white and red, as the Temporall muscles, which have Tendons comming from the midst of their belly; others are livide, as the three greater muscles of the calfe of the leg, which colour they have by the admixtion of the white, or tendinous nervy coate with the red flesh, for this coat by its thicknesse darkning the colour of the flesh, so that it cannot shew its rednesse and fresh colour, makes it seeme of that livide colour. From their scituation, for some are superficiary, as those which ap∣peare * 1.87 under the skin and fat; others deepe in and hid, as the smooth and foure twin muscles; some are stretched out and as it were spred over in a streight and plaine passage, as the muscles of the thigh which move the legge, except the Ham-muscle; others oblique, as those of the Epigastrium; other some transverse, as the transverse of the Epigastrium, where you must observe; that although all the fibers of the muscles are direct, yet we call them oblique, and transverse by comparing them to the right muscles, as which by the concourse of the fibers make a streight or acute angle.

From the sorts of fibers; for some have one kinde of fiber; yet the greatest part enjoy two sorts running so up and downe, that they either are crossed like the letter * 1.88 X, as happens in the pectorall and grinding muscles; or else doe not concurre, as in the Trapezij. Others have three sorts of fibers, as the broad muscle of the face.

From their coherence and connexion, or their texture of nervous fibers; for * 1.89 some have fibers somewhat more distant and remote immediately at their originall, than in other places, as you may see in the muscles of the buttocks; Others in their midst and belly, which by reason thereof in such muscles is more big or tumid, their head and taile being slender, as happens in most of the muscles of the arme and leg, in which the dense masse of flesh interwoven with fibers, disioynes the fibers in so great a distance; in other some the fibers are more distant in the taile, as in the greater Saw-muscle arising from the bottome of the shoulder blade; in others they are equally distant through the whole muscle, as in the muscles of the wrest and be∣tweene the ribbs.

From their head; for in some it is fleshy interwoven with few fibers, as in the muscles of the buttocks; in others it is wholy nervous, as in the most-broad∣muscle * 1.90 common to the arme and shoulder blade, and in the three muscles of the thigh proceeding from the tuberosity of the hucle bone; in some it is nervous and fleshy as in the internall and externall muscle of the arme. Besides some have one head, others two, as the bender of the elbow and the externall of the legge, others three as the Threeheaded muscle of the thigh. But wee must note that the word nerve or sinew is here taken in a large signification, for a ligament, nerve and tendon, as Galen saith (Lib de Ossibus) and moreover we must observe, that the head of a muscle, is one while above, another while below, otherwhiles in the midst as in the Midriffe, as you may know by the insertion of the Nerve, because it enters the muscle by its head.

From their belly also, there be some differences of muscles taken; for some have * 1.91 their belly immediately at their beginning, as the muscles of the buttocks, others at their insertion, as the Midriffe. Others just at their head, as those which put forth the Calfe of the leg; in others it is somewhat further off, as in those which draw backe the arme, and which bend the legge; in others the belly extends even from the head to the taile, as in the intercostall muscles and these of the wrest; in others it is pro∣duced even to their insertion, as in those of the palmes of the hands and soles of the feet; some have a double belly, distinguished by a nervous substance; as those which open the mouth, and those which arise from the roote of the lower processe of the shoulder blade.

Moreover the differences of muscels are drawne also from the Tendons, for some * 1.92 have none, at least which are manifest, as the muscles of the lips and the sphincter muscles, the intercostall and those of the wrest; others have them in part; and want them in part, as the Midriffe; for the Midriffe wants a Tendon at the ends of the shorter ribs, but hath two at the first Vertebra of the Loines in which it is terminated;

Others have a Tendon indeede. But some of these move with the bone, some not, as the muscles of the eyes, and besides, some of these have broad and membranous tendons, as the muscles of the eyes and Epigastrium, except the right muscles; in others they are thicke and round, as in the benders of the fingers; in others they are lesse round, but more broad than thicke, such is the Tendon arising from the twin muscles and Soleus of the legge: others have short Tendons, as the muscles which turne downe the hand; othersome long, as those of the plames of the hands and soles of the feet; besides others produce Tendons, from the end of their belly which Tendons are manifest, others from the midst, as the Temporall muscles.

Besides also others diffuse many tendons from their belly, as in the hands the benders of the fingers, and the extenders of the feet. Othersome put forth but one, which sometimes is devided into many, as those which bend the third articulation of the foot; otherwhile many muscles by their meeting together make one Tendon, as the three muscles of the Calfe of the leg, and those which bend the cubit and leg. All tendons have their originall, when the nerves and ligaments dispersed through the fleshy substance of a muscle, are by litle and litle drawne and meet together, untill at last carried to the joynt they are there fastened for the fit bending and extension * 1.93 thereof. From the contrariety of their Actions, for some parts have contrary muscles, benders and extenders; Other parts have none, for the Cods and fundament have onely lifters up. From their function, for some are made for direct motions as those * 1.94 which extend the fingers and toes; others for oblique, as the Supinators of the hand and the Pronators; others performe both, as the pectorall muscle, which moves, the Arme obliquely upward and downeward, as the upper and lower fibers are con∣tracted; and also out right, if all the fibers be contracted together, which also happens to the Deltoides and Trapezius. I have thought it good to handle particularly these differences of muscles, because that by understanding them the prognosticke will be more certaine; and also the application of remedies to each part; and if any occasion be either to make incision, or suture, we may be more certaine, whether the part af∣fected be more, or lesse nervous.

CHAP. IX. Of the parts of a Muscle.

HAving declared the nature and differences of a muscle, we must note that * 1.95 some of the parts thereof are compound, or universall, others simple or particular. The compound are the head, Belly and taile. The simple are ligaments, a nerve, flesh, a veine, artery and coate. For the compound parts, by the head we understand the beginning and originall of a muscle, which is one while liga∣mentous and nervous, otherwhiles also fleshy. By the belly, that portion which is ab∣solutely fleshy; But by the taile, we understand a Tendon consisting partly of a nerve, partly of a ligament promiscuously comming forth from the belly of the muscle. For asmuch as belongs to the simple, which are sixe in number, three are called proper, and three common. The proper are a Ligament from a bone, a nerve pro∣ceeding from the Braine, or spinall marrow, and flesh compact by the concretion of blood. The Common are, a veine from the Liver or trunke arising from thence; an artery proceeding from the Heart, a Coate produced by the nervous & ligamentous fibers spreading over the superficies of the muscle. But for the simple use of all such parts, the nerve is as it were the principall part of a muscle, which gives it sense and motion, the Ligament gives strength, the flesh containes the nervous and liga∣mentous * 1.96 fibers of the muscle and strengthens it filling up all the void spaces, and also it preserves the native humidity of these parts and cherisheth the heat implanted in them; and to conclude, defends it from all externall injuries; for like a fan it oppo∣seth it selfe against the heat of the Sunne; and is as a garment against the cold; and as a cushion in all falls and bruises, and as a buckler or defence against wounding weapons. The veine nourishes the muscle, the arterie gives it life, the coat preserves

the harmony of all the parts thereof, lest they should be any wayes disioyned or cor∣rupted by purulent abscesses breaking into the empty or void spaces of the muscles, as we see it happens in a Gangrene, where the corruption hath invaded this membrane by the breaking out of the more acride matter or filth.

CHAP. X. A more particular inquisition into each part of a muscle.

HAving gone thus farre, it remaines, that we more particularly inquire into each part of a muscle, that (if it be possible,) nothing may be wanting to this discourse. Wherefore a Ligament properly so called, is a simple part * 1.97 of mans body, next of a bone and gristle, the most terrestriall, dry, hard, cold, white, taking its originall immediatly, or by the interposition of some Medium from the BOnes, or Gristles (from whence also the Muscles have their beginning) wherby it comes to passe that a ligament is void of sense, unlesse it receive a nerve from some other place; (For so the Ligaments which compose & strengthen the Tongue and yeard, are partakers of sense) and it inserts it self into the bone and gristle that so it may bind them together, and strengthen and beautifie the whole joynt or connexion; (for these three be the principal uses of a Ligament) then diffusing it self into the mem∣branes * 1.98 and muscles to strengthen those parts. A nerve to speake properly, is also a simple parte of our body, bred and nourished by a grosse and Phlegmaticke humor, * 1.99 such as the braine, the originall of all the nerves, and also the Spinall marrow en∣dewed with the faculty of feeling and oftentimes also of moving. For there be divers parts of the body which have nerves, yet are destitute of all voluntary motion, having the sense onely of feeling, as the membranes, veines, arteries, guts and all the entrailes. A nerve is covered with a double cover from the two membranes of the braine, and besides also with a third proceeding from the ligaments which fasten the hinder part of the head to the Vertebra's, or else from the Pericranium. Wee understand no other things by the fibers of a nerve, or of a Ligament, than long and slender threds, white, * 1.100 solid, cold, strong more or lesse according to the quantity of the substance, which is partly nervous and sensible, partly Ligamentous and insensible. You must imagine the same of the fleshy fibers in their kind; but of these threds some are straight for attraction, others oblique for retention of that which is convenient for the creature, and lastly some transverse for the expulsion of which is unprofitable. But when these transverse threds are extended in length, they are lessened in bredth; but when they are directly contracted, they are shortened in length. But when they are extended all to∣gether as it were with an unanimous consent, the whole member is wrinkled as con∣tracted into it selfe, as on the contrary it is extended when they are relaxed. Some of these are bestowed upon the animall parts, to performe voluntary motions; others upon the vitall to performe the agitation of the Heart and Arteries; others upon the naturall for attraction, retention and expulsion. Yet we must observe, that the attracti∣on * 1.101 of no simular part is performed by the helpe of the foresaid fibers or threds, but rather by the heat implanted in them, or by the shunning of Emptinesse, or the fami∣liarity of the substance. The flesh also is a simple and soft part composed of the purer portion of the blood insinuating it selfe into the spaces betweene the fibers, so to in∣vest them for the uses formerly mentioned. This is as it were a certaine wall and Bul∣warke against the injuries of heat and cold, against all falls and bruises, as it were a certaine soft pillow or cushion yeelding to any violent impression. There be three sorts of flesh; one more ruddy, as the musculous flesh of perfect creatures and such as have blood; for the flesh of all tender and young things having blood, as Calves, and also of all sorts of fish, is whitish, by reason of the too much humidity of the blood. The second kinde is more pallid, even in perfect creatures having blood, such is the flesh of the heart, stomacke, weasond, guts, bladder, wombe. The third is belonging to the entrails, or the proper substance of each entrail, as that which remaines of the Liver (the veines, arteries and coate being taken away) of the

bladder of the Gall, braine, kidneys, milt. Some adde a fourth sort of flesh which is spongy, and that they say is proper to the tongue alone.

A veine is the vessel, pipe or channel of the blood, or bloody matter; it hath a * 1.102 spermaticke substance, consists of one coate composed of 3 sorts of fibers.

An Artery is also the receptacle of blood but that spirituous and yellowish, con∣sisting * 1.103 in like manner of a spermaticke substance; But it hath two coats, with three sorts of fibers, the utmost whereof is most thin, consisting of right fibers and some oblique: But the inner is five times more thicke and dense than the utmost, interwoven with transverse fibers; and it doth not onely conteine blood and spirit, but also a serous humor, which wee may beleeve because there bee two emulgent Arteryes, aswell as veines.

But the inner coat of an Artery is therefore more thick, because it may con∣taine * 1.104 blood which is more hot, subtle and spirituous; for the spirit, seeing it is naturally more thin and light and in perpetuall motion, would quickly flye away, unlesse it were held in a stronger hold. There is other reason for a veine, as that which containes blood grosse, ponderous and slow of motion. Where∣fore if it had acquired a dense and grosse coate, it could scarse bee distributed to the neighbouring parts; God the maker of the universe, foreseeing this, made the coats of the vessels contrary to the consistance of the bodyes contained in * 1.105 them. The Anastomosis of the veines and Arteryes, that is to say, the applica∣tion of the mouthes of the one to the other, is very remarkeable, by benefit of which they mutually communicate and draw the matters contained in them, and so also transfuse them by insensible passages, although that anastomosis is ap∣parent * 1.106 in the veine and artery that meet together at the Ioint and bending of the Arme, which I haue sometimes shewed in the Physicke schooles, at such time as I there dissected Anatomyes.

But the action or function of a muscle is either to move, or confirme the parte * 1.107 according to our will, into which it is implanted; which it doth when it drawes it selfe towards its originall, that is to say, it's head. But wee define the head by the insertion of the nerve, which wee understand by the manner of the working of the Muscle.

CHAP. XI. Of the Muscles of the Epigastrium, or lower belly.

NOw seeing that wee haue taught, what a muscle is, and what the dif∣ferences thereof are, and what simple and compound parts it hath, and what the use, action and manner of action in each part is; it remaines that wee come to the particular explication of each Muscle, begining with those of the lower belly, as those which we first meet withall in dissection.

These are 8 in number, 4 oblique, 2 on each side, two right or direct one, on * 1.108 the right, another on the left side; and in like manner 2 transverse. All these are alike in force, magnitude and action, so mutually composed, that the oblique descendant of one side, is conjoined with the other oblique descendant on the other side, and so of the rest.

We may adde to this number the 2 little. Supplying or Assisting muscles, which are of a Pyramidal forme and arise from the share-bone, above the insertion of the right muscles; Of the oblique muscles of each side the one ascends, the other de∣scends, whereupon it comes to passe, that they are called the Oblique descendant and * 1.109 Ascendant Muscles. Those oblique which wee first meet with, are the descendant, whose substance is partly sanguine, partly spermaticke; for they are fleshy, nervous, ligamentous, veinous, arterious and membranous. Yet the fle shy portion is predomi∣nant in them, out of which respect Hippocrates is wont to expresse the muscles by the name of fleshes; their greatnes is indifferent betweene the large and the small muscles; * 1.110 their figure 3 square. They are composed of the fore-mentioned parts, they are two

in number; their site is oblique taking their beginning, from the touching of the great saw Muscle and from the sixt and seventh true ribbes, or rather from the spaces between the sixe lower ribbes, and rather on the forepart of the muscles than of the ribbes themselues, from whence shunning the Veriebra's of the loines, the fleshy parts of them are terminated in the externall and upper eminency of the Haunch-bone, and the Membranous end in the lower eminency of the share-bone and the White-line. Yet Columbus dissenting from this common description of the oblique Muscles, thinks that they are onely terminated in the White line and not in the share-bone. For (saith he) wherefore should they be inserted into the share-bone which is not moved? But because it would bee an infinite labour and trouble to set downe at large the severall opinions of all Authors of Anatomy, I haue thought it sufficient for me to touch them lightly by the way. Their connexion is with the oblique ascendant * 1.111 lying vnder them, and with the direct, or right. Their temperament is twofold, the one hot and moist by reason of the belly and the fleshy portion of them; the other cold & dry in respect of their ligamentous and tendinous portion. Their action is to draw the parts into which they are inserted towards their originall, or els to unite them firme∣ly. Yet each of these privately and properly drawes the hip in an oblique manner to∣wards the Cartilago Scutiformis or brest-blade. Then follow the oblique ascendant, * 1.112 who haue the same substance, quantity, figure, composure, number and temper the descendant have. They are scituate between the descendant and transverse with whom * 1.113 they have connexion, especially by the vessels which are brought from the parts be∣neath. All the fleshy parts arise from the rackbones of the Haunch to the ends of the bastard ribs, which they seeme to admit above and below, being fleshy even to the fourth, and then becomming membranous they take their way to the white line, with a double aponeurôsis, which passes through the right Muscles above and be∣low, as wee may plainely see from the navill downewards. In their fleshy part they draw their originall from the spine of the Haunch bones a little lower than the descendent end in their fleshy parte. But for their membranous parts, they arise be∣fore from the share bone, but behinde from the spondiles of the Holy bone, and Vertebra's of the loines obliquely ascending vpwards to the white line, into which they are terminated by an aponeourôsis or membranous tendon (which seemes to penetrate the right Muscle vpwards and downewards, especially vnder the navil) but by their fleshy part at the ends of all the bastard ribbes, which they seeme to re∣ceive above and below. And because these muscles are terminated in the white line, they have also another use, yet such as is common to all the muscles of the Epigastrium, that is, to presse down the Guts. Their action is (if they performe it together) to draw * 1.114 downe the chest, and dilate the brest; but if their actions be separate, they draw the chest to the hip with an oblique motion. After these follow the right muscles, so called * 1.115 because they descend according to the length of the body, & because they have right or streight fibers.

Wee will say nothing (to shunne prolixitie, which in all other places wee will avoid, of their substance and other conditions, which they have common with the fore mentioned Muscles. They are scituate in the eminentest or extuberating region of the belly, bounding the Epigastrium taken in generall, (or the superficiary belly,) they * 1.116 are devided by the manifest intercourse of the white line, even to the Navell, in which place they seeme to be united even to the place of their insertion. They draw their ori∣ginall not from the share bone, as some would have it, but according to the insertion * 1.117 of their nerves, from the sides of the Cartilago scutiformis & the ends of the sixt seventh and eight ribbs; but they end in the share bone where they make a common tendon sufficiently strong and short. Syluius, Vesalius and Columbus thinke they arise from the share bone, because they cannot be inserted into that bone, because it is immoveable. You may perceive in these Muscles certaine nervous & transverse intersections, often times three in number for the strength of these Muscles (of which Galen makes no men∣tion, although they may be seene in Apes.) And also in the inner side of these muscles you may see foure veines and as many arteryes, of which some creepe upwards, others run downwards. The upper called the Mamillary descend from the Axillarie by the side and lower partes of the Sternon, the slenderer portions thereof being distributed

by the way, to the Mediastinum, and about the fourth and fift rib to the Dugges, from whence they take their name.

