The workes of that famous chirurgion Ambrose Parey translated out of Latine and compared with the French. by Th: Johnson

THE FIFTH BOOKE OF THE ANIMALL parts contained in the Head. (Book 5)

CHAP. I. A Generall description of the Head.

HAving hitherto declared two generall parts of mans body, that is, the Naturall and vitall, it is now fit to betake our selves to the last, that is, the Animall, beginning with the head.

Whrefore we will first define the head, then divide it into its parts; thirdly describe each of these parts; fourthly demon∣strate them after the order they offer themselves to our sight in dissection.

The head therefore is the seat of the senses, the Pallace and habitation of reason and wisedome, from whence as from a * 1.1 fountaine infinite actions and commodities arise. It is seated above the rest of the body, that the Animall spirit from thence, as from a tower, may governe and mo∣derate * 1.2 the whole body, and performe all actions according to the praescript of nature. By the head we understand all that which is contained from the Crowne of the head to the first vertebra of the neck.

The best figure of the head is round, lightly flatted on each side, extuberating some∣thing * 1.3 to the fore and hinde part thereof. For from hence is taken an argument of the goodnesse of the senses; on the contrary, those which are exactly round, or acu∣minate, and sharp towards the top, are not thought good. The head is devided into the face, forehead, temples, the forepart, the crowne and hinde part. * 1.4

By the face we understand, whatsoever is contained between the Eye-browes and the lower part of the chin. By the forehead, all the space from the eye-browes even to the Coronall future. By the temples, whatsoever is hollowed from the lesser Corner of the eye, even to the eares. By the forepart of the head, whatsoever runnes in length from the top of the forehead, or the Coronall suture, even to the suture lambdoides, and on each side to the Ossa petrosa, the stony bones, or scaly sutures. By the Crowne we signifie a certaine point exquisitely in the midst of the Sagittall future, which is suf∣fyciently knowne. By the Occiput or hindepart of the head, that which is terminated by the suture lambdoides, and the first vertebra of the neck.

Of all these parts there be some simple, some compound, besides some are con∣taining,

some contained. Of the containing some are common to all the parts of the head, as the skinne, the fleshy pannicle and pericranium; others are proper to certaine * 1.5 parts, as the fleshy panicle to the neck, face, forehead, and skin covering the Cranium, the common coat of the muscles to the fat and face; The skull and both the Meninges to the braine.

The parts contained are the substance of the braine, the foure ventricules, and the bodyes contained in them, the nerves, the mamillary processes; the Plexus Choroides or * 1.6 Rete Admirabile, the Glandula Basilaris, and others of which we will speak hereafter.

Wee must now speak of the containing parts beginning with the skinne; for the order of teaching requires that we take our Exordium from the more simple, but first we will say some thing of the haires.

The haire is nothing els than an excrement generated and formed of the more * 1.7 grosse and terrene portion of the superfluities of the third concoction, which could not be wasted by insensible transpiration. The benefite of it is, that consuming the grosse * 1.8 and fuliginous or sooty excrements of the braine it becomes a cover and ornament for the head.

This haire of the head and eye-browes have their originall from the first confor∣mation of the infant in the wombe, the rest of the haires of the body arise and grow forth as the body growes and becomes more dry, of which sort are the haires which cover the Chin, armeholes, groines and other parts of our bodyes.

CHAP. II. Of the musculous skinne of the Head, (commonly called the hairy scalpe) and of the Pericranium.

THe skinne which covers the Scull, and is covered with the haire, is farre more fleshy, thick, hard and dry than any other part of the body, especially * 1.9 which wants haire. The skinne hath almost the like condition of quality as those parts have, which it doth simply cover, but is as it were lost in them, or growne into one with them, as in the lips and forehead with the fleshy pannicle, wherefore it is there called musculous; in other places it adheres to the gristles, as on the sides of the nosethrilles and corners of the Eyes, whereupon it is there called gristlely.

It hath connexion with the Pericranium because joined to it, it receives nerves from the first and second vertebra of the necke, and from the third conjugation of the braine which are disseminated through all its substance, whereby it comes to passe, that the wounds, contusions, and impostumes that happen in or upon this skinne, are not to be neglected.

The * 1.10 Pericranium (but I suppose it should be the Periostium) is a most thin mem∣brane, which next and immediately covers all the bones of the body, and this on the head is called by a peculiar name the Pericranium by reason of the excellency of the Cranium or skull, in other bones it is tearmed the Periostium: And as the Pericranium takes its originall from the Crassa meninx propagating it selfe by certaine strings or threds sent forth by the sutures and holes of the skull, so all other membranes of the body have their originall either from this Pericranium, or the Crassa meninx, sending forth their productions, as well by the holes or passages of the head, as by these of the spinall marrow or back bone it selfe, even to the Holy bone.

Of which this is an argument, for in what part soever of the body a membrane is hurt, presently the hurt or sense thereof comes to the Crassa meninx. For so those who have but their litle Toe hurt when they sneese, or cough, perceive an increase of their paine, by the passage thereof to the braine.

The vse of this Pericranium is to cover the skull, and to give notice of things hurt∣full, by the power of the quick sense which it is endued withall, and the Periostium doth the like in other bones. Besides it sustaines and fastens by the sutures the Crassa meninx to the skull; least it should fall by reason of its weight upon the Pia mater, and

so hurt it, and hinder the pulsation of the braine and arteryes that are plenteously spread through both the Meninges. Wherefore the Pericranium hath most strait connexion with the Crassa meninx, because it takes the originall from thence.

