The workes of that famous chirurgion Ambrose Parey translated out of Latine and compared with the French. by Th: Johnson

OF VVOUNDS MADE BY GVN SHOT, OTHER FIERIE ENGEINES, AND ALL SORTS OF VVEAPONS. THE ELEVENTH BOOKE. (Book 11)

The Preface.

I Have thought good here to premise my opinion of the ori∣ginall, encrease, and hurt of fiery Engines, for that, I hope it will be an ornament and grace to this my whole treatise: as also to intice my Reader, as it were with these junckets, to our following Banquet so much savouring of Gunpouder. For thus it shall bee knowne to all whence Guns had their originall, and how many habits and shapes they have acqui∣red from poore and obscure beginnings; and lastly how hurt∣full to mankind the use of them is.

Polydore Virgill writes that a Germane of obscure birth and condition was the in∣ventor * 1.1 of this new engine which we terme a Gun, being induced thereto by this oc∣casion. He kept in a mortar covered with a tyle, or slate, for some other certaine uses a pouder (which since that time for its chiefe and new knowne faculty, is named Gunpouder.) Now it chanced as hee strucke fire with a steele and flint, a sparke thereof by accident fell into the mortar, where upon the pouder suddainly catching fire, casts the stone or tyle which covered the mortar, up on high; he stood amazed at the novelty and strange effect of the thing, and withall observed the formerly un∣knowne faculty of the pouder; so that he thought good to make experiment there∣of in a small Iron trunke framed for that purpose according to the intention of his minde. When all things were correspondent to his expectation, he first shewed the use of his engine to the Venetians, when they warred with the Genoveses about Fossa Clodia, in the yeare of our Lord 1380. Yet in the opinion of Peter Messias, their in∣vention must have beene of greater antiquity; for it is read in the Chronicles of * 1.2 Alphónsus the eleaventh King of Castile, who subdued the Isles Argezires, that when he beseiged the cheefe Towne in the yeare of our Lord 1343. the beseiged Moores shot as it were thunder against the assailants, out of Iron mortars. But we have read in the Chronicles written by Peter Bishop of Leons, of that Alphonsus who conquered Toledo, that in a certaine sea fight fought by the King of Tunis, against the Moorish King of Sivill, whose part King Alphonsus favoured, the Tunetans cast lightning out of certaine hollow Engines or Trunkes with much noise. Which could be no other, than our Guns, though not attained to that perfection of art and execution which they now have.

I thinke the deviser of this deadly Engine hath this for his recompence, that his name should be hidden by the darkenesse of perpetuall ignorance, as not meriting for this his most pernicious invention, any mention from posterity. Yet Andrew Thevet in his Cosmography published some few yeares agone, when hee comes to treate of the Suevi, the inhabitants of Germany, brings upon the authority & credite of a certaine old Manuscript, that the Germane the inventer of this warlike Engine was by profession a monke and Philosopher or Alchymist, borne at Friburge, * 1.3 and named Constantine Anclzen. Howsoever it was, this kind of Engine was called Bombarda (i) a Gun, from that noise it makes, which the Greekes and Latines accor∣ding to the sound call Bombus: then in the following ages, time, art and mans malici∣ousnesse * 1.4 added much to this rude and unpolisht invention. For first for the matter, Brasse and Copper, mettalls farre more tractable, fusible and lesse subject to rust, came as supplies to Iron. Then for the forme, that rude and undigested barrell, or mortar-like masse, hath undergone many formes and fashions, even so farre as it is gotten upon wheeles, that so it might run not onely from the higher ground, but also with more rapide violence to the ruine of mankinde; when as the first and rude mortars seemed not to bee so nimbly traversed, nor sufficiently cruell for our de∣struction by the onely casting forth of Iron & fire. Hence sprung these horrible mon∣sters of Canons, double Canons, Bastards, Musquits, feild peices; hence these cruell and furious beasts, Culverines, Serpentines, Basilisques, Sackers, Falcons, Falconets, and divers other names not onely drawne from their figure and making, but also from the effects of their cruelty. Wherefore certainly I cannot sufficiently admire the wisedome of our Ancestors, who have so rightly accommodated them with names agreeable to their natures; as those who have not onely taken them from the swiftest birds of prey, as Falcons; but also from things most harmefull and hatefull to mankinde, such as Serpents, Snakes, and Basilisks. That so wee might clearely di∣scerne, that these engines were made for no other purpose, nor with other intent, but onely to be imployed for the speedy and cruell slaughter of men; and that by onely hearing them named we might detest and abhorre them, as pernicious enemies of our lives. I let passe other engines of this ofspring, being for their quantitie small, but so much the more pernicious and harmefull, for that they nearer assaile our lives, and may trayterously and forthwith seaze upon us not thinking nor fearing any such thing; so that we can scarse have any meanes of escape; such are Pistolls and other small hand-guns, which for shortnesse you may carry in your pocket, and so privily * 1.5 and suddainly taking them forth oppresse the carelesse and secure. Fowling peices which men usually carry upon their shoulders, are of the middle ranke of these en∣gines, as also Muskets and Caleevers, which you cannot well discharge unlesse lying upon a Rest, which therefore may be called Breast-guns for that they are not laid to the cheeke, but against the Breast by reason of their weight and shortnesse; All which have beene invented for the commodity of footemen, and light horsemen. This middle sort of engine we call in Latine by a generall name Sclopus, in imitation of the sound, and the Italians who terme it Sclopetere; the French call it Harquebuse, a word likewise borrowed from the Italians, by reason of the touch-hole by which you give fire to the peice, for the Italians call a hole Buzio. It is tearmed, Arcus (i) a Bow, for that at this present it holds the same place in martiall affaires, as the Bow did of old; and as the Archers formerly, so at this day the Musquetiers are placed in front. From the same wretched shoppe and magazine of cruelty, are all sorts of Mines, Countermines, pots of fire, traines, fiery Arrowes, Lances, Crossebowes, bar∣rells, balls of fire, burning faggots, Granats, and all such fiery engines and Inventions, which closely stuffed with fewell and matter for fire, and cast by the defendants upon the bodies and Tents of the assailants, easily take fire by the violence of their motion. Certainely a most miserable and pernicious kinde of invention, whereby we often see a thousand of heedelesse men blowne up with a mine by the force of gunpouder; otherwhiles in the very heate of the conflict you may see the stoutest souldiers sea∣zed upon with some of these fiery Engines, to burne in their harnesse, no waters being sufficiently powerfull to restraine and quench the raging and wasting violence of such fire cruelly spreading over the body and bowells. So it was not sufficient to have

armes, Iron and fire to mans destruction, unlesse also that the stroake might be more speedy, we had furnished them, as it were with wings, so to fly more hastily to our owne perdition, furnishing sithe-bearing death with wings so more speedily to op∣presse man, for whose preservation, all things conteined in the world were created by God. Verily when I consider with my selfe all the sorts of warlike Engines, which the ancients used, whether in the field in set battells, as Bowes, Darts, Crosse-bowes, * 1.6 Slings; or in the assault of Citties, and shaking or overturning their walls, as Rammes, Horses, woodden towres, slings and such like; they seeme to me certaine childish sports and games made onely in imitation of the former. For these mo∣derne inventions are such as easily exceede all the best appointed and cruell Engines which can bee mentioned or thought upon, in the shape, cruelty and appearance of their operations. For what in the world is thought more horrid or fearefull than thunder and lightning? and yet the hurtfulnesse of thunder is almost nothing to the cruelty of these infernall Engines; which may easily appeare by comparing together both their effects. Man alone of all creatures is not alwayes killed by being touched * 1.7 with thunder; but it immediatly killeth all other things which are subject to bee toucht therewith.

Nature bestowing this honour upon him, seeing so many creatures exceede him in strength: For all things ly contrary to man; and man, unlesse hee bee overthrowne with it, doth not dye thereof. But these fire-spitting Engines doe no more spare man, than they doe other creatures, and kill without difference from whence soever they come, whither soever they are carried, and howsoever they touch. There are many, but more are said to be the remedies against thunder; for beside the charmes where∣by * 1.8 the ancient Romans did suppose they might be driven away, they never pene∣trate deeper into ground than five foote, therefore such as were fearefull thought the deeper Caves most safe. Of those things which grow out of the earth they doe not touch the Bay tree, and that was the cause that it was counted a signe of victo∣ry both in ancient and moderne times. Wherefore Tiberius Caesar otherwise a con∣temner * 1.9 of God and religion, as hee who indued with the Mathematicall sciences thought all things governed by fate, yet because hee exceedingly feared thunder, hee alwayes carried a Lawrell wreath about his necke when the aire was troubled, for that this kind of leafe is reported not to be touched by thunder. Some report that he made him tents or Seales skinnes, because it toucheth not this kinde of creature of all these things that live in the Sea, as neither the Eagle amongst birds, which for that is fained to be Ioves squire. But on the contrary, charmes, the victorious Bay, the Seale or Sea-calfe, the Eagle or any such thing profits nothing against the vio∣lence * 1.10 of these fiery Engines: no not a wall of tenne foote thicke will advantage. Lastly, this argues the immense violence of brasen Cannons above thunder, for that thunder may be dispersed and driven away with the noyse and ringing of Bells, the sounding of Trumpets, the tinkling of brasen kettles, yea also by the shooting of such great Ordinance; to wit, the clouds, by whose collision and fight the Thunder is caused, being dispersed by this violent agitation of the ayre, or else driven further to more remote parts of the skies. But their fury once provoked, is stayed by no opposition, appeased by no remedy. As there are certaine seasons of the yeare, so also there are certaine Regions of the earth, wherein Thunder is seldome or never heard. Thunders are rare in Winter and Summer, and that for contrary causes; for that in Winter the dense aire is thickned with a thicker coate of clouds, and the fro∣sty and cold exhalation of the earth extinguisheth what fiery vapours soever it re∣ceives; which thing keepes Scythia and the cold countries about it free from Thun∣der. And on the contrary, too much heate preserves Egypt. For hot and dry ex∣halations * 1.11 of the earth are condensed into very thinne, subtile and weake clouds. But as the invention, so also the harme and tempest of great Ordinance, like a contagious pestilence is spread and rages over all the earth, and the skies at all times sound againe with their reports. The Thunder and Lightning commonly gives but one blow, or stroke, and that commonly strikes but one man of a multitude; But one great Can∣non at one shot may spoyle and kill an hundred men. Thunder, as a thing naturall falls by chance, one while upon an high oake, another while upon the top of a moun∣taine,

and some whiles on some lofty towre, but seldome upon man. But this hellish Engine tempered by the malice and guidance of man, assailes man onely, and takes him for his onely marke, and directs his bullets against him. The Thunder by its noyse as a messenger sent before, foretells the storme at hand; but, which is the chiefe mischiefe, this infernall Engine roares as it strikes, and strikes as it roares, sending at one and the same time the deadly bullet into the breast, and the horrible noyse into the eare. Wherefore we all of us rightfully curse the author of so pernicious an En∣gine; on the contrary praise those to the skies, who endeavour by words and pi∣ous exhortations to dehort Kings from their use, or else labour by writing and ope∣ration to apply fit medicines to wounds made by these Engines. Which hath mo∣ved me, that I have written hereof almost with the first of the French. But before I shall doe this, it seemeth not amisse, so to facilitate the way to the treatise I intend to write of wounds made by Gunshot, to premise two Discourses, by which I may confute and take away certaine erronious opinions which have possessed the mindes of divers; for that unlesse these be taken away, the essence and nature of the whole disease cannot be understood, nor a fitting remedy applyed by him which is igno∣rant of the disease.

The first Discourse which is dedicated to the Reader, refells and condemnes by * 1.12 reasons and examples the method of curing prescribed by Iohn de Vigo, whereby he cauterizes the wounds made by Gunshot, supposing them venenate; and on the con∣trary proves that order of curing with is performed by suppuratives, to be so salutary and gentle, as that prescribed by Vigo is full of errour and cruelty.

The second dedicated to the King, teaches that the same wounds, are of themselves voyd of all poison, and therefore that all their malignity depends upon the fault of the aire, and ill humours predominant in the bodies of the patients.

THE FIRST DISCOVRSE, VVHEREIN VVOVNDS MADE BY GVNSHOT, ARE FREED FROM BEING BVRNT, OR CAVTERIZED ACCOR∣ding to Vigoes Methode.

IN the yeare of our Lord 1536. Francis the French King, for his acts in warre and peace stiled the Great, sent a puissant Ar∣my beyond the Alpes, under the governement and leading of Annas of Mommorancie high Constable of France, both that he might releeve Turin with victualls, souldiers, and all things needefull, as also to recover the Citties of that Pro∣vince taken by the Marquis of Guast Generall of the Empe∣rours forces. I was in the Kings Army the Chirurgion of Monsieur of Montejan Generall of the foote. The Imperialists had taken the straits of Suze, the Castle of Villane, and all the other passages; so that the Kings army was not able to drive them from their fortifications but by fight. In this conflict there were many wounded on both sides with all sorts of weapons, but cheefely with bullets. I will tell the truth, I was not very expert at that time in matters of Chi∣rurgery; neither was I used to dresse wounds made by Gunshot. Now I had read in Iohn de Vigo that wounds made by Gunshot were venenate or poisoned, and that * 1.13 by reason of the Gunpouder; Wherefore for their cure, it was expedient to burne or cauterize them with oyle of Elders scalding hot, with a little Treacle mixed there∣with.

But for that I gave no great credite neither to the author, nor remedy, be∣cause I knew that cau stickes could not be powred into wounds, without excessive paine; I, before I would runne a hazard, determined to see whether the Chirur∣gions, who went with me in the army, used any other manner of dressing to these wounds. I observed and saw that all of them used that Method of dressing which Vigo prescribes; and that they filled as full as they could, the wounds made by Gun-shot with Tents and pledgets dipped in this scalding Oyle, at the first dressings; which encouraged me to doe the like to those, who came to be dressed of me. It chanced * 1.14 on a time, that by reason of the multitude that were hurt, I wanted this Oyle. Now because there were some few left to be dressed, I was forced, that I might seeme to want nothing, and that I might not leave the •…•… undrest, to apply a digestive made of the yolke of an egge, oyle of Roses, and Turpentine. I could not sleepe all that night, for I was troubled in minde, and the dressing of the precedent day, (which I judged unfit) troubled my thoughts; and I feared that the next day I should finde them dead, or at the point of death by the poyson of the wound, whom I had not dressed with the scalding oyle. Therefore I rose early in the morning, I visited my patients, and beyound expectation, I found such as I had dressed with a digestive onely, free from vehemencie of paine to have had gooodrest, and that their wounds were not inflamed, nor tumifyed; but on the contrary the others that were burnt with the scalding oyle were feaverish, tormented with much paine, and the parts about their wounds were swolne. When I had many times tryed this in divers others, I thought thus much, that neither I nor any other should ever cauterize any wound∣ded with Gun-shot. When wee first came to Turin, there was there a Chirurgion farre more famous than all the rest in artificially and happily curing wounds made by Gun shot; wherefore I laboured with all diligence for two yeeres time to gaine his favour and love, that so at the length, I might learne of him, what kinde of Me∣dicine that was, which he honoured with the glorious tittle of Balsame, which was so highly esteemed by him, and so happy and succesfull to his patients; yet could I not obtaine it. It fell out a small while after that the Marshall of Montejan the Kings Leiftenant, Generall there in Piemont dyed, wherefore I went unto my Chi∣rurgion, and told him that I could take no pleasure in living there, the favourer and Macenas of my studies being taken away; and that I intended forthwith to re∣turne to Paris, and that it would neither hinder, nor discredit him to teach his reme∣dy to me, who should be so farre remote from him. When he heard this, he made no delay, but presently wished mee to provide two Whelpes, I pound of earth-wormes, * 1.15 2 pounds of oyle of Lillyes, sixe ounces of Venice Turpentine, and one ounce of aqua vitae. In my presence he boyled the Whelpes put alive into that oyle, untill the flesh came from the bones, then presently he put in the Wormes, which he had first killed in white wine, that they might so be cleused from the earthy drosse wherewith they are usually repleate, and then hee boyled them in the same oyle so long, till they became dry, and had spent all their juyce therein: then hee strayned it through a towell without much pressing; and added the Turpentine to it, and lastly the aqua vitae. Calling God to witnesse, that he had no other Balsame, where∣with to cure wounds made with Gunshot, and bring them to suppuration. Thus he sent me away as rewarded with a most pretious gift, requesting me to keepe it as a great secret, and not to reveale it to any.

