The workes of that famous chirurgion Ambrose Parey translated out of Latine and compared with the French. by Th: Johnson

CHAP. XLII. An Epitome of the names and kinds of composure of the bones.

BEcause it is as nececessary for a Chirurgion to know the manner of setting & repairing broken bones, as to put them in their places when they are disloca∣ted, or out of joynt; but seeing neither of them can be understood when the naturall connexion of the bones is not knowne, I have thought it a worke worth my * 1.1 labour, breifly to set downe, by what and how many meanes the bones are mutu∣ally knit and fastened together. The universall composure and structure of all the bones in a mans body is called, by the Greekes; Sceletos. But all these bones are com∣posed * 1.2 after two sorts, that is, by Arthron, an Articulation or joynt, and by Symphysis a naturall uniting or joyning together. There are many other kinds of both these sorts. For there are two kinds of Articulation, that is Diarthrosis or Dearticulation, and Sy∣narthrosis, * 1.3 or Coarticulation; which differ as thus, Dearticulation is a composition of the bones with a manifest and visible motion; Coarticulation hath a motion of the bones, yet not so manifest, but more obscure. But these two do again admit a subdivi∣sion into other kinds. For Diarthrosis conteines under it Enarthrosis, Arthrodia & Gin∣glymos. Now Enarthrosis or Inarticulation is a kind of Dearticulation, in which a deep

Cavity receives a thicke and long head, such a composition hath the Thigh-bone with the Huckle-bone.

Arthrodia is when a lightly engraven civity admits a small and short head, such * 1.4 a connexion is that of the Arme-bone with the shoulder-blade; of the first Vertebra with the second. The Greekes have distinguished by proper names these two kinds of Cavities and heads; For they call the thicke and long head Cephale, that is, a * 1.5 Head absolutely; but the lesser they terme Corons, or Coronon which the Latines call Capitulum, a Litle-head. But they call a deepe Cavity Cotyle, and a superficiary one Glene. The third sort called Ginglymos, is when the bones mutually receive and are received one of another; as when there is a cavity in one bone, which re∣ceives the head of the opposite bone, and also the same bone hath a head which may be received in the Cavity of the opposite bone; such a composure is in the Cubite and knee, that is in the connexion of the Thigh-bone.

And thus much of Dearticulation and the three kinds thereof. Synarthrosis * 1.6 or Coarticulation, another kinde of juncture, hath also three kinds thereof (Gal. lib. de Ossibus) to wit, Sutura, Gomphosis and Harmonia.

Suture is a composition of the bones after the manner of sowing things toge∣ther, * 1.7 example whereof appeares in the bones of the Scull. Gomphosis is when one bone is fastened in another as a pin is fastened in a hole, after which manner the teeth are fastened in their sockets in both the Iawes. Harmony is when the bones are composed by the interposition of a simple line, after which manner many bones of the nose and face are joyned together.

Hitherto we have spoken of the first construction of the bones by articulation and the kinds thereof; now it followes we treat of Symphysis. * 1.8

Symphysis, or Growing together as we formerly said, is nothing else, than naturall union of the bones; such union is made two manner of wayes, that is, either by interposition of no other thing; after which sort in successe of time the bones of the lower Iaw grow together, which formerly in children were mani∣festly distinguished; or by the mediation of some Medium; but that happens three manner of wayes, by interposition of three severall Media, as first of a * 1.9 Gristle, which kinde of union the Greeks call Synchondrosis, after which manner the Share-bones grow together and also some Appendices in young bodyes; se∣condly of a Ligament, and it is named by the Grecians Syneurosis, the name of a Nerve being taken in the largest sense, for sometimes it is used for a tendon, other-whiles for a Ligament, otherwhiles for a Norve properly so called and which is * 1.10 the author of sense and motion. But this Symphysis or union hath place by Syneuro∣sis, or interposition of a Nerve in certaine bones of the Sternon and Haunch. * 1.11

Thirdly, the bones grow into one by interposition of flesh, called in Greeke Synsarcosis; thus the flesh of the Gums fastens the teeth and makes them immove∣able. But if some be lesse pleased with this division, by reason of the obscurities, in which it seemes to be involved, this following expression comes into my minde, which I was first admonished of by German Cortin Doctor of Physicke, which if you well observe it, is both blamelesse and more easie for your understanding.