We must thinke the same of the other membranes of the body, which thing is very notable in the solution of the continuity of the membranes.

CHAP. III. Of the Sutures.

THe Sutures do sew or fasten together the bones of the skull; these be * 1.11 5 in number. Three are true and legitimate, two false and spurious. The Coronal, the first of the true sutures, is seated in the forepart of the head, descending downewards overtwhart the forepart of the head to the midst of the temples; it is so called, because Corollae, that is, wreaths, crownes or garlands, are set upon that place:

The second is called the Sagittalis, or right suture, as that which running through the crowne devides the head into two equall parts, as with a straigth line, running the length of it from the Coronall to the Lambdoides or hinde suture.

But this third suture Lambdoides, is so called because it represents this Capitall greek letter Lambda, Λ. You must understand this description of the sutures, not as alwaies but as for the greater part to be thus. For there be some skulls that want the foremost * 1.12 suture, othersome the hind, & somtimes such as have none of the true sutures, but on∣ly the false & spurious. But also you shal somtimes find the Sagittal to run to the nose.

And oft times there be three or foure sutures in the backe part of the head, so that indeed the number of the sutures is not certaine. Which also we find observed by Cornelius Celsus, where he writes, that Hippocrates was deceived by the sutures by * 1.13 chance, for that he conjectured that the bones of the backe part of the head, were broken, because his Probe thrust to the roughnes of the second suture Lambdoides, staied as at a Cleft made in the bone by a stroake.

The other two are called the false, stony and scaly sutures, by reason they are made by a scaly conjunction of the bones, but not by a toothed saw or combe-like con∣nexion. But if any aske, why the head consists not of one bone, that so it might be the * 1.14 stronger: I answere it is, that so it might be the safer both from internall and externall injuries. For the scull being as it were the tunnel of the chymney of this humane fa∣brick, to which all the smoky vapours of the whole body ascend, if it had beene com∣posed of one bone, these vapours should have had no passage fourth.

Wherefore the grosser vapours passe away by the sutures, but the more subtile by the pores of the scull; some have their sutures very open; but others on the con∣trary very close.

Therefore nature hath otherwise compendiously provided for such as want sutures; * 1.15 For it hath made one or two holes, some two fingers bredth from the Lambdoides, through which the Vena pupis enters into the skull, and they are of that largenes that you may put a points tagge into them, that so the vapours may have free passage forth, otherwise there would be danger of death; thus nature hath beene careful to provide for man against internall injuries; and in like manner against externall, for it hath made the head to consist of diverse bones, that when one bone is broken the other may be safe, the violence of the stroak being stayed in the division of the bones.

Whereby you may know, that if the skull chance to be broken in the opposite side * 1.16 to that which received the blow, that it happens either by reason of the defect of Su∣tures, or else because they are unperfect, and too firmely closed; otherwise it is unpossi∣ble such fractures should happen by reason of the separation of the bones, which breakes the violence of the blow that it can goe no further.

And certainely as it is rare to find a skull without Sutures, so it is rare to find such kinde of fractures. Therfore Chirurgions must diligently observe the Sutures and site of them, least they bee deceived and take them for fractures, or unawares apply a

Trepan to them, whence by breaking the veines, arteryes and nervous fibers by which * 1.17 the internall parts communicate with the externall, there may ensue increase of paine, a violent defluxion of blood upon the Crassa meninx, and the falling thereof upon the braine, (the fibers being broken by which it stuck to the Pericranium) and so con∣sequently a deadly interception of the pulsation of the Braine.

CHAP. IIII. Of the Cranium, or Skull.

THe Cranium, or Skull covering the braine like an Helmet, is composed and * 1.18 consists of seaven bones, of which some are more dense, thick and hard than other some. The First is the Os occipitis, or Nowle bone seated in the back part of the head, more hard and thicke than the rest, because we want * 1.19 hands and eyes behind, whereby we may keep or save our selves from falling.

This bone is circumscribed, or bounded by the suture Lambdoides, and the * 1.20 Os basilare. The eminencies and as it were heads of this bone are received into the first vertebra; for upon this the head is turned forwards and backwards, by the force of fourteene muscles and strong ligaments, which firmely tye these heads of the Nowle bone in the cavityes of this first vertebra.

The Second bone of the skull is in the forepart, and is called the Os coronale or Os frontis the forehead bone, it hath the second place in strength and thicknesse. It is bounded by the Coronal suture, and the ends of the wedgebone: in this forehead bone there is often found a great cavity under the upper part of the eye-browes, filled with a glutinous, grosse, viscide and white matter or substance, which is thought to helpe to elaborate the aire for the sense of smelling.

Chirurgions must take speciall notice of this cavity, because when the head chances to be broken in that place, it may happen, that the fracture exceeds not the first table; wherefore they being ignorant of this cavity, and moved with a false perswasion that they see the braine, they may thinke the bone wholy broken, and to presse the Me∣ninges, whereupon they will dilate the wound, apply a Trepan and other instruments to lift up the second table of the bone, without any need at all, and with the manifest danger of the life of the patient.

The third and fourth bones of the Skull are the Ossa parietalia, or Bregmatis, having * 1.21 the third place of density and thicknes; although this density and thicknes be different in diverse places of them. For on the upper part of the head, or crowne, (where that substance turnes not to a bone in children untill they have all their teeth, so that it feeles soft in touching, and through it you may feele the beating of the braine) these bones are very tender, so that oft times, they are no thicker than ones naile, that so the moist and vapourous excrements of the braine, shut up where the greater portion of the braine resides, may have a freer passage by the Braines Diastole and Systole. These two square bones are bounded above with the Sagittall suture, below with the scaly, on the forepart with the coronall, and on the hinde part with the Lambdoides.

