The workes of that famous chirurgion Ambrose Parey translated out of Latine and compared with the French. by Th: Johnson

ANOTHER DISCOVRSE OF THESE THINGS, WHICH KING CHARLES THE NINTH, RE∣turning from the expedition and taking of Rouën, enquired of me concerning wounds made by Gunshot.

FOr that it pleased your Majestie one day, together with the * 1.1 Queene Mother, the Prince of the Rocke upon Yon, and many other Noble-men and Gentlemen, to enquire of mee, what was the cause that the farre greater part of the Gentlemen and common Souldiers which were wounded with Guns, and other warlike Engines, all remedies used in vaine, either dyed, or scarse and that with much difficultie recovered of their hurts, though in appearance they were not very great, and though the Chirurgions diligently performed all things requisite in their Art; I have made bold to premise this Discourse to that Tractate which I determine to publish concerning wounds made by Gunshot; both to sa∣tisfie the desires of the Princes and of many Gentlemen, as also the expectation they have of mee, as being the Kings chiefe Chirurgion, (which place being gi∣ven me by Henry the second, Charles the ninth, a sonne most worthy of such a father, had confirmed) neither make I any question, but that many who too much insist upon their owne judgement, and not throughly consider the things themselves, will

marvaile, and thinke it farre from reason; that I departing from the steps of my ancestors, and dissenting wholly from the formerly received opinions, am farre * 1.2 from their Tenents, who lay the cause of the malignitie of wounds made by Gun-shot, upon the poyson brought into the body by the Gunpouder, or mixed with the Bullets whilst they are tempered or cast. Yet for all this, if they will courteously and patiently weigh my reasons, they shall eyther thinke as I doe, or at least shall judge this my endeavour and paines taken for the publike good, not to be condemned nor contemned.

For I shall make it evident by most strong reasons drawne out of the writings of the Ancient both Philosophers and Physitions, and also by certaine experi∣ments of mine owne, and other Chirurgions, that the malignitie and contuma∣cie which we frequently meete withall in curing wounds made by Gunshot, is not to be attributed eyther to the poyson carryed into the body by the Gunpouder or Bullet, nor to burning imprinted in the wounded part by the Gunpouder. Where∣fore to come to our purpose, that opinion must first bee confuted, which accuseth wounds made by Gunshot of poyson; and wee must teach, that there is nei∣ther * 1.3 any venenate substance, nor qualitie in Gunpouder, neyther if there should bee any, could it empoyson the bodies of such as are wounded. Which that wee may the more easily performe, wee must examine the composition of such pouder, and make a particular enquiry of each of the simples, whereof this composition consists, what essence they have, what strength and facul∣ties, and lastly what effects they may produce. For thus by knowing the sim∣ples, the whole nature of the composition consisting of them, will bee apparently manifest. * 1.4

The simples which enter the composition of Gunpouder are onely three, Char-coales of Sallow or Willow, or of Hempe stalkes, Brimstone, and salt Peter, and sometimes a little aqua vitae. You shall finde each of these, if considered in particu∣lar, voide of all poyson and venenate quality. For first, in the Char-coale you shall observe nothing but drynesse, and a certaine subtlety of substance, by meanes where∣of it fires so suddainly, even as Tinder. Sulphur or Brimstone is hot and dry, but not in the highest degree, it is of an oyly and viscide substance, yet so that it doth not so speedily catch fire as the coale, though it reteine it longer being once kindled, neither may it be so speedily extinguished. Salt Peter is such, that many use it for Salt, whereby it is evidently apparent that the nature of such simples is absolutely free from all poyson; but chiefly the Brimstone, (which notwithstanding is more * 1.5 suspected than the rest.) For Dioscorides gives Brimstone to be drunke, or supped out of a reare Egge to such as are Asthmaticke, troubled with the Cough, (spit up purulent matter, and are troubled with the yellow Iaundise.) But Galen applies it outwardly to such as are bitten by venemous Beasts, to scabs, teaters, and leprosyes. For the aqua vitae, it is of so tenuious a substance that it presently vanisheth into aire, and also very many drinke it, and it is without any harme used in frictions of the exteriour parts of the body. Whence you may gather, that this pouder is free from all manner of poyson, seeing these things whereof it consists and is composed, want all suspition thereof.