The bones, which as pillars su∣steine the fabricke of the whole body, are ei∣ther,

• Vnited mutually by Symphysis or union; by which they are so conjoyned that there is no dissimular, nor heterogeneous body, at least which may be discer∣ned, interposed between them. Such union appeares in the two bones of the lo∣wer Iaw at the Chin, in the bones of the Sternon, the Hanch with the Huckle-bones, and the Share-bones betweene themselves; of this union there are no more kinds, for by this it cometh to passe, that the bones, which were more and distinct meet together by interposition of one Medium, to wit, a Gristle, which now indeed is no Gristle, but is turned into a Bone.
• or Conjoyned by that which they call Ar∣throdia, or Ar∣ticulation, as when they so concur & are bound toge∣ther, that some Heterogene∣ous substance may be noted betwixt them, but the bones thus cōposed are knit two manner of wayes, that is,
  • either more loosly as by Diarthrosis, that is a kind of Articulation not very straite, as by which it might have opportunity to preforme di∣verse motions: of this composure or Articulation of bones there are three kinds, as
    • Enarthrosis, when the head of a bone is wholy received in the cavity of another, & hid therein, as the Thigh-bone is joy∣ned with the Huckle-bone.
    • Arthrodia, when in a lightly engraven & not much depressed cavity, the head of another bone is not wholy hid, but on∣ly received in part therof; so that unlesse nature had otherwise provided a suffici∣ent receptacle for the head of this bone (as by the ligamēts of the neighbouring Muscles) it would otherwise have bin in perpetuall danger of dislocation. Thus the Arme-bone is fastened to the shoul∣der-blade.
    • Gynglymos, when the bones mutually receive each other, such like compositi∣on hath the Cubit and Arme-bone.
  • or more straitly, as by synarthrosis, whē the bones are more straitly knit so that they can performe no motions in the body. Of this Arti∣culation there are also 3, kinds, that is
    • Gomphysis, as when one bone so receives another as a Pin is fastened in the hole made by a peircer, thus the teeth are fastened in the Iawes.
    • Sutura, like a Saw, or teeth of a combe, as the bones of the scul are mutually knit together, or as scales, or tiles are laid, af∣ter which manner the stony bones are fa∣stened to these of the Synciput. Harmonis, which is by interposition of a simple line, which parts bones abutting one upon another, as the bones of the Nose.

An Epitome or briefe recitall of all the Muscles of mans body.

As I have formerly reckoned up the bones, so here I have decreed to recite the muscles of mans body. Wherefore in the face we first meet with the broad or skin muscle, arising from the flshy pannicle, & covering the whole necke & almost all the face. Then follow 4, perteining to the upper eye-lids. In the Orbs of the eyes lye 14, that is 7, in each Orbe, of which 4 are called right, two oblique and one pyramidall. Then succeed 4 of the nose, two externall on each side one, and two internall, these draw it together and the other open it. After these come the ten muscles of the lower Iaw, of which two are called the Crotaphitae or Temporall; two Masseteres or Grinders; two round (which seeme to me rather to perteine to the lips, than to this Iaw;) two litle ones hid in the mouth, arising from the winged processe of the wedge-bone; two openers of the mouth being nervous or tendinous in their midst. Then follow the 8 muscles of the lips, that is, 4 of the upper and as many of the lower, shutting and opening the mouth. The tongue with his ten muscles is hid as it were in the den of the mouth. Wherfore the; muscles of the whole face are 51. In the fore part of the neck are found the muscles of the bone Hyoides & throtle; now 8 muscles hold the bone Hyoides as equally ballanced; of which there are 2 upper arising from the Chin; 2 on the sides from the processe Styloides perforated in their midst, through which the 2 openers of the mouth in that part nervous do passe; 2 arise from the Sternō, & lastly 2 from the upper rib of the shoulder-blade to the Coracoides, which also in their midst are nervous, in which place the two Mastoidei lye upon them.