The fifth and sixth bone of the skull are the two Ossa petrosa stony or scaly bones which are next to the former in strength. They are bounded with the false or bastard * 1.22 Suture, and with part of the Lambdoides, and wedgebone.

The seaventh is the Os sphenoides, basilare or Cuneiforme that is, the wedgebone. It * 1.23 is called Basilare, because it is as it were the Basis of the head. To this the rest of the bones of the head are fitly fastened in their places. This bone is bounded on each side with the bones of the forehead, the stony bones, and bones of the Nowle and pallate. The figure represents a Batte, and its processes her wings.

There is besides these another bone at the Basis of the forehead bone, into which * 1.24 the mamillary processes end, the Greekes call it 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Latines Cribrosum and Spongiosum, the Spongy bone, because it hath many holes in it not perforated in a di∣rect passage, as in a sive, but winding and anfractuous, that the aire should not by the force of attraction presently leap or ascend into the braine, and affect it with its

qualityes, before it be elaborated by its lingring in the way. There are besides also * 1.25 sixe other little bones lying hid in the stony bones, at the hole, or Auditory passage; on each side three, that is to say, the Ineus or Anvill, the Malleolus or Hammer, and the Stapes or stirrop, because in their figure they represent these three things; the use of these we will declare hereafter.

But also in some skuls there are found some divisions of bones, as it were collected fragments to the bignesse almost of ones thumbe, furnished and distinguished by their proper commissures, or sutures, which thing is very fit to be known to a Chyrur∣gion in the use of a Trepan.

Verily he may give a conjecture hereof, whilest he separates the Pericranium from * 1.26 the skull, for the pericranium is with greater difficulty pluckt away from the sutures, because the Crassa meninx hath straiter connexion therewith by his nervous fibers sent forth in such places. The Skuls in women are softer and thinner than in men, and in children more than in women, and in young men more then in men of a middle age. Also the Aethiopians or Blackamoores, as also all the people inhabiting to the South, have their sculles more hard and composed with fewer sutures.

Therefore as it is written by Hippocrates, such as have their Skulls the softer, the Symptomes in fractures are more dangerous and to be feared in them. But the skull by how much the softer it is, by so much it more easily and readily yeilds to the per∣forating Trepan. Moreover in some skuls, there bee bunches standing out besides nature, made either round, or cornered, which the Chirurgion must observe for two causes; the first is for the better consideration of a blow or fracture. For in these bunches, or knots, the solution of the continuity cannot be, if it seeme to be stretched in length, but that the wound must penetrate to the inner parts. For in a round body there can be no long wound; but it must be deepe, by the weapon forced the deeper; because as a round body touches a plaine but onely inpuncte in a prick or point, so what-so-ever falls only lightly or superficially upon it, onely touches a point thereof. But on the contrary a long wound must be upon a plaine surface, which may be but only superficiall.

Another cause is, because such bunches change the figure and site of the Sutures. * 1.27 And the Chirurgion must note that the skuls hath two tables, in the midst whereof the Diploe is; which is a spongy substance into which many veines and arteryes & a cer∣taine fleshynesse are inserted, that the skull should not be so heavy, and that it might have within it selfe provision for the life thereof; and lastly that there might be freer passage out for the fuliginous vapours of the braine.

The upper table is thicker, denser, stronger and smoother than the lower. For this as it is the slenderer, so it is the more unequall, that it may give place to the internall veines and arteryes (which make a manifest impression into the second table on the inside thereof) from which branches enter into the skull by the holes which containe the eyes. Which thing fastens the Crassa meninx to the skull, and is therefore very worthy to be observed.

For in great contusions when no fracture or fissure appeares in the skull by reason * 1.28 of the great concussion or shaking of the braine, these vessels are often broken, whence happens a flux of blood between the skull and membranes, and lastly death. But it is fit the Chirurgion take good heed to the tender and soft substance of the Diploe, that when he comes to it, having passed the first table, he may carefully use his Trepan, least by leaning too hard, it run in too violently, and hurt the membranes lying underneath it, whence convulsion and death would follow. To which danger I have found a reme∣dy, by the happy invention of a Trepan, as I will hereafter more at large declare in handeling the wounds of the head.

CHAP. V. Of the Meninges, that is, the two membranes called Dura Mater and Pia Mater.

THe Crassa meninx is one of the first and principall membranes of the body; * 1.29 it goes forth by the futures and the holes of the nerves that proceed out of the skull; and it passes forth by the bone Ethmoides perforated for that purpose, to carry smels to the Braine, and purge it of excrementitious hu∣mors. This same Crassa meninx invests the inner coate of the Nose; also it passes forth of the great hole through which the spinall marrow passes, vested with this Crassa me∣ninx, with all the nerves and membranes. For which cause, if any membrane in the whole body be hurt, by reason of that continuation which it hath with the Meninges, it straight communicates the hurt to the head by consent.

The Crassa meninx is thicker and harder than all other membranes in the body; * 1.30 whereupon it hath got the name of the Dura mater, besides also it begirts, produces, and defends the other membranes.