That which remaines breaking out by the sides of the Brest-blade inserts it selfe into those muscles creeping along, euen almost to the navell; in which place * 1.118 they are manifestly united (that is the veines with the veines, and arteries with the arteryes) with the Epigastricke, which ascend from the vpper part of the Iliackes on each side under the said muscles untill they meet with these 4 mamil∣lary vessels. That you may finde this concourse of the veines and arteryes about the navill, you must follow both the upper and the lower somewhat deepe into the flesh: pressing the blood on both sides from above downewards, and from below up∣ward; untill you shall finde the exosculation of these vessels, which will appeare by this, that the blood will flow from this into that and from that into this; otherwise you can scarce perceiue it, by reason of the smallnes of such vessels which want blood. But that by the benefit of such concourse of the vessels, the matters may be communi∣cated and transported both from the wombe to the dugs, and againe from the dugs to the wombe, appeares in Nurses, who want their courses, when the milke comes into their dugs, and on the contrary lose their milke when their courses flow plentiful∣ly. Otherwise to what purpose should there be such concourse betweene the vessels of the pappes and wombe, for there are veines and arteries diffused to the sides of the wombe from the roote of the Epigastrickes; for indeed the Epigastrickes which in their ascent meete with the mamillary, goe not to the wombe, though they be next to them, and arise from the same truncke with the Hypogastricke veine of the wombe. The Action of these muscles is, to move or drawe neere together the parts of the Hypogastrium to the praecordia or Hypochondryes. Their use, in * 1.119 Columbus opinion is, to draw the Brest downewards so to dilate it. At the * 1.120 ends of these Nature hath produced two other small Muscles from the upper part of the share bone, of a triangular figure for the safety of the thicke and common tendon of the right Muscles, whereupon they are called Succenturiati, or assisters.

Some (moved with I know not what reason) would haue these two small Mus∣cles * 1.121 to help the erection of the yeard. Columbus thinkes they should not be sepa∣rated from the right, and that they only are the fleshy beginnings of the right. But on the contrary Fallopius manifestly proves them different and separate from the right and shewes their vse. The Transverse remine to be spoken of, so called by * 1.122 reason of their fibers which make right angles with the fibers of the right Mus∣cles.

They haue a quadrangular figure scituate vpon the greatest part of the Peri∣tonaeum, * 1.123 to which they sticke so close that they scarse can be separated. They take their originall from the production of the loines, the Eminency of the Haunch-bone, the transverse productions of the vertebra's of the loynes and the ends of the bastard ribs; contrary to the opinion of many, whom the insertion of the nerve con∣vinces, but they end in the white line, as all the rest doe.

Their action is to presse the guts, especially for the expulsion of excrements. * 1.124

But all the 8 recited Muscles, besides their proper use, haue another com∣mon, * 1.125 that is, they stand for a defence of Bulwarke for all the parts lying under them, and serve for the expulsion both of the excrements, infant, and vapoures, and also for the strenghtening of the voice, as experience shewes in those who sound Trumpets and Cornets.

Therefore these Muscles doe equally on every side presse the Belly; But the Midriffe, the intercostall Muscles assisting it, doth drive from above downe-wards, from which conspiring contention followes the excretion of the excre∣ments by the fundament; but unlesse the Midriffe should assiste, these Muscles would presse the excrements no more downewards, than vpward to the mouth.

Although to this excretion of the excrements, it is not sufficient that the Epigastricke, Midriffe and intercostall Muscles presse the belly, but the Mus∣cles * 1.126 of the throtle must be also shut. For the mouth being open the excrements never goe well forth; because the vapours that passe out of the

mouth, which being restrained and driven to the Midriffe, by stretching it powerfully thrusts downe the excrement. Wherefore Apothecaryes when they give glisters, bid * 1.127 the Patient to open his mouth, that the glister may easilyer goe up, which otherwise would scarsely go up, the mouth being shut, because so we should have no place empty in us, into which the glyster might be admitted.

[illustration]

The first Figure of the Lower belly.

AABCD. The upper, lower and laterall parts of the Peritonaeum.

EE. The white Line from the Gristle of the Breast-bone, called the Brest-blade, to the Commis∣sure or meeting of the Share-bones,

F. The Gristle of the Breast-bone Cartilago ensi-formis or the Breast-Blade.

G. The Navill which, all the Muscles being taken away, must be kept for the demonstration of the Vmbilicall Vessels.

H H. The productions of the Pe∣ritonaeum which contain the Se∣minarie Vessels on either side.

**. The hole which giveth way to the Seminarie Vessels of Men.

II. A Veine and an Arterie from the Epigastricke, which being carried upward under the right Muscles, doe here hang down, and are distributed into the lo∣wer part of the Abdomen.

KK. A Veine and an Arterie from the internall Mammarie proceeding from under the Bone of the Breast, are carried downeward through the right Muscles and are disseminated into the upper part of the Ab∣domen.

1, 2. The place wherein the right Muscles arise, which being here cut off, do hang down, that their Vessels may the better be scene.

3, 4. The Anastomosis or inoccula∣tion of the foresaid Vessels, ma∣king the consent of the Abdomen and the Nose, & of the Wombe with the Breasts, as some think.

LL. Branches of Veines running into the sides of the Peritonaeum. N. The place of the Haunch Bone bared, to which the Oblique and the Transverse Muscles doe grow.

Of the whiteline, and Peritonaeum or Rim of the belly.

The white line is nothing els, than the bound and extremities of the Muscles of the Epigastrium distinguishing the belly in the middest into two parts, the right * 1.128 and left. It is called white, both of its owne colour, and also for that no fleshy part lyes vnder it, or is placed above it. It is broader above the navill, but narrower below, because the right muscles doe there grow into one, Now we must treat of the Coat or membrane, Peritonaeum or Rim of the belly; it is so called, because it is * 1.129 stretched over all the lower belly, and particularly over all the parts conteined in the ventricle, to which also it freely lends a common coat. It hath a spermaticke substance as all other membranes have; the quantity of it in thicknes is very small, (for it is al∣most * 1.130 as thin as a spiders web) yet differing in divers places in men, and women; for men have it more thick and strong aboue the Navil, that so it may conteine the ex∣tension of the stomacke, often stretched beyond measure with meat and drinke. On the contrary women have it so thick and strong below their navell that it seemes double, that so they may more easily endure the distention of their wombe caused by the child conteined in it. But above the navell men and women have the Peritonaeum of an equall strength, for the selfe same reason. The longitude and latitude of it is knowne by the circumscription of the belly.

The figure is round and some what long; it puts forth some productions, * 1.131 like finger stalles, both for the leading and strengthening the spermaticke vessells and the Cremaster muscles of the Testicles, and besides it the eiaculatory vessels, as also to impart a coat to the testicles and all the naturall parts.

It is composed of slender, membranous and nervous fibers, certaine smalle * 1.132 branches of veines and arteries concurring with them, which it receiues for life and nourishment from the adherent parts. * 1.133

This membrane is one in number, and besides every where one and equall, although Galen would haue it perforated in that place where the spermaticke ves∣sels * 1.134 descend to the Testicles; But in truth we must not thinke that a hole, but ra∣ther a production as we said before.

The latter Anatomists haue observed, the Coate Peritonaeum is doubled below the Navell, and that by the spaces of these reduplications the vmbilicall arteryes as∣cend to the Navell.

It is scituate nere the naturall parts and compasses them about, and joined by * 1.135 the coat, which it giues them, as also on the sides, it is ioyned to the vertebra's of the loines, from whose ligaments, (or rather periostium) it takes the originall: on the lower part it cleaves to the share bone, and on the upper to the midriffe whose lower parte it wholy invests; on the fore or outer parte it stickes so close to the transverse muscles, that it cannot bee pluckt from them but by force, by reason of the complication and adhaesion of the fibers thereof with the fibers of the proper membrane of these muscles, which membrane in Galens opinion proceeds * 1.136 from this Peritonaeum, that so it is no marvaile that we may more easily breake, than separate these two coats. It is of temperature cold and dry, as all other membranes are.

It hath many uses, the first whereof is, to invest and cover all the parts of the * 1.137 lower belly, specially the kall, least it should be squeesed by great compressures and violent attempts into the empty spaces of the muscles, as it sometimes hap∣pens in the wounds of the Epigastrium, unles the lips of the ulcer bee very well united: for then appeares a tumor about the wound by the Guts and kall thrust∣ing without the Peritonaeum into those spaces of the muscles; from whence pro∣ceeds cruell paine.

Another vse is to further the casting forth of the excrements by pressing the ventricle and gutson the foreside, as the Midriffe doth above, as one should doe it by both their hands joyned together.

The third use is, it prohibites the repletion of the parts with flatulency after the expulsion of the excrements, by straitening and pressing them downe.

The fourth and last is, that it conteines all the parts in their seat and bindes them to the backe-bone, principally that they should not flye out of their places by violent motions, as leaping and falling from on high.

Lastly wee must know, that the Rim is of that nature that it will easily di∣late it selfe, as wee see in Dropsies, in women with child, and in tumors against nature.

CHAP. XIII. Of the Epiploon, Omentum, or Zirbus, that is the Kall.

AFter the conteining parts, follow the conteined, the first of which is the Epiploon, (or Kall) so called, because it as it were swims upon all the guts. * 1.138 The substance of it is fatty and spermaticke, the quantity of it for thick∣nesse is diverse in diverse men according to their temperament. The latitude of it is described by the quantity of the gutts. It is in figure like a Purse, because it is double. It is composed of veines, arteries, fat and a membrane, which sliding * 1.139 downe from the gibbous part of the ventricle, and the flat part of the Gut Duodenum and spleen over the Gutts, is turned backe from the lower belly to the top of the Colon. It is one as wee said covering the Gutts. It hath its cheefe con∣nexion

with the first Vertebra's of the loines, from which place in beasts it seemes to take a coate, as in men from the hollow part of the spleene and * 1.140 gibbous of the ventricle and depressed part of the Duodenum, from whence doubled it is terminated in the fore and higher part of the Collicke gut. Which moved Galen to write that the upper part of the membrane of the Kall was * 1.141 annexed to the ventricle, but the lower, to the laxer part of the Collicke Gut. From the vessells of which parts it borrowes his, as also the nerves, if it have any. The temper of it in leane bodyes is cold and dry, because their Kall is without fat; but in fat bodyes it is cold and moiste by reason of the fat. The use of it is two-fold: * 1.142 The first is to heat and moisten the Guts, and help their concoction, although * 1.143 it doe it by accident, as that which through the density of the fatte hinders the cold aire from piercing in, and also forbiddes the dissipation of the inter∣nall heat. Another use is, that in want of nourishment in times of great famine, for sometimes it cherishes, and as it were by its dew preserves the innate heate both of the ventricle and the neighbouring parts, as it is written by Galen. More∣over wee must observe, that in a rupture or relaxation of the Peritonaeum the * 1.144 Kall falls downe into the scrotum, from whence comes that rupture wee call, Epiplocele. But in weomen that are somewhat more fat it thrusts it selfe betweene the bladder and the necke of the wombe, and by its compression hinders, that the seed comes not with full force into the wombe, and so frustrates the concep∣tion. Besides, when by a wound or some other chance, any part of it be defective, then that part of the belly which answers to it, will afterwards remaine cold and * 1.145 raw, by reason of the forementioned causes.

[illustration]

The second figure of the lower belly.

A, A, B, B. The inner face of the Pe∣ritonaeum cut into foure parts, and so turned backward.

B. The upper B sheweth the im∣plantation of the Vmbilicall Veine into the Liver.

C. The Navell separated from the Peritonaeum.

From D to the upper B. the Vm∣bilicall Veine.

E, E. The fore part of the stomack blowne up, neither covered by the liver nor the Kall.

F, F. A part of the Gibbous side of the Liver.

G. Vessels disseminated thorow the Peritonaeum.

* The Brest-blade.

H. The bottome of the Bladder of Vrine.

I. The connexion of the Perito∣naeum to the bottome of the Bladder.

K, K, K, K. The Kall covering the Guts.

M. N. Vessels and Sinn•…•… em∣bracing the bottome o•• the Stomacke. O. The meeting of the Vessels of both sides, so that M, N, and O, shew the seame which Aristotle mentions 3. hist. and 4 de part. Anim. where he saith; that the Kall arises and proceeds from the midst of the belly. P. P. Branches of vessels r•…•…ing alongst the bottom of the stomack. Q Q. Q. Q. Certain branches of the Vessels distribu∣ted to the upper membrane of the Omentum, & compassed with Fat. a, a. The two Vm∣bilical arteries, going down by the sides of the bladder to a branch of the great arterie. b. The Ligament of the Bladder which is shewed for the Vrachus.

CHAP. XIIII. Of the Ventricle or Stomacke.

NOw we must speake of the Stomacke, the receptacle of the food necessa∣rie for the whole body, the seate of appetite, by reason of the nerves dispersed into its upper orifice, and so into its whole substance. The sub∣stance * 1.146 thereof is rather spermaticke than sanguine, because that for one fleshie membrane, it hath two nervous; The quantitie or magnitude of * 1.147 the ventricle is diverse, according to the various magnitude of bodies, and gluttony of men. The figure of it is round and somewhat long, like a Bagpipe. The stomacke * 1.148 is composed of two proper coates, and one common from the Peritonaeum, toge∣ther * 1.149 with veines, sinewes, and arteries; the innermost of its proper coates is mem∣branous woven with right fibers, for the attraction of meats, it is extended and pro∣pagated even to the mouth thereof, whereby it comes to passe that the affections of one part may easily be communicated to the other by sympathy, or consent. This coate hath its originall from the membranes of the braine which accompany the * 1.150 nerves descending from the third and fourth conjugation to the mouth thereof. And in like sort from other productions descending by the passages of the head, from whence also another reason may be drawne from that, which they commonly bring from the nerves of the sixt conjugation; why in wounds of the head, the sto∣macke doth so soone suffer by consent with the braine. The exterior, or outer is more fleshie and thicke, woven with oblique fibers, to retaine and expell. It drawes it ori∣ginall from the Pericranium, which as soone as it comes to the gullet, takes unto it cer∣taine fleshie fibers. There be nerves sent into the stomacke from the sixt conjugation of the braine, as it shall be shewed in its proper place. Veines and arteries are spread into it from the Gastrica, the Gastrepiploides, the Coronaria and splenicke, from the se∣cond, third, and fourth distribution of the vena Porta, or gate-veine; and the third of the descendent artery to the naturall parts, as soone as it passes forth of the midriffe.

It is one in number. The greater part of it is situated on the left side betweene the spleene, the hollownesse of the liver, and the guts, that assisted by the heate of such * 1.151 neighbouring parts, it may more cheerefully performe the concoction of the meate. Neither am I ignorant that Galen hath written, that a great part of the stomacke lies * 1.152 on the left side. But inspection it selfe, and reason makes me derogate from Galens authority, for because there is more emptie space on the left side, by reason the spleene is lesse than the liver, it was fit it should lie more on the left side. The more * 1.153 proper connexion of it is with the gullet and guts, by its two orifices; with the braine by its nerves; with the liver and spleene by its veines; with the heart•…•… its arteries; and with all the naturall parts by its common membrane.

The temper of the ventricle in men of good habite, is temperate, because it is almost composed of the equall commixture of sanguine and spermaticke parts; or * 1.154 according to Galens opinion, it is cold of its selfe, and by the parts composing it; * 1.155 and hot by the vicinitie of the bowels. But in some it is hotter, in others colder, ac∣cording to the diverse temper and complexion of diverse bodies. That stomacke is to bee thought well tempered, that powerfully drawes downe the meate and drinke, and embraces and retaines them so drawne, untill by concoction and elixa∣tion, they shall be turned into a juyce like creame (which the Greekes call Chylos;) and lastly, which doth strongly send from it, and repell the excrem••nts of this first concoction.

The stomacke is knowne to be hotter by this, that it better concocts and digests * 1.156 course and hard meates, as beefe, hard egges, and the like, than soft •…•… digestion, which it corrupts and turnes into belchings. For so a young, 〈…〉〈…〉 sooner burnt than well rosted at a great fire. The stomacke which is colder, 〈…〉〈…〉 much meate, but is slow in concocting them, especially if they be cold and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of digestion, which for that cause quickly turne sowre. The action of a well conditio∣ned stomacke, is twofold, one common, another proper. The common is to attenu∣ate * 1.157 mixe and digest the meates taken in at the mouth, for the nutrition of it selfe

and the whole body, after the liver hath performed its dutie, which before it be done, the ventricle onely enjoyes the sweet pleasure of the Chylus, and comforts its selfe against the heate and impuritie of the adjacent parts, wherefore it is called the worke-house of concoction. Its first action is to attract, retaine, and assimulate to it selfe that which is convenient; but to expell whatsoever shall be contrary, either in quantitie, or qualitie, or in the whole substance.

It hath two orifices, one above, which they commonly call the stomacke and heart, the other lower, which is called the Pylorus, or lower mouth of the stomacke. * 1.158 The upper bends to the left side neere the backe bone; it is farre more large and ca∣pacious than the lower, that so it may more commodiously receive meates halfe chewed, hard and grosse, which Gluttons cast downe with great greedinesse; it hath an exquisite sense of feeling, because it is the seate of the appetite, by reason of the nerves incompassing this orifice, with their mutuall embracings; whereby it happens that the ventricle in that part is endued with a quicke sense, that perceiving the want and emptinesse of meate, it may stirre up the creature to seeke foode. For albeit nature hath bestowed foure faculties on other parts, yet they are not sensible of their wants, but are onely nourished by the continuall sucking of the veines, as plants by juice drawne from the earth.

This orifice is seated at the fifth Vertebra of the chest, upon which they say it al∣most * 1.159 rests. Yet I had rather say that it lies upon the twelfth Vertebra of the chest, and the first of the loines; for in this place the gullet perforates the midriffe, and makes this upper orifice. The lower orifice bends rather to the right side of the body, un∣der the cavitie of the liver. It is farre straiter than the upper, lest any thing should passe away before it bee well attenuated and concocted; and it doth that by * 1.160 the helpe or assistance of, as it were a certaine ring, like to the sphincter muscle of the fundament, which some have thought a glandule made by the transposition of the inner and fleshie membrane of the ventricle into that which is the outer of the guts. I know Columbus laughes at this glandulous ring, but any one that lookes more attentively shall perceive that the Pylorus is glandulous. The stomacke in its lower and inner side, hath many folds and wrinckles, which serve to hold and containe the meates, untill they be perfectly concocted. In the ventricle wee observe parts gibbous and hollow; the hollow is next to the liver and midriffe; the gibbous is to∣wards the guts. Now we must note, that the ventricle when it is much resolved or loosed, may slide downe even to the navell neare the bladder, the which wee have * 1.161 observed in some bodies dissected after their death:

[illustration]

The third and fourth Figure.

The first figure shewes the fore-side of the sto∣macke and gullet.