When I came to Paris, I went to visite Silvius the Kings professor of Physicke well knowne by name to all schollers for his great learning; he kept me long that so I might dine with him, and diligently enquires of me, if I had observed any new Method of curing wounds made by Gun-shot, and combustions occasioned by Gun-powder. Then I affirmed to him that Gun-pouder did not participate any thing of * 1.16 poyson, for that none of these things, whereof it is compounded are poysonous; which reason ought to free the whole composition from suspicion of poyson. And that experience confirmed this reason, for I had seene many soldiers, who would drinke a great quantity of this powder with wine, because they were per∣swaded, that this drinke would free them from maligne symptomes when they were wounded, yet I give no credit to this perswasion; and lastly for that many with∣out

any harme, strew this pouder upon rebellious ulcers. For the Bullets, I affirme, that they cannot conceive such heate, as to become causticke. For if you shoot them out of a Gun against a hard stone, yet you may presently take them up without any * 1.17 harme in your hands, though by striking upon the stone, they should become more hot. For the combustions caused by Gunpouder, I observed no speciall nor peculiar remedy, which might make their cure different from other com∣bustions. To which purpose I related this ensuing history.

One of the Marshall of Montejan his Kitchin boyes, fell by chance into a Cal∣dron of Oyle being even almost boyling hot; I being called to dresse him, went * 1.18 to the next Apothecaries to fetch refrigerating medicines commonly used in this case: there was present by chance a certaine old countrey woman, who hearing that I desired medicines for a burne, perswaded mee at the first dressing, that I should lay to raw Onions beaten with a little salt; for so I should hinder the breaking out of blisters or pustules, as shee had found by certaine and frequent ex∣perience. Wherefore I thought good to try the force of her Medicine upon * 1.19 this greasy scullion. I the next day found those places of his body whereto the Onions lay, to bee free from blisters, but the other parts which they had not tou∣ched, to be all blistered.

It fell out a while after, that a German of Montejan his guard had his flasque full of Gunpouder set on fire, whereby his hands and face were grievously burnt: I * 1.20 being called, laid the Onions beaten as I formerly told you, to the middle of his face, and to the rest I laid medicines usually applyed to burnes. At the second dressing I observed the part dressed with the Onions quite free from blisters and excoriation, the other being troubled with both; whereby I gave credit to the Medicine. Besides also, I lastly told him this, that I had observed, that that was the readiest to draw forth bullets shot into the body, which sets the patients in the same posture and site, as hee was when hee received his hurt. Which things when I had told him, together with many other handled at large in this worke, the good old man requested mee to publish in print my opinions concerning these things, that so the erronious and hurtfull opinion of Vigo might bee taken out of mens minds. To whose earnest entreaty when I had assented, I first of all caused to be drawne and carved many Instruments fit to draw forth Bullets and other strange bodies; then a short while after I first published this worke in the yeare of our Lord 1545. which when I found to bee well liked and approved by many, I thought good to set it forth the second time somewhat amended in the yeare 1552. And the third time augmented in many particulars in the yeare 1564. For I having followed many warres, and deteined as Chirurgion in beseiged Citties, as Mets and Hesdin, had observed many things under five Kings, whom I served with diligence and content. I had learnt many things from most expert Chirurgi∣ons, but more from all learned Physitions, whose familiarity and favour for that purpose I alwayes laboured to acquire with all diligence and honest Arts; that so I might become more learned and skillfull by their familiarity and discourse, if there was any thing especially in this matter and kind of wounds, which was hid from me, or whereof I was not well assured. Of which number I have knowne * 1.21 very few, who any thing seene in this kind of operation eyther by study, or experience in Warres, who have not thought that wounds made by Gunshot ought to be dressed at the first with suppurative medicines, and not with scalding and Cau∣sticke Oyle.

For this I affirme, which then also I testified to this good man, that I have found very many wounds made in the fleshy parts by Gunshot, as easily cured as o∣ther wounds, which bee made by contusing things. But in the parts of the * 1.22 body where the bullet meets with bones and nervous particles, both because it teares and rends into small peeces those things which resist, not onely where it touches, but further also, through the violence of the blow, therefore it causeth many and greevous symptomes, which are stubborne and difficult, and oft times impossible to cure, especially in bodies replete with ill humors, in an ill constitution of the heaven and ayre, such as is hot, moyst and foggy wea∣ther,

which therefore is subject to putrifaction; and in like manner a freezing and cold season, which uses to mortifie the wounded parts not onely of those that are hurt with Bullets, but in like sort with any other weapon; nor onely in bony and nervous particles, but also in musculous. Whereby you may understand, that the difficulty of curing proceeds not from the venenate quality of the wounds, nor the combustion made by the Gunpouder, but the foulenesse of the patients bodies, and the unseasonablenesse of the aire.

For proofe whereof, I will set downe, that which I not long agone observed in a * 1.23 Scottish Nobleman the Earle of Gordon, Lord of Achindon, whom I cured at the appointment of the Queene Mother. He was shot through both his thighes with a Pistoil, the bone being not hurt nor touched; and yet the 32. day after the wound he was perfectly healed, so that hee had neither feaver nor any other symptome which came upon the wound. Whereof there are worthy witnesses, the Archbi∣shop of Glasco, the Scottish Embassadour, Francis Brigart and Iohn Altine, Doctors of Physicke, as also Iames Guillemeau the Kings Chirurgion, and Giles Buzet a Scottish Chirurgion, who all of them wondred that this Gentleman was so soone healed, no acride medicine being applyed. This I have thought good to recite and set downe, that the Readers may understand, that I for 30. yeares agoe had found the way to cure wounds made by Gunshot, without scalding oyle or any other, more acrid me∣dicine; unlesse by accident the illnesse of the patients bodies and of the aire cau∣sed * 1.24 any maligne symptomes, which might require such remedies besides the regu∣lar and ordinary way of curing, which shall bee more amply treated of in the following discourse.

ANOTHER DISCOVRSE OF THESE THINGS, WHICH KING CHARLES THE NINTH, RE∣turning from the expedition and taking of Rouën, enquired of me concerning wounds made by Gunshot.

FOr that it pleased your Majestie one day, together with the * 1.25 Queene Mother, the Prince of the Rocke upon Yon, and many other Noble-men and Gentlemen, to enquire of mee, what was the cause that the farre greater part of the Gentlemen and common Souldiers which were wounded with Guns, and other warlike Engines, all remedies used in vaine, either dyed, or scarse and that with much difficultie recovered of their hurts, though in appearance they were not very great, and though the Chirurgions diligently performed all things requisite in their Art; I have made bold to premise this Discourse to that Tractate which I determine to publish concerning wounds made by Gunshot; both to sa∣tisfie the desires of the Princes and of many Gentlemen, as also the expectation they have of mee, as being the Kings chiefe Chirurgion, (which place being gi∣ven me by Henry the second, Charles the ninth, a sonne most worthy of such a father, had confirmed) neither make I any question, but that many who too much insist upon their owne judgement, and not throughly consider the things themselves, will

marvaile, and thinke it farre from reason; that I departing from the steps of my ancestors, and dissenting wholly from the formerly received opinions, am farre * 1.26 from their Tenents, who lay the cause of the malignitie of wounds made by Gun-shot, upon the poyson brought into the body by the Gunpouder, or mixed with the Bullets whilst they are tempered or cast. Yet for all this, if they will courteously and patiently weigh my reasons, they shall eyther thinke as I doe, or at least shall judge this my endeavour and paines taken for the publike good, not to be condemned nor contemned.

For I shall make it evident by most strong reasons drawne out of the writings of the Ancient both Philosophers and Physitions, and also by certaine experi∣ments of mine owne, and other Chirurgions, that the malignitie and contuma∣cie which we frequently meete withall in curing wounds made by Gunshot, is not to be attributed eyther to the poyson carryed into the body by the Gunpouder or Bullet, nor to burning imprinted in the wounded part by the Gunpouder. Where∣fore to come to our purpose, that opinion must first bee confuted, which accuseth wounds made by Gunshot of poyson; and wee must teach, that there is nei∣ther * 1.27 any venenate substance, nor qualitie in Gunpouder, neyther if there should bee any, could it empoyson the bodies of such as are wounded. Which that wee may the more easily performe, wee must examine the composition of such pouder, and make a particular enquiry of each of the simples, whereof this composition consists, what essence they have, what strength and facul∣ties, and lastly what effects they may produce. For thus by knowing the sim∣ples, the whole nature of the composition consisting of them, will bee apparently manifest. * 1.28

The simples which enter the composition of Gunpouder are onely three, Char-coales of Sallow or Willow, or of Hempe stalkes, Brimstone, and salt Peter, and sometimes a little aqua vitae. You shall finde each of these, if considered in particu∣lar, voide of all poyson and venenate quality. For first, in the Char-coale you shall observe nothing but drynesse, and a certaine subtlety of substance, by meanes where∣of it fires so suddainly, even as Tinder. Sulphur or Brimstone is hot and dry, but not in the highest degree, it is of an oyly and viscide substance, yet so that it doth not so speedily catch fire as the coale, though it reteine it longer being once kindled, neither may it be so speedily extinguished. Salt Peter is such, that many use it for Salt, whereby it is evidently apparent that the nature of such simples is absolutely free from all poyson; but chiefly the Brimstone, (which notwithstanding is more * 1.29 suspected than the rest.) For Dioscorides gives Brimstone to be drunke, or supped out of a reare Egge to such as are Asthmaticke, troubled with the Cough, (spit up purulent matter, and are troubled with the yellow Iaundise.) But Galen applies it outwardly to such as are bitten by venemous Beasts, to scabs, teaters, and leprosyes. For the aqua vitae, it is of so tenuious a substance that it presently vanisheth into aire, and also very many drinke it, and it is without any harme used in frictions of the exteriour parts of the body. Whence you may gather, that this pouder is free from all manner of poyson, seeing these things whereof it consists and is composed, want all suspition thereof.

Therefore the Germane horsemen, when they are wounded with shot, feare not to drinke off cheerefully halfe an ounce of Gunpouder dissolved in wine; hence perswading themselves freed from such maligne symptomes as usually happen upon such wounds; wherein whether they doe right or wrong I doe not here determine; the same thing many French Souldiers forced by no necessity, but onely to shew themselves more couragious, also doe without any harme; but divers with good successe use to strew it upon ulcers, so to dry them. Now to come to these, who thinke that the venenate quality of wounds made by Gun-shot, springs not from the pouder, but from the Bullet wherewith some poyson * 1.30 hath beene commixt or joyned, or which hath beene tempered or steeped in some poysonous liquor.

This may sufficiently serve for a reply; that the fire is aboundantly powerfull to dissipate all the strength of the Poyson, if any should bee poured upon

or added to the Bullet. This much confirmes mine opinion, which every one knowes; The Bullets which the Kings souldiers used to shoote against the Townse∣men in the seige of Rouēn, were free from all poyson; and yet for all that they of the Towne thought that they were all poysoned, when they found the wounds made by them, to be uncurable and deadly. Now on the other side the Townsemen were falsly suspected guilty of the same crime by the Kings Army, when as they percei∣ved all the Chirurgions labour in curing the wounds made by the Bullets shot from Rouën, to be frustrated by their contumacy and maligne nature; each side judging of the magnitude and malignitie of the cause from the unhappy successe of the effect in curing. Even as amongst Physitions according to Hippocrates, all diseases are termed * 1.31 pestilent, which arising from whatsoever common cause, kill many people; so also wounds made by Gunshot, may in some respect be called pestilent, for that they are more refractory, and difficult to cure than others, and not because they partake of any poysonous qualitie, but by default of some common cause, as the ill complexi∣ons of the patients, the infection of the aire, and the corruption of meats and drinkes. For by these causes wounds acquire an evill nature and become lesse yeel∣ding to medicines. Now we have by these reasons convinced of errour that opi∣nion which held wounds made by Gunshot for poisonous; let us now come to o∣verthrow that which is held concerning their combustion.

First it can scarce be understood how bullets which are commonly made of Lead, * 1.32 can attaine to such heate, but that they must be melted; and yet they are so far from melting, that being shot out of a Musket they will peirce through an armour and the whole body besides, yet remaine whole, or but a little diminisht. Besides also if you shoote them against a stone wall, you may presently take them up in your hand without any harme, and also without any manifest sence of heate; though their heate by the striking upon the stone should bee rather encreased, if they had any.

Furthermore, a Bullet shot into a barrell of Gunpouder, would presently set it all on fire, if the Bullet should acquire such heate by the shooting, but it is not so. For if at any time the pouder be fired by such an accident, wee must not ima∣gine that it is done by the bullet bringing fire with it, but by the striking and col∣lision thereof against some Iron, or stone that opposes or meets therewith, whence sparkes of fire procceding as from a flint, the pouder is fired in a moment. The like opinion wee have of thatched houses, for they are not fiered by the bullet which is shot, but rather by some other thing as linnen ragges, browne paper, and the like, which rogues and wicked persons fasten to their Bullets. There is another thing which more confirmes mee in this opinion, which is; take a bullet of Waxe, and keepe it from the fire, for otherwise it would melt, and shoote it a∣gainst an inch board, and it will goe through it; whereby you may understand that Bullets cannot become so hot by shooting, to burne like a cautery. But the Ori∣fices * 1.33 (may some say) of such wounds are alwayes blacke. This indeede is true, but it is not from the effect of heate brought thither by the Bullet, but the force of the contusion.

Now the contusion is exceeding great, both because the Bullet is round, and enters the body with incredible violence. Of which those that are wounded will give you sufficient testimony, for there is none of them, which thinkes not presently upon the blow, that as it were some post, or thing of the like weight, falls upon the affected member, whence great paine and stupiditie possesse the part, whereby the native heare and spirits are so much dissipated, that a Gangreen may follow.

But for the Eschar which they affirme is made by the blow, and falls away af∣terwards, they are much mistaken. For certaine particles of the membranes and flesh contused and torne by the violence of the Bullet beguiles them; which presently putrifying are severed from the sound parts by the power of nature and the separating heate, which thing usually happens in all great Contusions. But for all that these so many and weighty reasons may free the Pouder from all suspition of Poison, and the Bullet from all, thought of burning;

yet there are many who insisting upon Philosophicall arguments, raise new stirrs. For (say they) the discharging a peice of Ordinance is absolutely like Thunder and Lightning, which the rent and torne clouds cast from the middle region, upon the earth; wherefore the Iron bullet which is shot out of the Cannon must needs have a venenate and burning faculty. I am not ignorant that Lightnings generated of a grosse and viscous exhalation, breaking the cloud wherewith it is encompassed, * 1.34 never falls upon the earth, but brings fire with it, one while more subtile, another while more gresse, according to the various condition of the matter whence the exhalation hath arisen. For Seneca writes that there are three severall kinds of Light∣ning * 1.35 differing in burning, condition and plenty. One of them penetrates or rather perforates by the tenuity of the matter of the objects which it touches. The other with a violent impetuosity breakes insunder and dissipates the objects, by reason it hath a more dense, compact and forcible matter, like as Whirlewinds have. The third, for that it consists of a more terrestriall matter, burnes what it touches, lea∣ving behind it the impression of the burning. Also I know that Lightning is of a pe∣stilent * 1.36 and stinking nature, occasioned by the grossenesse and viscidity of the matter whereof it is; which matter taking fire sends forth so lothsome and odious a smell that the very wilde-beasts cannot endure it; but leave their Dennes, if they chance to be touched with such a lightening. Besides also, we have read in the northerne history of Olaus Magnus, that in some places after a Lightning, you shall finde a whole plaine spred over with Brimstone, which Brimstone notwithstanding is extin∣guished, unprofitable & of no efficacie. But grant these things be thus, yet must we not therefore conclude, that the Bullets of the great Ordinance carry poyson and fire with them into the wounds. For though there be many things like in Lightning and discharging great Ordinance, yet they have no similitude either in matter or sub∣stance, but onely in effects whereby they shake, breake insunder and disperse the bo∣dies which withstand them; For Lightning and Thunder doe it by meanes of fire, and oft times of a stone generated in them, which is therefore tearmed, a Thunderbolt; But Ordinance by the bullet carried by the force of the aire, more violently driving and forcing it forwards; Neither if any should by more powerfull arguments force me to yeeld that the matter of Lightning and shooting of Ordi∣nance are like, yet will I not therefore be forced to confesse that wounds made by Gunshot are combust. For according to Pliny, there are some Lightnings which * 1.37 consisting of a most dry matter, doe shatter in sunder all that withstands them, but doe not burne at all; others which are of somewhat a more humid nature, burne no more than the former, but onely blacke such things as they touch; Lastly other∣some of a more subtile and tenuous matter, whose nature (as Seneca saith) wee must * 1.38 not doubt to be divine, if but for this reason, that they will melt gold and silver, not harming the purse; a sword, not hurting the scabbard; the head of a Lance, not bur∣ning the wood, and shed wine not breaking the vessell. According to which decree I can grant, that these Lightnings which breake in sunder, melte and dissipate, and performe other effects so full of admiration, are like in substance to the shot of great Ordinance; but not these which carry with them fire and flame.