Therefore the Germane horsemen, when they are wounded with shot, feare not to drinke off cheerefully halfe an ounce of Gunpouder dissolved in wine; hence perswading themselves freed from such maligne symptomes as usually happen upon such wounds; wherein whether they doe right or wrong I doe not here determine; the same thing many French Souldiers forced by no necessity, but onely to shew themselves more couragious, also doe without any harme; but divers with good successe use to strew it upon ulcers, so to dry them. Now to come to these, who thinke that the venenate quality of wounds made by Gun-shot, springs not from the pouder, but from the Bullet wherewith some poyson * 1.6 hath beene commixt or joyned, or which hath beene tempered or steeped in some poysonous liquor.

This may sufficiently serve for a reply; that the fire is aboundantly powerfull to dissipate all the strength of the Poyson, if any should bee poured upon

or added to the Bullet. This much confirmes mine opinion, which every one knowes; The Bullets which the Kings souldiers used to shoote against the Townse∣men in the seige of Rouēn, were free from all poyson; and yet for all that they of the Towne thought that they were all poysoned, when they found the wounds made by them, to be uncurable and deadly. Now on the other side the Townsemen were falsly suspected guilty of the same crime by the Kings Army, when as they percei∣ved all the Chirurgions labour in curing the wounds made by the Bullets shot from Rouën, to be frustrated by their contumacy and maligne nature; each side judging of the magnitude and malignitie of the cause from the unhappy successe of the effect in curing. Even as amongst Physitions according to Hippocrates, all diseases are termed * 1.7 pestilent, which arising from whatsoever common cause, kill many people; so also wounds made by Gunshot, may in some respect be called pestilent, for that they are more refractory, and difficult to cure than others, and not because they partake of any poysonous qualitie, but by default of some common cause, as the ill complexi∣ons of the patients, the infection of the aire, and the corruption of meats and drinkes. For by these causes wounds acquire an evill nature and become lesse yeel∣ding to medicines. Now we have by these reasons convinced of errour that opi∣nion which held wounds made by Gunshot for poisonous; let us now come to o∣verthrow that which is held concerning their combustion.

First it can scarce be understood how bullets which are commonly made of Lead, * 1.8 can attaine to such heate, but that they must be melted; and yet they are so far from melting, that being shot out of a Musket they will peirce through an armour and the whole body besides, yet remaine whole, or but a little diminisht. Besides also if you shoote them against a stone wall, you may presently take them up in your hand without any harme, and also without any manifest sence of heate; though their heate by the striking upon the stone should bee rather encreased, if they had any.

Furthermore, a Bullet shot into a barrell of Gunpouder, would presently set it all on fire, if the Bullet should acquire such heate by the shooting, but it is not so. For if at any time the pouder be fired by such an accident, wee must not ima∣gine that it is done by the bullet bringing fire with it, but by the striking and col∣lision thereof against some Iron, or stone that opposes or meets therewith, whence sparkes of fire procceding as from a flint, the pouder is fired in a moment. The like opinion wee have of thatched houses, for they are not fiered by the bullet which is shot, but rather by some other thing as linnen ragges, browne paper, and the like, which rogues and wicked persons fasten to their Bullets. There is another thing which more confirmes mee in this opinion, which is; take a bullet of Waxe, and keepe it from the fire, for otherwise it would melt, and shoote it a∣gainst an inch board, and it will goe through it; whereby you may understand that Bullets cannot become so hot by shooting, to burne like a cautery. But the Ori∣fices * 1.9 (may some say) of such wounds are alwayes blacke. This indeede is true, but it is not from the effect of heate brought thither by the Bullet, but the force of the contusion.

Now the contusion is exceeding great, both because the Bullet is round, and enters the body with incredible violence. Of which those that are wounded will give you sufficient testimony, for there is none of them, which thinkes not presently upon the blow, that as it were some post, or thing of the like weight, falls upon the affected member, whence great paine and stupiditie possesse the part, whereby the native heare and spirits are so much dissipated, that a Gangreen may follow.