The use of it is to involue all the braine, and to keepe it when it is dilated, that * 1.31 it be not hurt by the hardnesse of the Scull. For the course of nature is such, that it alwayes places some third thing of a middle nature, betwixt two contraryes. Also the Crassa meninx, yeelds another commodity, which is, that it carryes the veines and arteryes entring the Scull fora long space. For they infinuate themselves into that part, where the duplicated or folded Meninges separate the braine from the Cere∣bellum, and so from thence they are led by the sides of the Cerebellum, untill they come, as it were, to the toppe thereof; where being united they infinuate them∣selves into that other part of the Crassa meninx, where in like manner being dupli∣cated and doubled, it parts the braine at the top into the right and left; These united veines run in a direct passage even to the fore-head, after the manner of the Sagit∣tall suture; They have called this passage of the mutually infolded veines, the Torcu∣lar, * 1.32 or Presse, because the blood which nourishes the braine is pressed and drops from thence by the infinite mouthes of these small veines. Therefore also here is another use of the Crassa meninx, to distinguish the braine by its duplication, being it thrusts it selfe deepe into its body, into two parts, the fore and hind, and present∣ly * 1.33 to separate the same into the right and left; that one part being hurt, the other may remaine safe and sound, performing its duty to the creature, as we see in some that have the Palsey. Columbus observed that this Meninx was double, and verily I have found it true by my owne sight.

The other Meninx or membrane of the braine, called Piamater, is most slender * 1.34 interchased with divers veines and arteryes, for its owne and the braines nourish∣ment and life. This doth not onely involve the Braine, as the Crassa meninx doth, but also more deeply penetrates into the anfractuous passages thereof, that it may every where joyne and bind it to it selfe, not easily to be drawne from thence, by many small fibers whereby it descends even to the cavities of the ventricles there∣of. Wherefore you must see it absolutely in the site as wee have mentioned, and not plucke it away unlesse with the substance of the Braine.

These membranes when they are hurt or afflicted, cause greivous and most bitter torment and paine; wherefore I dare say, that these membranes are rather the au∣thors * 1.35 of sense than the braine it selfe, because in diseases of the Braine, as in the Le∣thargie, the party affected is troubled with litle or no sense of paine.

CHAP. VI. Of the Braine.

NOw followeth the Braine, the beginning of the nerves and voluntary motion, * 1.36 the instrument of the first and principall faculty of the Soule, that is, the Animall and Rationall. Man hath this part in greater plenty then any o∣ther * 1.37 Creature, for it almost fills the whole Scull. But if it should have filled it all, the Braine could not be moved, that is, dilated and contracted in the Scull. It is of a cold and moist Temperature. The laudible temper of the braine is knowne by the integrity and perfection of the internall and externall senses, the indifferency of * 1.38 sleepe and waking, the Maturity or ripenesse of judgment, and constancy of opini∣ons, from which, unlesse it meet with better and more probable, it is not easie to be moved.

[illustration]

The first figure of the head, as it appeares when the scull is taken away. The second figure shewing the Braine, the scull and Dura mater being taken off.

AA, BB. The Dura meninx or thicke membrane.

CCC. The third Sinus of this membrane.

DD. The course of the veines as they runne through the membrane, or the second veine of the braine.

EE. The first veine of the braine.

FFF. Certaine smal veines which perforate the scull and reach to the periçranium or Scull∣skin.

GGG. Fibres of the Dura meninx passing through the Coronall Suture, which fibres make the Pericranium.

HH. fibres passing through the sagittall Suture.

II. Others passing through the Lambdall Suture.

K. A knub which useth to grow to the Sinus of the Scull.

L. A cavitie in the fore-head bone.

M. The Scull.

N. The Pericranium or Scull-skinne.

Fig. 2.

AAA. A part of the Crasse meninx dividing the braine. BB. the third Sinus of the same Crasse membrane opened. CC. the beginning of the vessels out of the third Sinus into the Piamater. DDD. the propagation or branches of these vessels. EEE. the Piamater or thin meninx immediately compas∣sing

[illustration]

the braine. FFF. Certaine vessels running through the convolutions or branches of the braine. GGG. Certaine branches of veines running through the sides of the dura meninx. HHH. The thicke membrane reflected downeward.

You shall know the braine is more hott, by the quicknesse of the senses and motions of the body, by shortnesse of sleepe, the suddaine conceiving of opinions and change of them, by the slippery and failing memory, and lastly by easily receiving hurt from hot things, as the Sunne and Fire. Such as have a cold braine, are slow to learning, and to conceive other things, but they do not easily put away their once conceived opinions. They have slow motion to action, and are sleepy. Those who have a dry braine, are also slow to learne; for you shall not easily imprint any thing in dry bodyes, but they are most constant reteiners of those things they have once learned; also the motions of their bodyes are quicke and nimble. Those who have a moist braine doe easily learne, but have an ill memory, for with like facility as they admit the species of things and imprint them in their minds, doe they suffer them to slide and slip out of it againe. So Clay doth easily admit what Character or impression soever you will, but the parts of this Clay which easily gave way to this impression, going together againe, mixes, obliterates and confounds the same. There∣fore the senses proceeding from a cold braine are dull, the motions flow, the sleepe profound.

The Action of the braine is to elaborate the Animall Spirit and necessary sense * 1.39 serving the whole body, and to subject it selfe as an instrument to the principall fa∣culties, as to reason. The braine is twofold, the fore and hinde. The hinde by reason * 1.40 of its smallnesse is called the Cerebellum, (the litle or After-braine). But the fore by reason of its magnitude hath retained the absolute name of the braine. Againe this fore-braine is two-fold, the right and left, parted by that depression, which wee formerly mentioned, of the Meninges into the body of the braine. But this division is not to be here so absolutely taken, as though the Braine were exactly divided and separated into so many parts, but in the sense, as we say the Liver and Lungs are divi∣ded a pretty way; whereas at their Basis they have one continued body. The outward surface of the Braine is soft, but the inward hard, callous and very smooth; when on the contrary, the outward appeares indented and unequall with many windings, and crested as it were with many wormelike foldings.