In proofe whereof there comes into my minde the historie of a certaine Souldier, out of whose thigh I remember I drew forth a Bullet wrapped in the taffety of his * 1.39 breeches, which had not any signe of tearing or burning. Besides, I have seene many who not wounded, nor so much as touched, yet notwithstanding have with the very report & winde of a Cannon bullet, sliding close by their eares, fallne downe for dead, so that their members becomming livid & black, they have dyed by a Gangrene ensuing thereupon. These and such effects are like the effects of Lightnings which wee lately mentioned, and yet they beare no signe nor marke of poyson. From whence I dare now boldly conclude, that wounds made by Gunshot are neither poysoned, nor burnt. But seeing the danger of such wounds in these last civill warres hath beene so great, universall and deadly to so many worthy personages and vali∣ant * 1.40 men, what then may have beene the cause thereof, if it were neither combustion, nor the venenate qualitie of the wound? This must wee therefore now insist upon and somewhat hardily explaine.

Those who have spent all their time in the learning and searching out the myste∣ries of Naturall Philosophie, would have all men thinke and beleeve, that the foure Elements have such mutuall sympathy, that they may bee changed each into other; so that they not onely undergoe the alterations of the first qualities which are heate, coldnesse, drynesse and moisture, but also the mutation of their proper substances by rarefaction and condensation. For thus the fire is frequently changed into ayre, the ayre into water, the water into aire, and the water into earth; and on the contrary, the earth into water, the water into aire, the aire into fire; because these 4. first bo∣dies * 1.41 have in their common matter enjoyed the contrary and fighting, yet first and principall qualities of all.

Whereof we have an example in the * 1.42 Ball-bellowes brought out of Germany, w^ch are made of brasse, hollow and round; and have a very small hole in them, whereby the water is put in, and so put to the fire; the water by the action thereof is rarified into aire, and so they send forth winde with a great noyse, and blow strongly as soone as they grow throughly hot. You may try the same with Chesnuts, which cast whole and undivided into the fire, presently fly asunder with a great cracke; be∣cause the watry and innate humidity turned into winde by the force of the fire, forcibly breakes his passage forth. For the aire or winde raised from the water by rarifaction, requires a larger place, neither can it now bee conteined in the narrow filmes, or skinnes of the Chesnut, wherein it was formerly kept. Iust after the same manner Gunpouder being fiered, turnes into a farre greater proportion of ayre, according to the truth of that Philosophicall proposition, which saith, Of one part of earth, there are made ten of water; of one of water, ten of aire; and of one of aire are made ten of fire. Now this fire not possible to be ••ent in the narrow space of the peice, wherein the pouder was formerly conteined, endeavours to force its passage with violence, and so casts forth the Bullet lying in the way, yet so that it presently vanishes into aire, and doth not accompany the Bullet to the marke, or object, which it batters, spoiles and breakes asunder. Yet the Bullet may drive the obvious aire with such violence, that men are often sooner touched therewith than with the bullet, and dye by having their bones shattered and broken without any hurt on the flesh which covers them; which as wee formerly noted, it hath com∣mon with Lightning. We finde the like in Mines, when the pouder is once fiered, it remooves and shakes even mountaines of earth.

In the yeare of our Lord 1562 a quantity of this pouder which was not very great, taking fire by accident in the Arcenall of Paris, caused such a tempest, that the whole City shoke therewith, but it quite overturned divers of the neighbouring houses, and shooke off the tyles and broke the windowes of those which were further off; and to conclude, like a storme of Lightning it laid many here and there for dead, some lost their sight, others their hearing, and othersome had their limbes torne asunder, as if they had beene rent with wilde horses; and all this was done by the onely agitation of the aire into which the fired Gunpouder was turned; Iust af¦ter the same manner as windes pent up in hollow places of the earth which want vents. For in seeking passage forth, they vehemently shake the sides of the Earth, and raging with a great noise about the cavities, they make all the surface thereof to tremble; so that by the various agitation one while up, another downe, it overturnes or carries it to another place. For thus we have read that Megara and Aegina ancient∣ly most famous Citties of Greece, were swallowed up and quite overturned by an earthquake; I omit the great blusterings of the windes striving in the cavities of the earth, which represent to such as heare them at some distance, the fierce assai∣ling of Citties, the bellowing of Bulles, the horrid roarings of Lions, neither are they much unlike to the roaring reports of Cannons. These things being thus pre∣mised let us come to the thing we have in hand.

Amongst things necessary for life, there is none causes greater changes in us than the aire; which is continually drawne into the Bowells appointed by nature, and whe∣ther we sleepe, wake, or what else soever we doe, we continually draw in, and breath it out. Through which occasion Hippocrates calls it Divine, for that breathing through this mundane Orbe, it embraces, nourishes, defends and keepes in quiet peace all

things contained therein, friendly conspiring with the starres from whom a divine vertue is infused therein. For the aire diversly changed and affected by the starres, doth in like manner produce various changes in these lower mundane bodies. And hence it is that Philosophers and Physitions doe so seriously wish us to behold and consider the culture and habite of places, and constitution of the aire, when they treate of preserving of health, or curing diseases. For in these the great power and dominion of the aire is very apparent, as you may gather by the foure seasons of the yeare; for in summer the aire being hot and dry, heats and dries our bodies; but in winter it produceth in us the effects of winters qualities, that is, of cold and moi∣sture; yet by such order and providence of nature, that although according to the va∣rieties of seasons our bodies may be variously altered, yet shall they receive no de∣triment thereby, if so be that the seasons reteine their seasonablenesse; from whence * 1.43 if they happen to digresse, they raise and stirre up great perturbations both in our bodies and mindes; whose malice we can scarse shunne, because they encompasse us on every hand, and by the law of nature enter together with the aire into the se∣cret cabinets of our bodies both by occult and manifest passages. For who is he, that doth not by experience finde both for the commodity and discommodity of his health, the various effects of winds, (wherewith the aire is commixt) according as they blow from this or that Region, or Quarter of the world. Wherefore seeing that the South winde is hot and moist; the North wind cold and dry; the East wind cleare and fresh; the West winde cloudy; it is no doubt but that the aire which we draw in by inspiration carries together therewith into the bowells the qualities of that winde which is then prevalent. When wee reade in Hippocrates, that changes * 1.44 of times, whether they happen by different windes, or vicissitude of seasons, chiefly bring diseases; For northerly winds doe condense, and strengthen our bodies, and makes them active well coloured and daring, by resuscitating and vigorating the na∣tive heare. But southerne windes resolve and moisten our bodies, make us heavy headed, dull the hearing, cause giddinesse, and make the eyes and body lesse agile; as the Inhabitants of Narbon finde to their great harme, who are otherwise ranked among the most active people of France. But if wee would make a comparison of the seasons and constitutions of a yeare, by Hippocrates decree Droughts are more wholesome and lesse deadly than Raines; I judge for that too much humiditie is the mother of putrifaction, as you learne by these countries which are blowne upon * 1.45 by a winde from Sea: For in these flesh which is kept for foode, putrefies in the space of an houre; and such ulcers as in other places are easily and quickly healed, doe there by the conflux and collection of matter become inveterate and contumaci∣ous. Therefore as when the seasons of the yeare successively fall out agreeable to their nature, and when each season is seasonable, then either we are not sicke at all, or assuredly with lesse danger. So on the contrary the perfect constitution and health of our bodies becomes worse and decaies, when the seasons of the yeare are depra∣ved and perverted in time and temper.

Now seeing that these many yeares the foure seasons of the yeare have wanted their seasonablenesse, the summer wanting his usuall heate, and the winter its cold, and all things by moisture and the dominion of the southerne windes have beene humid and languide; I thinke there is none so ignorant in naturall Philosophie and Astrologie, who will not thinke that the causes of the malignitie and contumacie of those deseases which have so long afflicted all France, are not to bee attributed to the aire and Heavens. For otherwise, whence have so many pestilent and contagious diseases tirannized over so many people of every age, sex and condition? whence have so many catarrhes, coughs and heavinesses of the head, so many pleurisies, tu∣mors, small poxes, meazells, and Itches not admitting of digestion and remedies prescribed by Art? Whence have we had so many venemous creatures, as Toades, Grashoppers, Caterpillers, Spiders, Waspes, Hornets, Beetles, Snailes, Vipers, Snakes, Lizards, Scorpions and Efts or Nutes, unlesse from excessive putrefaction which the humidity of the aire, our native heate being liquid and dull, hath caused in us, and the whole kingdome of France? Hence also proceedes the infirmity of our native heate, and the corruption of the blood and humors whereof we consist, which

the rainy Southwind hath caused with its sultry heate. Wherefore in these last yeares I have drawne little blood, which hath not presently shewed the corruption of its substance by the blacke or greenish colour, as I have diligently observed in all such as I have bled, by the direction of Physitions, either for prevention of future, or cure of present diseases. Whence it comes to passe that the fleshy substance of our bodies could not but be faulty both in temper and consistence; seeing that the blood whence it is generated had drawne the seeds of corruption from the defiled aire. Whence it fell out, that the wounds which happened with losse of substance, could be scarse healed or united, because of the depraved nature of the blood. For so the wounds and ulcers of these which are troubled with the Dropsie, whose blood is more cold or wholly waterish; so of Leprous persons, whose blood is * 1.46 corrupt, and lastly of all such as have their bodies replete with ill juice, or else are Cachecticke, will not easily admit of cure. Yea assuredly if but the very part which is hurt swerve from its native temper, the wound will not easily bee cured.

Therefore seeing all these things, both the putrefaction of the Aire, and depra∣ved humors of the body, and also the distemper of the affected parts conspired to∣gether to the destruction of the wounded, what marvaile was it, if in these late ci∣vill warres, the wounds which were for their quantity small, for the condition of the wounded parts but little, have caused so many and grievous accidents and lastly death it selfe? Especially, seeing that the Aire which encompasseth us, tainted with putrefaction corrupts and defiles the wounds by inspiration and expiration, the body and humours being already disposed, or inclined to putrefaction.

Now there came such a stincke, which is a most assured signe of putresaction, from these wounds when they were dressed, that such as stood by could scarse endure it, neither could this stinke bee attributed to the want of dressing, or fault of the Chi∣rurgion; for the wounds of the Princes and Nobility stunke as ill as these of the common Souldiers. And the corruption was such, that if any chanced to bee un∣drest * 1.47 for one day, which sometimes happened amongst such a multitude of wounded persons, the next day the wound would be full of wormes. Besides also, which fur∣thermore argues a great putrifaction of humors, many had Abscesses in parts op∣posite to their wounds, as in the left knee, when as the right shoulder was wounded; in the left arme, when as the right Leg was hurt. Which I remember befell the King of Navarre, the Duke of Nevers, the Lord Rendan and divers others. For all men had nature so overcharged with abundance of vicious humors, that if it expelled not part thereof by impostumes to the habite of the body, it certainly otherwise dis∣posed of it amongst the inner parts of the body; for in dissecting dead bodies, wee observed that the Spleene, Liver, Lungs, and other Bowells were purulent, and hence it was that the patients by reason of vapours sent from them to the heart were troubled with continuall feavers. But the Liver and all the veinous parts being pol∣luted, and so the generation of the laudible blood hindred, they languished for want of fitting nourishment. But when the Braine by vapours was drawne in to sympa∣thize with the rest, they were molested with Ravings and Convulsions. Wherefore if any thing succeeded unprosperously in so great malignancie of wounds, the Chi∣rurgion was not to be blamed, for that it were a crime to fight against God and the Aire, wherein the hidden scourges of the divine justice lye hid. Therefore, if accor∣ding to the minde of the great Hippocrates, who commands to bring all contused wounds to suppuration, that so they may be healed, wee endeavoured to cure with such medicines wounds made with Gunshot, and therefore contused; who can right∣ly be angry with us, if we performed it not so well, by reason of these putrifactions, * 1.48 gangreens and mortifications which proceeded from the corrupt Aire, for all that we used not onely suppuratives, but were oft times forced to use other medicines; so long turning aside from the cure of the disease, untill we had orecome the symp∣tomes which much endanger the patient and customarily happen upon such wounds, as also upon those which are made with a sword or any other kind of weapon; As shall plainly appeare in the following treatise, to which it now seemes high time that we betake our selves.

CHAP. I. A division of wounds drawne from the variety of the wounded parts, and the Bullets which wound.

ALl wounds which are made in mans body by Gunshot, whether simple or compound, are accompanied with contusion, dilaceration, distemper and * 1.49 swelling. I say, all these possesse eyther the noble parts, or ignoble, the fleshy, nervous or bony, some whiles with rending and tearing asunder the larger vessells, sometimes without harming them. Now these wounds are onely superfici∣ary, or else peirce deepe and passe quite through the body. But there is also ano∣ther division of these wounds taken from the variety of the Bullets wherewith they are made. For some bullets are bigger, some lesse, some betweene both, they are * 1.50 usually made of Lead, yet sometimes of Steele, Iron, Brasse, Tinne, scarse any of Silver much lesse of Gold. There arises no difference from their figure; for almost all kinds of wounds of this nature are round. From these differences, the Chirur∣gion * 1.51 must take his Indications what to doe, and what medicines to apply. The first care must be, that he thinke not these horrid and maligne symptomes, which usually happen upon these kinds of wounds, to arise from combustion, or poyson carried with the Bullet into the wounded part, and that for these reasons we have former∣ly handled at large. But rather let him judge they proceede from the vehemencie of the contusion, dilaceration and fracture, caused by the Bullets too violent entry into the nervous and bony bodies. For if at any time the bullet shall onely light up∣on the fleshy parts, the wounds will be as easily cured, as any other wound usually is, which is made with a contusing and round kind of weapon, as I have often found by frequent experience, whilest I have followed the warres, and performed the part of a Chirurgion to many Noble-men and common Souldiers, according to the counsell of such Physitions as were there overseers of the cure.

CHAP. II. Of the signes of wounds made by Gunshot.

WOunds made by Gunshot are knowne by their figure, which is usually round; by their colour, as when the native colour of the part decayes, and * 1.52 in stead thereof a livid, greenish, violet or other colour succeeds; by the feeling or sense of the stroke, when in the very instant of the receiving thereof, hee feeles a heavy sense as if some great stone, or peice of Timber, or some such other weightything had falne upon it; by the small quantity of blood which issues out thereat, for when the parts are contused, within some small while after the stroake * 1.53 they swell up, so that they will scarse admit a Tent, whence it is that the blood is stopped, which otherwise would flow forth of the orifice of the wound; by heate, * 1.54 which happens eyther by the violentnesse of the motion, or the vehement impulsion of the aire, or the attrition of the contused parts, as the flesh and nerves.