A. sheweth the ori∣fice of the gullet cut frō the throate.

B. the straight and di∣rect course of the gullet from A. to B.

C. how the gullet a∣bove the first racke bone of the chest, from B. to C. in∣clineth to the right hand.

D. his inclination to the left hand, from C. to D.

EE. the two glan∣dules called the Al∣monds,

[illustration]

set close to the gullet in the end of the throate, called also Paristmia, Anti∣ades, Tonsilla and Salviares glandulae. FF. Another glandulous body in the midst of the gullet, about the fifth racke bone, from which place the gullet gives place to the great arterie, somewhat declining to the right side: Vesalius, Lib. 5, Cap. 3. and Co∣lumbus Cap. vlt. lib. 9. write, that those Glandules are filled with a certaine moisture, with which the gullet is moistened, that the meates may slide downe more easily in∣to the stomacke, as through a slippery passage. No otherwise than the Glandula pro∣stata, filled with a kind of grosse and oily moisture, smooth the passage of the urine, that so it may flow through it, with a more free and lesse troubled course. G. the connexion of the gullet with the stomack, where the upper orifice of the stomack is fashioned. H. the lower orifice of the stomacke called Pylorus. I. K. the upper part of the stomacke at I. the lower at K. LL. the foreside of the stomacke. P. the gut cal∣led Duodenum. T. V. the right and left nerves of the sixth paire encompassing about the gullet and the uppermost left orifice of the stomacke.

The second Figure sheweth the backe parts of the Ventricle and Gullet.

A. EE. FF. G. H: P. TV. shew the like parts as in the former. From C. to D. the inclination of the stomacke to the left hand. M. N. O. the backeside of the sto∣macke. M. sheweth the prominence of the left side. N. of the right. O sheweth the docke or impression, where it resteth upon the racke bones. Q. R. the passage of the bladder of the gall into the Duodenum at R. S, a glandulous body growing under the Duodenum, bearing up the vessels. X. Y. a nerve on the left side▪ creeping up to the top of the stomacke, and so running out to the liver.

CHAP. XV. Of the Guts.

THe Guts thc instruments of distribution and expulsion, are of the same * 1.162 substance and composure with the stomacke, but that the site of the coates of the stomacke is contrarie to those of the guts. For that which is the innermost coate of the stomacke is the outermost of the guts, and so on the contrary. The figure of the guts is round, hollow and capacious, some more, * 1.163 some lesse according to the diverse bignesse.

But for the quantitie of the guts, some are small, some great, more or lesse, accor∣ding to the varietie of bodies. But they are sixe in number, for there be three small; * 1.164 the Duodenum, the Iejunum, or emptie gut, and the Ilion. Three great, the Blind, the * 1.165 Collicke, and the Right gut. All which have had their names for the following rea∣sons; the first, because it is extended the length of twelve fingers, like another sto∣macke, without any turning, or winding; of which greatnesse it is found in great bo∣died men, such as were more frequenly to be met withall in Galens time, than in this time of ours, in which this gut is found no longer than seven, eight, or nine fingers at the most, The cause of this length is, that there may be a free passage to the gate veine, comming out of the liver, as also to the artery and nerve which runne into it. For seeing that this gut may sometimes rise to the top of the liver, it would possesse the space under the bladder of the gall (with which it is often tinctured) if it had any revolutions that way, which is the passage for such like vessels. Others give another reason of this figure, which is, that there should bee nothing to hinder the easie and fit distribution of the perfectly concocted Chylus to the liver.

The second is called Iejunum, or the empty gut, not because it is absolutely so, * 1.166 but because it containes little in comparison of the other. There is a triple cause of this emptines; the first the multitude of the meseraick veines and arteryes which are about it, whereupon there is a greater and quicker distribution of the Chylus. The second is the vicinity or neighbourhood of the liver strongly drawing the Chylus con∣teined in it; the third is the flowing downe of the cholericke humor from the bladder

of the Gall into it, which ever and anon by its acrimony cleanses away the filth, and by continuall flowing sollicites it to expulsion. The third is called Ileon because it * 1.167 lyes betweene the Ilia or flankes, it differs nothing from the rest in substance and magnitude, but in this one thing, that there is more matter contained in it than in the rest, by reason of the paucity of the vessels terminated in it, that it is no marvell that there can be no exact demonstration made of them. The fourth is called Caecum or the Blind, because it hath but one passage to send out and receive in the matter. * 1.168 This gut hath a long and strait production, which according to the opinion of some (though altogether erroneous) often falls downe into the Scrotum in the rupture, or relaxation of the Rim of the Belly; for that production in the lower belly strongly stickes to the Peritonaeum or Rim, which hinders such falling downe. But Galen seemes by such a blind gut to haue meant this long and narrow production, and certainely so thinkes the common sort of Anatomists, but here Vesalius justly reprehended Galen. Wherefore Sylvius that he might free Galen of this fault, would haue us by the blind gut to understand the beginning of the collicke gut. The fift is called Colon (or col∣licke * 1.169 gut) because it is greater and more capacious than the rest. The sixt and last, * 1.170 the Right gut, by reason of the rightnes or straightnes of the passage. This in beasts especially, hath a certaine fatnesse in it to make the passage slippery, and lest the gut should be exulcerated in the passage, by the sharpenesse of hard and acrid excre∣ments.

The site of these guts in thus, The Duodenum upon the backebone bends to the right hand; the Ieiunum possesses a great part of the upper umbilicall region, diffu∣ses * 1.171 it selfe into both sides with windings, like to these of the gut Ileum, even to the flankes. The gut Ileon is situate at the lower part of the umbilicall region, going with many turnings and windings, even to the hollownesses of the holy-bone above the bladder and side parts of the Hypogastrium, which they call the flankes.

The Blind bends to the right hand, a little below the kidney, above the first and fourth Vertebra of the loines. The Colon or Collicke gut is crooked and bent, in the forme of a Scythian bow, filling all the space from the blind gut, below the right kidney, even to the hollownes of the liver, and then it goes by the gibbous part of the stomacke above the small guts, even to the hollownesse of the spleene; from whence sliding under the left kidney, with some turnings, it is terminated upon the Vertebra's of the loines.

By all which turnings and windings of the collicke gut, it is easie to distinguish the * 1.172 paine of the stone of the kidneies, which remaines fixt in one certaine place, from the collicke wandring through these crooked passages we mentioned. The right gut tends with an oblique site towards the left hand, upon the holy bone even to the very fun∣dament. They have all one and a common connexion; for they are all mutually joined together by their coats, because there is but one way from the gullet even to the fun∣dament, but they are joyned to the principall parts by their nerves, veines, and arte∣ries.

But a more proper connexion is that, where the Duodenum on the upper part of it, is joyned with the Pylo••us; but on the lower part, to the Ieiunum, and the parts lying under it, by the coate of the Peritonaeum. The Ieiunum, or emptie gut, is ioyned to the Duodenum and Ileon. The Ileum with the emprie and blind guts. The blind with the Ileon and Colon, and with the right side of the backebone where it is tied more straitly. The Colon with the blind and right guts, and in his middle part, with the kidneies and the gibbous part of the stomacke; whereby it comes to passe, that be∣ing distended with wind in the collike, it overturnes and presses the stomacke, and so * 1.173 causes vomiting.

Lastly, the right gut is annexed with the collicke gut and fundament. At the end whereof there is a muscle fastened, of figure round and circular called the Sphincter, * 1.174 arising from the lower Vertebra's of the holy bone and rump, by the benefit of which as of a dore or gate, the excrements are restrained at our will, lest man borne for all honest actions, without all shame, in every time and place, should be forced every where to ease his belly. For such as have lost the benefit of this muscle by the palsy, * 1.175 have their excrements goe from them against their wills. There is a body situate

at the end of the right gut, of a middle substance betweene the skinne and flesh, as it were arising from the mixture of them both, like the extremities of the lippes, of the same use with the Sphincter, but that it is not altogether so powerfull. But there are also certaine veines situate about it called the Haemorrhoidall, of which we will speake in their place.

Besides, there are two other muscles that descend to the end of this gut, being broad and membranous on each side, one arising from the side and inner parts of the share and hippe-bones, which inserted above the Sphincter pull up the fundament fal∣ling downe, wherefore they are called Levatores Ani, or the lifters up of the funda∣ment. * 1.176 Wherefore when as either they are too weake, or resolved, or the fundament oppressed with the weight of flegmaticke, salt, chollericke and sharpe humors, the gut is scarse restored into its place, that there is neede of the helpe of the fingers for that purpose.

The guts follow the temper of the stomacke. Their action is the distribution of * 1.177 the Chylus by the meseraicke veines (which of dutie belongs to the three small guts) and the receiving the excrements of the Chylus, and retention of them, till a fi•…•…ime of expulsion, which belongs to the third quarter. Besides, these small guts finish up the worke of concoction, begun in the stomacke, although they be not altogether made for that use. But nature is often accustomed to abuse the parts of the body for some better use.

[illustration]

The fisth figure of the lower belly.

A. The brest blade, Cartilago En∣siformis.

BB. The Rim, with the midriffe and broken ribs bent outwards.

CC. the gibbous part of the liver.

D. a ligament tying the liver to the midriffe.

E. part of the umbilicall veine.

FF. the stomack fild full of meate.

G. a part of the spleene.

H. the blind gut of the late wri∣ters, for the Ancients tooke the toppe of the colon for it.

I. the beginning of the great or thicke guts.

I. and so to K. sheweth the passa∣ges of the collicke gut from the right kidney to the liver. And so the collicke and the stone on this side are in one place, and therefore hardly distinguished.

K. to L. the same collicke gur li∣eth under the whole bottome of the stomacke, which is the reason that those which are troubled with the collicke cast so much.

L. to M. The passage of the Colon from the spleene to the share bone, by the left kidney, a way, which maketh the paine of the stone and the Collick on the left side very hard to distinguish. N. The Colon ending in the right gut. O. The beginning of the right gut unto the bladder. P. Q. The sunken or fallen side of the Colon at P. and his Chambers or Cells at Q. R. S. T. The lesser guts, especially lying under the Navil. a. a. The two umbilicall arteryes. b. The bottome of the bladder. * The connexion of the bladder and the Perito∣naeum.

But we must note, that for the composure of the guts, they have onely trans∣verse fibers, for expulsions sake, unlesse that at the beginning of the Colon, and the end * 1.178 of the right gut, you may see certaine right fibers added to the transverse to streng∣then them, left these guts should chance to be broken and torne by the passage of hard excrements, and the laborious endevour of expulsion (specially in brute beasts.)

But if any aske, how they have retention, being they want oblique fibers, he may know that the faeces are retained in the right gut, by the force of the Sphincter muscle, * 1.179 but oft times in the blind, by their hardnesse and abundance, whereby they sticke in the passage; but in the rest, by reason of their conformation into many windings and turnings. The length of the guts, is seven times more than the length of the whole body; to this length they have windings, least the nourishment should quickly slide * 1.180 away, and least men should bee withdrawne by gluttony from action and con∣templation. For so wee see it comes to passe in most beasts, which have one Gut, stretched straight out from the stomacke to the fundament; as in the Lynx and such other beasts of insatiable gluttony, alwayes, like plants, regarding their food.

CHAP. XVI. Of the Mesentery.

AFter the Guts followes the Mesentery, being partly of a fatty and partly of a spermaticke substance. The greatnesse of it is apparent enough, al∣though * 1.181 in some it be bigger, and in some lesser according to the great∣nesse * 1.182 of the body. It is of a round figure and not very thicke. It is com∣posed of a double coate arising from the beginning and roote of the peritonaeum. * 1.183 In the midst thereof it admits nerves from the Costall of the sixt conjugation, veines from the Vena Porta or Gate veine; Arteries from the descendant artery, over and besides a great quantity of fat and many glandulous bodyes, to prop vp the division of the vessels spred over it, as also to moisten their substance. It is in num∣ber one, scituate in the middle of the guts, from whence it tooke its name. Yet some divide it into two parts, to wit, into the Meseraeum, that is, the portion interwoven * 1.184 with the small guts, and into the Mesocolon which is joined with the Great. It hath connexion by its vessells with the principall parts, by its whole substance with the * 1.185 guts, and in some sort with the kidneies, from whose region it seemes to take its coats.

It is of a cold and moist temper, if you have respect to his fatty substance; but if to the rest of the parts, cold and drye. * 1.186

The action and use of it is, to bind and hold together the guts, each in his place, least they should rashly be folded together; and by the Meseraicke veines (which they * 1.187 terme the hands of the Liver) carry the Chylus to the liver.

In which you must note, that all the Meseraicke ueines come from the liver, as we understand by the dissection of bodyes; although some have affirmed, that there bee * 1.188 some veines serving for the nourishment of the guts, no wayes appertaining to the Liver, but which end in certaine Glandulous bodyes, dispersed through the Mesente∣ry, of whose use we will treat hereafter.

CHAP. XVII. Of the Glandules in generall, and of the Pancreas, or sweet bread.

AGlandule is a simple part of the body, sometimes of a spongye and soft substance, sometimes of a dense and hard. Of the soft Glandules are the Tonsillae, or Almonds, like in substance to blanched Almonds; the Thymus, * 1.189 Pancreas, Testicles, Prostata. But the dense and hard are the Parotides and other like. The Glandules differ amongst themselues in quantity and figure, for some * 1.190 are greater than other some, and some are round and others plaine, as the Thymus and Pancreas.

Others are compounded of veines, nerves, arteries, and their proper flesh, as the * 1.191 Almonds of the eares, the milkie glandules in the brests and the testicles. Others want nerves, at least which may be seene, as the Parotides, the axillarie, or those under the armeholes and others. The number of glandules is uncertaine, by reason of the infi∣nite multitude and variety of sporting nature. You shall finde them alwayes in these * 1.192 places, where the great divisions of vessels are made; as in the middle ventricule of the braine, in the upper part of the Chest, in the Mesentery and other lik places.

Although othersome be seated in such places, as nature thinkes needfull to gene∣rate and cast forth of them a profitable humor to the creature; as the almonds at the roots of the tongue, the kernells in the dugs, the spermatick vessels in the scrotum and at the sides of the wombe; or where nature hath decreed to make emunctoryes for the principall parts, as behind the eares, under the armeholes, and in the groines. The connexion of glandules is not only with the vessels of the parts concurring to their * 1.193 composition, but also with those, whose division they keep and preserve. They are of a cold temper, wherefore Phisitions say the blood recrudescere, (i) to become raw a∣gaine * 1.194 in the dugs, when it takes upon it the forme of milke. But of these some have * 1.195 action, as the almonds, which poure our spattle usefull for the whole mouth, the dugs milke, the Testicles seed; others, use onely as those which are made to preserve, vnderprop and fill vp the divisions of the vessels. Besides this we have spoken of glan∣dules in generall, we must know that the Pancreas is a glanduleus, and flesh-like body, * 1.196 as that which hath every where the shape and resemblance of flesh. It is situate at the flat end of the liver, under the Duodenum with which it hath great connexion, and un∣der the gate-veine, to serve as a bulwarke, both to it and the divisions thereof, whilst it fills up the emptie spaces, betweene the vessels themselves, and so hinders, that they be not pluckt asunder, nor hurt by any violent motion, as a fall, or the like.

CHAP. XVIII. Of the Liver.

HAving gone thus farre, order of dissection now requires, that we should treate of the distribution of the gate veine; but because it cannot well be un∣derstood unlesse all the nature of the liver from whence it arises, be well knowne, therefore putting it off to a more fit place, we will now speake of the Liver. Wherefore the liver (according to Galens opinion, lib. de form. fatus) is the first of all * 1.197 the parts of the body, which is finished in conformation, it is the shoppe and Author of the bloud, and the originall of the veines; the substance of it, is like the concrete * 1.198 mudde of the bloud, the quantitie of it is diverse, not onely in bodies of different, but also of the same species; as in men amongst themselves, of whom one will bee gluttonous and fearefull, another bold, and temperate, or sober; for hee shall have a greater liver than this, because it must receive and concoct a greater quantitie of Chy∣lus: yet the liver is great in all men, because they have need of a great quantitie of bloud for the repairing of so many spirits & the substantificke moisture, which are resolved and dissipated in every moment by action and contemplation. But there may bee a a twofold reason given, why such as are fearefull have a larger liver. The first, is be∣cause * 1.199 in those the vitall facultie (in which the heate of courage and anger resides) which is in the heart, is weake; and therefore the defect of it must be supplied by the strength of the naturall facultie. For thus nature is accustomed to recompence that which is wanting in one part, by the increase and accession of another. The other reason is, because cold men have a great appetite, for by Galens opinion In arte parva, coldnesse increases the appetite; by which it comes to passe that they have a greater quantitie of Chylus, by which plenty the liver is nourished, and growes larger. Some beasts, as Dogges, and swine, have the liver divided into five or more Lobes, but a man hath but one Lobe, or two, or three at the most; and these not so much distin∣guished, as which chearish the upper and hollow region of the ventricle, with em∣bracing to helpe forward the worke of concoction. Therefore the liver is almost con∣tent with one Lobe, although it is alwayes rent with a small division, that the umbi∣licall veine pearcing into the roots and substance of it, may have a free passage; but also oftentimes there is as it were a certaine small lobe of the liver, laid under that umbilicall veine, as a cushion.

The figure of the liver is gibbous; rising up and smooth towards the Midriffe; to∣wards * 1.200 the stomacke is the simous or hollow side of it somewhat unequall, and rough by reason of the distance of the Lobes, the originall of the hollow veine, and the site of the bladder of the Gall.

The composition of the liver is of veines, nerves, arteryes, the coate and proper * 1.201 substance thereof which we call the grosse and concreet blood, or Parenchyma. Veines and arteryes come to it from the navell; but nerves immediatly from these which are diffused over the stomack according to Hippocrates; yet they penetrate not very deep into its substance, for it seemes not to stand in neede of such exact sense, but they are distributed upon the coate and surface there of, because this part made for distribu∣tion over the whole body, keepes to it selfe no acrid or maligne humor, for the per∣ception of which it should neede a nerve, although the coate investing it, sends many nervous fibers into its substance, as is apparent by the taking away of the coate from a boiled liver; we must thinke the same of the other entrals. The coate of the liver is from the Peritonaeum, waxing small from the umbilicall veine, when it divides it selfe for the generation of the gate and hollow veines, as is observed by Galen, lib. de format▪ Fatus. The liver is onely one, situate in the greater part on the right side, but with the * 1.202 lesser part on the left, quite contrary to the stomacke. Its chiefe connexion is with the stomacke, and guts, by the veines and membranes of the Peritonaeum; by the howllow veine and artery, with the heart; by the nerve with the braine, and by the same ligatu res with all the parts of the whole body. It is of a hot and moist temper, * 1.203 and such as have it more hot, have large veines and hot bloud; but such as have it cold, have small veines, and a discoloured hew. The Action of the Liver is the * 1.204 conversion of the Chylus into bloud, the worke of the second concoction. For al∣though the Chylus entring into the meseraicke veines, receive some resemblance of bloud, yet it acquires not the forme and perfection of bloud, before it be elaborate, and fully concoct in the liver. It is bound and tied with three strong ligaments, two * 1.205 on the sides in the midst of the bastard ribs, to beare up its sides, and the third more high and strong, descending from the breast-blade, to sustaine its proper part, which with its weight would presse the lower orifice of the stomacke, and so cause a falling or drawing downe of the sternon and coller bone. And thus much may suffice for is proper ligaments, for we before mentioned its common, the veines, arteries, nerves, and coate of the Peritonaeum, by which it is knit to the loines, and other naturall parts. But wee must note, that besides these three proper ligaments, the liver is also bound with others to the bastard ribs, os Sylvius observes in his Anatomicall observations, and Hollerius in his Practife, Cap. de Pleuritide.