But for the Eschar which they affirme is made by the blow, and falls away af∣terwards, they are much mistaken. For certaine particles of the membranes and flesh contused and torne by the violence of the Bullet beguiles them; which presently putrifying are severed from the sound parts by the power of nature and the separating heate, which thing usually happens in all great Contusions. But for all that these so many and weighty reasons may free the Pouder from all suspition of Poison, and the Bullet from all, thought of burning;

yet there are many who insisting upon Philosophicall arguments, raise new stirrs. For (say they) the discharging a peice of Ordinance is absolutely like Thunder and Lightning, which the rent and torne clouds cast from the middle region, upon the earth; wherefore the Iron bullet which is shot out of the Cannon must needs have a venenate and burning faculty. I am not ignorant that Lightnings generated of a grosse and viscous exhalation, breaking the cloud wherewith it is encompassed, * 1.10 never falls upon the earth, but brings fire with it, one while more subtile, another while more gresse, according to the various condition of the matter whence the exhalation hath arisen. For Seneca writes that there are three severall kinds of Light∣ning * 1.11 differing in burning, condition and plenty. One of them penetrates or rather perforates by the tenuity of the matter of the objects which it touches. The other with a violent impetuosity breakes insunder and dissipates the objects, by reason it hath a more dense, compact and forcible matter, like as Whirlewinds have. The third, for that it consists of a more terrestriall matter, burnes what it touches, lea∣ving behind it the impression of the burning. Also I know that Lightning is of a pe∣stilent * 1.12 and stinking nature, occasioned by the grossenesse and viscidity of the matter whereof it is; which matter taking fire sends forth so lothsome and odious a smell that the very wilde-beasts cannot endure it; but leave their Dennes, if they chance to be touched with such a lightening. Besides also, we have read in the northerne history of Olaus Magnus, that in some places after a Lightning, you shall finde a whole plaine spred over with Brimstone, which Brimstone notwithstanding is extin∣guished, unprofitable & of no efficacie. But grant these things be thus, yet must we not therefore conclude, that the Bullets of the great Ordinance carry poyson and fire with them into the wounds. For though there be many things like in Lightning and discharging great Ordinance, yet they have no similitude either in matter or sub∣stance, but onely in effects whereby they shake, breake insunder and disperse the bo∣dies which withstand them; For Lightning and Thunder doe it by meanes of fire, and oft times of a stone generated in them, which is therefore tearmed, a Thunderbolt; But Ordinance by the bullet carried by the force of the aire, more violently driving and forcing it forwards; Neither if any should by more powerfull arguments force me to yeeld that the matter of Lightning and shooting of Ordi∣nance are like, yet will I not therefore be forced to confesse that wounds made by Gunshot are combust. For according to Pliny, there are some Lightnings which * 1.13 consisting of a most dry matter, doe shatter in sunder all that withstands them, but doe not burne at all; others which are of somewhat a more humid nature, burne no more than the former, but onely blacke such things as they touch; Lastly other∣some of a more subtile and tenuous matter, whose nature (as Seneca saith) wee must * 1.14 not doubt to be divine, if but for this reason, that they will melt gold and silver, not harming the purse; a sword, not hurting the scabbard; the head of a Lance, not bur∣ning the wood, and shed wine not breaking the vessell. According to which decree I can grant, that these Lightnings which breake in sunder, melte and dissipate, and performe other effects so full of admiration, are like in substance to the shot of great Ordinance; but not these which carry with them fire and flame.

In proofe whereof there comes into my minde the historie of a certaine Souldier, out of whose thigh I remember I drew forth a Bullet wrapped in the taffety of his * 1.15 breeches, which had not any signe of tearing or burning. Besides, I have seene many who not wounded, nor so much as touched, yet notwithstanding have with the very report & winde of a Cannon bullet, sliding close by their eares, fallne downe for dead, so that their members becomming livid & black, they have dyed by a Gangrene ensuing thereupon. These and such effects are like the effects of Lightnings which wee lately mentioned, and yet they beare no signe nor marke of poyson. From whence I dare now boldly conclude, that wounds made by Gunshot are neither poysoned, nor burnt. But seeing the danger of such wounds in these last civill warres hath beene so great, universall and deadly to so many worthy personages and vali∣ant * 1.16 men, what then may have beene the cause thereof, if it were neither combustion, nor the venenate qualitie of the wound? This must wee therefore now insist upon and somewhat hardily explaine.

Those who have spent all their time in the learning and searching out the myste∣ries of Naturall Philosophie, would have all men thinke and beleeve, that the foure Elements have such mutuall sympathy, that they may bee changed each into other; so that they not onely undergoe the alterations of the first qualities which are heate, coldnesse, drynesse and moisture, but also the mutation of their proper substances by rarefaction and condensation. For thus the fire is frequently changed into ayre, the ayre into water, the water into aire, and the water into earth; and on the contrary, the earth into water, the water into aire, the aire into fire; because these 4. first bo∣dies * 1.17 have in their common matter enjoyed the contrary and fighting, yet first and principall qualities of all.