Also you may conjecture that the wounds have beene made by Gunshot, if the bones shall be broken, and the splinters thereof by pricking the neighbouring bo∣dies cause defluxion and inflammation. But the cause that the Bullet makes so great a contusion is, for that it enters the body not with any points or corners, but * 1.55 with its round and sphericall body, which cannot penetrate but with mighty force; whence it commeth to passe that the wound lookes blacke, and the ad∣jacent parts livid. Hence also proceede so many grievous symptomes, as paine, Defluxion, Inflammation, Apostumation, Convulsion, Phrensie, Palsie, Gangreen and mortification, whence lastly death ensues. Now the wounds doe often cast forth virulent and very much stincking filth, by reason of the great contusion, and the rending and tearing of the neighbouring particles. A great aboundance

of humors flow from the whole body, and fall downe upon the affected parts, which the native heate thereof being diminished forsakes, and presently an unnaturall heate seazes upon it. Hither also tend an universall or particular repletion of ill humours, chiefely if the wounds possesse the nervous parts as the joynts. Verily neither a Stagge with his horne, nor a flint out of a sling can give so great a blow, or make so large a wound, as a Leaden or Iron Bullet shot out of a Gun, as that which going with mighty violence, peirces the body like a Thunderbolt.

CHAP. III. How these wounds must be ordered at the first dressing.

THe wound must forthwith be enlarged, unlesse the condition of the part * 1.56 resist, that so there may be free passage forth both for the Sanies, or matter, as also for such things as are farced, or otherwise contained therein; such as are peices of their cloathes, bombast, linnen, paper, peices of Maile or Armour, Bullets, Haile-shot, splinters of bones, bruised flesh and the like, all which must be plucked forth with as must celerity and gentlenesse as may bee. For presently after the receiving of the wound the paine and inflammation are not so great, as they will be within a short time after. This is the principall thing in per∣formance of this worke, that you place the patient just in such a posture as he was in * 1.57 at the receiving of the wound; for otherwise the various motion and turning of the Muscles will eyther hinder or straiten the passage forth of the conteined bodies. You shall if it be possible, search for these bodies with your finger, that so you may the more certainly and exactly perceive them. Yet if the Bullet bee entred some-what deepe in, then you shall search for it with a round and blunt probe, lest you put the patient to paine; yet often times you shall scarce by this meanes finde the Bullet. As it happened to the Marshall of Brissac in the seige of Parpignan, who was wounded in his right shoulder with a Bullet, which the Chirurgions thought to have entred into the capacitie of his body. But I, wishing the patient to stand just in the same manner as hee did when hee received the wound, found at length the place where the Bullet lay, by gently pressing with my fingers, the parts neare the wound, and the rest which I suspected; as also by the swelling, hardnesse, paine and black∣nesse of the part, which was in the lower part of the shoulder neare unto the eight or ninth spondill of the backe. Wherefore the bullet being taken forth by making in∣cision in the place, the wound was quickly healed and the Gentleman recovered. You shall well observe this, and rather beleeve the judgement of your fingers, than of your probe.

CHAP. IIII. A description of fit Instruments to draw forth Bullets and other strange bodies.

BOth the magnitude and figure of Instruments fit for drawing forth of Bul∣lets and other strange bodies, are various according to the diversity of the incident occasions. For some are toothed, others smooth, others of another figure and bignes; of all which sorts the Chirurgion must have divers in a readinesse, that he may fit them to the bodies and wound, and not the wounds and bodies to his Instruments.

[illustration]

The Deliniation of such like Instruments. A toothed Crowes-Bill.

[illustration]

The crooked Cranes-bill, with teeth like a Saw.

[illustration]

The straight Cranes-bill being also toothed, fit for drawing forth haile-shot, pieces of armour, splinters of bones, and such things as lye deepe within.

[illustration]

The Ducks-bill.

This Ducks bill hath a large round and toothed cavitie in the end, for so it more easily taketh hold of the Bullet when it lies amongst much Flesh.

[illustration]

Another Instrument fit for drawing forth of Bullets, which may be termed, a Catch-bullet.

A. Shewes the Trunke.

B. Shewes the rod, or string, which opens & shuts the joynt.

C. The joynt.

[illustration]

Another Catch-bullet called a Lizards-nose, made for drawing out of bullets which are somewhat flatted, by striking upon a bone.

[illustration]

The Parrots-beake is made for drawing forth peices of maile thrust into the flesh, flesh, or bones; and this is the figure thereof.

A. Shewes the screw-pin. B. The hollowed part which receives, the round part noted with. C. Which is opened and shut by the screw. D. D. falls, or stayes, which governe the running branch.

[illustration]

The Swannes bill opens with a screw: you may with this dilate the wounds, and so put in a streight Cranes-bill, as pincers to plucke forth strange bodyes. The figure of both are heere exprest.

But if these strange bodyes, especially bullets and haile shot, be not too deepe in the wound, they may be taken forth with your Levatorie, or else by the helpe of these Gimblets. These Gimblets are screwed into their pipes, or canes, and enter with their screwed points into the Bullets, if that they be of Lead or Tin, and of no har∣der mettall; and so being fastened in them, bring them out with them.

[illustration]

The figure of the Gimblet with his pipe, or cane.

Besides the Swans-bill which wee lately mentioned, there are also other Instru∣ments fit to dilate and open the wounds; therefore called Dilaters, by whose helpe the wound may be held open, that so the hidden bodyes may be seene; for when you presse together the two ends of this Instrument, the other two open and dilate themselves. You may also use them in dilating divers other parts of the body, as the Nose-thrils, fundament, and such like.

[illustration]

Dilaters.

The Instruments which follow are called Seton needles, or Probes; whose use is, to draw through a flamula, so to keepe the wound open, that you may the better take forth any strange body. Besides also we use the same needles, to search, or as it were to sound the deepenesse of wounds, and to finde out the Bullets. For they can∣not put one to much paine because they have smooth and round ends. So also all Probes wherewith we search for Bullets, must have somewhat large, smooth and round ends. For seeing that the verges of the wound meete together presently after * 1.58 the hurt, if the Probes be too small or slender, they will sticke in the inequality of the flesh, neither will they be able to come to the Bullet. But if they bee sharpe and pointed, they will cause and renew the paine by pricking the flesh they melt withall, and so hinder your intention of finding the Bullet; Now you must bee furnished with these Instruments of a different length, according to the various thicknesse of the parts; for you cannot put any through the thigh but such as are of good length.

[illustration]

Probes for to put slamulaes through a wound withall.

CHAP. IX. What dressing must first be used, after the strange bodies are pluckt or drawn out of the wound.

WHen the strange bodyes are drawne or pluckt out of the wound, by these meanes we have formerly recited, the chiefe of the cure must be to heale the contusion, and amend the distemper of the aire if it bee hot and moyst, that is, subject to putrefaction. This shal be don by medicins taken inward∣ly, applied outwardly and put into the wound. Things to be inwardly used in dyet and Pharmacie I leave to the judgement of learned Physitions; for the particular and to∣picke medicines, (unlesse from the present constitution of the ayre, the condition of the wounded part, or from some other cause there be danger of a Gangreene) you must use suppuratives, as you usually doe in contusions; such as are oyle of Whelpes * 1.59 and that which we call a digestive; you must chiefely forbeare suppuratives, when as the wounded part is of a nervous nature. For al nervous parts requre dryer medicines than fleshy, as we have formerly delivered speaking of wounds of the joynts; where∣fore in wounds of the joynts and nervous parts you shall use more venice Turpentine than oyle. Laurentius Iobertus the Kings Physition and Chancellour of the Vniver∣sity * 1.60 of Mompelier, in a treatise which hee writ of wounds made with Gunshot, for¦bids the use of Escharotickes both actuall and potentiall, in these wounds, if simple; for that they induce paine, inflammation, a feaver, Gangraene and other deadly symptomes. Besides also an eschar will hinder suppuration, which is to bee desired in this kinde of woundes, that so the contused flesh may be severed from the sound, least it be drawne to putrefaction by contagion. Which easily happens when an * 1.61 Eschar is drawne, as a barre over it, for then the excrementitious humor remaines longer in the part, and the putridinous vapours hindred from passing forth, are en∣creased, and carryed from the lesser vessells to the bigger, and so over all the body. Wherefore, when you suspect putrefaction, letting alone suppuratives, use in the first place such things as resist putrefaction, as this following oyntment. ℞. pulver. alu∣min. * 1.62 rochae, viridisaeris, Vitrioli, romani, mellis rosat. an. ℥ij. aceti boni quantum sufficit, bul∣liant omnia simul secundum artem, & fiat medicamentum ad formam meliis. This by reason of the heate and subtlety of the substance, hath a faculty to induce and attenuate the humors, as also to call forth the native heate drawne in and dissipated by the vio∣lent and forcible entrance of the Bullet into the body; furthermore also it corrects the venemous contagion of the virulent humor. Now this medicine shall be used, dis∣solved in Venegar or aqua vitae, and be put into the wound with tents, or pledgets. The tents which shall bee used at the first dressing must be somewhat long and thicke, that by dilating the wound, they may make way for applycation of other remedies; otherwise you may make injection with a syring, that so it may penetrate the more powerfully. But this described Egyptiacum shall be tempered according to the con∣dition of the affected parts, for the nervous parts will bee offended with it as being * 1.63 too acride; but it may be qualified by admixture of oyle of Turpentine and Saint Iohn-wort. Also we may well be without this Egyptiacum when there is no such pe∣stilent constitution of the ayre, as was seene in the late Civill warres. After the use of Egyptiacum you shall with emollient and lenitive medicines procure the falling a∣way of the Eschar, and such a medicine is this following oyle, being somewhat more than warme.

℞. Olei violati lib. iiij. in quibus coquantur catelli duo nuper nati, usque ad dissolutionem ossium, addendo vermium terrestrium, ut decet praeparato••um, lb. j. coquantur simul lente * 1.64 igne, deinde fiat expressio ad usum, addendo terebinth. venet. ℥iij. aquae vitae ℥j. This oyle hath a wonderful force to asswage paine, to bring the wound to suppuration, & cause the falling away of the Eschar. This ensuing oyle is made more easily. ℞. olei seminis lini, & lilior. an. ℥iij. unguent. basilic. ℥j. lique fiant simul & fiat medicamentum, put of this a sufficent quality into the wound; for this being applyed indifferent hot, hath pow∣er to asswage pain, to foften and humect the orifice of the wound, and help forwards suppuration, which is the true manner of curing these kinde of wounds, according to

the rule of Hippocrates, which wishes every contused wound to bee presently brought to suppuration, for so it will be lesse subject to a Phlegmon; and besides, all * 1.65 the rent and bruised flesh must putrifie, dissolve and turne to quitture, that new and good flesh may be generated in steed thereof.

La••rentius Ioubertus much commends this following medicine, of whose efficacie, as yet, I have made no triall. ℞. pulver. mercur. bis calcinati, ℥j, adipis porcirecentis, vel butyrs recentis, ℥viij. Camphorae in aqua vitae dissolutae, ʒij. misce omnia simul, addende tantillum olei liliorum, aut lini. Experience taught him, and reason also shewes, that * 1.66 this kinde of remedy is very commendable; for the powder of Mercury, if mixed with a grosse and humecting matter, doth in a short space turne the bruised flesh into pus, without causing any great paine. For the Camphire, whether it be hot or cold, in temper, it much conduces to that purpose, by reason of the subtlety of the parts, wher∣of it consists. For by meanes of this quality the medicines enter with more facility into the affected bodyes, and performe their parts; besides also Camphire refists pu∣trifaction. Some droppe into the wound aqua vitae, wherein they have dissolved some calcined vitrioll. Which kind of remedy is not suppurative, but yet much re∣sists * 1.67 putrefaction, so that we may use it with good successe, when the weather is hot, moyst, and foggie. But when the wound is made very neere at hand, it cannot but be burnt by the flame of the powder; in which remedies used for burnes, will be usefull, * 1.68 not omitting such as are fit for contusions. But for these parts which lye next the wound, you shall not, unlesse at the first dressing apply, refrigerating and astringent things, but rather emollient and suppurative. For those things which have a refrige∣rating faculty, weaken the part, and hinder suppuration. For astringents constipate the skin, which is the cause, that the putride vapours shut up and hindred from transpira∣tion * 1.69 and passage forth, a gangrene and mortification easily seaze upon the part. But if the contusion be great and diffuse it selfe more largely over the flesh; the part must be much scarified; that so the contused and concreat blood, and therefore subject to pu∣trefaction, may be evacuated. But for these parts, which somewhat further distant from the wound encompasse the contused flesh, they require refrigerating and strengthening medicines, so to hinder the falling downe and setling of the humor in that part; such is this ensuing medicine. ℞. Pul. boli. armen. sauguin. Dracon. Myrrhae. an. ℥j succi solan. sempervivi, portulac. an. ℥iss. album iiij. ovorum. oxyrhodin. quantum * 1.70 sufficit; fiat linimentum, ut decet. You may use this, and the like untill the suspected symptome, be past feare. Neither must you have lesse care, of binding up and rolling the part, than of your medicines; for it doth not a little conduce to the cure, to binde * 1.71 it so fitly up as it may be without paine. The wound at the beginning of the cure, must be dressed but once in 24. houres, that is, untill the wound come to suppuration; * 1.72 but when the quitture begins to flow from it, and consequently the paine and feaver are encreased, it shall be drest twise a day, that is every twelve houres. And when the quitture flowes more abundantly than usuall, so that the collection thereof is very troublesome to the Patient, it will be requisite to dresse it every 8 houres; that is thrise a day. Now when as this aboundant effluxe is somewhat slaked, and begins to decrease, it will suffice to dresse it twise a day. But when the ulcer is filled with flesh, and consequently casts forth but little matter, it will serve to dresse it once a day, as you did at the first.

CHAP. VI. How you shall order it at the second dressing.