CHAP. VII. Of the ventricles and mamillary processes of the Braine.

FOr the easie demonstration of the ventricles of the braine, it is convenient * 1.41 you cut away a large portion thereof, and in your cutting observe the blood sweating our of the pores of it. But besides, it is fit you consider the spongy substance by which the excrements of the braine are heaped up, to be presently strained out, and sent away by the hollow passage. In the substance of * 1.42 the braine you must observe 4 ventricles, mutually conjoined by certaine passages, by which the spirits endued with the species of things sensible, may goe from one into another. The first and two greater, one on each side are placed in the upper braine. The third is under them in the middle part of the braine. The fourth and last at the * 1.43 fore side of the Cerebellum, towards the beginning of the spinall marrow. The two formost are extended the length way of the braine in the forme of a semicircle, whose hornes looke or bend outwards. They are spacious and large, because it was meet the Spirits contained there together with their excrements, should be there purified and clensed; but in other ventricles, the pure and already elaborate spirits are onely re∣ceived. These ventricles are white and smooth in their inner superficies; but that on each side they have an extuberancy at the midst of the semicircle, scituate at the

basis of the Pillar of the middle ventricle towards the nose under the Septum lucidum or cleere partition, severing or parting in sunder these two ventricles.

This Septum lucidum, or cleare or thin partition, is nothing else than a portion of * 1.44 the braine indifferently solide, but very cleere, that so through this partition the animall spirits contained in these two ventricles may mutually passe and bee commu∣nicated, and yet no other grosser substance may peirce the thin density thereof.

Wherefore it is not to be feared, that the water contained in one of the ventricles * 1.45 may passe to the other through this partitiō, as I have oft times observed to the great admiration of the spectators in the dead bodyes of such as dyed of the Palsy, in which I have found the ventricle of that side which was taken with the palsy much dilated, according to the quantity of the water contained therein, the other being either wholy empty and without any; or certainly no fuller than in any other, dead through any other occasion. For some affirme that there is a certaine kind of waterish moisture alwaies to be found in the ventricles, which may be made by the condensation of the Animall spirits by the force of the deadly cold. But these two first ventricles of the braine goe into one common passage, as both the bellowes of a fornace, whereby the spirit instructed with the species of things goes into the under, or middle ventricle from theformer. In these same first ventricles the Plexus Choroides is to be considered, and in like manner the passage by which the grosser excrements are driven or sent into the pituitary Glandule.

[illustration]

The Third Figure represents the Cerebellum with the wormy processes separated from it.

AB, The right and left part of the After-braine.

C D, The anterior and po∣sterior regions of the middle part of the After braine.

E, The anterior wormy processe.

F, The posterior wormy processe.

GG, In this place the Af∣ter-braine did grow to the spinall marrow. H, The cavity in the spinall marrow maketh the forth ventri∣cle. I K. The anterior and posterior processes of the braine, called vermi-formes or the wormy processes.

This Plexus Choroides is nothing else, but a production of the Pia mater diversly * 1.46 folded with the mutuall implication of veines and arterys woven in the forme of a net. These vessels are of magnitude and capacity sufficient, both to yeild life and nourishment to that particle to which they are fastened, as also for the generation of the Animall spirits, as which take fit matter from the veines stretched fourth into this same Plexus, the hinde artery and veine Torcular; and also from the aire entring * 1.47 into the braine by the mamillary processes. But the mamillary processes are certaine common waies for conveyance of the aire and smells into the braine, and carrying of excrements from the braine.

For thus in them who have the Catarrhe and Corizae or pose, neither the aire, nor smels can penetrate into the braine; whence frequent sneesings ensue, the braine strongly moving it selfe to the expulsion of that which is troublesome to it. But of the excrements of the braine, whether bred there, or proceeding from some other part, some are of a fumide and vaporous nature which breathe insensibly through the Sutures of the skull; Others are grosse and viscide, of which a great part is expelled

by both these productions, or through each of them. For thus in the Pose you may see some who have one of their nosthrils stopt, the other running, and some who have both obstructed. The most proper benefit of the two first ventricles of the braine is to entertaine the Phantasie as in a convenient seat and habitation, seeing the minde * 1.48 there estimates and disposes in order the species of things brought in from the ex∣ternall senses, that so it may receive a true judgement of them from reason which re∣sides in the middle ventricle.

The third ventricle is seated betweene the hindermost extremityes of the former * 1.49 ventricles; and the last ventricle of the Cerebellum. In this sixe parts present them∣selves to our consideration, that is the Psalloides or Arch, the Conarium, or pine Glan∣dule, the Buttockes, wormelike productions, the Bason and passage which is from this middle into the last and hindemost ventricle. The Psalloides or arch is nothing els, but the cover of the middle ventricle, resembling a roofe borne up with three stayes or pillars, the one whereof is extended to the nose under the Septum lucidum, the two * 1.50 other on each side one, looke towards the backe part of the braine. This is the reason of this figure which is outwardly convexe and inwardly concave, to wit, that there might be free space for that motion which the Animall spirit inwardly produces, and besides that it might more easily sustaine the burden of the braine lying upon it. For an arched figure is the most convenient of all other to sustaine a waight.