CHAP. XIX. Of the bladder of the Gall.

NOw wee must come to the bladder of the Gall, which is of a nervous sub∣stance, and of the bignesse of a small peare; it is of figure round, with the * 1.206 bottome more large, but the sides and mouth more narrow and straite. It is composed of a double coate, one proper, consisting of three sorts of fibers, the other from the peritonaeum. It hath a veine from the Porta or gate veine, and an artery from that which is diffused into the liver, and a nerve from the sixt conjugation. It is but one * 1.207 and that hid on the right side under the greater lobe of the liver, it is knit with the touching of its own body, and of the passages and channels made for the performance of its actions with the liver, and in like manner with the Duodenum, and not seldome with the stomack also, by another passage; & to conclude to all the parts by its veines, nerves, atteries, and common coate. It is of a cold temper, as every nervous part is. * 1.208 The action of it is to separate from the liver the cholericke humor, and that excre∣mentitious, but yet naturall by the helpe of the right fibers, for the purifying of the * 1.209 bloud, and by the oblique fibers, so long to keepe it being drawne, untill it begin to become troublesome in quantitie, qualitie, or its whole substance, and then by the transverse fibers, to put it downe into the Duodenum to provoke the expulsiue facul∣tie of the guts. I know Fallopius denies the texture of so many fibers, to be the mi∣nister of such action to the gall. But Vesalius seemes sufficiently to have answered

him. The bladder of the gall hath divers channels, for comming with a narrow necke, * 1.210 even to the beginning of the gate veine, it is divided into two passages, the one whereof suffering no division is carried into the Duodenum, vnlesse that in some it send another branch into the bottome of the stomack, as is observed by Galen; which * 1.211 men have a miserable and wretched life, being subject to cholericke vomitings, especially when their stomackes are empty, with great paines of their stomacke and head, as is also observed by Galen Cap. 74. Artis Med. The other comming out of the body of the liver devides it selfe into two or three passages, againe entering the substance of the liver, is divided with infinite branches, accompanying so many branches of the gate veine through the substance of the liver, that so the blood unlesse it be most elaborate and pure, may not rise into the hollow veine, all which things Dissection doth manifestly teach.

[illustration]

The sixth Figure of the bladder of the Gall.

M. The Pylorus joyned to the Due∣denum.

N. the Duodenū joyned to the Pylorus

P. shewes the bottome of the blad∣der of the gall.

QQ. the holes of the bladder of gall dispersed through the liver, betwixt the rootes of the hollow and gate veines. R. the roote of the gate veine in the liver. S. the root of the hollow veine in the liver.

a. the concourse or meeting of the passages of choller into one branch. b. the necke of the bladder into which the passage is inserted. c. the passage of the gall into the Duo∣denum. d. the Duodenum opened, to manifest the insertion of the porus biliaris. e. anar∣terie going to the hollow part of the liver, and the bladder of the gall. f. a small nerve belonging to the liver and the bladder of gall, from the ribbe branch of the sixth paire. gg. the cysticke twins from the gate veine.

CHAP. XX. Of the Spleene or Milt.

BVt because we cannot well shew the distribution of the gate veine, unlesse the spleene be first taken away, and removed from its seate: therefore be∣fore we go any further, I have thought good to treate of the spleene. There∣fore * 1.212 the spleene is of a soft, rare, and spongious substance (whereby it might more easily receive and drinke up the dreggs of the bloud from the liver) and of a flesh more blacke than the liver. For it resembles the colour of its muddy bloud, from which it is generated. It is of an indifferent greatnesse; but bigger in some, * 1.213 than in othersome, according to the diverse temper and complexion of men. It hath, * 1.214 as it were, a triangular figure, gibbous on that part, it stickes to the ribbes and midriffe, but hollow on that part next the stomacke. It is composed of a coate, * 1.215 the proper flesh, a veine, artery, and nerve. The membrane comes from the peritonae∣um, the proper flesh from the foeces or dregges of bloud, or rather of the naturall me∣lancholy humor, with which it is nourished. The fourth branch of the venaporta, or gate veine, lends it a veine; the first branch of the great descendant artery presently after the first entrance without the Midriffe, lends it an arterie. But it receives a nerve from the left costall, from the sixt conjugation on the inner part, by the rootes of the ribs; & we may manifestly see this nerve, not only dispersing it selfe through the coate of the liver, but also penetrating with its vessels the proper flesh thereof, after the selfesame manner, as we see it is in the heart and lungs. It is one in number, situate on the left side, betweene the stomacke and the bastard ribs, or rather the midriffe * 1.216 which descends to their rootes. For it oft times cleaves to the midriffe on its gib∣bous part, by a coate from the peritonaeum, as also on the hollow part to the stomacke, both by certaine veines which sends it into the ventricle, as also by the kall. It hath con∣nexion, either primarily, or secundarily, with all the parts of the body, by these its * 1.217 vessels.

It is of a cold and drie temper; the action and use of it is to separate the melancho∣licke * 1.218 humor, which being feculent and drossie, may be attenuated by the force of ma∣ny arteries dispersed through its substance. For by their continuall motion, and native heate, which they carrie in full force with them from the heart, that grosse bloud puts off its grossenesse, which the spleene sends away by passages fit for that purpose, retaining the subtler portion for its nourishment. The passages by which it purges it selfe from the grossenesse of the melancholy bloud, are a veine ascending from it into the stomacke to stirre up the appetite by its sourenesse, and strengthen the substance thereof by its astriction; and also another veine, which sometimes from the spleene branch, sometimes from the gate veine, plainely under its orifice, descends to the fundament, there to make the Haemorrhoidall veines.

CHAP. XXI. Of the Vena Porta, or Gate-veine, and the distribution thereof.

THe gate-veine, as also all the other veines, is of a spermaticke substance, * 1.219 of a manifest largenesse, of a round and hollow figure, like to a pipe or quill. It is composed of its proper coate, and one common from the perit••∣naeum. It is onely one, and that situate in the simous or hollow part of the * 1.220 l••ver, from whence it breakes forth (or rather out of the umbilicall veine) into the midst of all the guts, with which it hath connexion, as also with the stomacke, spleen, sphincter of the fundament and Peritonaeum, by the coat which it receives from thence. It is of a cold and dry temper. The Action of it is, to sucke the Chyl•••• out * 1.221 of the ventricle and guts, and so to take and carry it to the Liver, untill it may carry back the same turned into blood for the nutriment of the stomaeke, spleen and guts. This Gate veine comming out of the simous part of the liver, is divided into sixe * 1.222 branches, that is 4 simple and two compound, againe divided into many other branches. The first of the simple ascends from the fore part of the truncke to the bladder of the Gall by the passage of the Choller (and are marked with g. g.) with a like arterye for life and nourishment, and this distribution is knowne by the name of the Cystica gamellae or Cysticke twins. The second is called the Gastrica or stomack * 1.223 veine arising in like manner from the fore part of the truncke, is carried to the Pylorus and the simous or backe part of the stomacke next to it.

The third is called Gastrepiplois, the stomacke and kall veine, which comming from * 1.224 the right side of the gate veine goes to the gibbous part of the stomacke next to the Pylorus and the right side of the kall.

The fourth going forth from behind and on the right hand of the gate veine, ascends * 1.225 above the roote of the Meseraicke branch, even to the beginning of the gut Ieiunum, along the gut Duodenum, from whence it is called Intestinalis, or the gut-veine. And * 1.226 these are the foure simple branches. Now we will speake of the compound.

The first is the spleenicke, which is divided after the following manner. For in its first beginning and upper part, it sends forth the Coronalis, or crowne veine of the stomacke, which by the backe part of the stomacke ascends into the upper and hol∣low part thereof; to which place, as soone as it arrives, it is divided againe into two branches, the one whereof climbs up even to its higher orifice, the other descends downe to the lower, sending forth by the way other branches to the fore and backe parts of the stomacke. These engirt on every side incompasse the body of the ventricle, for which cause they are named the crowne veines.

I have sometime observed this comming forth of the truncke, a little above the orifice of the splenicke branch. But this same splenicke branch on its lower part, produces the branch of the Haemorroidall veines, which descending * 1.227 to the fundament above the left side of the loines, diffuses a good portion there∣of into the least part of the collicke gut, and the right gut, at the end whereof it is often seene to be divided into five Haemorrhoidall veines, sometimes more, some∣times lesse.

Sylvi•••• writes that the Haemorrhoidall branch descends from the mesentericke, and truly we have sometimes observed it to have beene so. Yet it is more sutable to reason, that it should descend from the splenicke, not onely for that we have seene with our eyes that it is so, but also because it is appointed by nature for the evacuation of the excrementitious melancholike humor. But this same spl••••ick branch out of the * 1.228 middle almost of its upper part produces the third branch going to the gibbous part of the stomacke, and the kall; they terme in the greater, middle and left Gastrepiplois. But on the lower part towards the spleene it produces the simple Epiplois, or kall-veine, * 1.229 which it diffuses through the left side of the kall. Moreover from its upper part, which touches the liver, it sends forth a short branch called vas breve, or venosum, to * 1.230 the upper orifice of the ventricle for stirring up the appetite.

Wee have oftentimes and almost alwayes observed, that this veinie vessell, which Galen calls vas breve, comes from the very body of the spleene, and is terminated in * 1.231 the midst of the stomacke on the left side, but never peirces both the coates thereof. Wherefore it is somewhat difficult to find, how the melancholy juyce can that way be powred, or sent into the capacitie of the stomacke. Now the splenicke branch, when it hath produced out of it those five forementioned branches, is wasted and dispersed into the substance and body of the spleene.

Then followes another compound branch of the vena porta; called the mesente∣ricke, which is divided into three parts; the first and least whereof goes to the blind * 1.232 gut, and to the right and middle part of the collicke-gut, divided into an infinite multi∣tude of other branches. The second and middle is wasted in the Ileon; as the third and greater in the Ieiunum or empty gut. It is called Mesentericke because it is diffused over all the Mesentery; as the splenicke is in the spleen. And thus much wee have to say of the division of the gate veine, the which if at any time thou shalt find to be other-wise, than I have set downe, you must not wonder at it; for you shall scarce ••inde it the same in two bodies, by reason of the infinite varietie of particular bodies, which (as the Philosophers say) have each their owne, or peculiar gifts. Our judgement is the same of other divisions of the vessels. Yet wee have set downe that which wee have most frequently observed.

CHAP. XXII. Of the originall of the Artery, and the division of the branch, descending to the naturall parts.

THose things being thus finished and considered, the guts should be pulled aaway, but seeing that if we should do so, we should disturbe and loose the division of the artery descending to the naturall parts; therefore I have thought it better to handle the division thereof, before the guts be pluckt away. Therefore we must suppose, according to Galens opinion, that as all the veines come from the liver, so all arteries proceede from the heart. This presently at the be∣ginning is divided into two branches, the greater whereof descends downewards to * 1.233 the naturall parts upon the spine of the backe, taking its beginning at the fifth ver∣tebra thereof, from whence it goes into the following arteries. The first called the in∣tercostall, runnes amongst the intercostall muscles, and the distances of the ribs, and spinall marrow, through the perforations of the nerves on the right and left hand from the fifth true, even to the last of the bastard ribs.

This is going this progresse makes 7. litle branchings, distributed after the foremen∣tioned manner, and going forth of the truncke of the descendant over against each of the intercostal Muscles.

The second being parted into two goes on each side to the midriffe, whence it * 1.234 may be called, or expressed by the name of the Diaphragmatica or Phrenica (i) the midriffe arterye. The third being of a large proportion, arising from the upper part of the artery presently after it hath passed the midriffe, is divided into two notable branches, whereof on goes to the stomacke, spleene, kall, to the hollow part of the

liver and the gall; the other is sent forth to the mesentery and guts after the same manner, as wee said of the meseraicke veines, wherefore it is called the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 stomacke arterie. But wee must note all their mouthes penetrate even to the in∣nermost coate of the guts, that by that meanes they may the better and more easily attract the Chylus contained in them.

The fourth is carried to the reines, where it is named the reinall o•• emulgent, be∣cause it suckes fit matter from the whole masse of bloud. * 1.235

The fifth is sent to the testicles with the preparing spermaticke veines, whence al∣so it is named the spermaticke artery, which arises on the right side, from the very trunke of the descendant artery; that it may associate the spermaticke veine of the same side, they runne one above another, beneathe the hollow veine, wherefore wee must have a great care whilest wee labour to lay it open, that wee doe not hurt and breake it.

[illustration]

The seventh Figure of the lower belly.

A. A. the midriffe turned backe with the ribs and the perito••••••m.

BB. the cave or hollow part of the li∣ver, for the liver is lifted up that the hollow part of it may bee better seene.

C. the least ligament of the liver.

D. the umbilicall veine.

E. the hollownesse in the liver, which giveth way to the stomacke.

F. the left orifice of the stomacke.

GG. certaine knubs, or knots, and impressions in the hollow part of the liver.

H. the bladder of gall.

I. the gate-veine, cut off, and branches which goe to the bladder of gall.

K. a nerve of the liver comming from the stomachicall nerve.

L. an artery common to the liver and bladder of gall.

M. a nerve common also to them both, comming from the right costall nerve of the ribs.

N. the passage of the gall to the guts cut off.

OO. the hollow of the fore parts of the spleene.

P. they line where the vessels of the spleene are implanted. Q. the trunke of the hollow veine. R. the trunke of the great artery. S. the Coeliacall artery cut off. T. V. the kidneies yet wrapped in their membrane. X. Y. the fatty veines called venae adiposa. a. b the emulgent veines with the arteries under them. cc. dd. the ureter from either kidney to the bladder. c. f. the spermaticall veines to the testicles, the right from the hollow veine, the left from the emulgent. g. g. veines comming from the spermaticall to the peritonaeum. h. i. the spermaticall arteries. k. the lower mesentericall artery. l. the ascending of the great arterie above the hollow veine, and the division of it, and the hollow veine into two trunkes. m. the arterie of the loines called lumbaris. n. the holy artery called sacra. o. a part of the right gut, p. the bladder of urine. * the con∣nexion of the bladder with the peritonaeum. q. a part of the vessels which leade the seed from the testicles, is here reflected. r. s. the scrotum, or cod, that is, the skinne that in∣vests the yard and testicles. t. the fleshie pannicle or membrane which is under the cod. u. the coate which is proper to the testicles with his vessels. x. a part of the yard exco∣riated or flayed, and hanging downe.

The sixth going from the fore and upper part of this descendant arterie, descends * 1.236 with the Haemorroidall veines to the fundament; presently from his beginning, sen∣ding forth certaine br••nches alongst the collicke gut, which by 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 uni∣ted with other branches of the Coel•…•…call arteries; for whosoever shall locke more at∣tentively, he shall often observe that veines are so united amongst themselves, and al∣so arteries, and sometimes also the veines with the arteries. For an •…•…s is a communion and communicating of the vessels amongst themselves, by the application of their mouthes, that so by mutuall supplies they may ease each others defects. But they call this the lower meseraicke arterie.

The seventh proceeding from the truncke with so many branches as there be verte∣bra's * 1.237 in the loines, goes to the loines and the parts belonging to them, that is, the spi∣nall marrow of that part, and other parts encompassing these Vertebra's, whereupon it is stiled the Lumbaris or Loine Artery.

The eight maketh the Iliacke arteries, until such time as it departs from the Peritonaeum * 1.238 where the Crurall Arteryes take their originall. This Iliacke Artery sends many di∣varications towards the Holy bone where it takes its beginning, and to the places lying nere the Holy bone, which because they run the same course as the Iliacke veins, for brevities sake, we will let passe further mention of them, till we come to treate of the Iliacke veines.

CHAP. XXIII. Of the distribution of the Nerves to the naturall parts.

IT remaines, that before the bowels be taken away, we shew the nerves * 1.239 sent to the entrailes and naturall parts, that as wise and provident men we may seeme to have omitted nothing. First we must know that these nerves are of the sixt conjugation, which descend as well to the stomacke all alongst the Gullet and the ••ides thereof, as those at the roots of the ribbes on both sides within. But when they are passed through the Midriffe, those which are distri∣buted amongst the naturall parts follow the turnings of the veines and arteryes, but specially of the arteryes. Wherefore if you have a mind to follow this distribution of the nerves, you must chiefely looke for it in those places, in which the artery is distri∣buted amongst the Guts above the loynes.

These nerves are but small, because the parts serving for nutrition, needed none * 1.240 but litle nerves, for the performance of the third duty of the nerves, which is in the discerning and knowing of what is troublesome to them. For unlesse they had this sense, there is nothing would hinder, but these bowels necessary for life, being posses∣sed with some hurtfull thing, the creature should presently fall downe dead; but we have this benefit by this sense, that as soone as any thing troubles and vellicates the bowels, we being admonished thereof may looke for helpe in time.

And besides if they were destitute of this sense, they might be gnawne, ulcerated and putrified by the raging acrimony of the excrements falling into and staying in them; but now (by meanes hereof) as soone as they find themselues pricked, or pluckt, presently by the expulsive faculty they endeavoure to expell that which is trouble∣some, and so free themselves of present and future dangers.

CHAP. XXIIII. The manner of taking out the Guts.

WHen the Guts are to be taken out, you must begin with the Right Gut. And you must divide it, being first straitly tyed in two different places, at a just distance about foure fing••is from the end, with 〈…〉〈…〉 betweene the two ligatures. Th•••• you must sh•…•… proper coats, and fibers, and that common one

which it hath from the Peritonaeum. This being done, you must in like manner binde the truncke of the gate veine as neere the originall as you can; that so all his branches being in like manner tyed there may be no feare of effusion of blood: you must doe the like with the Caeliacke Arterye at the left kidney, and in the lower Mesentericke, which descends to the Right gut with the Haemorrhoidall veines. This being done, pul away the guts even to the Duodenum, which being in like manner tyed in two places, which ought to be below the insertion of the Porus Cholagogus or passage of the Gall, that you may shew the oblique insertion thereof into that gut, for the obliquity of its insertion is worth observation, as that which is the cause that the Gall cannot flow backe into its bladder, by the compression of this Gut from below upwards. Then all these windings of the Guts may be taken away from the body.

