The workes of that famous chirurgion Ambrose Parey translated out of Latine and compared with the French. by Th: Johnson

OF BANDAGES, OR, LIGATURES. THE FOURTEENTH BOOK. (Book 14)

CHAP. I. Of the differences of Bandages.

BAndages, wherewith we use to binde, doe much differ amongst themselves. But their differences (in Galens opinion) are chief∣ly * 1.1 drawne from sixe things; to wit, their matter, figure, length, breadth, making, and parts whereof they consist. Now the matter of Bandages is threefold; Membranous or of skinnes, which is accommodated peculiarly to the fractured grisles of the Nose; of Woollen, proper to inflamed parts, as those which have neede of no astriction; of Linnen, as when anie thing is to be fast bound: and of Linnen cloathes, some are made of flaxe, other∣some of hempe, as Hippocrates observes. But Bandages doe thus differ amongst * 1.2 themselves in structure, for that some thereof consist of that matter which is suffici∣ently close and strong of it selfe, such are the membranous; others are woven, as the linnen ones. But that Linnen is to bee made choice of for this use, and judged * 1.3 the best, not which is new and never formerly used, but that which hath alreadie beene worne and served for other uses, that so the Bandages made thereof may be the more soft and pliable: yet must they bee of such strength, that they may not breake with stretching, and that they may straitly containe and repell the humour readie to flow downe, and so hinder it from entring the part. These, besides, must not bee hemmed nor stitched, must have no lace nor seame; for hems and seames by their hardnesse presse into, and hurt the flesh that lyes under them. Lace, whether in the midst or edges of the rowler, makes the Ligature unequall. For the Mem∣ber where it is touched with the Lace, as that which will not yeeld, is pressed more hard; but with the cloth in the middle more gently, as that which is more laxe. Furthermore, these Ligatures must bee of cleane cloth, that if occasion bee, they may bee moystened or steeped in liquour appropriate to the disease, and that they may not corrupt, or make worse that liquour by their moistening therein. Now the Bandages which are made of Linnen cloathes must be cut long-waies, and not a∣thwart, for so they shall keepe more firme and strong that which they binde, and besides, they will be alwaies alike, and not broader in one place than in another. But they thus differ in figure, for that some of them are rowled up, to which no∣thing must be sowed, for that they ought to be of a due length to binde up the mem∣ber: others are cut or divided, which truly consist of one piece, but that divided in the end (such are usually taken to bind up the breasts) or else in the midst; others are sowed together, which consist of many branches sowed together, and ending in divers heads, and representing divers figures, such are the Bandages appropriated

to the head. But they thus differ in length, for that some of them are shorter, others longer: so in like sort for breadth; for some are broader, others narrower. Yet wee cannot certainly define nor set downe neither the length, nor breadth of Rowlers, for that they must be various, according to the different length and thicknesse of the members or parts. Generally they ought both in length and breadth to fit the parts, whereunto they are used. For these parts require a binding different each from other, the head, the necke, shoulders, armes, breasts, groines, testicles, fundament, hips, thighes, legs, feet and toes. For the parts of Bandages, wee terme one part their bodie, another their heads. By the bodie we mean their due length & breadth; but their ends, whether they run long-waies or a-crosse, wee according to Galen, terme them their heads. * 1.4

CHAP. II. Sheweth the indications and generall precepts of fitting of Bandages and Ligatures.

THere are, in Hippocrates opinion, two indications of fitting Bandages or * 1.5 Ligatures; the one whereof is taken from the part affected; the other from the affect it selfe. From the part affected: so the legge, if you at any time binde it up, must bee bound long-waies; for if you binde it overthwart, the binding will loosen as soone as the patient beginnes to goe, and put forth his legge, for then the muscles take upon them another figure. On the contra∣rie the Arme or Elbow must be bound up, bending in and turned to the breast, for otherwise at the first bending, if it bee bound when it is stretched forth, the Liga∣ture will be slacked, for that (as we formerly said) the figure of the muscles is per∣verted. Now for this indication, let each one perswade himselfe thus much, That the part must be bound up in that figure, wherein wee would have it remaine.