The Conarium or Pine glandule, is a small Glandule of the same substance with * 1.51 the braine, round and somewhat long, like a pine Apple, from whence it hath the name; this Glandule is seated over against a small hole which descends to the lowest ventricle. It hath this use, to strengthen the division of the vessells led thither with the production of the Pia mater for the generation of the animall spirits, and the life and nourishment of the braine.

The Nates or Buttocks are subjected or placed under this Glandule, that is, bodies * 1.52 of a solid and white substance drawne out in length like a childs buttocks, especially in beasts, and cheifly in a sheepe. These buttocks have such a solid substance, that so they may keepe open and free the passage, or channell that runnes downe from the middle to the lower ventricle, by meanes of which the Braine participates with the Cerebellum.

The worme is a production of the Cerebellum or After-braine, to wit a por∣tion of the same being in the top or beginning and as it were in the entrance thereof, * 1.53 being like many litle circles or wheeles mutually knit together by slender mem∣branes; and it is so called because it resembles those thicke white wormes which are found in rotten wood. It doth as it were performe the office of a porter to the formerly mentioned passage, that it may give way and entrance into the Cerebellum to a necessary quantity of spirits, when need requires; lest that, if they should rush with a suddaine violence into the Cerebellum, they might confound the imprinted notions of things to be remembred.

The Pelvis or Bason is a passage appointed for the carrying away of the grosse ex∣crements * 1.54 by the palate, and is so called because it hath the similitude and use of a bason or Tunnell: it descends from the third ventricle into the Glandule which is seated betweene the processes of the wedge-bone called the saddle thereof, as you may perceive by putting in a spatherne. Now there remaines the last of the sixe parts proposed to our consideration in the third ventricle, that is, the Channell or passage running from this third ventricle into the fourth, for the use formerly men∣tioned.

This Channell descending in its originall from the Bason, goes from thence under the buttocks into the last ventricle, the Meninges being perforated; which that you * 1.55 may shew, it is fit you put the end of a spatherne through it. The benefit of the third ventricle is; that it may be as a Tribunall or judgment seate to the Reasoning facul∣ty, when the minde will draw conclusions from things seene.

The fourth ventricle is seated in the place we formerly mentioned; it is lesse than * 1.56 the rest, but more solide; lesse as that which was not to receive the spirit before it was purified, and clensed from all impurities; but more solid that it might con∣taine it the safer. The use therof is, to be as a Treasury and store-house of the opinion,

and judgments which reason shall decree, that when neede requires, wee may fetch and draw them from thence as laid up in store. I know Galen, and the Greeke Phy∣sitions have not so distinguished in places the three fore-mentioned facultyes; but have written, that they all are all over confused through the whole substance of the braine, which opinion also Fernelius in his Pathologia hath renewed. Yet I had rather follow this opinion, as commonly received and celebrated by the Arabian Phy∣sitions.

The Mammillary processes are the instruments and passages of smelling, being of * 1.57 the same substance with the braine, and like nerves, which runne out from the hinde hornes of the upper or foremost ventricles of the braine to the Ethmoides and spon∣gy bones of the nose, that hence they may receive the divers kinds of smells, and carry them into the Braine. But although they be like nerves, yet they are not ac∣counted nerves because they go not out of the scull.

[illustration]

The Fourth and Fift figures of the Braine.

Figure 5.

R R R, The lower superficies of the callous body reflected.

S T V, The triangular surface of the Fornix or Arch.

X X, The lower part of the partition of the ventricles continuated with the Arch.

Y Y, The upper part of the partiti∣on continued with the callous body.

Figure 6.

A A A, The lower surface of the Arch.

B C, Two corners of the Arch, by which it is continuated with the ventricles.

D E, The right and left ventricles.

F G, Arteries climbing up from the sleepy arteries through the lower side of the ventricles for the for∣ming of that complication of ves∣sels which is called Plexus cho∣roides.

H, A vessell issuing out of the fourth Sinus under the Arch, and passing into the third venticle.

I K L, The division of this vessell, a part whereof goeth to the right venticle at K, and another to the left at L.

M N, The Plexus choroides made of the artery F G, and the vessell H.

O O, Small veines passing thorough the ventricles of the braine, pro∣duced from the vessels K and L.

P, Other veines arising from the same, dispersed without the ventricles into the Piamater. Q. A passage from the third ventricle unto the Bason or Tunnell. R S, Canales or Sinus graven or furrowed in the substance of the ventricles, in which the phlegme is led along to the orifice of the foresaid passage marked with Q.

[illustration]

The Sixth figure of the Braine.

Figure 10.

A A, Parts of the spinall marrow cut from the braine.

BC, The places where th•…•… marrow did grow un∣to the braine.

D E, The Testicles. FG, The buttocks, H. the pine-glandule.

From I to K, A part of the third ventricle go∣ing to the fourth, under the Testicles.

K L M N, A part of the fourth ventricle which is engraven in the mar∣row. O, The top of the fourth venticle. P, The place where the spinall marrow goeth out of the skull. Figure 11. AB. Parts of the opticke nerves. C D, The sleepy arteries. E, The Bason or Tunnell hanging downe. F, A hole or perforation of the dura meninx, through which the Tunnell reacheth unto the glandule. GG, Parts of the second conjugation of sinnewes. Figure 12. A, The Glandule. B, The Bason or Tunnell called Peluis or Infundibulum. C D E F, The foure holes thorough which the phlegmaticke excrement issueth.

CHAP. VIII. Of the 7. conjugations of the Nerves of the Braine, so called, because they alwayes shew the Nerves conjugated and doubled, that, is on each side one.