The Throtle composed of three gristles hath eighteene or twenty muscles, of * 1.12 which sixe or eight are common, and twelue proper; Of the common there are two above, two below, and two at the sides of the first gristle, to which wee may adde these two which serve for the opening of the Epiglottis, which are alwayes found in great foure footed beasts for to presse downe the Epiglottis.

The proper are twelue which almost all of them come from the second gristle, so to be inserted into the first and third, of which some are before, others behinde the Thyroides. Besides these, there are the Mastoidei which bend the head. * 1.13

But in the backe part of the Necke there are twelue muscles also appointed for to move the head, so that in all there are fourteene muscles serving for the motion of the head, the two fore Mastoidei, and the twelue hinde Muscles, that is to say, the two Splenij, two Complexi, foure Right, and so many oblique which are very short, so that they passe not beyond the first and second Vertebra. * 1.14

The Necke hath eight Muscles, of which two are called the long, lying before upon the bodyes of the Vertebrae; the two Scaleni which are at the sides; the two Spinati which runne alongst the Spine; the two transverse which goe to the transverse processes of the Chest. * 1.15

The Chest hath 81 Muscles, of which some are on the fore part, some on the hinde, others on the sides; they are all combined or coupled together ex∣cept the Midriffe. Now of these there are the two Subclavij; the two great Saw-muscles which proceed from the basis of the shoulder-blade; the foure litle Rbomboides or square muscles, that is, two above and two below; the two Sacro∣lumbi; the two binders of the Gristles within the Chest.

Besides there are twenty and two externall and as many internall Intercostall muscles, twenty foure Intercartilaginei, that is, twelue externall and as many in∣ternall; so that the Intercostall, and Intercartilaginei are 68, which with the twelue before mentioned make the number of 80 Muscles. Adde to these the Midriffe being without an associate, and you shall have the number formerly mentioned, to wit, 81. But also if you will adde to these the Muscles of the lower belly, I will not much gainsay it, because by accident they helpe inspiration and exspi∣ration. * 1.16

Wherefore of the eight muscles of the Epigastrium, there are foure Oblique, of which two are descendent and so many ascendent; two right, to which you may adde the two Assisting or Pyramidall muscles which come from the share-bone, if it please you to separate them from the head of the right muscles: * 1.17

There are sixe or eight Muscles of the Loynes, of which two bend the loines which are the triangular; the two Semispinati; two Sacri; two are in the midst of the backe, which for that cause we may call the Rachitae or Chine-muscles. Now, that hereafter we may severally and distinctly set downe the muscles of the extreme parts, will we come to the privities. * 1.18

Where for the use of the Testicles there are two Muscles called the Cremaste∣res, or Hanging Muscles. At the roote of the yard, or Perinaeum, there are foure others, partly for the commodious passing of the urine and seed, and partly for erecting the yarde. The Sphincter Muscle is seated at the Necke of the Bladder.

At the end of the right Gut are three Muscles, two Levatores Ani, or Lifters * 1.19 up of the fundament, and one Sphincter or shutting Muscle. Now let us prose∣quute the Muscles of the Extremities, or Limbs. But it will be sufficient to mention onely the Muscles of one side, because seeing these parts of the body are double, those things which are said of the one may be applyed to the other.

Wherefore the muscles of the Arme, beginning with these of the shoulder-blade, * 1.20 at the least, are 42. for there are 4 of the shoulder-blade: of the Arme properly or particularly so called, seven or eight; and there are three, foure, or five proper mus∣cles of the Cubite, that is, appointed for the performance of the motions thereof; in the inner part of the Cubite are seven, and as many in the outer; but those of the hand are reckoned thirteene at the least.

The fourth of the shoulder-blade are the Trapezius resembling a Monkes Cowle, which moves it upwards and downewards, and drawes it backwards; the second is the Levator, or Lifter-up; the third the great Rhomboides lying under the Trapezi∣us. The fourth, the lesser saw muscle which is inserted into the Coracoides. The arme is moved forwards, backwards, upwards, downewards and circularly.