AT the second and following dressings, unlesse you suspect putrifaction, and a Gangrene, you shall onely put into the wound some of the oyles formerly described, adding to them the yolkes of some egges and a little saffron; and use this medicine, untill the wound come to perfect suppuration. Here you must note * 1.73 this, that these kindes of wounds are longer before they come to suppuration, than o∣ther wounds made by any other sort of weapon; both for that the bullet, as also the ayre which it violently carries before it, by much bruising the flesh, on every side, dissipates the native heate, and exhausts the spirits of the part. Which things

hinder digestion, and often cause the matter to stinke, as also many other pernitious symptomes. Yet most usually pus or quitture appeares within three or foure dayes, sooner and later according to the various complexion, and temperament of the patients bodyes, and the condition of the ambient ayre in heate and cold. Then by little and little you must come to detersives, adding to the former medicine some Turpentine washed in Rose, Barly, or some other such like water, which may * 1.74 wash away the biting thereof. If the encompassing ayre be very cold, you may to good purpose adde some aqua vitae; for by Galens prescript, we must use hot medi∣cines in winter, and lesse hot in summer. Then in the next place use detersives, as * 1.75 ℞. aquae decoctionis hordei quantum sufficit, succi plantaginis, appij, agrimon. centaurei * 1.76 minoris, an. ℥j, bulliant omnia simul; in fine decoctionis adde terebinthinae venetae ℥iij. mellis rosat. ℥ij. farin. hordei. ℥iij. croci ℈j. Let them be all well mixed together and make a Mundificative of an indifferent confistence. Or ℞. succi clymeni, plantag. absinth. appij, an. ℥ij. tereb. venet. ℥4. syrup. absinth. & mellis ros. an. ℥ij. bulliant omnia secundum artem, postea colentur, in colatura adde pulver. aloes, mastiches, Ireos Florent. far. hord. an. ℥j. fiat Mundificatiuum ad usum dictum. Or else ℞. terebinth. venet. lotae in aq. ros. ℥v. olei ros. ℥j. mellis ros. ℥iij. myrrhae, aloes, mastich. aristoloch. rotundae, an. ʒiss. far. hord, ʒiij. misce. Make a Mundificative, which you may put into the wound * 1.77 with tents, but such as are neither too long, nor thicke, lest they hinder the evacua∣tion of the quitture and vapours, whence the wounded part will bee troubled with erosion, paine, defluxion, inflammation, abscesse, putrefaction; all which severally of themselves, as also by infecting the noble parts, are troublesome both to the part affected, as also to the whole body besides. Wherefore you shall put into the wound no tents, unlesse small ones, and of an indifferent consistence; lest (as I sayd) you hinder the passing forth of the matter, or by their hard pressing of the part, cause paine, and so draw on maligne symptomes. But seeing tents are used both to keepe open a wound so long, untill all the strange bodyes be taken forth, as also to carry the medicines, wherewithall they are annointed: even to the bottome of the wound. Now if the wound be sinuous and deepe, that so the medicine cannot by that meanes arrive at the bottome and all the parts thereof, you must doe you busi∣nesse * 1.78 by injections made of the following decoction. ℞. aq. hord. lib. 4. agrimon. centaur. minor. pimpinellae, absinth. plantag. an. M. ss. rad. aristoloch. rotund. ʒss. fiat deco∣ctio * 1.79 ad lib. j. in colatura expressa dissolve aloes hepaticae ʒiij. mellis ros. ℥ij. bulliant modi∣cum. Inject some of this decoction, three or foure times into the wound, as often as you dresse the patient; and if this shall not be sufficient to clense the filth, and waste the spongious, putride and dead flesh, you shall dissolve therein as much Aegyptiacum as you shall thinke fit for the present necessity; but commonly you shall dissolve an ounce of Aegyptiacum in a pint of the decoction. Verily Aegyptiacum doth power∣fully * 1.80 consume the proud flesh which lyes in the capacity of the wound; besides also it only workes upon such kind of flesh. For this purpose, I have also made triall of the powder of Mercury, and burnt Alome equally mixed together, and found them ve∣ry powerfull, even almost as sublimate, or Arsenicke, (but that these cause not such paine in their operation.) I certainely much wonder at the largenesse of the Eschar which arises by the aspersiō of these powders. Many Practitioners would have a great * 1.81 quantity of the injection to be left in the cavityes of sinuous ulcers, or wounds; which thing I could never allow of. For this contained humor causeth an unnaturall tensi∣on in these parts, and taints them with superfluous moysture, whereby the regene∣ration of flesh is hindered; for that every ulcer as it is an ulcer, requires to be dryed, in Hippocrates opinion. Many also offend in the too frequent use of Tents; for as they change thē every houre, they touch the sides of the wound, cause pain, & renew other maligne symptomes; wherefore such ulcers as cast forth more abundance of matter, I * 1.82 could wish rather to be dressed with hollow tents, like those I formerly described to be put into wounds of the Chest. You shall also presse a linnen boulster to the bottome of the wound, that so the parts themselves may be mutually condensed by that pressure * 1.83 and the quitture thrust forth; neither will it be amisse to let this boulster have a large hole fitted to the orifice of the wound & end of the hollow tent and pipe, that so you may apply a spunge for to receive the quitture, for so the matter will be more speedily

evacuated and spent, especially if it be bound up with an expulsive ligature, begin∣ning at the bottome of the ulcer, and so wrapping it up to the toppe. All the boul∣sters and rowlers, which shall be applyed to these kindes of wounds, shall be dipped in Oxycrate, or red wine, so to strengthen the part, and hinder defluxion. But you must have a speciall care, that you doe not binde the wound too hard, for hence will arisē paine, hindring the passage forth of the putredinous vapours and excrements, which the contused flesh casts forth; and also feare of an Atrophia, or want of non∣rishment, the alimentary juyces being hindred from comming to the part.

CHAP. VII. By what meanes strange bodyes, left in at the first dressing, may be drawne forth.

IT divers times happens, that certaine splinters of bones, broken and shatte∣red asunder by the violence of the stroake, cannot be pulled forth at the * 1.84 first dressing, for that they either doe not yeeld or fall away, or else cannot be found by the formerly described instruments. For which purpose this is an ap∣proved medicine to draw forth that which is left behind.

℞. radic. Ireos Florent. panac. & cappar. an. ʒiij. aristoloch. rotund. mannae, thuris. an. ʒj. in pollinem redacta incorporentur cum melle rosar. & terebinth. venet. an. ℥ij. or ℞. re∣sin. pini siccae ℥iij. pumicis combusti & extincti in vino albo, radic. Ireos, aristolochiae, an. ʒss. thuris ʒj. squamae aris, ʒij. in pollinem redigantur, incorporentur cum melle rosato, fiat medicamentum.

CHAP. VIII. Of Indications to be observed in this kinde of wounds.

THe ulcer being clensed and purged, and all strange bodyes taken forth; na∣tures endeavours to regenerate flesh, and cicatrize it, must be helped for∣wards with convenient remedies, both taken inwardly, and applyed out-wardly. To which things we may be easily and safely carryed by indications drawne, first from the essence of the disease, then from the cause; if as yet present it nourish the disease. For that which Galen sayes, Lib. 3. Meth. that no indication may bee taken from the primitive cause and time; must bee understood of the time past, and the cause which is absent. And then from the principall times of the disease, the be∣ginning, encrease, state, and declination; for each of these foure require their re∣medies. Others are taken from the temperament of the patient, so that no Chirur∣gion neede doubt, that some medicines are fit for cholericke, othersome for phleg∣maticke bodyes. Hither referre the indication taken from the age of the patient; also it is drawn from his dyet, for no man must prescribe any slender diet to one who is alwayes feeding, as to him who is accustomed to cate but once, or twise a day. Hence it is that a dyet consisting onely of Panada's is more fit for Italians, than for French men; for we must give somewhat to custome, which is as it were another na∣ture. Vocations and dayly exercises, are referred to dyet, for other things besit husband men and laboures, whose flesh is dense and skin hardened by much labour, than idle and delicate persons. But of all other, have diligent regard of that indica∣tion which is drawne from the strength of the patient; for we must presently, (all else * 1.85 being neglected) succour the fainting, or decaying strength; wherefore if it be needfull to cut off a member that is putrified, the operation must bee deferred if the strength of the patient be so dejected, that hee cannot have it performed without manifest danger of his life. Also indication may be drawne from the encompassing ayre, un∣der which also is comprehended that, which is taken from the season of the yeere, re∣gion, the state of the ayre and soyle, and the particular condition of the present and lately by-past time. Hence it is we reade in Guido, that wounds of the head are cured

with farre more difficulty at Paris, than at Avignion; where notwithstanding on the * 1.86 contrary, the wounds of the legges are cured with more trouble, than at Paris; The cause is, the ayre is cold and moyst at Paris; which constitution seeing it is hurtfull to the braine and head, it cannot, but must be offensive to the wounds of these parts. But the heate of the ambient ayre at Avignion, attenuates and dissolves the humors, and makes them flow from above downewards. But if any object that experience contradicts this opinion of Guide, & say, that wounds of the head are more frequent∣ly deadly in hot countries; let him understand that this must not be attributed to the manifest & naturall heate of the ayre, but to a certaine maligne & venenate humor, or vapour dispersed through the ayre, and raysed out of the Seas; as you may easily ob∣serve in those places of France & Italy which border upon the Mediterranean Sea. An indication may also be drawne from the peculiar temper of the wounded parts, for the musculous parts must be dressed after one, and the bony parts after another man∣ner. The different sense of the parts, indicates and requires the like variety of re∣medies; * 1.87 for you shall not apply so acride medicines to the Nerves and Tendons, as to the ligaments which are destitute of sense. The like reason also, for the dignity and function of the parts needefull for the preservation of life; for oft times wounds of the braine, or of some other of the naturall and vitall parts, for this very reason that they are defixed in these parts, divert the whole manner of the cure, which is usually and generally performed in wounds. Neither that without good cause, for oft times from the condition of the parts, we may certainely pronounce the whole suc∣cesse of the disease; for wounds which penetrate into the ventricles of the braine, in∣to the heart, the large vessells, the chest, the nervous part of the midriffe, the Liver, ventricle, small guts, bladder, if somewhat large are deadly; as also these which light upon a joynt in a body repleate with ill humors, as we have formerly noted. Neither must you neglect that indication which is drawne from the situation of the part, and the commerce it hath with the adjacent parts, or from the figure thereof; seeing that Galen himselfe would not have it neglected. But wee must consider in taking these * 1.88 forementioned Indications, whether there bee a composition, or complication of the diseases; for as there is one and that a simple indication, of one & that a simple disease, so must the indication be various of a compound and complicate disease. But there is observed to be a triple composition, or complication of affects besides nature; for either a disease is compounded with a disease, as a wound, or a phlegmon with a fra∣cture of a bone; or a disease with a cause, as an ulcer with a defluxion; or a disease with a symptome, as a wound with paine, or bleeding. It sometimes comes to passe, that these three, the disease, cause, and symprome, concurre in one case or affect. In arti∣ficially * 1.89 handling of which, we must follow Galens counsell, who wishes in complica∣ted and compounded affects, that we resist the more urgent; then let us withstand the cause of the disease, and lastly that affect, without which the rest cannot be cured. Which counsell must well be observed; for in this composure of affects, which di∣stracts the Empericke; But on the contrary the rationall Physition hath a way pre∣scribed in a few and these excellent words, which if hee follow in his order of cure, hee can scarse misse to heale the patient. Symptomes truely as they are symptomes, yeeld no indication of curing, neither change the order of the cure; for when the disease is healed, the symptome vanishes, as that which followes the disease, as a shadow followes the body. But symptomes doe often times so urge and presse, that perverting the whole order of the cure, we are forced to resist them in the first * 1.90 place, as those which would otherwise encrease the disease. Now all the formerly mentioned indications may be drawne to two heads; the first is, to restore the part to its native temper; the other is that the blood offend not either in quantity or qua∣lity; for when those two are present, there is nothing which may hinder the repleti∣on, nor union of wounds or Vlcers.

CHAP. IX. What remaines for the Chirurgion to doe in this kinde of wounds.

THe Chirurgion must first of all be skilfull and labour to asswage paine, hin∣der defluxions, prescribe a dyet in these sixe things we call Not naturall, forbidding the use of hot and acrid things, as also of wine; for such atte∣nuate the humors and make them more apt for defluxion. Therefore at * 1.91 the first let his dyet be slender, that so the course of the humors may bee diverted from the affected part; for the stomacke being empty and not well filled, drawes from the parts about it, whereby it consequently followes, that the utmost and re∣motest parts are at the length evacuated; which is the cause, that such as are woun∣ded, must keepe so spare a dyet for the next dayes following. Venery is very perniti∣ous, for that it inflames the spirits and humors farre beyond other motions; whereby it happens that the humors waxing hot, are too plentifully carryed to the wounded and overheated part. The bleeding must not bee stanched presently upon the re∣ceiving of the wound, for by the more plentifull effluxe thereof the part is freed from danger of inflammation and fulnesse. Wherefore if the wound bleede not * 1.92 sufficiently at the first, you shall the next day open a veine, and take blood accor∣ding to the strength and plenitude of the patient; for there usually flowes no great store of blood from wounds of this nature; for that by the greatnesse of the con∣tusion and vehemencie of the mooved ayre, the spirits are forced in, as also I have observed in those who have one of their limbes taken away with a Cannon bullet. For in the time when the wound is received, there flowes no great quantity of blood, although there be large veines and arteries torne in sunder thereby. But on the 4, 5, 6. or some more dayes after, the blood flowes in greater abundance, and with more violence, the native heate and spirits returning into the part. The belly must be so qualified, that he may have at the least one stoole a day, either by nature, or Art; and if by Art, then rather with a glister than purging medicines taken by the mouth, for that the agitation of humors, chiefely in the first dayes of the disease, is to be sus∣spected, least we increase the defluxion falling downe upon the wounded part. Yet Galen writes that both the evacuations are heere needefull, that is, blood-letting and * 1.93 purging, though the Patient bee neither phethoricke, nor repleate with ill hu∣mors. But the care hereof must be committed to the judgement of the learned Phy∣sition. Paine if ioyned with inflammation shall be mitigated, by anointing the parts neere unto the wound with Vnguent. nutritum, composed with the juyce of Plantaine, Housleeke, Nightshade and the like. Vnguentum Diacalcitheos described by Galen * 1.94 dissolved with vinegar, oyle of Poppyes and Roses is of no lesse efficacy; nor un∣guent. de bolo, nor divers other things of the same faculty, though properly no ano∣dynes, as those which are not hot and moyst in the first degree, but rather cold, but yet not so as to have any narcoticke faculty. Now these forementioned things as∣swage paine for that they correct the hot distemper, and stay the acride and cho∣lericke defluxions, whose violence is more than cold. After the use of repercussives, it will be good to apply this following cataplasme. ℞ Micae panis infusae in lacte vac∣cino lb. j. ss. bulliant parum addendo olei violacei, & rosar. an. ℥iij. vitellos ovorum nu. iiij. * 1.95 pulver. rosar. rub. flor. chamaem. & meliloti, an. ℥ij. farin. fabar. & hordei, an. ℥j. misce, fiat cataplasma secundum artom. Also in this case you may easily make a medicine, of bread crummes boyled in Oxycrate and oyle of Roses. The cure of Tumors, if any associate the wound, may be found in their proper place. Natures motion, whether to suppuration, or any such thing, must still be observed, and helped by the Physition and Chirurgion, as the ministers or servants thereof.

CHAP. X. Of Bullets which remaine in the body, for a long time after the wound is healed up.

LEaden Bullets lye in some parts of the body some whiles seaven, eight or more yeares, so that they neither hinder the agglutination of the wound, neither doth any other symptome happen thereupon, as I have diverse * 1.96 times observed; untill at length by the strength of nature forcing them, and their proper weightines bearing them downewards, they shew themselves in some lower part, by their swelling or bunching forth, and so must be taken forth by the hand of the Chirurgion. For they say Lead hath a certaine sympathy and fa∣miliarity with mans body, chiefely the fleshy parts thereof. Wherefore it neither pu∣trifies its selfe, nor causeth the flesh to putrifie; besides it hath an excellent faculty in cicatrizing old ulcers. But bullets of stone, Iron and of any other mettall, are of ano∣ther nature, for they cannot remaine any long time in the body without hurt; for Iron will grow rusty, and so corrode the neighbouring bodyes, and bring other maligne symptomes. Yet a Leaden bullet cannot remaine any long time in nervous, or noble parts without danger.

CHAP. XI. How to correct the constitution of the ayre, so that the noble parts may be strengthe∣ned, and the whole body besides.