CHAP. XXV. The Originall and distribution of the deseendent Hollow veine.

BEcause the rest of the naturall parts, do almost all depend upon the descen∣dent Hollow veine, therefore before we goe any further, we will shew its originall and distribution. We said before that all veines proceeded from the Liver, but yet in divers places. For the gate veine goes out of the hollow * 1.241 part, and the Hollow veine out of the Gibbous part of the liver, which going forth like the body of a tree, is divided into two great branches, the lesser of which goes to the vitall and animall parts, and the extremities of these parts, as we shall shew in their place. The greater descending from the backe part of the Liver above the Vertebra's of the loines to the parts beneath, goes in the manner following. The first division * 1.242 thereof is to the membranes of the reines, which come from the Peritonaum. Wherefore there it produces the Venaeadiposae, or fatty veines, so called because they bring forth a great quantity of fat in those places; Of these fatty veynes, there is a diverse originall, for the right doth oftentimes arise from the right emulgent because it is higher; but the lesse comes from the very truncke of the hollow veine, because the emulgent on that side is lower, and you shall scarse see it happen otherwise.

The second being the Kidney or Emulgent veines, go to the Reines, Which at * 1.243 their entrance, or a little before, is devided into two branches, like as the Artery is, the one higher, the other lower; and these againe into many other through the sub∣stance of the Kidneys, as you may learne better by ocular inspection, than by booke. They are thick and broad that the serous humor may without impediment have freer passage. Their originall is different, for the right Emulgent, often times comes forth of the Hollow veine somewhat higher than the left; that seeing their office and duty is to purge the masse of blood from the chollericke and serous humor, that if any part thereof slide by the one, it may not so scape, but fall as it were into the other. Which certainly would not have happened if they had bin placed the one just opposit to the other. For the Serous or wheyish humor would have stayed as equally ballanced or poised, by reason of the contrariety of the action and traction, or draw∣ing therof. But we must remember that in dissecting of bodies, I have oft times found in such as have beene troubled with the stone, seven Emulgent veines and so many arteries; foure from the left side comming from diverse places, of which the last came from the Iliacke; three from the right hand likewise in diverse places.

The third division is called the spermaticke or seed veine, it goes to the Testicles; the originall thereof is thus, that the right arises on the fore part of the trunck of the * 1.244 hollow veine; but the left most commonly from the emulgent. Besides you shall some∣times finde that these have companions with them, to the right emulgent; but to the left another from the hollow veine, in some but on one side, in others on both. But also I have sometimes observed the left emulgent to proceed from the sper•…•… or seed veine.

The forth because it goes to the loynes, is called Lumbaris; which in his originall * 1.245 and insertion is wholy like the Artery of the loines. But there are 4 Lambares or Loine

veines on each side, that is, one in each of the 4 spaces of the 5 Vertebras of the loines.

The fift division makes the Iliacae, until passing through the Peritonaeum, they take * 1.246 the name of Crurall veines; These are first divided into the Musculous, so called, be∣cause they goe to the oblique ascendent and transverse muscles, and to the Peritonaeum. Sometimes they have their originall from the end of the Trunck. And then the same * 1.247 Iliacae are devided into the Sacrae, or holy, which goe to the spinall marrow of the * 1.248 Holy bone, through those holes, by which the nerves generated of this marrow, have their passage. * 1.249

Thirdly the Iliacae are divided into the Hypogastricae so called, because they are di∣stributed to all the parts of the Hypogastrium, or lower part of the lower belly, as to the right Gut, the muscles therof, the musculous skin, (in which place they often make the externall Haemorrhoidall, ordained for the purging of such blood as offends in quan∣tity, as those other [that is, the inward Haemorrhoidall] which descend to the right Gut from the Gate veine by the spleenicke branch, serves for cleansing of that which offends in qualitie) to the bladder and the necke thereof even to the end of the yard, to the wombe, and even to the necke of the wombe and utmust parts of the privities; from whence it is likely the courses breake forth in weomen with child and virgins. But this same veine also sends a portion of it without the Epigastrium by that perforation which is common to the share and haunch bones, which strengthened by meeting of the other internall Crurall veine descends even to the Hamme, but in the meane time by the way it is communicated to the muscles of the thigh called Obtu∣ratores and other parts within. Fourthly, the Iliaca produce the Epigastrica which * 1.250 on both sides from below ascend according to the length of the right muscles, sprea∣ding also by the way some branches to the oblique and transverse muscles and also to the Peritonaum. Fiftly, these Iliacae produce the Pudendae or veines of the privities * 1.251 because they go in women to their privityes, and into men to the Cods, where they enter that fleshy coat filled with veines, and goe to the skin of the yeard, they take there beginning under the Hypogastricae.

CHAP. XXVI. Of the Kidneyes or Reines.

NOw follow the Kidneyes, which that they may bee more easily seene, (after that you have diligently obserued their scituation) you shall dis∣poile of there fat, if they have any about them, as also of the membrane they have from the Peritonaeum. First you shall shew all their conditions, beginning at their substance.

The substance of the Kidneyes is fleshy, dense and solid, least they should be hurt * 1.252 by the sharpnes of the urine; Their magnitude is large enough, as you may see. Their figure is somewhat long and round almost resembling a semicircle, and they are lightly flatted above and below. They are partly hollow and partly gibbous; the hollow lyes next the hollow veine, and on this side they receive the emulgent veines and Arteryes, and send forth the ureters; there gibbous part lyes towards the loines. They are composed of a coate comming from the Peritonaeum, their owne peculiar flesh, with the effusion of blood about the proper vessels (as happens also in other en∣trails) generates a small nerve, which springing from the Costall of the sixt conjugati∣on is diffused to each Kidney on his side into the coat of the kidney it selfe, although others thinke it alwayes accompanies the veine and arterye.

But Fallopius that most diligent Author of Anatomye hath observed, that this nerve is not only oftentimes divaricated into the coat of the kidneyes, but also pier∣ces into their substance. They are two in number that if the one of them should by * 1.253 chance be hurt, the other might supply those necessityes of nature, for which the Kidneys are made. They lye vpon the loynes at the sides of the great vessels, on which * 1.254 they depend by their proper veines and arteries; and they sticke to them, as it were by a certaine second coate, lest that they might be shaken by any violent motions. Wher∣fore

we may say that the Kidneyes have two coates, one proper adhering to their substance, the other as it were comming from the Peritonaeum on that part they sticke to it. The right Kidney is almost alwayes the higher, for those reasons I gave, speaking of the originall of the Emulgent vessels. Columbus seemes to thinke the contrary, but such like controversies may be quickly decided by the Eye. They have connexion * 1.255 with the principall vessels by the veines, nerves and arteries, by the coates with the loines and the other parts of the lower belly, but especially with the bladder by the ureters. They are of a hot and moist temper, as all fleshy parts are. Their action * 1.256 is to clense the Masse of the blood from the greater part of the serous and cholericke humor. I said the greater part, because it is needfull that some portion thereof should go with the alimentary blood to the sollid parts, to serve in steed of a vehicle lest o∣therwise it should be too thicke.

Besides you must note that in each kidney there is a cavitye bounded by a certaine * 1.257 membrane, incompassed by the division of the emulgent veines and arteryes, through which the urine is strained partly by the expulsive facultie of the kidneies, partly by the attractive of the ureters, which run through the substance of the kidneyes on the hollow side, no otherwise than the Porus cholagogus through the body of the Liver.

[illustration]

The ninth and tenth figure of the vessels of seed and urine.

The first figure sheweth the foreside, the second the hinder-side.

a. a. a. 1. The forepart of the right kidney.

b. b. b. 2. The backe part of the left kidney.

c. 1. the outside.

d. d. 1. 2. The inner side.

e. e. 1. 2. The two cavities wherinto the emulgent vessels are inserted.

f. f. 1. 2. The trunke of the hollow veine.

g. g. 1. 2. The trunke of the great artery▪

h. i. 12. The emulgent veine and artery.

k. k. 1. 2. The right fatty veine.

l. 1. The left fatty veine.

*. 1. The Coeliacall artery.

m. n. 1. 2. The ureters:

o. p. q. 1. 2. The right sper∣maticke veine which a∣riseth neere p. the left neere q.

r. i. The place where the Arteryes of seed arise. s. 1. 2. Small branches distributed from the spermaticall veines to the Peritonaeum. t. 1. 2. The spiry varicous body, called Varicosum vas pyramidale. u. 1. 2. The Parastatae, or Epididymis. x. 1. The testicle yet covered with its coate. y. 1. 2. The place where the leading vessell called vas deferens doth arise α. 1. 2. The descent of the same leading vessell. β. 1. 2. The re∣volution of the same leading vessell. γ. 1. 2. The passage of the same vessel reflected like a recurrent nerve. δ. 2. The meeting of the same leading vessells. γ. 1. 2. The bladder of urine, the first figure sheweth it open, the second sheweth the backe parts. 33. 1. The small bladder of the seed opened. η. η. 2. The Glandules called Glandulae Prostatae. θ. 2. The sphincter muscle of the bladder. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. 1. 2. The two bodyes which make the substance of the yard. χ. χ. 1. The vessels which goe unto the yard

[illustration]

and necke of the bladder. λ. 1. The passage which is common to the urine and seed, cut open. ψ. 2. The implantation of the ureters into the bladder.

CHAP. XXVII. Of the spermaticke Vessells.

NOw we should have spoken of the ureters, because as wee sayd before, they are passages derived from the Kidneyes to carry the urine to the bladder. But because they cannot be distinguished and shewed unles by the cor∣rupting and vitiating the site of the spermaticke vessels; therefore I have thought it better to passe to the explication of all the spermatick parts.

And first of all you must gently separate them, (that so the declaration of them may be more easie & manyfest) and that from the coat which comes from the perito∣naeum, and the fat which invests them even to the share-bone, having diligently con∣sidered their site before you separate them. Then you shall teach that the substance * 1.258 of these vessels, is like to that of the veines and arteryes. Their quantity is small in thicknes, but of an indifferent length, by reason of the distance of their originall from the Testicles. They arelonger in men than in weomen, because these have their Testi∣cles hanging without their belly, but weomen have them lying hid within their belly. Their figure and composure is wholy like the figure and composition of the veines * 1.259 and arteries, except in this one thing, that from that place where they goe forth of the great capacity of the Peritonaeum, they are turned into many intricate windings, like crooked swolne veines, even to the Testicles. That the spermaticke matter in that one tracte, which yet is no other than blood, may be prepared to concoction, or rather be turned into seed in these vessells, by the irradiation of the faculty of the Testicles. These vessells are sixe in number, foure preparing, and two ejaculatory, of which we will speake hereafter. Therefore on each side there be two preparing * 1.260 vessels, that is, a veine and an artery, arising as we told you when we spoke of the di∣stribution of the hollow veine. They are inserted into the Testicles through that coate which some call Epididymis, others Darton. Their site is oblique above the loines and * 1.261 flankes, whilest they runne downe betweene the ends of the share and hanch bone, they are knit to the parts lying under them, both by certaine fibers which they send from them, as also by the membrane they have from the Peritonaeum. They have like temperature as the veines and Arteries have. Their action is to carry blood to the Testicles, for generating of seed.

CHAP. XXVIII. Of the Testicles, or Stones.

THe Testicles are of a Glandulous, white, soft and loose substance, that * 1.262 so they may the more easily receive the spermaticke matter: their mag∣nitude and figure equall, and resemble a small pullets Egge somewhat * 1.263 flatted; Their composure is of veines, arteries, coats and their proper flesh. Their veines and arteries proceed from the spermaticke vessels, their nerves from the sixth conjugation, by the roots of the ribbes and out of the holy bone. They are wrapped in foure coats, two whereof are common, and two proper. The common are the Scrotum or skin of the Cods, proceeding from the true skin; and the fleshy coate, which consists of the fleshy Pannicle in that place re∣ceiving a great number of vessells, through which occasion it is so called. The proper coats are first the Erythroris arising from the processe of the Peritonaeum, going into * 1.264 the Scrotum together with the spermaticke vessels which it involues and covers; this appeares red both by reason of the vessels as also of the Cremaster muscles of the Testicles; Then the Epididymis or Dartos which takes its originall of the membrane * 1.265

of the spermatick preparing vessels. The flesh of the Testicles is as it were a certaine effusion of matter about the vessels, as we said of other entrailes. But you must ob∣serve that the Erythrois encompasses the whole stone, except its head, in which place it sticks to the Epididymis which is continued through the whole substance of the Testi∣cle. This Epididymis or Dartos was therefore put about the stones, because the Testi∣cles of themselves, are loose, spongeous, cavernous and soft, so that they cannot safe∣ly be joyned to the spermaticke vessels which are hard and strong. Wherefore Na∣ture that it might joyne extremes by a fit Medium, or meane, formed this coate Epidi∣dymis. This is scarse apparent in weomen by reason of its smallnesse. The two fore-mentioned common coats, adhere or sticke together by their vessels not only amongst themselves, but also with the Erythrois. You must besides observe the Cremaster muscles are of the said substance with other muscles, small and thin, of an oblique * 1.266 and broad figure, arising from the membrane of the Peritonaeum, which (as wee said before) assumes flesh from the flanks. Their composition is like that of other muscles. They are two, one each side on. They are situate from the ends of the flanks, even to the stones. They have connexion with the processe of the Peritonaeum and Testicles. Their temper is like that of other muscles. Their action is to hang and draw up the Testicles towards the belly, whence they are called, hanging muscles. The Testicles are most commonly two in number, on each side one, sometimes there be three, sometimes one alone, as it happens also in the Kidneies; for some have but one Kidney. They lye hid in the Serotum at the very roots of the share bone, connexed to the princi∣pall parts of their vessels, with the necke of the bladder and yard; but by their coats they adhere to the parts from whence they have them. They are of a cold and moist temper, because they are glandulous; although they may be hot by accident by reason of the multitude of the vessels flowing thither. Those whose testicles are * 1.267 more hot are prompt to venery, and have their privities and the adjacent parts very hairy, and besides their testicles are more large and compact. Those on the con∣trary that have them cold are slow to venery, neither doe they beget many children, and those they get are rather female than male, their priuities have litle haire upon them, and their testicles are small, soft and flat.

The action of the testicles is to generate seed, to corroborate all the parts of the body, and by a certaine manly irradiation to breed or encrease a true masculine cou∣rage. * 1.268 This you may know by Eunuches or such as are Gelt, who are of a womanish nature, and are oftentimes more tender and weake than weomen. As Hippocrates, teaches by the example of the Scythians, lib. de Aëre, locis et aquis.

CHAP. XXIX. Of the varicous bodyes or Parastat's, and of the ejaculatory vessels and the glandulous or Prostates.

THe varicous Parastatae are nervous and white bodyes, like as the nerves, round and close woven amongst themselves, they are stretched even from * 1.269 the top to the bottome of the testicles, from whence presently by their de∣parture they produce the Vasa ejaculatoria, or trading vessels. But unlesse we doe very well distinguish their names, wee shall scarse shun confusion. For that which I call Parastatae, that is, as it were the head of the testicle, being as it were * 1.270 like another stone, is called Epididymis by Galen lib-i. de semine. But I by the exam∣ple and authority of many Anatomists, understand by the Epididymis the proper coate of the testicles, of which thing I thought good by the way to admonish you of. Their Action is by their crooked passages to hinder the seed from departing out of the preparing into the leading vessels, before it shall be most perfectly labou∣red * 1.271 and concocted in these vessels by the power and force of the testicles. For in the first windings, the blood lookes pure; but in the last it is not so red, but somewhat whitish. For Nature commonly doth thus delay the matter in its passage either by straitnesse, or obliquity, which it desires to make more perfect and elaborate by any

new concoction; this we may learne by the foldings of the Rete mirable, the win∣dings of the Guts, the wrinckles in the bottome of the stomacke, the straitnesse of the Pylorus, the capillary veines dispersed through the body of the Liver; certainly nature hath intended some such thing in the making of the spermaticke vessels. Their * 1.272 quantity is visible, and figure round tending some what to sharpnesse. They are com∣posed of veines, nerves and arteryes (which they enjoy from the vessels of the testi∣cles, from the Epididymis, or the coat, from the Peritonaeum and their proper substance. Their temper is cold and dry. They be two in number, one to each testicle. But these * 1.273 varicous bodyes are called Parastatae, Assisters, because they superficially assist, and are knit to the testicles according to their length, or long-wayes. Out of the * 1.274 Parastatae proceed the Vasa ejaculatoria, or leading vessels, being of the same sub∣stance as their progenitors, that is, solid, white and as it were nervous. Their quanti∣ty is indifferent, their figure round, and hollow, that the seed may have a free passage through them, yet they seeme not to be perforated by any manifest passage, unlesse by chance in such as have had a long Gonnorrbaea. They have like temper as the Para∣stats, betweene which and the Prostates they are seated, immediatly knit with them both; as both in the coat and the other vessels with the parts from whence they take them.

But we must note, that such like vessels comming out of the parastats ascend from the botom of the stones even to the top, in which place meeting with the preparing vessels, they rise into the belly by the same passages, and bind themselves together by nervous fibers, even to the inner capacity of the belly; from whence turning backe, they forsake the preparing, that so they may run to the bottome of the share-bone, into the midst of two glandulous bodies which they call prostats scituate at the neck of the bladder, that there meeting together they may grow into one passage.