THe nerves are the waies and instruments of the animall spirit and facultyes * 1.58 of which those spirits are the vehicles, as long as they are contained in the braine; they consist of the only and simple marrowey substance of the braine; or spinall marrow. But passing forth of the braine, they * 1.59 have another membranous substance which involves them joined with them from the two membranes of the braine; and according to the opinion of some Anato∣mists, they have also a third from the ligaments drawen as well from divers others, as from these by which they are tyed to the Vertebra's; Yet this opinion seemes absurd to me, seeing such a membrane, as that which is insensible, wholy repugnes the con∣dition of a nerve, which is to give sense to the parts to which it is inserted.

The magnitude of the nerves is different, according to the divers necessity of sense incident to the parts into which they are inserted. Their figure is round, and long * 1.60 like to a conduit pipe to carry water in; the membranes of the braine, with which the nerves are covered, being dilated and stretched over them, after the same manner that the processes of the Peritonaeum involves the spermatick vessels, with which they goe downe to the Testicles, and take life and nourishment by the capillary veines and arteryes, which descend to them with the membranes. They are made for this use, that they may impart sense to the sensitive parts, and motion to these that are fit to * 1.61 be moved. All the nerves descend from the braine either mediatly, or immediately; their Number is seaven and thirty paire, or conjugations, whereof seaven have their * 1.62 originall immediately from the braine, the other thirty from the spinall marrow.

The first conjugation of the nerves of the braine is thicker than all the rest, and * 1.63 goes to the eyes, to carry the visive spirit to them. These ariseing from diverse parts

of the braine, in the middle way before they goe out of the skull meet together crosse-wise like the Iron of a Mill (which is fastened in the upper stone) going into one common passage with their cavityes not visible to the eye; that so the spirits brought by those two nerves may be communicated, and they are mutually joyned and meet together so, that being driven back from one eye they may flie backe into the other. An argument wherof may be drawn from such as aime at any thing, who shutting one of their eies, see more accurately; because the force of the neighbouring spirits uni∣ted into one eye, is more strong than when it is dispersed into both. This conjugation when it comes into the glassie humour, is spent in the structure of the net-like coate which containes this humor on the backe part.

The second conjugation goes into many parts, at its passing forth of the skull, and * 1.64 in the bottome of the circle of the eye it is distributed into the seaven muscles move∣ing the eyes.

[illustration]

The Seventh figure shewing the eight conjugations of the Nerves of the braine.

A A, 2. The braine.

BB 1, 2. The After-braine.

CC 1, 2, the swelling of the braine which some call the mammillary processes.

D 1, the beginning of the spinall mar∣row out of the Basis of the braine.

E 1, 2, a part of the spinall marrow when it is ready to issue out of the skull.

F F 1, 2, the mammillary processes which serve for the sence of Smel∣ling.

GG 1, 2, the opticke nerves.

H 1, the coition or union of the op∣ticke nerves.

II 1, 2, the coate of the eye where∣into the optick nerves is extended.

K K 1, 2, the second paire of the si∣news, ordained for the motion of the eyes.

LL 1, 2, the third paire of sinewes, or according to the most Anato∣mists the lesser roote of the third paire.

MM 1, 2, the fourth paire of sinewes, or the greater roote of the third paire.

N 2, a branch of the third conjugati∣on derived to the musculous skin of the forehead.

O 2, a branch of the same to the upper jaw.

P P 2, another into the coate of the nosethrils.

Q 2, another into the temporall muscles. R 2, a branch of the fourth conjugation crumpled like the tendrill of a vine. S 2, a branch of the same reaching unto the upper teeth and the gummes. T 2, another of the same to the lower jaw. V 2, a Surcle of the branch T, to the lower lip. XX 2, another surcle from the branch T, to the rootes of the lower teeth.

[illustration]

YY2, the assumption of the nerves of the fourth conjugation unto the coate of the tongue. Z 1, 2, the fourth paire are vulgarly so called which are spent into the coats of the pallat. a 1, 2. the fift paire of sinewes which belong to the hearing. Φ, the Auditory nerve spred abroad into the cavity of the stony bone. ••, a hard part of the fift conjuga∣tion above, the * which may be counted for a distinct nerve. b 1, 2, a small branch de∣rived from this harder part of the first paire. c 1, 2, a lower branch from the same o∣riginall. d 1, 2, this nerve is commonly ascribed to the fift paire, but indeed is a distinct conjugation which we will call the Eight, because we would not interrupt the order of other mens accounts. e 1, 2, the sixt paire of sinewes. f 2, a branch from them deri∣ved to the neck and the muscles couched thereupon. g 2, another branch to the muscles of the Larinx or throttle, h 1, 2, the seventh paire of sinewes. i 1, the union of the seventh paire with the sixt. l 2, a propagation of the seventh paire to those muscles which arise from the Appendix called Styloides. m 2, Surcles from the seventh conju∣gation to the muscles of the tongue, the bone Hyois and the Larinx. o p q 1, three holes; through the hole o the phlegme yssueth out of the third ventricle of the braine to the Tunnell, and at p q, is the passage of the Sop••rary arteries to the ventricles of the Braine.

The third is two-fold, in the passage out of the skull it is like-wise divided into * 1.65 many branches, of which some are carryed to the temporall muscles, into the Mas∣seteres or Grinding muscles, into the skinne of the face, forehead and nose; Other∣some are sent into the upper part of the cheek, and the parts belonging to it, as into the teeth, gummes and the muscles of the upper lippe; and those which are called the round which incompasse the mouth on the inside; the last are wasted in the coate of the tongue, to bestow upon it the sense of tasting.