Whereof we have an example in the * 1.18 Ball-bellowes brought out of Germany, w^ch are made of brasse, hollow and round; and have a very small hole in them, whereby the water is put in, and so put to the fire; the water by the action thereof is rarified into aire, and so they send forth winde with a great noyse, and blow strongly as soone as they grow throughly hot. You may try the same with Chesnuts, which cast whole and undivided into the fire, presently fly asunder with a great cracke; be∣cause the watry and innate humidity turned into winde by the force of the fire, forcibly breakes his passage forth. For the aire or winde raised from the water by rarifaction, requires a larger place, neither can it now bee conteined in the narrow filmes, or skinnes of the Chesnut, wherein it was formerly kept. Iust after the same manner Gunpouder being fiered, turnes into a farre greater proportion of ayre, according to the truth of that Philosophicall proposition, which saith, Of one part of earth, there are made ten of water; of one of water, ten of aire; and of one of aire are made ten of fire. Now this fire not possible to be ••ent in the narrow space of the peice, wherein the pouder was formerly conteined, endeavours to force its passage with violence, and so casts forth the Bullet lying in the way, yet so that it presently vanishes into aire, and doth not accompany the Bullet to the marke, or object, which it batters, spoiles and breakes asunder. Yet the Bullet may drive the obvious aire with such violence, that men are often sooner touched therewith than with the bullet, and dye by having their bones shattered and broken without any hurt on the flesh which covers them; which as wee formerly noted, it hath com∣mon with Lightning. We finde the like in Mines, when the pouder is once fiered, it remooves and shakes even mountaines of earth.

In the yeare of our Lord 1562 a quantity of this pouder which was not very great, taking fire by accident in the Arcenall of Paris, caused such a tempest, that the whole City shoke therewith, but it quite overturned divers of the neighbouring houses, and shooke off the tyles and broke the windowes of those which were further off; and to conclude, like a storme of Lightning it laid many here and there for dead, some lost their sight, others their hearing, and othersome had their limbes torne asunder, as if they had beene rent with wilde horses; and all this was done by the onely agitation of the aire into which the fired Gunpouder was turned; Iust af¦ter the same manner as windes pent up in hollow places of the earth which want vents. For in seeking passage forth, they vehemently shake the sides of the Earth, and raging with a great noise about the cavities, they make all the surface thereof to tremble; so that by the various agitation one while up, another downe, it overturnes or carries it to another place. For thus we have read that Megara and Aegina ancient∣ly most famous Citties of Greece, were swallowed up and quite overturned by an earthquake; I omit the great blusterings of the windes striving in the cavities of the earth, which represent to such as heare them at some distance, the fierce assai∣ling of Citties, the bellowing of Bulles, the horrid roarings of Lions, neither are they much unlike to the roaring reports of Cannons. These things being thus pre∣mised let us come to the thing we have in hand.

Amongst things necessary for life, there is none causes greater changes in us than the aire; which is continually drawne into the Bowells appointed by nature, and whe∣ther we sleepe, wake, or what else soever we doe, we continually draw in, and breath it out. Through which occasion Hippocrates calls it Divine, for that breathing through this mundane Orbe, it embraces, nourishes, defends and keepes in quiet peace all