Now for that indication which is drawne from the disease, if there be a hollow ulcer, sinuous and cuniculous, casting forth great store of Sanies, then must you be∣gin * 1.6 the ligature and binding from the bottome of the sinus, and end at the orifice of the ulcer; and this precept must you alwayes observe, whether the sinus be sealed in the top, bottome, middle, or sides of the ulcer. For thus the filth therein con∣tained shall bee emptied and cast forth, and the lippes of the ulcer too farre separa∣ted, shall bee joyned together; otherwise the contained filth will eate into all that lyes neare it, increase the ulcer, and make it uncurable by rotting the bones which lye under it with this acride sanies or filth. But some Ligatures are remedies * 1.7 of themselves, as those which performe their duties of themselves, and whereto the cure is committed, as are these which restore to their native unitie, those parts which are dis-joyned: others are not used for their owne sakes, but only to serve to hold fast such medicines as have a curative facultie. This kinde of Ligature is eyther yet a doing, and is termed by Hippoc. Deligatio operans; or else done and finished, * 1.8 and is called, Deligatio operata: for the first, that the Ligature may be well made, it is fit that it be close rowled together, and besides, that the Surgeon hold it stiffe and strait in his hand, and not carelesly, for so he shall binde up the member the better. Also he must in the binding observe, that the ends of the Rowler, and consequently their fastning may not fall to bee on the affected or grieved part; for it is better that they come above or below, or else on the side: besides also, he must have a spe∣ciall care that there be no knot tyed upon the same place, or upon the region of the backe, buttocks, sides, joynts, or backe part of the head, or to conclude in any other part upon which the Patient uses to leane, rest or lye. Also on that part where wee intend to sow or fasten the Rowlers, you must double in their ends, that so the fast∣ning or suture may be the stronger, otherwise how close soever they shall be wrap∣ped or rowled about the member, yet will they not remaine firme, especially if they be of a great breadth. For the second kinde of Ligature, to wit, that which is already done and finished; the Surgeon, the performer thereof, must consider to what end

it was done, and whether he hath performed it well and fitly, as also neatly and e∣legantly, * 1.9 to the satisfaction both of himselfe and the beholders. For it is the part of a skilfull Workeman everie where handsomely and rightly to performe that which may so be done.

In fractures and luxations & all dislocations of bones, as also in wounds and contusions, you must beginne your bandage with two or three windings or wraps about upon the place, and that (if you can) more straitly than in other places, that so the set bones may be the better kept in their places, and that the humors, if anie be alreadie fallen thither, may by this strait compression be pressed forth, as also to hinder and prevent the entrance in of any other which may bee readie to fall down. But in fractures (as those which never happen without contusion) the blood flowes, and is pressed forth of its proper vessels, as those which are violently battered and torne, which causes sugillation in the neighbouring flesh, which first lookes red, but afterwards black and blue by reason of the corruption of the blood poured forth under the skinne. Wherefore after these first windings, which I formerly mentioned, you must continue your rowling a great way from the broken or luxa∣ted part; he which does otherwise, will more and more draw the blood and humors into the affected part, and cause Impostumes, and other maligne accidents. Now the blood which flowes, goes but one way downwards, but that which is pressed is * 1.10 carried as it were in two pathes, to wit, from above downwards, and from belowe upwards. Yet you must have a care that you rather drive it backe into the body and bowels, than towards the extremities thereof, as being parts which are unca∣pable of so much matter, and not furnished with sufficient strength to suffer that burden, which threatens to fall upon it, without danger and the increase of prenatu∣rall accidents. But when this masse and burden of humors is thrust backe into the bodie, it is then ruled and kept from doing harme by the strength and benefit of the faculties remaining in the bowels and the native heat.

CHAP. III. Of the three kindes of Bandages necessarie in fractures.

TWo sorts of Ligatures are principally necessarie for the Surgeon, accor∣ding to Hippocrates, by which the bones aswell broken as dislocated * 1.11 may be held firme when they are restored to their naturall place.