For thus of three passages, that is, of the 2 leading vessels and 1 passage of the blad∣der, there is one common one in men for the casting forth of seed and urine. A Ca∣runcle rising like a crest at the beginning of the neck of the bladder argues this uniting of the passages, which receiving this same passage which is sufficiently large, is oft times taken by such as are ignorant in anatomy for an unnaturall Caruncle, then especially when it is swolne through any occasion. These leading vessels are two in number, on each side one. Their action is to convey the seed made by the testicles * 1.275 to the Prostats and so to the necke of the bladder, so to be cast forth at the common passage. But if any aske whether that common passage made by the two leading vessels betweene the two glandulous bodyes be obvious to sense or no? We answer it is not manifest, though reason compell us to confesse that that way is perforated by reason of the spe••maticle, grosse and viscous matter carryed that way. But per∣adventure the reason why that passage cannot be seene is, because in a dead carcasse all small passages are closed and hid, the heat and spirits being gone, and the great appeare much lesse, by reason all the perforations fade, and fall into themselves. Yet certainely these passage must needs be very straite, even in a living man, seeing that in a dead they will not admit the point of a needle. Wherefore we need not feare, least in searching, whilest we thrust the Catheter into the bladder, it penetrate into the common passage of the leading vessels which runnes within the Caruncle, unlesse peradventure by some chance, as a Gonnorr••aea, or some great Phlegmon, it be much dilated besides nature. For I have sometimes seene such passages so open, * 1.276 that they would receive the head of a Spatherne; which thing should admonish us, that in searching we take great care, that we doe not rashly hurt this Caruncle, for being some what rashly handled with a Catheter it casts forth blood, especially if it be inflamed. But also the concourse of the spirits flowing with great violence together with the seed, much helps forward such ejaculation thereof performed through these straite passages by the power of the imaginative faculty in the Act of generation.

After the leading vessels follow the Prostatae, being glandulous bodyes of the same * 1.277 substance and temper that other Glandules are. Their quantity is large enough, their figure round, and some what long, sending forth on each side a soft production of an indifferent length. They are composed of veines, nerves, arterics, a coate (which they have from the neighbouring parts) and lastly their proper flesh, which they have

from their first conformation. They are two in number, scituate at the roote of the * 1.278 necke of the bladder, some what straitly bound, or tyed to the same, to the leading vessels, and the parts annexed to them. But alwaies observe, that every part which * 1.279 enjoyes nourishment, life and sense, either first or last hath connexion with the prin∣cipall parts of the body, by the intercourse of the vessels which they receive from thence.

The use of the Prostats is, to receive in their proper body the seed laboured in * 1.280 the testicles, and to containe it there, untill it be troublesome either in quantity or quality or both. Besides they containe a certaine oily and viscide humor in their glandulous body, that continually distilling into the passage of the urine, it may pre∣serve it from the acrimony and sharpnesse thereof. But wee have observed also on each side other Glandules, which Rondeletius calls Appendices glandylosae, Glandulous * 1.281 dependances to arise from these Prostats, in which also their is seed reserved.

[illustration]

The 10. figure, where in those things shewed in the former figure, are more exactly set forth.

aa A part of the Midriffe and of the Peritonaum with the ribs broken.

bb cc The Convex or gibbous part of the Liver marked with bb. the hollow or conca∣vous part with cc.

d e The right and left li∣gaments of the Liver.

f The trunke of the gate veire.

g The trunke of the hol∣lov veine.

h l The fatty veines both left and right.

i The ascent of the great ••••ery above the hol∣low veine, and the di∣vision thereof.

k The Caliacall artery.

n n The emulgent ves∣sels.

oo pp The fat tunicles or coates torne from both the kidneys.

qq The ureters that goe unto the bladder. t u. The right spermaticall veine which ariseth neare to u. x y. The double originall of the left spermaticall veine. x. from the emulgent, y from the hollow veine. α The originall of the spermaticall arteries β Certaine branches from the spermaticke arteries which runne unto the Peritonaeum γ The passage of the spermaticall vessels through the productions of the Peritonaeum, which must be observed by such as use to cut for the Rupture. & δ The spirie bodden bodies entrance into the testicle, it is called Corpus varicosum pyramidale. The Para∣statae. ζ The stone or testicle covered with his inmost coate. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 The descent of the leading vessell called Vas deferens. V y. The Bladder. * The right gut. ξ The glandules called prostatae into which the leading vessels are inserted. ρ The muscle of the bladder. ςτυ Two bodies of the yard, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and τ and ν his vessels. φχ. The coat of the Testicle. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 The muscle of the Testicle ψ. his vessels ω.

CHAP. XXX. Of the Vreters.

NOw it seemes sit to speak of the Vreters, bladder, and parts belonging to the bladder. Therefore the Vreters are of a spermaticke, white, * 1.282 dense and solid substance, or an indifferent bignes in length and thick∣nes. Their figure is round and hollow. They are composed of two coats, one proper consisting of right and transverse fibers, which comes from the emulgent veines and arteries; the other common from the Peritonae∣um; besides they have veines, nerves and arteryes from the Neighbouring parts.

They be two in number on each side one; They are scituate between the Kidneyes * 1.283 (out of whose hollow part they proceed) and the bladder. But the manner how the Vreters insert or enter themselves into the bladder, and the Porus Cholagogus into the Duodenum, exceedes admiration; for the ureters are not directly but obliquely implan∣ted neere the orifice of the bladder & penetrate into the inner space thereof; for with∣in they doe as it were divide the membrane or membranous coat of the body of the bladder, and inflnuate themselves into that, as though it were double. But this is opened at the entrance of the urine, but shut at other times, the cover as it were falling upon it, so that the humor which is falne into the capacity of the bladder cannot bee forced or driven backe, no not so much as the aire blowne into it can come this way out, as we see in swines bladders blowne vp and filled with aire.

For wee see it is the Aire contained in these which fills them thus, neither canne it bee pressed forth but with extraordinary force.

For as this skinne or coat turned in by the force of the humor giues way, so it being pressed out by the body conteined within, thrusts its whole body into the passage as a stopple; like to this is the insertion of the Porus Cholagogus into the Guts.

The ureters have connexion with the above mentioned parts, with the muscles * 1.284 of the loines; upon which they runne from the Kidneyes to the bladder.

Wherefore nothing hinders, but that the stone sliding through the ureters into the bladder, may stupify the thigh as much as it did when it was in the Kidney. They are of a cold and dry temper.

Their use is, to serve as passages, or channels for carrying the urine into the * 1.285 bladder.

CHAP. XXXI. Of the Bladder.

THe bladder is of the same substance that the ureters, that is, nervous, that * 1.286 so it may bee the more easily dilated.

It is of a large proportion, in some bigger in some lesse, according to the difference of age, and habite of body. It is of a round figure and as * 1.287 it were Pyramidall.

It is composed of two coats, one proper which is very thicke and strong com∣posed * 1.288 of the three sorts of fibers, that is, in the inner side of the direct; without of the transverse; and in the midst of the oblique.

The other common Coat comming from the Peritonaum hath veines and arteryes on each side one, from the Hypogastrick vessels above the holy-bone, also it hath nerves on each side from the sixt conjugation mixt with the nerves of the holy-bone.

For these nerves descend from the braine even to the end of the holy-bone.

It is but one and that scituate in men in the lower belly upon the light Cut and below the share bone, but in women between the wombe and that bone, to which it cleaves with its membranous ligaments, as it doth to the yard by its neck, and to

the right gut by its common coate and proper vessels. It is of a cold and dry temper. * 1.289

The use and action thereof is by the fibers continually to draw the urine, and containe it as long as neede requires, and then to expell it by the necke, partly by compression either of it selfe, or rather of the muscles of the Epigastrium and Midriffe, because this motion, seeing it is voluntary cannot be performed unlesse by a muscle which the bladder wants; partly also by the dilatation and relaxation of the sphincter muscle composed of transverse fibers, like the sphincter of the fundament, after the same manner to shut up the orifice of the bladder, that the * 1.290 urine flow not out against our will. But the bladder as it fils is dilated, but as it is emptied, it is contracted like a purse. You may easily observe this Muscle in a Sowes bladder, it is stretched from the orifice of the bladder and beginning of the urinarye passage even to the privities even in women; but in men it is terminated in the Perinaeum, as soone as it hath left the right Gut.

Besides, this muscle is thus farre stretched forth, that the urine by its compression should be wholy pressed out of the bladder, which by too long stay would by its a∣crimony doe some harme. This is the common opinion of Anatomists concer∣ning the Sphincter of the bladder, which never-the-lesse Fallopius allowes not of. For (saith hee) if this muscle should bee scituate beneath the glandulous bodyes, the seed in copulation could never be cast forth without some small quantity of urine. Wherefore he thinkes that this muscle is scituate above the Prostats, and that it is nothing els but the beginning of the necke of the bladder, which becoms more fleshy whilest it is woven with transverse fibers.

[illustration]

The eleventh figure of the bladder and yarde.

AB, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9. The two bodies which make the yard.

CC 2, 3. The place where these two bodies do first arise.

D 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9. The nut of the yard called glans penis.

EE 4, 5. The fungous and redde substance of the bodies of the yard.

F 4, 5. The mutuall con∣nexion of the bodyes of the yard, and the nervous outward sub∣stance of the same, compassing round a∣bout the former fun∣gous substance.

G 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9. The pas∣sage of the urine, or common pipe running under the yarde all a∣long his length.

H. I. 1. 2. The first paire of Muscles of the yarde, which in the first figure doe yet grow to it, but in the second they hang from their originall. K. L. 1. 2. The second paire of Muscles of the yard, in the first figure gro∣wing, in the second hanging from their insertion. M 1. 2. The sphincter of the right gut. N 3, 7, 8, 9. The round sphincter Muscle of the bladder. O O, A Membrane

[illustration]

which is over the holes of the share bone. P 2. Arounde Ligament from the meeting of the share bones unto the head of the thgh. Q. 3. 7. 8. The body of the bladder. R R, 3, 7. The Prostatae, into which seede when it is perfectly laboured, is led. SS, 3, 8. Portions of the ureters. T T* 3, Portions of the vessels which leade downe the seed. V V, 7, 8, The umbilicall arteries. X 7, 8, The ligament of the bladder cald Vrachus. Y, 7, 8. The navel or umbilicus. Z, 7, 8. The umbilicall veine. aa 7, The veine and artery of the yard. b 5. The artery distributed through the body of the yard.

For the necke of the bladder it differs nothing in substance, composure, number, and * 1.291 temper from the bladder, but onely in quantity, which is neither so large, nor round in figure, but somwhat long together with the yarde representing the shape of the letter S. It is placed in men at the end of the right Gut and Perinaeum, rising upwards even to the roots of the yarde, and with it bending it self downwards; in weomen it is short, broad, and streight, ending at the orifice of the necke of the wombe betweene the ner∣vous bodyes of the Nymphae.

In men it hath connexion with the bladder, the ejaculatory vessels, the right gut * 1.292 and yarde; but in weomen onely with the necke of the wombe and privities. The use of it is in men to cast forth seed and urine, in weomen onely urine. But wee must note that the share bones must be divided and pulled asunder, in that part where they are joyned, that so you may the more exactly observe the scituation of these parts. Besides you must note that by the Perinaeum we understand nothing else, in men and weomen, than that space which is from the fundament to the privities in which the seame is called Taurus.

CHAP. XXXII. Of the yarde.

NOw followes the declaration of the Privy parts of men and weomen, * 1.293 and first wee will treat of mens. The yard is of a ligamentous substance because it hath its originall from bones, it is of an in∣different magnitude in all dimensions, yet in some bigger, in some lesse; the figure of it is round, but yet some what flatted above and beneath.

It is composed of a double coat, Nerves, veines, arteryes, two ligaments, the * 1.294 passage of the urine, and foure muscles. It hath its coats both from the true skin; as also from the fleshy pannicle, but the veines and Arteryes from these of the lower part of the lower belly which runne on the lower part of the Holy-bone into the yard, as the seminary vessels runne on the upper part.

The ligaments of the yard proceed on both sides from the sides and lower * 1.295 commissure of the share-bones; wherefore the yard is immediatly at his root furnished with a double ligament, but these two presently runne into one spungy one. The passage of the urine scituate in the lower part of the yarde comes from the neck of the bladder betweene the two ligaments.

For the foure muscles, the two side ones composeing or making a great part * 1.296 of the yard, proceed from the inward extuberancy of the Hip-bone, and pre∣sently they are dilated from their originall, and then grow lesse againe. The two other lower arise from the muscles of the fundament and accompany the urina∣ry passage the length of the perinaeum untill they enter the yard; but these two muscles cleave so close together, that they may seeme one haveing a triangular forme.

The action of these foure muscles in the act of generation is they open and * 1.297 dilate this common passage of urine and seed, that the seede may be forciblely or violently cast into the feild of nature; and besides they then keepe the yarde so stiffe, that it cannot bend to either side.

The yard is in number one, and scituate upon the lower parts of the share bone that it

might bee more stiffe in erection. It hath connexion with the share-bone and neigh∣bouring parts; by the particles of which it is composed. It is of a cold and dry temper. The action of it is to cast the seed into the wombe, for preservation of mankinde.

The head of it begins where the tendons end, this head from the figure thereof * 1.298 is called Glans and Balanus, that is the Nut, and the skin which covers that head is called Praeputium that is, the foreskin. The flesh of this Glandule is of a middle nature between the Glandulous flesh and true skin. But you must note that the Ligaments of the yarde are spongy contrary to the condition of others, and filled with grosse and blacke blood. But all these stirred up by the delight of desired pleasure and pro∣voked with a venereall fire, swell up and erect the yard.

CHAP. XXXIII. Of the spermaticke vessels and testicles in weomen.

NOw we should treat of the Privy parts in weomen but because they de∣pend upon the necke and proper body of the wombe, we will first speake of the wombe, hauing first declared what difference there is betweene the * 1.299 spermaticke vessels and testicles of men and weomen. Wherefore we must know that the spermatick vessels in weomen do nothing differ from those in men in substance, figure, composure, number, connexion, temper, originall and use, but only in magnitude and distribution; for weomen have them more large and short.

It was sit they should be more large, because they should not onely convey the mat∣ter fit for generation of young and nourishment of the testicles, but also sufficient for the nourishment of the wombe and child; but shorter because they end at the testicles * 1.300 and wombe within the belly in weomen. Where you must note that the preparing spermaticke vessels, a litle before they come to the Testicles, are divided into two unequall branches, of which the lesser bended, after the same manner as wee said in men, goes into the head of the testicle, through which it sends a slender branch into the coats of the testicles for life and nourishment, and not onely into the coats but also into the leading vessels. But the bigger branch descends on each side by the upper part of the wombe betweene the proper coate and the common, from the Peritonaeum where it is devided into divers branches. By this difference of the spermaticke vessels you may easily understand why weomen cast forth lesse seed than men.

For their Testicles, they differ litle from mens but in quantity; For they are lesser and in figure more hollow and flat, by reason of their defective heat which could * 1.301 not elevate or lift them vp to their just magnitude. Their composure is more simple, for they want the scrotum or cod, the fleshy coate, and also according to the opinion of some the Erythroides, but in place thereof they have another from the Peritonaeum which covers the proper coat, that is the Epididymis, or Dartos. Silvius writes that womens Testicles wants the Erythroides; yet it is certaine that besides their peculiar coat Dartos, they have another from the peritonaeum, which is the Erythroides, or as Fallopius calls it the Elythroides, that is as much as the vaginalis or sheath. But I thinke that this error hath sprung from the misunderstanding that place in Galen where he * 1.302 writes, that womens testicles want the Epidedymis. For we must not understand that to be spoken of the coate, but of the varicous parastats (as I formerly said). They differ nothing in number, but in fite; for in men they hang without the belly at the * 1.303 share bone above the Peritonaeum; weomen have them lying hide in their belly, nere the bottome at the sides of the wombe, but yet so as they touch not the body of the wombe.

But these testicles are tyed to the wombe both by a coate from the Peri∣tonaeum, as also by the leading vessels descending to the hornes of the wombe, but * 1.304 to the rest of the body by the vessels and the nerves arising from the holy bone and

costall nerves. They are of a colder Temper than mans. The ejaculatorie, or leading * 1.305 vessels in women differ thus from mens, they are large at the beginning, and of a veinie consistance, or substance, so that you can scarse discerne them from the coate Peritonaeum, then presently they become nervous, and waxe so slender, that they may seeme broken or torne, though it be not so; but when they come nearer to the hornes of the wombe, they are againe dilated; in their other conditions, they agree with mens, but that they are altogether more slender and short. They have a round figure, but more intricate windings than mens; I beleeve, that these windings might * 1.306 supply the defect of the varicous Parastats. They are seated betweene the testicles and wombe, for they proceede out of the head of the testicle, than presently armed with a coate from the Peritonaeum, they are implanted into the wombe by its hornes.

[illustration]

The twelfth Figure, of the Wombe.

A. The bottome of the wombe laid open with∣out any membrane.

BB. The necke of the wombe turned up∣ward.

CD. a part of the bot∣tome of the wombe like the nut of the yard, swel∣ling into the upper part of the necke of the wombe, in the middle whereof the orifice ap∣peareth.

EE. a membrane knitting the wombe to the Perito∣naeum, and holding toge∣the vessels thereof.

F. the left testicle.

G. the spermaticall veine and artery.

H. a part of the sperma∣ticall vessells reaching unto the bottome of the wombe.

I. one part of the vessels comming to the testicles * a vessell leading the seede unto the wombe.

K. the coate of the testicle with the implication of the vessels. L. the cavitie of the bladder opened. M. the in∣sertion of the Vreters into the bladder. N. the Vreters cut from the kidneies. O. the insertion of the necke of the bladder into the lap or privitie.

The second Figure.

aa. The spermaticall veine and artery. bb. branches distributed to the Peritonaeum from the spermaticall vessels. c. the bottome of the wombe. d. the necke of the wombe. e. certaine vessels running through the inside of the wombe, and the necke thereof. ff, vessels reaching to the bottome of the wombe produced from the sper∣maticall vessell. gg. the leading vessell of seede called Tuba the Trumper. hh. a branch of the spermaticall vessell compassing the trumpet. ii. the testicles. kk. the lower liga∣ments of the wombe, which some call the Cremasteres or hanging muscles of the wombe. l. the lap or privitie into which the Cremasteres doe end. m. a portion of the necke of the bladder.

[illustration]

The third Figure.

aa. the spermaticall vessels. bb. a branch from these spermaticall vessels to the bot∣tome of the wombe. cc. the body or bottome of the wombe. d. the necke of the same, e. the necke of the bladder ending into the necke of the wombe. ff. the tefticles. gg. the leading vessels, commonly though not so well called the ejaculatory vessels. hh. the division of these vessels, one of them determining into the hornes at double kk. ii. the other branch ending in the necke, by which women with child avoid their seede. kk. the hornes of the wombe.

The fourth Figure.