things contained therein, friendly conspiring with the starres from whom a divine vertue is infused therein. For the aire diversly changed and affected by the starres, doth in like manner produce various changes in these lower mundane bodies. And hence it is that Philosophers and Physitions doe so seriously wish us to behold and consider the culture and habite of places, and constitution of the aire, when they treate of preserving of health, or curing diseases. For in these the great power and dominion of the aire is very apparent, as you may gather by the foure seasons of the yeare; for in summer the aire being hot and dry, heats and dries our bodies; but in winter it produceth in us the effects of winters qualities, that is, of cold and moi∣sture; yet by such order and providence of nature, that although according to the va∣rieties of seasons our bodies may be variously altered, yet shall they receive no de∣triment thereby, if so be that the seasons reteine their seasonablenesse; from whence * 1.19 if they happen to digresse, they raise and stirre up great perturbations both in our bodies and mindes; whose malice we can scarse shunne, because they encompasse us on every hand, and by the law of nature enter together with the aire into the se∣cret cabinets of our bodies both by occult and manifest passages. For who is he, that doth not by experience finde both for the commodity and discommodity of his health, the various effects of winds, (wherewith the aire is commixt) according as they blow from this or that Region, or Quarter of the world. Wherefore seeing that the South winde is hot and moist; the North wind cold and dry; the East wind cleare and fresh; the West winde cloudy; it is no doubt but that the aire which we draw in by inspiration carries together therewith into the bowells the qualities of that winde which is then prevalent. When wee reade in Hippocrates, that changes * 1.20 of times, whether they happen by different windes, or vicissitude of seasons, chiefly bring diseases; For northerly winds doe condense, and strengthen our bodies, and makes them active well coloured and daring, by resuscitating and vigorating the na∣tive heare. But southerne windes resolve and moisten our bodies, make us heavy headed, dull the hearing, cause giddinesse, and make the eyes and body lesse agile; as the Inhabitants of Narbon finde to their great harme, who are otherwise ranked among the most active people of France. But if wee would make a comparison of the seasons and constitutions of a yeare, by Hippocrates decree Droughts are more wholesome and lesse deadly than Raines; I judge for that too much humiditie is the mother of putrifaction, as you learne by these countries which are blowne upon * 1.21 by a winde from Sea: For in these flesh which is kept for foode, putrefies in the space of an houre; and such ulcers as in other places are easily and quickly healed, doe there by the conflux and collection of matter become inveterate and contumaci∣ous. Therefore as when the seasons of the yeare successively fall out agreeable to their nature, and when each season is seasonable, then either we are not sicke at all, or assuredly with lesse danger. So on the contrary the perfect constitution and health of our bodies becomes worse and decaies, when the seasons of the yeare are depra∣ved and perverted in time and temper.

Now seeing that these many yeares the foure seasons of the yeare have wanted their seasonablenesse, the summer wanting his usuall heate, and the winter its cold, and all things by moisture and the dominion of the southerne windes have beene humid and languide; I thinke there is none so ignorant in naturall Philosophie and Astrologie, who will not thinke that the causes of the malignitie and contumacie of those deseases which have so long afflicted all France, are not to bee attributed to the aire and Heavens. For otherwise, whence have so many pestilent and contagious diseases tirannized over so many people of every age, sex and condition? whence have so many catarrhes, coughs and heavinesses of the head, so many pleurisies, tu∣mors, small poxes, meazells, and Itches not admitting of digestion and remedies prescribed by Art? Whence have we had so many venemous creatures, as Toades, Grashoppers, Caterpillers, Spiders, Waspes, Hornets, Beetles, Snailes, Vipers, Snakes, Lizards, Scorpions and Efts or Nutes, unlesse from excessive putrefaction which the humidity of the aire, our native heate being liquid and dull, hath caused in us, and the whole kingdome of France? Hence also proceedes the infirmity of our native heate, and the corruption of the blood and humors whereof we consist, which

the rainy Southwind hath caused with its sultry heate. Wherefore in these last yeares I have drawne little blood, which hath not presently shewed the corruption of its substance by the blacke or greenish colour, as I have diligently observed in all such as I have bled, by the direction of Physitions, either for prevention of future, or cure of present diseases. Whence it comes to passe that the fleshy substance of our bodies could not but be faulty both in temper and consistence; seeing that the blood whence it is generated had drawne the seeds of corruption from the defiled aire. Whence it fell out, that the wounds which happened with losse of substance, could be scarse healed or united, because of the depraved nature of the blood. For so the wounds and ulcers of these which are troubled with the Dropsie, whose blood is more cold or wholly waterish; so of Leprous persons, whose blood is * 1.22 corrupt, and lastly of all such as have their bodies replete with ill juice, or else are Cachecticke, will not easily admit of cure. Yea assuredly if but the very part which is hurt swerve from its native temper, the wound will not easily bee cured.

Therefore seeing all these things, both the putrefaction of the Aire, and depra∣ved humors of the body, and also the distemper of the affected parts conspired to∣gether to the destruction of the wounded, what marvaile was it, if in these late ci∣vill warres, the wounds which were for their quantity small, for the condition of the wounded parts but little, have caused so many and grievous accidents and lastly death it selfe? Especially, seeing that the Aire which encompasseth us, tainted with putrefaction corrupts and defiles the wounds by inspiration and expiration, the body and humours being already disposed, or inclined to putrefaction.