Of these some are called Hypodesmides, that is, Under-binders: others, * 1.12 Epidesmi, that is, Over-binders. There are sometimes but two under-binders used, but more commonly three. The first must first of all bee cast over the fracture, and wrapped there some three or foure times about, then the Surgeon must marke and observe the figure of the fracture; for as that shall be, so must he vary the manner of his binding. For the ligature must be drawne strait upon the side opposite to that whereto the luxation or fracture most inclines, that so the bone which stands forth may be forced into its seat, and so forced may be the more firmely there contained. Therefore if the right side be the more prominent or standing forth, thence must you beginne your ligation, and so draw your ligature to the left side. On the con∣trarie, if the left side be more prominent, beginning there, you shall goe towards the opposite side in binding and rowling it. Here therefore would I require a Sur∣geon to be Ambidexter, (.i.) having both his hands at command, that so he may the more exquisitly performe such variety of ligations. But let him in rowling, bend or move this first ligature upwards, that is, towards the bodie, for the former reasons. But neyther is this manner of ligation peculiar to fractures, but common to them with luxations: for, into what part soever the luxated bone flew, then when it is restored, that side must be bound the more loosely and gently whence it departed, and that on the contrary more hard unto which it went. Therefore the ligature must be drawne from the side whereunto the bone went; so that on this side it bee more loose and soft, and not straitly pressed with boulsters or rowlers, that so it

may be more inclined to the side opposite to the luxation. If the ligation be other-wise performed, it succeeds not well, for the part is relaxed, and moved out of its naturall seat: wherefore there will be no small danger, lest the bone bee forced out againe, and removed from its place, whereinto it was restored by art and the hand. Which thing Hippocrates so much feared, that on the contrarie he willed that the set bone should be drawne somewhat more unto the part contrary to that where∣unto it was driven by force, than the naturall and proper site thereof should require. But to returne to our former discourse of the three Ligatures: The first under-binder being put on, wee then take the second, with which wee in like sort begin at the fracture, but having wrapped it once or twice about there, for that, as we former∣ly said, wee must not force backe, and presse so much blood towards the extremi∣ties, as wee must doe towards the body and bowels. Wherefore this Ligature shall be drawne from above downe-wards, gently straining it to presse forth the blood contained in the wounded part: When by rowling you shall come to the end of that part, then you shall carry back againe that which remaines thereof, to wit, up∣wards; But otherwise you may take the third under-binder, wherewith you may * 1.13 beginne to rowle, whereas you left with the second, and you may carry it thus, rowling it from below upwards. These under-bindings thus finished, apply your boulsters, after them your over or upper-bindings, which are oft times two, but sometimes three. The first hath two heads, and is wrapped both from the right hand and the left, for the preservation of the first under-binder and the boulsters, and restoring the muscles to their native figure. The two other which remaine, consist of one head, & the one of them must be rowled from below upwards, the o∣ther from above downwards, after such a manner, that they may bee directly con∣trary to the under-binders; as if they were rowled from the right hand, then these must be from the left. Now this is the manner of Hippocrates his Ligation, which, for that it is now growne out of use, we must here set downe that which is in com∣mon use. They doe not at this time use any over-binders, but that which we ter∣med the third under-binder serves our Surgeons in stead of the three forementio∣ned * 1.14 over-binders. Wherefore they carry this third under-binder, wrapped from below upwards (as we formerly said) contrary to the first and second under-binder; as if these begunne on the right side, this shall be rowled from the left, and shall end whereas the first under-binder ended. And you must not only draw it indiffe∣rently hard, but also make the spires and windings more rare. This third rowler is of this use in this manner of Ligation, that is, it restores the muscles to their native figure, from whence they were somewhat altered by the drawing and rowling of the two former Ligatures. But you must alwaies have regard, that you observe that * 1.15 measure in wrapping your Ligatures, which reason, with the sense of the patient, and ease in suffering, prescribes; having regard that the tumor become not infla∣med. Also the habit of the body ought to prescribe a measure in Ligation: for tender bodies cannot away with so hard binding as hard. Verily, in fractures and luxations, the humors by too strait binding are pressed into the extreme parts of the body; whence grievous and oft times enormous Oedema's proceede: for healing whereof the Ligature must bee loosed, and then the tumified parts pressed by a new rowling, which must bee performed from below upwards, and so, by forcing the matter of the Tumor thither, it may be helped; for there is no other hope or way to drive the humor backe againe. He which doth this, forsakes the proper cure of the disease, so to resist the symptome, which the Surgeon shall never refuse to doe, as often as any necessarie cause shall require it. For this cause Hippocrates bids, that the Bandages bee loosed everie three dayes, and then to ••oment the part with hote * 1.16 water, that so the humors, which (drawne thither by the vehemency of paine) have settled in the part, may be dissolved and dispersed, and itching and other such like symptomes prevented. The feare of all accidents being past, let the Ligation bee sooner or later loosed, and more slacked than it formerly was accustomed; that so the blood and laudible matter, wherof a Callus may ensue, may flow more freely to the affected part.