BVt because as we have formerly told you, there are some times wherein even small wounds made by Gunshot prove deadly, not by their owne fault, but the fault of the ayre; therefore also the Chirurgion must have this care, that * 1.97 he correct the ayre with all diligence, and reduce it to a certaine quality and modera∣tion of substance, and strengthen the noble parts and whole body besides, which may be performed, by the following medicines, which are to be taken inwardly and ap∣plyed outwardly. In the morning three houres before meate let the Patient take some certaine quantity as the Physition shall thinke fit of the electuary Diarbodon Ab∣batis, or Aromaticum rosatum, triasantalon, biamoschum, laetificans Galeni, or some such other like. And you shall apply some such Epitheme as is heere described to the heart and Liver. ℞ aquae rosar. ℥iiij, aquae buglossae, aceti boni, an. ℥ij. coriandri praeparati ℥ss. * 1.98 caryophill cortic. citri. an. ʒj. sant. rub. ʒss. coralli utriusque ʒss. camphorae ℈j. croci ℈ss. pulver. diarhod. Abbat. ʒij theriacae & Mithridatij an. ℥ss. pul. flo. chamaem & melil. an. ʒiij. misce, fiat epithema. Let it be applyed warme by dipping a scarlet cloath therein. You shall frequently put odorifferous and refrigerating things to the patients nose, to strengthen the animall faculty, as, ℞. aquaerosar. & aceti boni. an. ℥iij. caryophyllorum, nucis moschat, cinamomi conquassatorum, & Theriacae Galeni, an. ʒj. Let a linnen ragge dipped herein, be now and then put to the patients nose; for the same purpose he shall carry a Pomander about him, and often smell thereto. As ℞ * 1.99 ros. rub. violar. an. ʒiij. baccarum myrti, juniperi, santal. rub. an. ʒijss. styracis calamit. ʒij. aq. rosarum, quantum satis est: lique fiat simul cum cerae albae quod sufficit, fiat ceratum ad comprehendendos supradictos pulvers cum pillillo calido, & ducatur in pomum. Or, ℞. rad. Ireos Florent. majoran. calam. aromat. ladani, ••enzoini, rad. cyperi, caryophll. an. ʒij. Mos∣chi, gra. 4. fiat pulvis cum gummi tragacanth. quod sufficit. Or else. ℞. ladani puri ℥j. Ben∣zoini ℥ss, styracis calamit. ʒvj. ireos Flor. ℥ss caryophyll. ʒiij. majoran. ros. rub. calami aromat. an. ʒss, in pollinem redigantur omnia, & bulliant cum aqua ros. quantum sufficit; colentur, colata liquefiant cum justa cerae albae quantitate, styracis liquidae, ℥j, fiat ad modum cerati, & * 1.100 cum pistillo fiat pomum, addita moschi ʒj. Also you may corroborate the animall facul∣ty by application of frontalls, as also procure sleepe, and ease the paine of the head;

as, ℞. aq. ros ℥ij. olei ros. & papav. an. ℥iss. aceti boni, ℥j. trochis. de camphora, ʒss. fiat from tale. Linnen ragges dipped herein may be applyed to the temples of the forehead, and often renewed; otherwise by their heate, drynesse, and hardnesse, they will cause watching in steed of sleepe. Neither must you in the meane time binde the head too hard, lest by intercepting and hindring the pulsation of the temporall Artery, you encrease the paine of the head. You shall make a fire, in the patients chamber of o∣derifferous woods, as Iuniper, Bay-tree, the prunings or cuttings of Vines, Rosema∣ry, and Orris rootes. For the same purpose, you may sprinkle the floore with sweete water, if the patient be able to undergoe such cost. As, ℞. majoranae, menthae, radic. cy∣peri, calami aromat. salviae, lavendulae, faenicul. thymi, staechad. flor. chamam. * 1.101 melilot. satureiae, baccarum lauri, & juniperi, an. M. iij. pulv. caryophyll. nucis Moschat. an. ℥j. aquae rosar. & vitae, an. lib. ij. vini albi boni & odorifici. lb. x. bulliant omnia in balneo Mariae ad usum dictum. You may also make perfumes to burne in his chamber, as thus, ℞. carbonis salicis ℥viij. ladani puri ℥ij. thuris masculi, ligni & bacca∣rum * 1.102 Iuniperi, an. ℥j. xyloaloes, benjoini, styracis calamit. an. ℥ss. Nucis moschatae, santal. citrin. an. ʒiij. caryophill▪ styracis liquidae, an. ʒij. zedoariae calami aromat. an. ʒj. gummi tragacanth. aqua rosar. soluti, quod sit satis; Make hereof perfumes in what fashion you please. For the rottennesse and corruption of bones we will treate thereof hereafter in its due place.

CHAP. XII. Certaine memorable Histories.

HEre I thinke good for the benefit of young practitioners, to illustrate by examples the formerly prescribed Methode of curing wounds made by Gunshot. The famous and most valiant Count of Mansfelt, Gover∣nour of the Dutchy of Luxembourge, Knight of the order of Burgundy, comming to the ayde of the French King, was at the battell of Moncon∣tour, where in the conflict, he received so great a wound at the joynt of the left arme with a Pistoll bullet, that the bones were shivered and broken in so many peeces, as if they had bin layd upon an Anvill and struck with an hammer: hence proceeded many * 1.103 maligne symptomes, as cruel & tormenting paine, inflammation, a feaver, an oedema∣tous and flatulent tumor of the whole arme even to the fingers end, and a certaine in∣clination to a Gangraene: which to resist, Nicolas Lambert, & Richard Hubert the Kings Chirurgions, had made many and deepe scarifications. But when I came to visite and dresse him, by the Kings appointment, and had observed the great stinch, and putrifa∣ction, I wished that they would use lotions of Aegyptiacum made somewhat stronger than ordinary, & dissolved in venegar & aqua vitae, and do other things more largely spoken of in the chapter of a Gangreene. For the patient had also a Diarrhaea or fluxe, whereby he evacuated the purulent, and stinking filth which flowed from his wound. Which how it might come to passe wee will show at large when we come to treate * 1.104 of the suppression of the Vrine. For this seemed very absurd to many, because that if this purulent humor flowed out of the arme into the belly, it must needs flow backe into the veines, bee mixed with the blood, and by its pernitious and contagious pas∣sage through the heart and liver, cause exceeding ill symptomes, and lastly death. In∣deed he often swounded by the ascent of the filthy vapours raised from the ulcers to the noble parts; which to resist, I wished him to take a spoonefull of aqua vitae with some Treacle dissolved therein. I endeavoured to represse the oedematous and flatu∣lent Tumor possessing all the arme with stoups dipped in oxycrate, to which was put a little salt and aqua vitae; these stoups I stayed & held to the part with double clothes, sowed as strait as I could. Such a compression held the broken bones in their places, pressed their Sanies from the ulcers, and forced backe the humors flowing to the part into the center of the body. If at any time I omitted this compression, the tumor was so encreased, that I was in a great deale of feare, least the native heate of the part should bee suffocated. Neither could I otherwise binde up the arme by reason of the excessive paine which molested the pati∣ent upon the least stirring of the Arme. There were also many Abscesses

about his elbow and over all his arme bessdes. For the letting forth of whose mat∣ter I was forced, to make new incisions; which he endured very stoutly. At length I cured him with using a vulnerary potion, and by cleansing the ulcers, and correcting the putrifaction with Aegyptiacum dissolved in wine or honey of roses, and so poured * 1.105 into the ulcers, and repressing the growth of proud flesh, with the pouder of burnt Alome, drying it after the detersion with liniments. Now this I can truely affirme and professe, that during the time of the cure, I tooke out above threescore splinters of bones, and those necessarily, amongst which there was one of the length of ones finger; yet by Gods assistance at length he became sound in all things, but that hee could not put forth, or draw in his arme.

Not long after by the Kings command I went to see Charles Philip of Croy, Lord of Auret, the Duke of Aschos brother, not farre from Mounis a City of Henalt. He kept his bed seaven monthes by reason of a wound made by a Bullet the space of three fingers above his knee. When I came to him, hee was afflicted with these symptomes, intollerable paine, a continuall feaver, cold sweats, watchings, excori∣ation * 1.106 of the hippes by reason of his long lying upon them, his appetite dejected with much thirst. He oft sunke downe as if he had the falling sicknesse, had a desire to vomit, and a continuall trembing or shaking so that he could not put one hand to his mouth without the assistance of the other: he swounded frequently by reason of the vapours ascending to the noble parts. For the thighbone was broken long wayes and sidewayes with many splinters of bones, whereof some were plucked out and others remained sticking fast in. He besides also had an ulcer in his groine which reached to the midst of his thigh, and many other sinuous ulcers about his knee. All the muscles of his thigh and legge were swolne with a flegmaticke, cold and flatulent humor, so that almost all the native heate of those parts seemed ex∣tinct. All which things being considered, I had scarse any hope to recover him, so that I repented my comming thither. Yet at length putting some confidence in his strength, and prime of youth, I began to have better hopes. Therefore with his * 1.107 good liking, first of all I make two incisions, so to let forth the matter, which lying a∣bout the bone did humect the substance of the muscles. This had happy successe, and drew out a great quantity of matter; then I with a syring injected much Aegypti∣acum dissolved in wine, and a little aqua vitae into these incisions, so to restraine and a∣mend the purrifaction, represse the spongie, loose and soft flesh, resolve the oedema∣tous and flatulent tumor, asswage the paine, and stirre up and strengthen the native heate almost opprest by the aboundance of excrementitious humors, so that it could scarsely assimulate any nourishment and adjoyne it to the parts. Then I fomented the affected part with Sage, Rose-mary, Time, Lavander, Chamomile and Melilot * 1.108 flowres and red-rose leaves boyled in white wine, and lye made of Oake-ashes, ad∣ding thereto as much salt and vineger as I judged requisite. This fomentation did at∣tenuate and draw forth the morbificke humour. Now we used them long and often, so to waste the humour more by drying up and breathing thorow the passages of the skinne, more thereof than fell into the part. For this same purpose, we ordained that * 1.109 he should use frictions with hot linnen clothes, and that these should be made from above downwards, from below upwards, and so on every side, and somewhat long withall: For a short friction drawes more humour into the part than it can resolve: I wished that each other day they should lay bricks heated hot in the fire about his leg, thigh, & soale of his foot; but they were to besomewhat quenched, & sprinkeld with wine and vineger, with a small quantity of aqua vitae. Much watrish moisture by this moist heat, did sweat out of these parts, the tumour was leslened, and the native heat * 1.110 by little and little restored. Then shoupes dipped in lye made of Oake-ashes, wherein Sage, Rosmarie, Lavender, salt, and cloaves, were boyled, some aqua vitae added, were applyed thereto; but the rowlers were so gently, and artificially wrapped about, that he did easily endure them without any paine, and that with such happy successe, that if they were omitted but for one day, the tumor became very great. But thicke linnen boulsters were layd upon the lower cavities of the ulcers; that so the sanies or filth might be more easily pressed forth. But I had alwayes a speciall care that the orifices of the ulcers should be kept open with hollow Tents or pipes put therein:

and sometimes this following cataplasme was applyed to resolve the tumor. ℞. Far. hord. fabar. & orobi, an ℥vj. mellis com. & tereb. an. ℥ij. flo. chamam. melil. & ros. rub. * 1.111 an. ℥ss. pulv. rad. Ireos, Flor. cyper. Mast. an. ʒiij. oxymel. simp. quantum sufficit; fiat cata∣plasma ad formam pultis satis liquidae. And Emplastrum de Vigo without mercury was applyed thereto, whereby the paine was much asswaged, and the tumor lessened: yet were they not applyed before the parts were throughly heated by the fomentati∣on, frictions, and evaporations; for otherwayes this Emplaster could never have beene activated, by reason of the excessive coldnesse of the affected parts. Neither did we omit catagmaticke powders, fit for the taking, and drawing forth of broken bones. He used a vulnerary potion for 15, dayes. Also besides the particular fricti∣ons of the affected parts, I appointed other generall frictions of the whole body, which was become very leane; for by these, blood together with the spirit was drawne to the parts, and the acride, and fuliginous vapours were breathed forth.

To conclude, his feaver and paines being asswaged, his appetite restored, by fee∣ding plentifully upon good meates according to his strength, he in a short time be∣came more lusty; and lastly by the singular mercy of God, recovered his health per∣fectly, but that he could not very well bend his knee. I thought good to recite these things, not to glory or bragge of the happy successe of those patients, which have recovered by my meanes, and the favour of God; but that thus I may more fully and perfectly by familiar examples instruct young practitioners in the operations of Chirurgery.

CHAP. XIII. An Apologie concerning Wounds made by Gunshot.

THere lately came to my hands a booke written by a certaine Physition, whereby he endeavours to disproove and overthrow, that which I * 1.112 have hitherto writ, of the cure of wounds made by Gunshot. Assu∣redly if there were no other harme, but the losse of my credit ensuing thereon, I would willingly hold my peace, and stoppe his mouth by modest silence. But seeing the safety of so many men, lyes upon the judgement of this point, I have thought good to withstand this error, least it, to the great destru∣ction of mankind, spread and diffuse it selfe any further. The use (saith he) of sup∣purative medicines, have killed many who have beene but lightly wounded with * 1.113 Gunshot, but acride medicines, as Aegyptiacum have killed more. Neither is the counsell of Hippocrates to be observed in curing this sort of wounds, who bids that every contused wound be brought to suppuration. For seeing this is a new kinde of wound, it requires new, and not anciently used medicines. Now the temper of the ayre changed from the naturall constitution ought not to indicate change of medi∣cines; but much lesse must thunder and lightening bee compared to the shooting of Great Ordinance. These are the chiefe heads of this his booke, which because they dissent from the truth, & these things I have formerly delivered, I have thought good heere to confute. First, seeing Leaden bullets which are usually shot out of Guns are round, obtuse and weighty, they cannot wound the body without contusion and at∣trition; * 1.114 Now no contusion can be cured without suppuration, not onely according to the opinion of Hippocrates, but also of Galen and all others who have written of Physicke. Neither must we invent new remedies, for these new kindes of wounds; for the lawes of the sacred and divine Art of Physicke are nor obnoxious to change, nor subject to the humor of men or times, as the decrees of Kings and Emperours are. For these are stablished with immutable necessitie, which constancie neither consuming time, nor age, nor tyranny can pervert. Wherefore neither these who with great prayse are Physitions to Kings and Princes, I meane Ioubert and Botallus, think it lawfull for them to depart from the rule of Hippocrates. And this they not on∣ly doe and follow in curing and doing the workes of Art, but much and highly com∣mend, confirme and propound to be diligently observed by all, in their bookes which

they have published concerning the cure of these kinds of wounds. And yet these Physitions are such, as daily conversant in Armies and Kings houses have healed and daily cure as many wounded by Gunshot as this Physition our Antagonist hath seene in all his life. Neither onely doe these whom I have na∣med thus cure these wounds, but almost all that dresse such kind of wounds doe the like, so that if there bee nothing which may hinder, or indicate to the contrarie they presently apply suppuratives. And I wonder that hee hath not observed how his neighbour Doublet the Empericke cures desperate wounds of this nature, with * 1.115 no other than a suppurative medicine, composed of Lard, the yolke of an Egge, Tur∣pentine and a little Saffron.

In the yeare 1538. There was at Turin whilest I was Chirurgion there to the Marshall of Montjan the Kings Leifetenant Generall in Piemont, a certaine Chi∣rurgion wondrous famous for curing these wounds, and yet hee used nothing else but the oyle of Whelpes, (the description whereof I at length obtained of him with much intreaty and expence) and hee used it not scalding hot, as some have imagined, but powred it scarse warme into their wounds, and so did miti∣gate their paine, and happily bring them to suppuration. Which afterwards almost all Chirurgions, after they had got the description heereof, when I first published this Worke, have used and daily doe use with happy successe.

But in contemning and condemning Aegyptiacum, I thinke hee hath no parta∣ker; * 1.116 seeing there as yet hath beene found no medicine more speedy and power∣full to hinder putrifaction, if beginning; or correct it if present. Now these wounds often degenerate into virulent, eating, spreading, and maligne ulcers, which cast forth a stincking and carion-like filth, whence the part Gangrenates, unlesse you withstand them with Aegyptiacum and other acrid medicines, being greatly appro∣ved by the formerly named Physitions and all Chirurgions. But (saith hee) this unguent is poysonous, and therefore hath beene the death of many who have beene wounded by Gunshot. Verily if any diligently enquire into the composi∣tion of this oyntment, and consider the nature of all and every the ingredients thereof, hee shall understand that this kind of Vnguent is so farre from poy∣son, that on the contrary it directly opposes and resists all poyson and putrifaction which may happen to a fleshy part, through occasion of any wound.

It is most false and dissonant from the doctrine of Hippocrates to affirme, that the seasons of the yeare swerving from the Law of nature, and the aire, not truly * 1.117 the simple and elementary, but that which is defiled and polluted by the various mixture of putrid and pestilent vapours, eyther raised from the earth, or sent from above, make not wounds more maligne and hard to cure at some times than they are at othersome.

For the ayre eyther very hot, or cold, drawne into the body by inspiration or transpiration, generates a condition in us like its qualities. Therefore why may it not, when defiled with the putredinous vapours of bodies lying unburied after great battailes, and shipwracks of great Armadoes, infect with the like qualitie our bodies and wounds?