Now there came such a stincke, which is a most assured signe of putresaction, from these wounds when they were dressed, that such as stood by could scarse endure it, neither could this stinke bee attributed to the want of dressing, or fault of the Chi∣rurgion; for the wounds of the Princes and Nobility stunke as ill as these of the common Souldiers. And the corruption was such, that if any chanced to bee un∣drest * 1.23 for one day, which sometimes happened amongst such a multitude of wounded persons, the next day the wound would be full of wormes. Besides also, which fur∣thermore argues a great putrifaction of humors, many had Abscesses in parts op∣posite to their wounds, as in the left knee, when as the right shoulder was wounded; in the left arme, when as the right Leg was hurt. Which I remember befell the King of Navarre, the Duke of Nevers, the Lord Rendan and divers others. For all men had nature so overcharged with abundance of vicious humors, that if it expelled not part thereof by impostumes to the habite of the body, it certainly otherwise dis∣posed of it amongst the inner parts of the body; for in dissecting dead bodies, wee observed that the Spleene, Liver, Lungs, and other Bowells were purulent, and hence it was that the patients by reason of vapours sent from them to the heart were troubled with continuall feavers. But the Liver and all the veinous parts being pol∣luted, and so the generation of the laudible blood hindred, they languished for want of fitting nourishment. But when the Braine by vapours was drawne in to sympa∣thize with the rest, they were molested with Ravings and Convulsions. Wherefore if any thing succeeded unprosperously in so great malignancie of wounds, the Chi∣rurgion was not to be blamed, for that it were a crime to fight against God and the Aire, wherein the hidden scourges of the divine justice lye hid. Therefore, if accor∣ding to the minde of the great Hippocrates, who commands to bring all contused wounds to suppuration, that so they may be healed, wee endeavoured to cure with such medicines wounds made with Gunshot, and therefore contused; who can right∣ly be angry with us, if we performed it not so well, by reason of these putrifactions, * 1.24 gangreens and mortifications which proceeded from the corrupt Aire, for all that we used not onely suppuratives, but were oft times forced to use other medicines; so long turning aside from the cure of the disease, untill we had orecome the symp∣tomes which much endanger the patient and customarily happen upon such wounds, as also upon those which are made with a sword or any other kind of weapon; As shall plainly appeare in the following treatise, to which it now seemes high time that we betake our selves.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The occasion of writing this discourse.
• * 1.2

  The argument of this dis∣course.
• * 1.3

  Gunpouder is not poyson nous.
• * 1.4

  Of what it is made.
• * 1.5

  Lib. 5. Cap. 73. Lib. 9. simpl. Cap 36.
• * 1.6

  Bullets cannot be poysoned.
• * 1.7

  As Galen notes adsent, 20. et 21. sect. 3. lib. 3. Epid.
• * 1.8

  Wounds made by Gunshot are not burnt
• * 1.9

  The reason why wounds made by Gun-shot looke blacke.
• * 1.10

  The reasons of our adversa∣ries refelled.
• * 1.11

  Quaest. nat. lib. 2. cap. 49.
• * 1.12

  The stinking smell of light∣ning.
• * 1.13

  Quaest. 2. cap 51.
• * 1.14

  The wonder∣full nature of some light∣ning.
• * 1.15

  A Historie.
• * 1.16

  Why the wounds made by Gunshot some few yeares agone were so dead∣ly.
• * 1.17

  The cause of the transmu∣tation of the Elements.
• * 1.18

  These bel∣lowes here mentioned by the Author, are Bals made of Brasse in forme of a peare, with a very small hole in their lesser ends: when you would fill them with water you must heate them very hot, and so the aire which is con∣teined in them will be excee∣dingly rarifi∣ed, which by putting them presently into water will be condensate as much, and so will draw in the water to supply the place, ne detur Gacuum. The•• put them into the fire, and it againe rarify∣ing the water into aire will make them yeelde a strong continued and forcible blast. The cause of the report and blow of a Cannon. A Historie. The cause of an Earth-quake.
• * 1.19

  How the aire becomes hurt∣full.
• * 1.20

  Aphor. 17. sect. 3.
• * 1.21

  Flesh quickly putrifies in maritime pla∣ces.
• * 1.22

  In what bo∣dies 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and wounds are not easily cured.
• * 1.23

  An argument of great putri∣faction of the humors.
• * 1.24

  All contused wounds must bee brought to suppuration.