AB. The bosome of the bottome of the wombe, at whose sides are the hornes. CD. a line like a suture or seame, a little distinguishing that bosome. EE. the substance of the bottome of the wombe, or the thicknesse of his inner coate. F. a protuberation or swelling of the wombe in the middle of the bosome. G. the orifice of the bottome of the wombe. HH. the coate or second cover of the bottome of the wombe, com∣ming from the Peritonaeum. IIII. a portion of the membranes which tie the wombe. KK. the beginning of the necke of the wombe. L. the necke of the bladder inserted into the necke of the wombe. m. the Clitoris in the toppe of the privity. n. the ine∣qualitie of the privitie where the Hymen is placed. o. the hole or passage of the privi∣tie in the cleft. p. the skinny caruncle of the privitie.

CHAP. XXXIIII. Of the Wombe.

THe Wombe is a part proper onely to women, given by nature instead of * 1.307 the Scrotum, as the necke thereof, and the annexed parts in stead of the yard; so that if any more exactly consider the parts of generation in wo∣men and men, he shall finde that they differ not much in number, but one∣ly in situation and use. For that which man hath apparent without, that women have hid within, both by the singular providence of Nature, as also by the defect of heate in women, which could not drive and thrust forth those parts as in men. The wombe is of a nervous and membranous substance, that it may be more easily dilated and contracted, as neede shall require.

The magnitude thereof is diverse, according to the diversitie of age, the use of * 1.308 venery, the flowing of their courses, and the time of conception. The wombe is but small in one of unripe age, having not used venery, nor which is menstruous; there∣fore the quantititie cannot be rightly defined.

The figure of the wombe is absolutely like that of the bladder, if you consider it * 1.309 without the productions, which Herophilus called hornes, by reason of the similitude * 1.310 they have with the hornes of Oxen at their first comming forth. It consists of simple and compound parts. The simple are the veines, arteries, nerves, and coates. The veines and arteries are foure in number, two from the preparing spermaticke vessels, * 1.311 the two other ascend thither from the Hypogastricke, after this manner.

First, these vessels before they ascend on each side to the wombe, divide them∣selves into two branches, from which othersome goe to the lower part of the wombe, othersome to the necke thereof, by which the menstruous bloud, if it abound from the conception, may be purged.

Nerves come on both sides to the wombe, both from the sixt conjugation, descen∣ding * 1.312 by the length of the backe bone, as also from the holy bone, which presently united and joyned together, ascend and are distributed through the wombe, like the veines and arteries.

The utmost or common coate of the wombe, proceeds from the Peritonaeum, on * 1.313 that part it touches the holy bone; but the proper it hath from the first conformation, which is composed of the three sorts of fibers, of the right on the inside for the attra∣ction of both seedes; the transverse without to expell, if occasion be; the oblique in the midst for the due retention thereof.

The wombe admits no division, unlesse into the right and left side, by an obscure line or seame, such as we see in the Scrotum, but scarse so manifest; neither must we af∣terthe maner of the ancients, or imagine any other cels in the womb. For by the * 1.314 law of nature, a woman at one birth can have no more than two. An argument here∣of is, they have no more than two dugges. If any chance to bring forth more, it is besides nature, and somewhat monstrous, because nature hath made no provision of nourishment for them.

Nature hath placed the wombe at the bottome of the belly, because that place * 1.315 seemes most fit to receive seede, to carrie and bring forth the young. It is placed be∣tweene the bladder and right gut, and is bound to these parts much more straitly, by the necke, than by the body thereof; but also besides it is tied with two most strong ligaments on the sides, and upper parts of the sharebone, on which it seemes to hang; but by its common coate from the Peritonaeum, chiefly thicke in that place, it is tied to the hollow bone, and the bones of the hanch and loines.

By reason of this strait connexion, a woman with child feeling the painefull draw∣ings backe, and as it were conuvlsions of those ligaments, knowes her selfe with child. It is of a cold and moist temper, rather by accident, than of it selfe. The acti∣on * 1.316 thereof is to containe both the seedes, and to chearish, preserve, and nourish it, so contained, untill the time appointed by nature; and also besides, to receive, and eua∣cuate the menstruous bloud. The compound parts of the wombe are, the proper bo∣dy and necke thereof. That body is extended in women bigge with child, even to the navell, in some higher, in some lower.

In the inner side the Cotyledones come into our consideration, which are nothing else * 1.317 than the orifices and mouthes of the veines, ending in that place. They scarse ap∣peare in women, unlesse presently after child-bearing, or their menstruall purgation; but they are apparent in sheepe, Goates, and Kine, at all times like wheat cornes, unlesse when they are with young, for then they are of the bignesse of hasell nuts: but then also they swell up in women, and are like a rude piece of flesh of a finger and a halfe thicke; which begirt all the naturall parts of the infant shut up in the wombe; * 1.318 out of which respect this shapelesse flesh, according to the opinion of some, is reckoned amongst the number of coates investing the infant, and called Chorion, be∣cause, as in beasts, the Chorion is interwoven with veines, and arteries, whence the um∣bilicall vessels proceede; so in women this fleshie lumpe is woven with veines, and arteries, whence such vessels have their originall. Which thing, how true and agree∣able to reason it is, let other men judge.

There is one thing whereof I would admonish thee, that as the growth of the Co∣telidones in beasts, are not called by the name of Chorion, but are onely said to be the dependants thereof, so in women such swollen Cotelidones merit not the name of Chorion, but rather of the dependances thereof.

This body ends in a certaine straitnesse which is met withall, in following it to∣wards the privities, in women who have borne no children, or have remained barren some certaine time; for in such as are lately delivered, you can see nothing but a ca∣vitie and no straitnsse at all. This straitnesse wee call the proper orifice of the wombe, * 1.319 which is most exactly shut after the conception, especially untill the membrane, or coats incompassing the child be finished, and strong enough to containe the seede, that it flow not forth, nor be corrupted by entrance of the aire; for it is opened to send forth the seede, and in some the courses and serous humors, which are heaped up in the wombe in the time of their being with clild.

From this orifice the necke of the wombe taking its originall, is extended even to the privities. It is of a musculous substance, composed of soft flesh, because it might be extended and contracted, wrinkled, and stretched forth, and unfolded, and wrested, and shaken at the comming forth of the child, and after be restored to its former soundnesse and integritie. In processe of age it growes harder, both by use of venery, and also by reason of age, by which the whole body in all parts thereof be∣comes drie and hard. But in growing, and young women, it is more tractable and flexible for the necessitie of nature.

The magnitude is sufficiently large in all dimensions, though divers, by reason of the infinite varietie of bodies. The figure is long, round, and hollow. The compo∣sition * 1.320 is the same with the wombe, but it receives not so many vessels as the wombe; for it hath none but those which are sent from the Hypogastricke veines, by the branches ascending to the wombe. This necke on the inside is wrinckled with many crests, like the upper part of a dogges mouth, so in copulation to cause greater pleasure by that inequalitie, and also to shorten the act.

It is onely one, and that situate betweene the necke of the bladder and the right * 1.321 gut, to which it closely sticketh, as to the wombe by the proper orifice thereof, and to the privities by its owne orifice; but by the vessels to all the parts from whence they are sent.

It is of a cold and drie temper, and the way to admit the seede into the wombe, * 1.322 to exclude the infant out of the wombe, as also the menstruall evacuation. But it is worth observation, that in all this passage there is no such membrane found, as that they called Hymen, which they feigned to be broken at the first coition. Yet not∣withstanding * 1.323 Columbus, Fallopius, Wierus, and many other learned men of our time think otherwise, and say, that in Virgjns a litle above the passage of the urine, may be found and seene such a nervous membrane, placed overtwhart as it were in the middle way of this necke, and perforated for the passage of the courses. But you may finde this false by experience; it is likely the Ancients fell into this error through this occa∣sion, because that in some a good quantitie of bloud breakes forth of these places at the first copulation.

But it is more probable, that this happens by the violent attrition of certaine ves∣sels lying in the inward superficies of the necke of the wombe, not being able to en∣dure * 1.324 without breaking so great extention as that nervous necke undergoes at the first coition. For a maide which is marriageable, and hath her genitall parts proportio∣nable in quantitie and bignesse to a mans, shall finde no such effusion of bloud, as we shall shew more at large in our Booke of Generation.

This necke ends at the privities, where its proper orifice is, which privy parts we must treate of, as being the productions and appendices of this necke. This Pudendum, or privitie, is of a middle substance, betweene the flesh and a nerve; the magnitude is sufficiently large, the figure round, hollow, long. It is composed of veines, arteries, nerves, descending to the necke of the wombe, and a double coate proceeding from the true skinne and fleshie pannicle; both these coates are there firmely united by the flesh comming betweene them; whereupon it is said, that this part consists of a musculous coate. It is one in number, situate above the Perinaum. It hath connexion with the fundament, the necke of the wombe and bladder by both their peculiar orifices.

It hath a middle temper, betweene hot, and cold, moist and drie. It hath the same use as a mans Praeputium or fore-skinne, that is, that together with the Numpha it may hinder the entrance of the aire, by which the wombe may be in danger to take cold. The lips of the privities called by the Greekes 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, by the Latines Ala, con∣taine * 1.325 all that region which is invested with haires; and because we have falne into mention of these Nympha, you must know that they are as it were productions of the musculous skinne, which descend on both sides, from the upper part of the share-bone downewards, even to the orifice of the necke of the bladder, oft times growing to so great a bignesse, that they will stand out like a mans yard. Wherefore in some they must be cut off in their young yeares, yet with a great deale of caution, left if they be cut too rashly, so great an effusion of bloud may follow, that it may cause, ei∣ther death to the woman, or barrennesse of the wombe by reason of the refrigeration by the too great effusion of bloud. The latter Anatomists, as Columbus and Fallopius besides these parts, have made mention of another particle, which stands forth in the upper part of the privities, and also of the urinary passage, which joynes together those wings wee formerly mentioned: Columbus cals it Tentigo, Fallopius Cleitoris, whence proceeds that infamous word Cleitorizein, (which signifies impudently to * 1.326 handle that part.) But because it is an obscene part, let those which desire to know, more of it, reade the Authors which I cited.

[illustration]

The thirteenth Figure, shewing the parts of women different from these in men.

A. B. C. D. The Peritonaeum refle∣cted or turned backward, above and below.

E. F. the gibbous part of the liver 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the cave or hollow part E.

G. The trunke of the gate veine.

H. the hollow veine.

I. the great artery.

K. the rootes of the Coelicall artery which accompanieth the gate veine.

L. M. the fatty veine going to the coate of the kidneies.

N. O. the fore-part of both the kid∣neies.

T. V. the emulgent veines and arte∣ries.

aa. the right ureter at the lowest a, cut from a part which neere to b, sticketh yet to the bladder, be∣cause the bottome of the bladder is drawne to the left-side.

c. the left ureter inserted into the bladder neere to r.

dd. the spermaticke veine which goeth to the left testicle marked with i.

ee. the spermaticke veine which go∣eth to the left testicle with i, also. f. the trunke of the great arterie from whence the spermaticall arteries doe proceed. g. h. the spermaticall arteries. ii. the two testicles. ll, a branch which from the sperma∣ticke vessels reacheth unto the bottome of the wombe. mm. the leading vessell of the seede which Falopius calleth the tuba or trumpet, because it is crooked and reflected. n. a branch of the spermaticke vessel, compassing the leading vessell. oo. a vessell like a worme which passeth to the wombe, some call it Cremaster. p. the bottome of the wombe called fundus vteri. q. a part of the right gut. r. s. the bottome of the bladder whereto is inserted the left ureter, and a veine led from the necke of the wombe neere unto r. t. the necke of the bladder. u. the same inserted into the privitie or lap. x. a part of the necke of the wombe above the privity. yy. certaine skinnie Caruncles of the privities, in the midst of which is the slit, and on both sides appeare little hillocks.

The Figures belonging to the Dugges and Breasts.

αα, The veines of the Dugs which come from those, which descending from the top of the shoulder, are offered to the skinne. β. the veines of the dugges derived from those which through the arme-hole are led into the hand γ. the body of the Dugge or Breast. δδ. the kernels and fat betweene them. εε. the vessels of the Dugges descending from the lower part of the necke called iugulum, under the breast bone.

CHAP. XXXV. Of the Coats containing the Infant in the wombe, and of the Navell.

THe membranes or coates containing the infant in the wombe of the mo∣ther, are of a spermaticke and nervous substance, having their matter from the seede of the mother. But they are nervous that so they may be the more easily extended, as it shall be necessary for the child. They are * 1.327 of good length and bredth, especially neare the time of deliverance, they are round in figure like the wombe.

Their composition is of veines, arteries, and their proper substance. The veines, and arteries, are distributed to them (whether obscurely, or manifestly, more or fewer) from the wombe by the Cotyledones, which have the same office, as long as the child is contained in the wombe, as the nipples or pappes of the nurses after it is borne. For thus the wombe brings the Cotyledones, or veines, de∣generating into them, through the coates like certaine paps to the infant shut up in them.

These coates are three in number according to Galen; one called the Chorion, Se∣cundine, or afterbirth; the other Allantoides; the third Amnios. I find this number * 1.328 of coates in beasts, but not in women, unlesse peradventure any will reckon up in the number of the coats, the Cotyledones swollen up, and grown into a fleshie masse, which many skilfull in Anatomy doe write, which opinion notwithstanding we cannot re∣ceive as true. I could never in any place finde the Allantoides in women with child, neither in the infant borne in the sixth, seventh, eight, or in the full time, being the ninth moneth, although I have sought it with all possible diligence, the Midwives being set apart, which might have violated some of the coates.

But thus I went about this businesse, I devided the dead body of the mother cross∣wise upon the region of the wombe, and taking away all impediments, which might either hinder, or obscure our diligence, with as much dexteritie as was possible, wee did not onely draw away that receptacle or den of the infant, from the inward surface of the wombe, to which it stucke by the Cotyledones, but we also tooke away the first membrane which we called Chorion, from that which lies next under it, called Amnios, without any rending or tearing; for thus we powred forth no moisture, whereby it might be said, that any coate, made for the containing of that humor, was rent, or torne. And then we diligently looked, having many witnesses and spectators pre∣sent, if in any place there did appeare any distinction of these two membranes, the Al∣lantoides, and Amnios, for the separating the contained humors, and for other uses which they mention.

But when we could perceive no such thing, we tooke the Amnios filled with moi∣sture on the upper side, and having opened it, two servants so holding the apertion, that no moisture might flow out of it into the circumference of the Chorion or womb; then presently with spunges we drew out by little and little all the humiditie contai∣ned in it, the infant yet contained in it, which was fit to come forth, that so the coate Amnios being freed of this moisture, we might see whether there were any other hu∣mor contained in any other coate besides. But having done this with singular dili∣gence and fidelity, we could see no other humor, nor no other separation of the mem∣branes besides.

So that, from that time I have confidently held this opinion, that the infant in the wombe, is onely wrapped in two coates, the Chorion and Amnios. But yet not satisfied by this experience, that I might yet be more certaine concerning this Allantoides, ha∣ving * 1.329 passed through the two former coates, I came to the infant, and I put a quill in∣to its bladder, and blew it up as forceably as I could, so to trie, if by that blowing I might force the aire into that coate which we questioned, as some have written. But neither thus could I drive any aire from hence, through the navell into the controvet∣ted coate, but rather I found it to flie out of the bladder by the privities. Where∣fore I am certainely perswaded that there is no Allantoides. Moreover I could never

finde nor see in the navell that passage called the urachus, which they affirme to be the beginning and originall of the coate Allantoides. But if it be granted that there is no such coate as the Allantoides, what discommoditie will arise hereof? specially seeing the sweate and urine of the infant may easily and without any discommoditie be received, collected and contained in the same coate, by reason of the small diffe∣rence which is betweene them. But if any object that the urine by its sharpenesse and touching will hurt the infant; I will answer, there can be no so great sharpenesse in the urine of so small an infant, and that, if that there be any, it is tempered by the admixture of the gentle vapour of sweat.

Besides, if you consider, or have regard to the use of such an humor (which is to hold up the child, lest by its weight it breakes the ties, by which it is bound to the wombe;) wee shall finde no humour more fit for this purpose than this serous, as which by its thicknesse is much more fit to beare up a weight, than the thinne and to liquide sweate. For so we see the sea or salt water carries greater weights without dan∣ger of drowning, than fresh rivers doe. Wherefore I conclude that there is no neede, that the urine should be kept and contained in one coate, and the sweate in another. The Ancients who have writ otherwise, have written from observations made in beasts. Wherefore we make but onely two coats the Chorion and Amnios, the one of vhich seeing it containes the other, they both so encompasse the child, that they vest ••on every side.

Fallopius in some sort seemes to be of this opinion; for he onely makes two coates; the Chorion and Amnios, but hee thinkes the infant makes the water into a certaine pat of the Chorion, as you may perceive by reading of his Observations. Both these cotes are tied betweene themselves by the intercourse of most slender nervous fi∣bes, and small vessels penetrating from the outer Chorion to the inner Amnios. Wherefore unlesse you warily handle these coates you may easily teare the Amnios in seprating it. They are of the same temper with other membranes. Their use is diffe∣rent * 1.330 for the Chorion is made both for the preservation of the vessels, which it receives from the wombe for the generating of the umbilicall veines and arteries, as also, to keep whole and safe the parts which it invests.

Bt the Amnios is to receive and containe the excrementitious and ferous hu∣mors which the child shut up in the wombe is accustomed to evacuate. But this coate; very thinne and soft, but strong and smooth, lest by its touch it might hurt the infant whereupon it is called the Lamb-kinne coate.

CHAP. XXXVI. Of the Navell.

THe Navell followes these coates; It is a white body somewhat resem∣bling * 1.331 the wreathen cord, or girdle of the Franciscan Friers, but that it hath not the knots standing so farre out, but onely swelling in certaine places, resembling a knot, onely lifted up on one side; it arises and takes its originall from a fleshie masse which we expressed by the name of swelling C•…•…dones, and goes into the midst of the lower belly of the infant, yea ve∣rily * 1.332 into th•…•…idst of the whole body, whose roote it is therefore said to be. For even as a t•…•… by the roote, sucks nourishment from the earth, so the infant in the wombe draw its nourishment by the navell. The greatnesse of it in breadth and thicknesse, eq•…•…ll the bignesse of the little finger. But it is a foote and a halfe long, so that children 〈◊〉〈◊〉 brought forth with it, encompassing their middle, necke, armes, or legges. The fig•…•…e of it is round. It is composed of two arteries, one veine and two * 1.333 coates. It hath •…•…se vessels from that great multitude of capillary veines and arteries, which are seen •…•…ispersed over the Chorion. Wherefore the veine entring in at the navell, penetra•…•… from thence into the hollow part of the liver, where divided into two, according ••alens opinion, it makes the gate and hollow veines. But the arte∣ries, * 1.334 caried by th•…•…selves the length of the navell, cast themselves into the Iliacae, which

they make, as also all other, that from thence the vitall spirit may be carried by them over all the infant. It hath its two coates from the Chorion.