In the yeare 1562. when the civill warres concerning Religion first begun * 1.118 in France, at Pene a Castle lying upon the River Lot, many slaine bodies were cast into a Well, some hundred Cubits deepe, so stinking and pestilent a vapour arose from hence some two moneths after, that many thousand of people dyed all over the Provence of Agenois, as if the Plague had beene amongst them, the pernitious contagion being spred twenty miles in compasse; which none ought to thinke strange, especially seeing the putride exhalations by the force of the windes may be driven and carried into divers and most remote regions, dispersed like the seeds of the Pestilence; whence proceeds a deadly corruption of the spirits, humors and wounds, not to be attributed to the proper malignitie, or perverse cure of wounds, but to be the fault of the aire.

Therefore Francis Daleschampe in his French Chirurgery, in reckoning up these things which hinder the healing of Vlcers, hath not omitted

that common cause which proceeds from the ayre defiled or tainted with the seedes of the pestilence. For he had learnt from his Master Hippocrates that the mutations * 1.119 of times chiefely bring diseases, and he had read in Guide, that this was the chiefe oc∣casion, that wounds of the head at Paris, and of the legges at Avignion, were more difficultly healed. Lastly even Barbers and such as have least skill in Chirurgery know, that wounds easily turne into a Gangreene in hot and moyst constitutions of the ayre.

Wherefore when the winde is southerly, the Butchers will kill no more flesh than to serve them for one day. I have formerly declared the malignity of the * 1.120 wounds occasioned by the ayre in the seige of Roüen, which spared none, no not the Princes of the blood, who had all things which were requisite for their health. Which caused me, made at length more skilfull by experience, to use Vnguentum Aegyptiacum and medicines of the like faculty in steed of suppuratives, to wounds during all that season, that so I might withstand the putrefaction and Gangreene which so commonly assayled them. But if the various motion of the starres, can by their influxe send a Plague into the aire, why then may it not by depravation of their * 1.121 qualityes infect, and as by poysoning corrupt both wounds and wounded bodies ob∣noxious to their changes and that of the ayre? Wee learnt long since by experi∣ence, that all paines but principally of wounds, grow worse in a rainy and moist season, specially because in that southerly constitution the aire replete with thicke and foggy vapours, causes the humors to abound in the body, which forthwith easily fall upon the affected parts, and cause encrease of paine. But (saith our Adversary) in the battell at Dreux and at S. Dennis which were fought in winter, there dyed a great number of men who were wounded by Gunshot: This I con∣fesse is true; but yet I deny, that it was occasioned by applying suppuratives, or corrosives, but rather by the vehemencie and largenesse of their wounds, and the spoile the Bullet made in their members, but above all by reason of the cold. For cold is most hurtfull to wounds and ulcers (as Hippocrates testifies) it hardens * 1.122 the skinne and causes a Gangreene. If this my Gentleman had beene with mee in the seige of Metz, he might have seene the Legges of many souldiers to have rotted, and presently taken with a Gangreene to have fallne away, by the onely extremitie of cold; If he will not beleeve me, let him make tryall himselfe; and goe in winter to the Chappell at Mount Senis one of the Alpine hills, where the bo∣dies of such as were frozen to death in passing that way are buried, and hee shall learne and feele how true I speake. In the meane time I thinke it fit to confute the last point of his reprehension.

He cavills for that I compared Thunder and Lightning with the discharging pei∣ces * 1.123 of Ordinance. Frst he cannot denie but that they are alike in effects. For it is certaine that the flame arising from Gunpouder set on fire, resembles Lightning; in this also that you may see it before you heare the cracke or reporr. I judge for that the eye almost in a moment perceives its object; but the eare cannot but in some certaine space of time, and by distinct gradations. But the rumbling noise is like in both, and certainly the report of great Ordinance may bee heard sometimes at forty miles distance, whilst they make any great battry in the beseig∣ing of Citties.

Besides also, Iron Bullets cast forth with incredible celerity by the fiered Gun-pouder, throw downe all things with a horrid force, and that more speedily and violently by how much they resist the more powerfully by their hardnesse. They report that Lightning melts the money not hurting the purse; Now many by the onely violence of the aire agitated and vehemently mooved by shooting a peice of Ordinance, as touched with Lightning, have dyed in a moment, their bones beeing shivered and broken, no signe of hurt appearing in the skinne.

The smell of Gunpouder when it is fiered, is hurtfull, firy and sulphu∣rous, just like that which exhales or comes from bodies killed with Light∣ning. For men doe not onely shunne this smell, but also wilde Beasts leave their Dennes if touched with Lightnings. Now the cruelty of great Ordinance makes

no lesse spoyle amongst buildings, nor slaughter amongst men and beasts, than Lightnings doe, as wee have formerly showne by examples, not onely horrid to see, but even to heare reported, as of Mines, the Arcenall of Paris, the Cittie of Malignes. These may seeme sufficient to reach, that Thunder and Lightning have a great similitude with the shooting of great Ordinance, which notwithstanding I would not have alike in all things. For they neither agree in substance, nor matter, but onely in the manner of violent breaking asunder the objects.

Now let us see and examine what manner of cure of wounds made by Gunshot * 1.124 our adversarie substitutes for ours. For hee would have suppuratives used and ap∣plyed, yet such as should not be hot and most in qualitie, or of an Emplasticke consistence, but hot and dry things. For (saith hee) here is not the same reason as in Abscesses, where the Physition intends nothing but suppuration. But heere because a contusion is present with the wound, this requires to bee ripened with suppuratives, but the wound to be dryed.

Now to answer this objection, I will referre him to Galen, who will teach him the nature of suppuratives; from whom also hee may learne that great regard is to be * 1.125 had of the cause and more urgent order in the cure of compound diseases; then would I willingly learne of him, whether he can heale a wound made by Gunshot, not first bringing that which is contused to perfect maturitie. If hee affirme hee can, I will be judged by whatsoever Practitioners hee will, to judge how obscure these things are. Whereby you may the better understand there is nothing more commodious than our Basilicon and oyle of Whelpes to ripen wounds made by Gunshot, if so bee that putrifaction, corruption, a Gangreen or some other thing doe not hinder. Then would hee have Oxycrate poured into these wounds to stay their bleeding, which if it cannot so bee stayed, hee would have a medicine apply∣ed consisting of the white of an Egge, Bole Armenicke, oile of Roses and salt. But I leave it to other mens judgement, whether these medicines have power to stay bleeding if put into the wound; certainly they will make it bleede the more. * 1.126 For Vinegar seeing it is of a tenuious substance and biting, it is no doubt but that it will cause paine, defluxion and inflammation.

To which purpose I remember I put to stanch bleeding, for want of another remedie, a medicine wherein was some Vinegar, into a wound received by a Moore, an attendant of the Earle of Roissy, hurt with a Lance, run through his arme before Bologne by an English horseman. But he comes againe to mee a little after, complai∣ning and crying out that all his arme burnt like fire; wherefore I was glad to dresse him againe, and put another medicine into his wound, and layd an astringent me∣dicine upon the wound, but poured it not therein.

And then above all other remedies hee extolls his Balsame composed of Oyle of Waxe, and Myrrhe beaten together with the white of an Egge; which hee saith is equall in operation to the naturall Balsame of Peru. For hee affirmes that this hath a facultie to consume the excrementitious humidity of wounds, and so streng∣thens the parts that no symptome afterwards troubles them. Yet hee saith, this doth not so well heale and agglutinate these wounds, as it doth others which are cut. * 1.127 Verily it is ridiculous to thinke that contused wounds can bee healed after the same manner as simple wounds may, which onely require the uniting of the loosed continuitie.

Therefore neither can these Balsames be fit remedies to heale wounds made by Gunshot, seeing by reason of their drynesse they hinder suppuration, which unlesse it be procured the patient cannot be healed. Wherefore such things ought not to be put into wounds of this nature, before they be ripened, washed and clensed from their filth. Yet can I scarse conceive, where we shall be able to finde out so many Chymists which may furnish us with these things sufficiently to dresse so many wounded souldiers as usually are in an Army, or whence the souldiers shall have sufficient meanes to beare the charge thereof. Also that which he saith is absurd, that these Balsames must bee put into the wounds without Tents; and presently forgetting himselfe, hee saith, It will not bee amisse, if there bee a little and slender Tent put into the wound, which may onely serve to hinder the agglu∣tination

thereof. But how can these Balsames come to the bottomes of wounds without Tents, when as it is their chiefe propertie to carry medicines even to the innermost parts of the wounds, and alwayes keepe open a free passage for the eva∣cuation of the quitture? But it is note worthy, that after hee hath rejected unguen∣tum Aegyptiacum, hee neverthelesse bids to apply it, from the beginning untill the contusion come to perfect maturation, dissolving it in a decoction of the tops of wormewood, S. Iohn Wurt, the lesser Centory and Plantaine, and so injecting it * 1.128 into the wound. Besides also a little after hee gives another way of using it, which is, to boyle a quantity of Hony of Roses in plantaine water, carefully sciming it, untill it bee boiled to the consistence of Hony, and then to adde as much Aegyp∣tiacum thereto, and so to make an oyntment most fit to bring these wounds to sup∣putation. But I leave it for any skilfull in Chirurgery to judge, whether such medicines can bee suppuratives, or whether they bee not rather detersives. Last of all hee writes, that these wounds must bee drest but every fourth day. And if there bee a fracture of the bone joyned with the wound, then to moove no∣thing after the first dressing untill the eighth day after; then presently in another place hee faith, it will bee good, and expedient, to drop ten or twelve droppes of the formerly described Balsame every day into the wound. Verily such doctrine which neyther agrees with its selfe nor the truth, cannot but much pusle a No∣vice and young Practitioner in Chirurgery, who is not yet versed in the Art, or the operations thereof.

CHAP. XIIII. Another Apologie, against those who have laboured with new reasons to proove, that wounds made by Gunshot are poysoned.

SOme few monthes agone, I visited a patient together with some lear∣ned Physitions and skillfull Chirurgions. Now they, as it oft times * 1.129 happens, in way of discourse, begun to argue of the condition and quality of wounds made by Gunshot, and endeavoured to proove that they might be poysoned, by five reasons. Not truly through the occasion of the Gunpouder, for they all confessed that it was free from poyson, whether you have regard to its essence, or to its composition; but by the Bullet, into which the poyson may bee transfused and incorporated. The first reason is, that * 1.130 Lead seeing it is of a rare and spongious nature, which the easinesse of melting and softnesse argues, is very fit to drinke and soake in what liquors so ever you please. But me thinkes this conclusion is very weake; for in all mixtures made by Art, such as this is whereof wee speake, there are two things to be considered; that is to say, the matter of the things which enter into the mixture, and the forme: for the mat∣ter, such bodies must be eyther liquid, or soft or friable; and lastly such as may be broken and divided into small particles, that so they may easily in all parts con∣curre and bee conjoyned and united. But for their forme, there ought to be a cer∣taine affinitie, consent and simpathy. You may perceive this by water and oyle; for each of them though of a liquid substance, and such as may easily bee mix∣ed with divers other things, yet cannot they bee mixed the one with the other by reason of their antipathy of formes. For thus gold and silver are so agreeing with Lead, that as oft as they are molten, Lead is mixed with them. But Brasse shuns Lead as much as gold and silver fly Tinne and white Lead. If therefore Brasse and Lead being melted cannot bee mixed together, though conteined un∣der the same Genus, and common nature of Mettalls; how then can it be commixt with another thing distinct in the whole kinde, much more in species, and forme, to wit, poyson? Their second reason is this; Iron, say they, which is more dense, solid, and lesse porous, may receive some venenate substance and quality, as the Arrowes of the Ancients which were dipped in poyson, testifie; therefore must Lead

much more be capable thereof. I answer, that the surface of Iron may be poysoned, but not the inner part or substance by mixture therewith. But heere the question is of union, but not of annointing or inunction.

The third reason is thus framed; Though (say they) Lead casts off and purges it selfe from the drosse and unpure parts, yet that is no argument, that it will not commix, or soake its selfe in some strange liquor or body; for thus Steele, being the most solid Iron, receives the temper which hardens it by the artificiall pouring upon it or quenching it in liquors contrary thereto in their whole kind. I answer, that Steele admits into it by that quenching and tempering, none of the juices or liquors wherewith it is watred or quenched. For if that were necessary, it might be better and more easily performed, when the mettall is first cast, than when it is beaten into plates, or barres; which answer shall serve to confute their fourth reason; where∣in they say, that bullets may be made so poysonous by the commixture of the juices of Muncks-hood, Oleander, Crowe-foote, and other such like things which in their whole substance are contrary to ours, that the wound which is made with them can∣not but be poysoned.

But I on the contrary affirme, that mixture is onely of these things, which may not onely be put, but also sticke thereto, and be mutually united; but how can wa∣ter, or any other liquid juice so much as onely sticke to Lead, as that which is a solid and firme body, it is so farre from being united therewith? You may give more certaine judgement hereof by experience, than by reason; wherefore let melted Lead be put into the foresaid juices or the like; then when the lead is cold, weigh each of them severally, and you shall finde, that both of them reteine the same weight they formerly had. Which is a most certaine argument that neither the Lead hath mixed or united it selfe with the juices, nor the juices lost any part of their substance.

Their fifth reason is thus; A Bullet shot out of a Gun against some hard stone, growes not so hot, but that you may presently without any harme take it up in your hand. Therefore it is false, that the poyson commixt and united with the Bullet can bee dissipated by the fire and flash of Gunpouder. The answer to this objection is easily. For when wee say, that although the Bullet may bee infected by poyson perfectly commixt with the Lead, yet all the force of the poyson would bee dissipated by the fire; wee would have you thus to understand us, that we doe not meane this of that fire which is made by the pouder at the discharging of the Peice, but of that by force whereof the molten head is mixed and conjoyned with the venenate juice, so to make one of many. For this fire exercising its force upon the venenate juices, hindred by the intercourse of no Medium, and that for some space of time, and not for an instant, it may, if not consume, yet much wea∣ken their strength.

If there be any, who will not bee satisfied by these reasons, let him consult, and reade Matthiolus. There are (saith hee) some of these latter times wholly igno∣rant of things, who (if wee may say the truth) have beene so madly foolish, that they said it was fit and requisite to put Treacle and Mithidate and such like An∣tidotes * 1.131 amongst Gold and Silver that was melted to make Cuppes, that so recei∣ving the faculties of the Antidote they might resist poyson. But how absurd and ridiculous their opinion is, let them judge (for it needs no clearer re∣proofe) who have but a little knowledge in naturall things, but chiefely in Mettalls.

These are my reasons, these the authorities of men excelling in learning and judgement, that confirme me in my ancient and former opinion, that wounds made by Gunshot doe not partake of any venenate qualitie.

CHAP. XV. How wounds made by Arrowes differ from such as are made by Gunshot.

WOunds made by Arrowes and Bolts shot out of Crosse-bowes and such * 1.132 like things, differ chiefly in two things, from these which are made by Gunshot. The first is, for that they are oft times without contusion, which the other never are. The other is, for that they oft times are poysoned. In both these respects, their cure is different from the other. But the cure of these wounds made by Arrowes is different in it selfe, by reason of the variety and divers sorts of Darts or Arrowes.

CHAP. XVI. Of the diversities of Arrowes and Darts.

ARrowes and Darts are different amongst themselves both in matter and in forme or figure, in number, making, facultie or strength; In matter, for that * 1.133 some of them are of wood, some of Reeds, some are blunt headed, others have piles or heads of Iron, Brasse, Lead, Tinne, Horne, Glasse, Bone. In figure, for that some are round, others cornered, some are sharpe pointed, some barbed, with the barbs standing either to the point, or shafts, or else acrosse, or both wayes; but some are broad aad cut like a Chissell. For their bignesse, some are three foote long, some lesse. For their number, they differ in that, because some have one * 1.134 head, others more. But they varie in making, for that some of them have the shaft put into the head, others the head into the shaft; some have their heads nai∣led to the shaft, others not, but have their heads so loosely set on, that by gen∣tle plucking the shaft, they leave their heads behind them, whence dangerous wounds proceede. But they differ in force, for that some hurt by their Iron onely, others * 1.135 besides that, by poyson, wherewith they are infected. You may see the other vari∣ous shapes here represented to you in the following Figure.

[illustration]

The Figures of divers sorts of Arrowes.

CHAP. XVII. Of the difference of the wounded parts.