CHAP. IIII. Of the binding up of Fractures associated with a wound.

IT sometimes happens, that a Fracture is associated by a wound, and yet * 1.17 for all this it is fit to binde the part with a Ligature, otherwise there will be no small danger of swelling, inflammation, and other ill ac∣cidents, by reason of the too plentifull affluxe of humors from the neighbouring parts. But it is not fit to endeavour to use that kinde of binding which is performed with manie circumvolutions or wrappings about. For, seeing the wound must bee dressed everie day, the part must each day necessarily be stirred, and the Ligature, consisting of so many windings, loosed; which thing will cause paine, and consequently hinder the knitting and uniting which is performed by rest. Therefore this kinde of binding may be performed by one onely rowling about the wound, and that with a rowler which consists of a twice or thrice doubled cloth, made in manner of a boulster, and sewed with as much conveniencie as you can, that it may be so large as to encompasse and cover all the wound, for these rea∣sons; which shall bee delivered at large in our Treatise of Fractures. But if the wound runne long-wayes, let the boulsters and splints be applyed to the sides of the wound, that so the lipps of the wound may bee pressed together, and the contained filth pressed forth. But if it be made over-thwart, we must abstaine from boulsters and splints: for that, in Galens opinion, they would dilate the wound, and the pu∣rulent * 1.18 matter would be pressed out, and cast back into the wound.

CHAP. V. Certaine common precepts of the binding up of Fractures and Luxations.

IN everie Fracture and Luxation, the depressed, hollow and extenua∣ted parts, such as are neere unto the joynts, ought to be filled up with boulsters, or cloaths put about them, so to make the part equall, that so they may be equally and on every side pressed by the splints, and the bones more firmely contained in their seates. So when the knee is bound up, you must fill the ham or that cavity which is there, that so the ligation may be the better and speedilier performed. The same must be done under the armepits, above the heele, in the arme neer the wrest; and, to conclude, in all other parts which have a conspicuous inequalitie by reason of some manifest cavitie. When you have finished your binding, then enquire of the patient, whether the member seeme not to be bound too strait. For if he say, that * 1.19 he is unable to endure it so hard bound, then must the binding be somewhat slack∣ned. For, too strait binding causes paine, heate, defluxion, a gangrene, and lastly, a sphacell or mortification: but too loose is unprofitable, for that it doth not contain the parts in that state we desire. It is a signe of a just ligation that is neyther too * 1.20 strait nor too loose, if the ensuing day the part be swolne with an oedematous tumor, caused by the blood pressed forth of the broken place; but of too strait ligation, if the part be hard swolne; and of too loose, if it bee no whit swolne, as that which hath pressed no blood out of the affected part. Now if a hard tumor, caused by too strait binding, trouble the patient, it must presently bee loosed, for feare of more grievous symptomes, and the part must be fomented with warme Hydraeleum; and another indifferent, yea verily, more loose ligature must be made in stead thereof, as long as the paine and inflammation shall continue; in which time and for which cause, you shall lay nothing upon the part which is any thing burdensome. When the patient beginnes to recover, for three or foure dayes space, especially if you find him of a more compact habit and a strong man, the ligature must be kept firme and not loosed. If on the third day, and so untill the seventh, the spires or windings

be found more loose, and the part affected more slender; then wee must judge it to be for the better. For hence you may gather, that there is an expression and di∣gestion of the humors, causing the tumor made by force of the ligation. Verily, broken bones fitly bound up, are better set, and more firmely agglutinated, which * 1.21 is the cause, why in the place of the fracture the ligation must bee made the straiter, in other places more loosely. If the fractured bone stand forth in any part, it must there be more straitly pressed with boulsters and splints. To conclude, the seventh day being past, we must binde the part more straitly than before: for that then in∣flammation, paine, and the like accidents, are not to bee feared. But these things which we have hitherto spoken of the three kindes of Ligatures, cannot take place in each fractured part of the body, as in the chaps, collar-bones, head, nose, ribs. For, seeing such parts are not round and long, a Ligature cannot be wrapped a∣bout them, as it may on the armes, thighes, and legges, but only bee put on their outsides.

CHAP. VI. The uses for which Ligatures serve.