But seeing they are mutually woven and conjoyned without any medium, and are of a sufficient strength and thicknesse over all the navell, they may seeme to make the infants externall skinne and fleshie pannicle. I know very many reckon two um∣bilicall veines, as also arteries, and the urachus by, or through which the urine flowes into the coate Allantoides. But because this is not to be found in women, but onely in beasts, I willingly omit it, because I doe not intend to mention any parts, but such * 1.335 as belong to humane bodies. Yet if there be any, which can teach me, that these parts, which I thinke proper to brute beasts, are to be found in women, I will wil∣lingly confesse, and that to his credit, from whom I have reaped such benefit.

The other things that may be required concerning the navell as of its number, site, connexion, temper, and use, may easily appeare by that we have spoken before. For we hove apparently set downe the use, when we said the navell was made for that purpose, that the infant may be nourished by it, as the tree by the roote, by rea∣son of the continuation of the vessels thereof, with the preparing spermaticke vessels, made by God for that purpose, to whom be honour and glory for ever and ever.

Amen.

The End of the third Booke.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The necessitie of the know∣ledge of Ana∣tomy.
• * 1.2

  Initio lib. de Offic. ••edici,
• * 1.3

  Lib. de cssibus.
• * 1.4

  1. de loc. affe∣ctis, & lib. 3. M••••h.
• * 1.5

  Why when the liver is hot, the stomacke is commonly cold.
• * 1.6

  The know∣ledge of Ana∣tomy, is com∣modious foure manner of wayes.
• * 1.7

  There is a threefold method.
• * 1.8

  The Authors intent.
• * 1.9

  What Anato∣mie is.
• * 1.10

  How a defi∣nition differs from a de∣scription.
• * 1.11

  The Subject of Physicke.
• * 1.12

  Gal lib. 1. de. vsu pars. lib. 1. Meth.
• * 1.13

  The simular parts are 9.
• * 1.14

  How the bones come to feele.
• * 1.15

  The com∣pound, or organicall parts.
• * 1.16

  Foure par∣ticles to be ob∣served in ••a•••• organicall pa••••.
• * 1.17

  Foure sorts of instrumen∣tall parts.
• * 1.18

  Nine things to be considered in each part.
• * 1.19

  Why the three principall parts are so called.
• * 1.20

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 de Art•• medica.
• * 1.21

  The use and function of the parts ser∣ving for gene∣ration.
• * 1.22

  What the soul•• is, and with how many faculties it is endewed.
• * 1.23

  All the parts of mans body are distin∣guished into three.
• * 1.24

  What parts are here called Animall.
• * 1.25

  Lib. 6. Epidem.
• * 1.26

  What parts are called vi∣tall.
• * 1.27

  The devision of the animall parts.
• * 1.28

  The devision of the vitall parts.
• * 1.29

  The devision of the naturall parts.
• * 1.30

  The vulgar division of mans body.
• * 1.31

  Why the belly is not bony.
• * 1.32

  The devision of the lower belly.
• * 1.33

  The Hypo∣chondria.
• * 1.34

  A most cer∣taine note of the part af∣fected, by the place where the paine is.
• * 1.35

  The contai∣ning parts of the lower bel∣ly.
• * 1.36

  The skinne twofold. From what parts the skin cannot be se∣parated.
• * 1.37

  The matter of the Cuticle.
• * 1.38

  The quantitie.
• * 1.39

  The figure. The compo∣sure.
• * 1.40

  The number.
• * 1.41

  The tempe∣ratuer.
• * 1.42

  The use
• * 1.43

  Why the cu∣ticle cannot be restored in scars.
• * 1.44

  The substance
• * 1.45

  Magnitude.
• * 1.46

  Figure.
• * 1.47

  Composure,
• * 1.48

  The skinne of it selfe is void of sense.
• * 1.49

  The number.
• * 1.50

  Connexion:
• * 1.51

  Temperature,
• * 1.52

  Vse.
• * 1.53

  The reason why the skin is blacker and rougher in Winter.
• * 1.54

  What a mem∣brane is.
• * 1.55

  Why it is sometimes called a coate, sometimes the fleshie and fat∣tie Pannicle.
• * 1.56

  Why beasts have this pan∣nicle wholy, fleshie or mus∣culous.
• * 1.57

  The substance
• * 1.58

  The magni∣tude and fi∣gure.
• * 1.59

  Number. Composure.
• * 1.60

  The tempe∣rature. The use.
• * 1.61

  The fat is ra∣ther an excre∣ment than a part. The substance
• * 1.62

  The efficient cause of fat.
• * 1.63

  The quantity.
• * 1.64

  The compo∣sure.
• * 1.65

  The site.
• * 1.66

  I was pres•…•…at the opening a body, Feb: 1630▪ 〈◊〉〈◊〉 which the ••at, in the lower part of the lower belly was in thick∣nesse above 8, inch••s, upon the brest be∣tweene a and 5 nche which•• I thought good to remember in this place both for the rarity of the thing, as also because it was encreased by report, and the place m••staken some saying the O•…•…um or Call was so thicke, which was false, for it did not much exceed the quantity of that part, in other fa••men. The Temper. The use. The solider fat, or seame.
• * 1.67

  In what parts and for what cause the fat is more dense.
• * 1.68

  The substance
• * 1.69

  The quantity
• * 1.70

  The Compo∣sure.
• * 1.71

  The Original
• * 1.72

  The number.
• * 1.73

  The site.
• * 1.74

  The use,
• * 1.75

  What the white lime is.
• * 1.76

  What a Mus∣cle is.
• * 1.77

  How the cir∣cular motion is performed.
• * 1.78

  From whence the differences of muscles are drawne.
• * 1.79

  Differences of muscles from their sub∣stance.
• * 1.80

  Differences of Muscles from their original.
• * 1.81

  Where a muscle hath its originall.
• * 1.82

  Differences of muscles from their insertion
• * 1.83

  Differences of muscles taken from their figure.
• * 1.84

  Differences from their perforations.
• * 1.85

  From their magnitude.
• * 1.86

  From their Colour,
• * 1.87

  From their site.
• * 1.88

  From their fibers.
• * 1.89

  From thire connexion.
• * 1.90

  From their head.
• * 1.91

  From their belly.
• * 1.92

  From their Tendons.
• * 1.93

  From their Action.
• * 1.94

  From their function.
• * 1.95

  The com∣pound & sim∣ple 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of a muscle.
• * 1.96

  What use each simple particle hath in a muscle.
• * 1.97

  The nature of a Ligament.
• * 1.98

  The three fold use of a Liga∣ment.
• * 1.99

  What a nerve is.
• * 1.100

  What wee meane by the nervous and Ligamentous fibers.
• * 1.101

  By what power the simular parts principally draw, or attract. What and of how many sorts the flesh is.
• * 1.102

  What a vein is.
• * 1.103

  What an arte∣ry is.
• * 1.104

  Why an Arte∣ry is more thicke and dense than a veine.
• * 1.105

  The mutuall Anastomosis of the veines and arteryes.
• * 1.106

  Where it is manifest.
• * 1.107

  From whence a muscle hath its beginning or head.
• * 1.108

  eight muscles of the Epiga∣strium.
• * 1.109

  The Oblique descendant. Their sub∣stance. Their great∣nesse and figure.
• * 1.110

  Their compo∣sur and fite.
• * 1.111

  Their con∣nexion. Their tem∣perament. Their action.
• * 1.112

  The oblique ascendant.
• * 1.113

  Their site and connexion.
• * 1.114

  Their Action
• * 1.115

  The right muscles of the Epigastrium.
• * 1.116

  Their site.
• * 1.117

  Originall.
• * 1.118

  The meeting together of the Epigastrick and mamillary veines and arteryes.
• * 1.119

  Their action.
• * 1.120

  Their use.
• * 1.121

  The Pyraml∣dal or assisting muscles.
• * 1.122

  The transverse muscles of the Epigastrium.
• * 1.123

  Their figure and site.
• * 1.124

  Their Action.
• * 1.125

  The common use and action of the eight muscles of the Epigastrium.
• * 1.126

  Why when the mouth is open the excre∣ments go more slowly forth.
• * 1.127

  Why when the mouth is open the excrements go more slow∣ly forth.
• * 1.128

  What the white line is
• * 1.129

  What the Pe∣ritonaeum is.
• * 1.130

  The substance and quantity.
• * 1.131

  The figure.
• * 1.132

  The compo∣sition.
• * 1.133

  The number.
• * 1.134

  Lib. de 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.135

  The fite and connexion.
• * 1.136

  Lib. 6, Meth,
• * 1.137

  Vse.
• * 1.138

  The substance, magnitude, figure.
• * 1.139

  The compo∣sure.
• * 1.140

  The connexi∣on.
• * 1.141

  Lib. Anatom. ••dminist.
• * 1.142

  The tempor.
• * 1.143

  The use two-fold.
• * 1.144

  Lib. 4 de usu partium.
• * 1.145

  A cause of frustrating conception.
• * 1.146

  What the ven∣tricle is.
• * 1.147

  The substance
• * 1.148

  The magni∣tude.
• * 1.149

  The figure. The compo∣sure.
• * 1.150

  The cause of the consent of the mouth and stomacke.
• * 1.151

  The number.
• * 1.152

  Lib. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vsu partium.
• * 1.153

  The connexi∣on.
• * 1.154

  The temper.
• * 1.155

  Lib. 9. Meth.
• * 1.156

  Notes of a hot stomacke,
• * 1.157

  The action twofold.
• * 1.158

  The two ori∣fices of the stomacke.
• * 1.159

  The 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.160

  The glandu∣dulous ring of the Pylorus.
• * 1.161

  The falling downe of the stomacke.
• * 1.162

  Their sub∣stance.
• * 1.163

  Figure.
• * 1.164

  Their number
• * 1.165

  The Duode∣num.
• * 1.166

  The Iejunum.
• * 1.167

  Ileon.
• * 1.168

  Caecum.
• * 1.169

  Colon.
• * 1.170

  Rectum:
• * 1.171

  Their site,
• * 1.172

  The distincti∣on betweene the collicke and the stone in the kidnies. Their con∣noxion.
• * 1.173

  Why vomiting ha••pens in the collicke.
• * 1.174

  The S••incter muscles of the fundament.
• * 1.175

  Gal. lib. 5. de usu partium. ••ap. 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪
• * 1.176

  Levatores Ani.
• * 1.177

  The action of the guts.
• * 1.178

  Their fibers.
• * 1.179

  How the guts become fit to retaine.
• * 1.180

  Their length.
• * 1.181

  The substance
• * 1.182

  magnitude.
• * 1.183

  Figure, Composure.
• * 1.184

  Number.
• * 1.185

  The connexi∣on.
• * 1.186

  The temper.
• * 1.187

  The action and use.
• * 1.188

  All the mese∣raicke veines come from the liver.
• * 1.189

  Substance of the glandules.
• * 1.190

  Quantitie and figure.
• * 1.191

  Composition.
• * 1.192

  Number,
• * 1.193

  Connexion.
• * 1.194

  Temper.
• * 1.195

  Action and use.
• * 1.196

  The substance of the Pancre∣as. The ••ite.
• * 1.197

  What the liver is.
• * 1.198

  Its substance and quantity.
• * 1.199

  Why coward•• have great li∣vers.
• * 1.200

  The figure.
• * 1.201

  The compo∣sure. The vessels.
• * 1.202

  The number and site. The connexi∣on.
• * 1.203

  The temper.
• * 1.204

  The action.
• * 1.205

  The ligaments
• * 1.206

  The substance, greatnesse, and figure thereof The compo∣sition.
• * 1.207

  Number and connexion.
• * 1.208

  Temper.
• * 1.209

  Action.
• * 1.210

  The channels of the gall.
• * 1.211

  Lib. 2. de tem∣per.
• * 1.212

  The substence
• * 1.213

  Magnitude.
• * 1.214

  Figure.
• * 1.215

  Composition.
• * 1.216

  Number, and site.
• * 1.217

  Connexion,
• * 1.218

  Temper and use.
• * 1.219

  The substance and figure.
• * 1.220

  Compositiors. Number end Site.
• * 1.221

  Temper and Action.
• * 1.222

  Division there∣of into 6 bran∣ches of which 4 simple. 1•• Cysticae genellae.
• * 1.223

  2 Gastrica.
• * 1.224

  3 Gastrepiplois.
• * 1.225

  4 Intestinalis.
• * 1.226

  Two com∣pound. 1 Ramu•• spleni∣cus sending ••orch. 1 Coronali••. 〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.227

  2 Haemorrhoidal▪ interna.
• * 1.228

  3. Gastrepiplois maj••r •…•…stra.
• * 1.229

  4. Epiplois simp∣lex.
• * 1.230

  5. Vas breve scu venosum.
• * 1.231

  Lib. 4. de ••s•…•… partium.
• * 1.232

  2 Ramus mesen∣tericus, devided into three parts.
• * 1.233

  The originall of arteries. The division of the great descendant artery, is into these. 1 Arteria inter∣•…•….
• * 1.234

  2 Phrenica. 3. Caeliaca.
• * 1.235

  4. Emulgent. 5. Spermatica.
• * 1.236

  Haemorrhoida∣li•• seu mesen••••∣rica inferior.
• * 1.237

  7. Lumbaris.
• * 1.238

  8 Iliaca.
• * 1.239

  The originall of the nerves which are car∣ryed to the na∣turall parts.
• * 1.240

  Their magni∣tude and use.
• * 1.241

  The originall of the hollow veine. It is divided into two trunkes,
• * 1.242

  The division of the greater branch of the hollow veine. 1. Adipos,
• * 1.243

  2. Emulgent.
• * 1.244

  3 Spermatica.
• * 1.245

  4. Lumbaris.
• * 1.246

  5 Iliacae, which are divided into.
• * 1.247

  1 Musculosae.
• * 1.248

  2 Sacrae.
• * 1.249

  3 Hypagastrica, which produce the Haemor∣rhoidales ex∣ternae.
• * 1.250

  4 Epigastrica.
• * 1.251

  5 Pudenda,
• * 1.252

  Their sub∣stance. Magnitude. Figure. Composition.
• * 1.253

  Number.
• * 1.254

  Site,
• * 1.255

  Connexion.
• * 1.256

  Temper, Action.
• * 1.257

  Their strainer.
• * 1.258

  Their sub∣stance. Quantity.
• * 1.259

  Figure and composure.
• * 1.260

  Number.
• * 1.261

  Site.
• * 1.262

  Their sub∣stance.
• * 1.263

  Magnitudeand figure. Composition.
• * 1.264

  The Coa•• Erythr••is
• * 1.265

  The Epididy¦mis, or Darte••.
• * 1.266

  The Crema∣ster muscles.
• * 1.267

  Temper.
• * 1.268

  Action.
• * 1.269

  Their sub∣stance.
• * 1.270

  Here the Au∣thor speakes otherwise then Galen.
• * 1.271

  Action.
• * 1.272

  Their quanti∣ty, figure and composure.
• * 1.273

  Their temper and number.
• * 1.274

  Vasa ejacula∣toria the ejacu∣latory or lea∣ding vessels.
• * 1.275

  Their number and action.
• * 1.276

  This Carun∣cle must be ob∣served and di∣stinguished from a Hyper∣sarcosis or fleshy ex∣crescence.
• * 1.277

  The Prostatae. Their quanti∣ty and figur••.
• * 1.278

  Number and site.
• * 1.279

  An anatomi∣call axiome.
• * 1.280

  Their use.
• * 1.281

  Roud. in me∣thod. med. ad morbos.
• * 1.282

  The substance magnitude, figure and composure of the vreters.
• * 1.283

  Number and site.
• * 1.284

  Connexion.
• * 1.285

  Temper and use.
• * 1.286

  The substance
• * 1.287

  Figure.
• * 1.288

  Composition.
• * 1.289

  Temper, use or action.
• * 1.290

  Their sphin∣cter of the bladder.
• * 1.291

  The necke of the bladder.
• * 1.292

  The connexi∣on and use thereof.
• * 1.293

  The substance quantity and figure of the yarde.
• * 1.294

  Composure.
• * 1.295

  The ligaments
• * 1.296

  The muscles.
• * 1.297

  Their Action.
• * 1.298

  The Nut. The Praeputi∣um, or fore∣skin.
• * 1.299

  In what the sperematicke vessels in weo∣men differ from those in men.
• * 1.300

  Why they are larger but shorter then mens.
• * 1.301

  In what their testicles differ from mens.
• * 1.302

  Lib. 14. de usu part.
• * 1.303

  Site.
• * 1.304

  Connexion.
• * 1.305

  Temper. Their ejacu∣latory vessels.
• * 1.306

  Why they have more intricate win∣dings. Their fite.
• * 1.307

  Wherein the privy parts in weomen differ from those in men.
• * 1.308

  The substance and magni∣tude of the wombe.
• * 1.309

  Figure.
• * 1.310

  The hornes of the wombe.
• * 1.311

  Composure. The veines and Arteryes.
• * 1.312

  Nerves.
• * 1.313

  The Coats.
• * 1.314

  No cels in the wombe.
• * 1.315

  The site.
• * 1.316

  The temper and action.
• * 1.317

  The Cotyle∣dones.
• * 1.318

  Columbus ju∣stly reproved.
• * 1.319

  The orifice of the wombe. The proper o∣rifice of the wombe is not alwayes ex∣actly shut in women with child. The necke of the wombe.
• * 1.320

  Its magnitude. Composition.
• * 1.321

  Number and site.
• * 1.322

  Temper.
• * 1.323

  No Hymen.
• * 1.324

  From whence the blood pro∣ceeds that breaks forth in some vir∣gins in the first coition.
• * 1.325

  Alae. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.326

  Cleitoris, tentige
• * 1.327

  Their sub∣stance, mag∣nitude, figure, and compo∣sure.
• * 1.328

  Their num∣ber.
• * 1.329

  He shewes by three severall reasons that there is no Al∣lantoides.
• * 1.330

  Their temper and use.
• * 1.331

  What the navell is.
• * 1.332

  Their Navell is the Center of the body.
• * 1.333

  The figure and compo∣sure.
• * 1.334

  Lib. de format; fatus in uter••.
• * 1.335

  There is onely one veine in a childs navill, but no Vrachus.