The Pector all muscle arising from the Clavicle, Breast-bone and neighbouring ribs, drawes it forwards; the Humilis or low-muscle comming from the lower rib of the shoulder-blade drawes it backwards; the Deltoides upwards; and the Latissim•…•… downewards, and somewhat backe-wards. But the three seated about the shoulder-blade move it about, or circularly.

The Epomis or Scapularis upwards; the Supcascapularis, which may seeme two, backwards and downewards; the Subscapularis which is in the Cavitie of the shoulder blade, forewards, so that by a certaine vicissitude and succession of action they move it circularly. Two muscles bend the Cubite, the one named Biceps or Two-headed, and the other Brachiaeus or the Arme-muscle; but one, two, or three muscles extend it; for if you have respect to the originall, this muscle hath two or three heads, but one onely insertion.

In the inside of the Cubite are seven muscles, one Palmaris, two wrest-benders; two pronatores, one square, another in some sort round; two finger-benders, and one Abductor or Drawer aside. These fourteene internall and externall muscles of the Cubite, doe not indeed move the Cubite, but onely seated there move the wande and with it the hand. These are the thirteene Muscles of the hand; the Theu which may not only be divided into two, but into sixe, not only by the diverse act∣ons it performes, but also by the branches divided by a manifest space betweene them; the second is called the Hypothenar, which lyes under the litle finger, as the Thenar doth under the Thumbe; the third is the Abductor of the Thumbe; then fol∣low the foure Lumbrici and sixe Interosses, although eight may be observed.

The whole Legge hath at the least 50. Muscles, for wee reckon there are fourteene muscles in the thigh; there are eleven made for the use of the Legge; there are nine * 1.21 seated in the Legge, three before and sixe behinde which serve for the use of the foot and toes; in the foote are seated sixteene. Therefore of the foureteene muscles serving the thigh two bend it, one called the Lumbaris, the other arising from the cavity of the Hanch-bone; but the three which make the Buttocks and the Triceps or Three-headed muscle, (which if you please, you may divide into three) extend it. Besides these the 4. twin muscles, and two Obturators, of which the one is internall, the other externall, turne the Thigh about. The Legge hath eleven, that is, the Long, the Membranous, the foure Postici or Hinde muscles (three of which come from the Huckle-bone, but the other from the commissure of the Share-bone) the Right, the two Vaste, the Crureus or Legge-muscle, and the Poplitaeus, or Ham-mus∣cle. These seated in the leg for the use of the foote and toes are three fore and sixe hinde muscles: two of the fore bend the foote, one of which is called the Tibiaeus anticus, the other Peronaeus, which you may divide into two. The third the bender of the toes, although it also partly bend the foote, to which also the bender of the Thumbe may be revoked. One of the hinde is the Toe-bender, others extend the foote, and are in this order; Two twins, one Plantaris, one Soleus, one Tibiaeus posticus and the great bender of the Toes, to which may be revoked the bender of the Thumbe. Of the sixteene seated in the foote, one is above, seated on the backe of the foote, which wee call the Abductor of the Toes; another in the sole of the foote, to wit, the litle bender of the Toes, which goes to the second joynte of the Toes alongst the inside of the foote; the other lends his helpe to the great Toe, which you may call the Abductor of the Thumbe; another is seated on the outside for the use of the litle Toe. To these are added the foure Lumbrici, besides the eight Interosses; or if you had rather, ten. And thus much may suffice for the enumeration of the muscles.