BY that which wee have formerly delivered, you may understand that Ligatures are of use to restore those things which are separated and * 1.22 moved forth of their places, and joyne together those which gape; as in fractures, wounds, contusions, sinewous ulcers, and other like affects against nature, in which the solution of continuitie stands in neede of the helpe of Bandages, for the reparation thereof. Besides also, by the helpe of * 1.23 Bandages these things are kept asunder or separated, which otherwise would grow together, against nature; as in Burns, wherein the fingers and the hams would mutu∣ally grow together; as also the arme-pits to the chests, the chin to the breast, un∣lesse they be hindered by due Ligation. Bandages doe also conduce to refresh ema∣ciated parts: wherefore if the right legge waste for want of nourishment, the left * 1.24 legge, beginning at the foote, may bee conveniently rowled up even to the groine. If the right arme consume, binde the left with a strait Ligature, beginning at the hand, and ending at the arme-pit. For thus a great portion of blood from the bound∣up part is sent back into the vena cava, from whence it regurgitates into the almost emptie vessels of the emaciated part. But I would have the sound part to bee so bound, that thereby it become not painefull; for a dolorifick ligation causes a grea∣ter attractation of blood and spirits, as also exercise: wherefore I would have it during that time to bee at rest, and keep holy-day. Ligatures also conduce to the stopping of bleedings: which you may perceive by this, that when you open a * 1.25 veine with your launcet, the blood is presently stayed, laying on a boulster and ma∣king a ligature. Also Ligatures are usefull for women presently after their delivery; for their womb being bound about with Ligatures, the blood wherewith their * 1.26 womb was too much moistened, is expelled, the strength of the expulsive facultie being by this means stirred up to the expulsion thereof: and it also hinders the emp∣ty wombe from being swolne up with winde, which otherwise would presently enter thereinto. This same Ligature is a helpe to such as are with childe, for the more easie carrying of their burden; especially those whose Childe lyes so farre * 1.27 down-wards, that lying as it were in the den of the hippes, it hangs betweene the thighes, and so hinders the free going of the mother. Therefore the woman with childe is not only eased by this binding of her wombe with this Ligature, which is commonly termed, the navill Ligature; but also, her childe being held up higher in her wombe, she hath fr••e••r and more liberty to walke. Ligatures are in like sort * 1.28 good for revulsion and derivation: as also for holding of medicines which are layd to a part, as the necke, breast or belly. Lastly, there is a triple use of Ligatures in * 1.29 amputation of members, as armes and legges. The first to draw and hold up∣wards the skinne and muscles lying under it, that the operation being performed,

they may, by their falling downe againe, cover the ends of the cut-off bones; and so by that meanes helpe forwards the agglutination and cicatrization; and when it is healed up, cause the lame member to move more freely, and with lesse paine; and also to performe the former actions, this, as it were, cushion or boulster of muscu∣lous flesh lying thereunder. The second is, they hinder the bleeding by pressing to∣gether the veines and arteries. The third is, they by strait binding intercept the free passage of the animall spirits, and so deprive the part which lyes thereunder of the sense of feeling, by making it, as it were, stupid or num.

CHAP. VII. Of Boulsters or Compresses.

BOulsters have a double use; the first is to fill up the cavities and those parts * 1.30 which are not of an equall thicknesse to their ends. Wee have examples of cavities in the Arme-pits, Clavicles, Hams & Groines; and of parts which grow small towards their ends, in the armes towards the wrests, in the legges towards the feet, in the thighes towards the knees. Therefore you must fill these parts with boulsters and linnen cloathes, that so they may be all of one big∣nesse to their ends.

The second use of boulsters, is to defend and preserve the first two or three Row∣lers * 1.31 or Under-binders, the which we sayd before must be applyed immediately to the fractured part. Boulsters, according to this two fold use, differ amongst them∣selves, for that when they are used in the first mentioned kind, they must be applied athwart; but when in the latter, long-wayes or down-right.

You may also use Boulsters, lest the too strait binding of the Ligatures cause * 1.32 paine and trouble to the new set bones. A three or foure times doubled cloth will serve for the thicknesse of your Boulsters, but the length and breadth must bee more or lesse, according to the condition of the parts and disease for which they must be applyed.

CHAP. VIII. Of the use of Splints, Junks, and Cases.