THe Wounded parts are eyther fleshy or bony; some are neare the joynts, o∣thers seated upon the very joynts; some are principall, others serve them; some are externall, others internall. Now in wounds where deadly signes appeare, its fit you give an absolute judgement to that effect; least you make the Art to be scandalled by the ignorant. But it is an inhumane part, and much digres∣sing from Art, to leave the Iron in the wound; it is sometimes difficult to take it out, * 1.136 yet a charitable and artificiall worke. For it is much better to try a doubtfull reme∣dy, than none at all.

CHAP. XVIII. Of drawing forth Arrowes.

YOu must in drawing forth Arrowes shun incisions and dilacerations of Veines and Arteries, Nerves and Tendons. For it is a shamefull and * 1.137 bungling part to doe more harme with your hand, than the Iron hath done. Now Arrowes are drawne forth two wayes, that is, either by extraction, or impulsion. Now you must presently at the first dressing pull forth all strange bodies, which that you may more easily and happily performe, you shall set the Patient in the same posture, as hee stood when he received his wound; and hee must also have his Instruments in a readinesse, chiefely that which hath a slit pipe and toothed without, into which there is put a sharpe iron style, like the Gimblets we formerly mentioned for the taking forth of Bullets; but that it hath no scrue at the end, but is larger and thicker, so to widen the pipe, that so widened it may fill up the hole of the Arrowes head where into the shaft was put, and so bring it forth with it, both out of the fleshy as also out of the bony parts, if so bee that the end of the shaft be not broken, and left in the hole of the head. That also is a fit Instrument for this purpose, which opens the other end toothed on the outside, by pressing to∣gether of the handle. You shall finde the Iron or head that lies hid by these signes, there will be a certaine roughnesse and inequalitie observable on that part if you feele it up and downe with your hand; the flesh there will be bruised, livid, or blacke, and there is heavinesse and paine felt by the patient both there and in the wound.

[illustration]

A deliniation of Instruments fit to draw forth the heads of Arrowes and Darts, which are left in the wound without their shafts.

A hooked Instrument fit for to draw forth strange bodies, as peices of Maile, and such other things as it can catch hold of, which may also bee used in wounds made by Gunshot.

[illustration]

[illustration]

But if by chance either Ar∣rowes, Darts or Lances, or any winged head of any other wea∣pon, bee run through and left sticking in any part of the bo∣dy, as the Thigh, with a porti∣on of the shaft or staffe slivered in peices, or broken off; then it is fit the Chirurgion with his cutting mullets should cut off the end of the staffe or shaft, and then with his other mul∣lets plucke forth the head, as you may see by this Figure.

CHAP. XIX. How Arrowes broken in a wound may be drawne forth.

BVt if it chance that the weapon is so broken in the wound, that it can∣not bee taken hold on by the formerly mentioned Mullets, then must you draw, or plucke it out with your Crane, or Crowes bill, and other formerly described Instruments. But if the shaft be broken neare the head, so that you cannot take hold thereof with your Cranes bill, then * 1.138 you shall draw it forth with your Gimblet which we described before to draw forth bullets; for if such a Gimblet can be fastened in Bullets, it may farre better take hold of wood. But if the head be barbed, as usually, the English arrowes are, then if it may be conveniently done, it will be very fitting to thrust them through the parts. For if they should be drawne out the same way they went in, there would bee no small danger of breaking or tearing the Vessells and Nerves by these hooked barbes. Wherefore it is better to make a section on the other side whither the head tended, and so give it passage forth if it may bee easily done; for so the wound will bee the more easily clensed and consolidated. But on the the contrary, if the point tend to * 1.139 any bone, or have many muscles or thicke flesh against the head thereof, as it happens sometimes in the Thighes, Legges and Armes; then you must not thrust the head thorough, but rather draw it out the same way it came in, dilating the wound with fit Instruments, and by skill in Anatomie shunning the larger Nerves and Vessells. Therefore for this purpose put a hollow Dilater into the wound, and therewith take hold of both the barbes or wings of the head; and then take fast hold of the head with your Cranes-bill, and so draw them forth all three together.

[illustration]

A Dilater hollowed on the inside, with a Cranes-bill to take hold of the barbed head.

CHAP. XX. What to be done, when an Arrow is left fastned or sticking in a bone.

BVt if the weapon be so depact and fastned in a bone that you cannot drive it forth on the other side, neither get it forth by any other way than that it entred in by; you must first gently moove it up and downe, if it sticke * 1.140 very fast in, but have a speciall care that you doe not breake it, and so leave some fragment thereof in the bone; then take it forth with your Crowes bill, or some other fit Instrument formerly described. Then presse forth the blood, and * 1.141 suffer it to bleed somewhat largely, yet according to the strength of the Patient and nature of the wounded part. For thus the part shall be eased of the fulnesse and illnesse of humors, and lesse molested with inflammation, putrefaction and other symptomes which are customarily feared. When the weapon is drawne forth, and the wound once dressed, handle it, if simple, as you doe simple wounds; if com∣pound, then according to the condition and manner of the complication of the ef∣fects; Certainly the Oyle of Whelpes formerly described is very good to asswage paine. To conclude, you shall cure the rest of the Symptomes according to the me∣thod prescribed in our Treatise of wounds in generall, and to that wee have former∣ly delivered concerning wounds made by Gunshot.

CHAP. XXI. Of poysoned wounds.

IF these wounds at any time proove poysoned, they have it from their pri∣mitive * 1.142 cause, to wit, the empoisoned Arrowes, or Darts of their enemies. You may finde it out both by the propertie of the paine; if that it bee great and pricking, as if continually stung with Bees, for such paine usually en∣sues in wounds poysoned with hot poyson, as Arrowes usually are; Also you shall know it by the condition of the wounded flesh; for it will become pale and grow li∣vid, with some signes of mortification. To conclude, there happen many and ma∣ligne symptomes upon wounds which are empoysoned, being such as happen not in the common nature of usuall wounds. Therefore presently after you have pluck∣ed forth the strange bodies, encompasse the wound with many and deepe scarrifica∣tions, * 1.143 apply ventoses with much flame, that so the poyson may bee more powerfully drawne forth; to which purpose the sucking of the wound, performed by one whose mouth hath no soarenesse therein, but is filled with oyle, that so the poyson which he sucks may not sticke, nor adhere to the part, will much conduce. Lastly, it must be drawne forth by rubefying, vesicatory and caustick medicines, and assailed by ointments, cataplasmes, emplasters, and all sorts of locall medicines.

The end of the Eleventh Booke.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Lib. 2. in∣ventor 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.2

  Cap. 8. prim. par. ••ar. lect.
• * 1.3

  Who the in∣ventor of Guns.
• * 1.4

  The reason of the name.
• * 1.5

  The danger of Pistolls.
• * 1.6

  A comparison of the ancient weapons with the moderne.
• * 1.7

  Plin. Lib. 2. Cap. 54.
• * 1.8

  Plin. Lib. 2. Cap. 55.
• * 1.9

  S••••ton, in Tiberio.
• * 1.10

  The won∣drous force of great Ordi∣nance.
• * 1.11

  Plin. Lib. 21 Cap. 50.
• * 1.12

  The argu∣ments of the following discourses.
• * 1.13

  Lib. 1. de •…•… ner. Cap. 8.
• * 1.14

  What chance may doe in finding out of remedies.
• * 1.15

  The descripti∣on of oyle of Whelpes.
• * 1.16

  Gun-pouder not poisonous.
• * 1.17

  Bullets shot out of a Gun doe not burne.
• * 1.18

  A Historie.
• * 1.19

  A medicine hindering bli∣string in burnes, or scalds.
• * 1.20

  A Historie.
• * 1.21

  Wounds made by Gunshot must be dres∣sed with sup∣puratives.
• * 1.22

  The causes of difficultie in this cure.
• * 1.23

  A Historie.
• * 1.24

  What makes Chirurgions sometimes use cau•…•… curing wound•• made by Gunshot.
• * 1.25

  The occasion of writing this discourse.
• * 1.26

  The argument of this dis∣course.
• * 1.27

  Gunpouder is not poyson nous.
• * 1.28

  Of what it is made.
• * 1.29

  Lib. 5. Cap. 73. Lib. 9. simpl. Cap 36.
• * 1.30

  Bullets cannot be poysoned.
• * 1.31

  As Galen notes adsent, 20. et 21. sect. 3. lib. 3. Epid.
• * 1.32

  Wounds made by Gunshot are not burnt
• * 1.33

  The reason why wounds made by Gun-shot looke blacke.
• * 1.34

  The reasons of our adversa∣ries refelled.
• * 1.35

  Quaest. nat. lib. 2. cap. 49.
• * 1.36

  The stinking smell of light∣ning.
• * 1.37

  Quaest. 2. cap 51.
• * 1.38

  The wonder∣full nature of some light∣ning.
• * 1.39

  A Historie.
• * 1.40

  Why the wounds made by Gunshot some few yeares agone were so dead∣ly.
• * 1.41

  The cause of the transmu∣tation of the Elements.
• * 1.42

  These bel∣lowes here mentioned by the Author, are Bals made of Brasse in forme of a peare, with a very small hole in their lesser ends: when you would fill them with water you must heate them very hot, and so the aire which is con∣teined in them will be excee∣dingly rarifi∣ed, which by putting them presently into water will be condensate as much, and so will draw in the water to supply the place, ne detur Gacuum. The•• put them into the fire, and it againe rarify∣ing the water into aire will make them yeelde a strong continued and forcible blast. The cause of the report and blow of a Cannon. A Historie. The cause of an Earth-quake.
• * 1.43

  How the aire becomes hurt∣full.
• * 1.44

  Aphor. 17. sect. 3.
• * 1.45

  Flesh quickly putrifies in maritime pla∣ces.
• * 1.46

  In what bo∣dies 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and wounds are not easily cured.
• * 1.47

  An argument of great putri∣faction of the humors.
• * 1.48

  All contused wounds must bee brought to suppuration.
• * 1.49

  A division of wounds ••on the variety of the Wounded parts.
• * 1.50

  From the dif∣ference of Bullets.
• * 1.51

  Wounds made by 〈◊〉〈◊〉 shot 〈…〉〈…〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.52

  Signes of Wounds from their figure. From their colour. From the fee∣ling the blow.
• * 1.53

  From the bleeding.
• * 1.54

  From the heats of the Wound.
• * 1.55

  Whence these wounds are so much confu∣sed.
• * 1.56

  Strange bo∣dies must first be pulled forth.
• * 1.57

  The manner how to draw them forth.
• * 1.58

  What probes fit search these wounds.
• * 1.59

  A Caution in the use of sup∣puratives.
• * 1.60

  Why Escharo∣tickes must be eschewed in these kinds, if they be simple.
• * 1.61

  How an Es∣char may cause putrefaction.
• * 1.62

  The descripti∣on of an Egyp∣tiacum.
• * 1.63

  How and when to tem∣per this Egyp∣tiacum.
• * 1.64

  The oyle of Whelpes a di∣gestive, ano∣dyne, and fit medicine to procure the falling away of an Eschar.
• * 1.65

  Lib de ulter.
• * 1.66

  The faculties of the powder of Mercury.
• * 1.67

  The force of ealcined vitri∣oll.
• * 1.68

  How wounds made by Gun-shot may be combait.
• * 1.69

  Scarification.
• * 1.70

  An Astringent repelling me∣dicine.
• * 1.71

  The binding up.
• * 1.72

  How oft the wound must be drest in a day.
• * 1.73

  Why wounds made by Gun-shot are so long before they come to suppuration.
• * 1.74

  Why Turpen∣tine must be washed.
• * 1.75

  Gal. lib. 3. Meth.
• * 1.76

  A detergent medicine.
• * 1.77

  Why tents must be nei∣ther too long, nor thicke.
• * 1.78

  When you must use in∣jections.
• * 1.79

  An Injection.
• * 1.80

  The quantity of Egyptiacum to be used in an injection.
• * 1.81

  Why none of of the iniecti∣on must be∣left in the wound.
• * 1.82

  Hollow tents or pipes
• * 1.83

  The manner of binding up the wound.
• * 1.84

  Two causes that make strange bodies hard to he ta∣ken forth.
• * 1.85

  The Indicati∣on which is drawne from the strength of the patient is the chiefest of all other.
• * 1.86

  Why wounds of the head at Paris, and of the legges at Avignion are hard to be cured.
• * 1.87

  An indication to be drawne from the quicke and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the wounded parts
• * 1.88

  Gal. lib. 7. Meth. et 2. ad Glauc.
• * 1.89

  Gal. lib. 7. Meth.
• * 1.90

  How and when we must take in∣dication of curing from a symptome.
• * 1.91

  Why such as are wounded must keepe a slender Diet,
• * 1.92

  Why we must open a veine in such as are wounded by Gunshot.
• * 1.93

  Gal. Lib. 4. Meth. cap. 6.
• * 1.94

  Gal. Lib. 1 de comp. Med. se∣cund. gen. c. 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.95

  An Anodyne and ripening Cataplasme
• * 1.96

  Why Leaden Bullets lye in the body so many yeeres without doing any harme.
• * 1.97

  Cordialls to strengthen the noble parts.
• * 1.98

  A cordiall E∣pithem.
• * 1.99

  Pomandera.
• * 1.100

  Frontalls to cause rest, and strengthen the animall fa∣culty.
• * 1.101

  A sweete wa∣ter.
• * 1.102

  Perfumes to burne.
• * 1.103

  The maligne symptomes which usually happens upon wounds made by Gunshot.
• * 1.104

  Matter may flow from the wounded Iimbes into the belly.
• * 1.105

  A breefe recid tall of the manner of the cure.
• * 1.106

  Horride symptomes occasioned by a wound made by Gun-shot.
• * 1.107

  Incisions wherefore made.
• * 1.108

  Wherefore I used fomenta∣tions.
• * 1.109

  Mixed or round fricti∣ons, as they terme them.
• * 1.110

  A medicated Lye.
• * 1.111

  A discussing Cataplasme.
• * 1.112

  The occasion of writing this Apologie.
• * 1.113

  The chiefe heads of our adversaries Treatise.
• * 1.114

  All wounds made by Gun-shot are con∣tused.
• * 1.115

  A suppurative medicine of tryed efficacy.
• * 1.116

  The force of Egyptiacum against putre∣faction.
• * 1.117

  The force of the ayre in breeding and augmenting diseases.
• * 1.118

  A History.
• * 1.119

  Hip. Aph. 1. sect. 3.
• * 1.120

  In our second discourse.
• * 1.121

  The power of the starres up∣on the Aire and our bo∣dies.
• * 1.122

  Aoho. 20. sect. 5.
• * 1.123

  The similitude betweene Thunder and great Ordi∣nance, main∣tained.
• * 1.124

  Our adversa∣ries method, and manner of cure, repro∣ved.
• * 1.125

  Gal. lib. 9. simpl. 10. Me∣thod.
• * 1.126

  Vinegar put into a wound doth not stay but causes bleeding. A History.
• * 1.127

  Balmes are fit to heale simple but not contu∣sed wounds.
• * 1.128

  Egyptiacum howsoever made is a clen∣ser not a sup∣purative.
• * 1.129

  The occasion of this Apo∣logie.
• * 1.130

  The reasons of our adver∣saries that the Bullets may be poysoned, set downe and confuted.
• * 1.131

  In praefat. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 6. Diascor.
• * 1.132

  Wounds made with Arrowes and such like things, are of∣ten without contufion. But are oft-times poyso∣ned.
• * 1.133

  The differen∣ces of Ar∣rowes. In matter. In signe.
• * 1.134

  In bignes. In number, In making.
• * 1.135

  In force.
• * 1.136

  You must not leave the wea∣pon in the wound.
• * 1.137

  The manner of drawing forth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and such wea∣pons.
• * 1.138

  When to draw forth the wea∣pon on the coutrary side.
• * 1.139

  When by the same way it went in.
• * 1.140

  A Caution.
• * 1.141

  The benefit of bleeding in wounds.
• * 1.142

  The signes of poysoned wounds.
• * 1.143

  Remedies in poysoned wounds.