[illustration]

The Figure of the Muscles when the skin with its veines, the fat, and all the fleshy membrane are taken away, that part of the fleshy membrane excepted; which takes upon it the nature of a muscle, as being conjoyned with the muscles.

a, the muscle of the fore-head.

b, the temporall muscle.

c, the muscle shutting the eye-lid.

d, the muscle opening the wings of the nose.

e, the fore part of the yoake-bone.

f, the muscle of the up∣per lip tending to the nose.

g, the beginning of the masseter or grinding muscle.

h, the broad muscle con∣sisting of a fleshy mem∣brane.

i, k, the beginning therof which rises immediatly from the coller-bone & the top of the shoul∣der.

l, that part therof which bends forwards to l.

m, the muscle which lifts up the arme.

n, the pectorall muscle.

o, the membranous part of this muscle which is joyned to the nervous part of the first muscle of the Abdomen or belly. q, q, the fleshy portion thereof, from the 6. and 7. ribs, and the insertion thereof. r the muscle drawing down the arme. s, the oblique descending muscle of the lower belly. t, t, t, the insertion of the greater saw muscle. u u. the linea alba or white line, at which the two ob∣lique descendent muscles meet, covering the whole belly. x, the yard, the skinne being taken away. y, the vessels of seed. α, the testicles wrapped in the fleshy membrane. 〈◊〉〈◊〉, the fore muscle bending the cubite. γ, γ, the hinde muscle bending the cubite. δ, the muscle extending the cubite. 〈◊〉〈◊〉, the two-headed muscle extending the wrest. 〈◊〉〈◊〉, the muscle producing the broad tendon on the backe of the hand. ζ, his tendon. 〈◊〉〈◊〉, the muscle turning up the Wand. θ, the upper muscle flatting the Wand, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, the. second of the arme-benders, whose beginning is χ, and tendon λ, o, a portion of the muscle, whereof one part yeelds tendons to the wrest, the other to the thumbe. 〈◊〉〈◊〉, the fleshlesse articulation of the thumbe. ρ, a muscle inserted into the wrest, lying neere to the following muscle. σ, a muscle devided into two tendons, the one where∣of is inserted into the first joint of the thumbe, the other into the following. τ, the first muscle of the thigh, whose head is at ν, and tendon at Φ, and insertion at χ. Ψ, the end of the second muscle of the thigh. ω the end of the third muscle of the thigh. 1, the sixt muscle of the legge; his beginning at 2. almost wholy membranous at 3. 4, the ninth muscle of the legge. 5, the eight of the legge. 6, a portion of the sixth and seventh of the thigh. 7, the Glandules of the groines. 8, the eight of the thigh.

[illustration]

9, the second of the legge. 11, the innermost of the anckle. 12, the sixth muscle of the foote, his originall 13. end 14. 15, the seventh of the foote. 16, the tendon of the muscle lifting up the great toe. 17, the muscles extending the foure other toes. 18, the abductor of the great toe. 19, a transverse ligament. 20, a tendon of the ninth muscle of the foote. 21, the first muscle. 22, the fourth muscle of the foote. 23, the tendon of the third muscle. 24. a muscle bending the third bone of the foure lesser toes.

Notes

• * 1.1

  What the Sceletos is.
• * 1.2

  The bones are composed two manner of wayes.
• * 1.3

  2 Sorts of Ar∣ticulation. What Diar∣thosis and Synarthrosis are. 3. Sorts of Di∣arthrosis. What Enar∣throsis is,
• * 1.4

  What Arthro∣dia.
• * 1.5

  What Cephale is. What Corone is. What Cotyle is What Glene is What Gingly∣mos.
• * 1.6

  3 Kinds of Synarthrosis.
• * 1.7

  What a Suture is. What Gom∣phosis is. What Har∣monia is.
• * 1.8

  What Symphy∣asis is.
• * 1.9

  Synchondrosis.
• * 1.10

  Syneurosis.
• * 1.11

  The things signified by word Nerve. Synsarcosis.
• * 1.12

  The ••8. of the La•…•…x.
• * 1.13

  The head is mooved by 14. Muscles.
• * 1.14

  The 8. Muscles of the necke.
• * 1.15

  The Muscles of the chest 18.
• * 1.16

  The 8. muscles of the lower belly.
• * 1.17

  The 6. or 8. of the loines.
• * 1.18

  The two Cre∣masters of the Testicles.
• * 1.19

  The three of the fundament.
• * 1.20

  The muscles of the Arme 〈◊〉〈◊〉 generall 32.
• * 1.21

  The muscles of the legge in generall 50.