HAving delivered the uses of Ligatures and Boulsters, it remaines that wee say somewhat of the other things, which serve to hold the bones in their places; as Splints, Junks, Cases, and such other like. Splints * 1.33 are made and composed of past bord, of thin splinters of wood, of leather, such as sho••-soales are made with; of the rindes of trees, or plates of Latin, or lead, and such other like, which have a gentle and yeelding stiffe∣nesse; yet would I have them made as light as may bee, lest they by their weight become troublesome to the afflicted part. But for their length, breadth, and number, let them be fitted agreeable to the part whereto they must bee used. Let also their figure be straight or crooked according to the condition of the member whereto they must be applyed. You must have a speciall care, that they runne not so farre as the swellings out, or eminencies of the bones; as the ancles, knees, el∣bowes, and the like, lest they hurt them by their pressure: also you must have a care, that they be smaller at their ends, and thicker in their middles, whereas they lye up∣on the broken bone. The use of splints is, to hold fast and firme, that they may * 1.34 stir no way the broken and luxated bones, after they bee set and restored to their places. That they performe this use, it is fit there be no thicke boulsters under them, nor over many rowlers; for so through so thick a space, they would not so straitly presse the part. Junkes are made of stickes the bignesse of ones finger, wrapped * 1.35 about with rushes, and then with linnen cloth: they are principally used in fractures

of the thighes and legges. Cases are made of plates of Latin, or else of some light wood; their use is, to containe the bones in their due figure, when the patient is to * 1.36 be carried out of one bed or chamber into another, or else hath neede to goe to stoole: lastly, if wee must rest somewhat more strongly upon the broken or luxa∣ted members, these Cases will hinder the bones from stirring or flying out on the right side or left, above or below, we sleeping or waking, being willing or unwilling; and in like sort left being not as yet well knit, or more loosely bound up for feare of paine, inflammation, or a gangrene, they hang downe, fall, or fly in sunder by rea∣son of the inequalities of the bed. Such Cases, Junkes, and the like, which serve for restoring and fast holding of broken and luxated bones, we may, according to Hippocrates his minde, call them in generall Glossocomia. All which things, the * 1.37 yong Surgeon, which is not as yet exercised in the workes of Art, can scarce tell what they are. But in the meane time, whilest that hee may come to bee exercised therein, or see others performe these operations, I, as plainely as possibly I could, have in words given him their portraiture or shape.

The end of the fourteenth Booke.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Lib. de fascijs.
• * 1.2

  Sect. 3. de Chir. offic.
• * 1.3

  What cloth best for rowlers.
• * 1.4

  Com. ad sect. 22. sect. 2. de offic. chir.
• * 1.5

  1. & 2. sect. lib. de fract.
• * 1.6

  We must al∣waies begin our ligatures at the bottome of a sinus.
• * 1.7

  Hipp. sent. 4. sect. 2. offic.
• * 1.8

  Initio 2. sect. off.
• * 1.9

  Ligatures must not bee only lightly, but also neatly perfor∣med.
• * 1.10

  Gal. com. ad sent. 25. sect. 1. lib. de fract.
• * 1.11

  Sent. 24. sect 2. offic.
• * 1.12

  Hypodesmides.
• * 1.13

  When the third under-binder is necessarie. Epidesmi.
• * 1.14

  The manner of binding now in use.
• * 1.15

  What meane to be observed in wrapping the Ligatures.
• * 1.16

  Why Hippoc. bids to loose the Ligatures every third, day.
• * 1.17

  How to binde up a Fracture with a wound.
• * 1.18

  Ad sent. 12. sect. de fract.
• * 1.19

  Hipp. sent. 37. & 38. sect. 1. de fract.
• * 1.20

  The signes of too strait and loose binding up.
• * 1.21

  Why we must make more strait ligation on the broken part.
• * 1.22

  The first bene∣fit of Ligatures.
• * 1.23

  The second.
• * 1.24

  The third.
• * 1.25

  The fourth.
• * 1.26

  The fifth.
• * 1.27

  The sixth.
• * 1.28

  The seventh.
• * 1.29

  The eighth, the particular use of ligatures in the amputation of members.
• * 1.30

  The first use of Boulsters.
• * 1.31

  The second use of them.
• * 1.32

  The third use of them.
• * 1.33

  The matter of Splints.
• * 1.34

  Their use.
• * 1.35

  What Junk∣are.
• * 1.36

  The matter and use of Cases.
• * 1.37

  Glossocomium, a generall name for such things.