The fourth conjugation is much smaller, and is almost wholy wasted upon the * 1.66 coate of the Pallate of the mouth, to endue it also with the sense of tasting.

The fift at its originall and having not as yet passed forth of the skull, is divided * 1.67 into two, and sends the greater portion thereof to the hole of the eare, or passage of hearing, that it may support the auditory faculty; and it sends forth the other lesser portion thereof to the temporall muscles by the passage next to it; by which the se∣cond conjugation passes forth.

The sixt being the greatest next to the first, passing entire forth of the skull, imparts * 1.68 some small branches to certaine muscles of the neck and throttle, and then descending into the chest, it makes the recurrent nerves, and dispersed over all the parts of the two lower bellyes, it passes even to the bladder and testicles, as wee shewed in the former booke.

The seventh is inserted and spent upon the muscles of the bone Hyois, the tongue * 1.69 and some of the throtle, to give them motion; it passes forth of the skull by the hole of the nowle bone at the extuberancies thereof.

CHAP. IX. Of the Rete Mirabile, or wonderfull Net, and of the Wedge-bone.

THe Animall spirit is made of the vitall, sent from the heart by the internall sleepy Arteryes to the braine. For it was requisite that it should be the * 1.70 more elaborate, because the action of the Animall is more excellent than that of the vitall; nature hath framed a texture of Arteryes in many places * 1.71 running crosse one another, in the forme of a Net diverse times doubled; (where∣upon it had the name of the wonderfull Net) that so the spirit by longer delay in these Labyrinthean or maze-like turnings, might be more perfectly concocted and elaborate, and attaine to a greater fitnesse to performe the Animall functions.

This wonderfull Net scituate at the sides of the Apophyses clinoides or productions * 1.72 of the wedgebone, is twofold; that is, divided by the pituitary Glandule which is

scituate betweene the said Apophyses Clinoides, having the wedgebone lying under them, next to the Crassa Meninx, being perforated on the right and left side, next to which lye bones as rare as a sponge even to the Pallate, by which the Phlegme is purged by the mouth and nose; and therehence, I thinke, that spattle flowes, which such as have a moist braine, continually spit out of their mouth.

[illustration]

The Eight figure of the braine.

A, The Braine.

B, The Cerebellum or after braine.

C, A processe of the brain, but not that which is cal∣led Mammillaris.

D D, The marrow of the backe as it is yet with∣in the skul.

E, The Mammillary pro∣cesse or instrument of smelling.

F, The opticke nerve.

G, The coate of the eye in∣to which the opticke nerve is spread.

H, The nerve that moveth the eye or the second payre:

I, The third conjugation; or the harder and lesser branch of the nerves of the third conjugation brought forward.

K, The fourth conjugati∣on or the greater and thicker nerve of the third payre bending downward.

L, A branch of the nerve marked with I, which goeth to the fore-head. M, Another branch of the nerve I, reaching to the upper jaw, NN, A nerve procee∣ding from the branch I, intexed or woven with the coat of the nose. O, The nerve of the temporall muscle issuing from the branch I. P, A nerve contorted of the nerves K and b. Q, A nerve proceeding from the branch K, to the sockets of the upper teeth. R, A nerve creeping from the nerve K, to the lower jaw. S. A surcle of the branch R, offered to the lower lip. TT, Other surcles from the branch R, attaining to the lower teeth, VV, A branch of the nerve K, diffused into the coate of the tongue. X X, The fourth paire of sinews which goe into the coat of the pallat. Y, The fifth paire of sinews which are the nerves of hearing. a, the membrane of the eare, unto which that fifth nerve goeth. b c, two small branches of the fifth conjugation uniting themselves with the nerve P. à, the eight conjugation or a nerve of the fifth paire attaining unto the face. ee, the sixt paire of nerves. f, A branch from the nerve e, reaching to the mus∣cles of the neck. g, Small branches derived unto the throttle or larynx. h, the byfur∣cation of the nerve into two branches. iii, An inner branch hanging to the rackbones, and strengthning the intercostall nerves, and is therefore called Intercostalis. kk, Surcles of the utter branch going to the heads of the muscles, to the breast-bone and to the coller-bones. l m, branches of the right nerve l, making the right Recurrent nerve.

[illustration]

m n, the insertion of the recurrent sinews into the muscles of the larinx. o p, branches of the left nerve making the left recurrent sinew p. qq, branches from the sixt conju∣gation going to the coate of the lungs. r, small nerves of the heart and of the purse thereof called the Pericardium, as also some approaching to the coats of the lungs. s, nerves on either side sent to the stomack. t, the right stomacke nerve going to the left orifice of the stomack. u u, the left stomack nerve going to the right orifice of the sto∣mack. x, a nerve from the branch u, passing into the hollownes of the liver. y, the nerve belonging to the right side of the kell. z, the nerve belonging to the collick gut. α, a nerve creeping to the gut called duodenum and the beginning of the ieiunum or empty gut. β, a nerve implanted in the right side of the bottome of the stomacke. γ, a nerve belonging to the liver and bladder of gall. δ, a nerve reaching unto the right kidney. 〈◊〉〈◊〉, a branch reaching the Mesenterium and the guts. ζ, a branch sprinkled to the right part of the bladder. η, a branch going through the left part of the kel. θα, surcles deri∣ved to the collick gut and the kel. χ, small branches inserted into the spleen. λλ, a nerve approaching to the left side of the bottome of the stomack. μ, a branch belonging to the left side of the Mesentery and the guts. ν, a branch which attaineth to the left kid∣ney. ξ, small nerves creeping through the left side of the bladder. o, the seven paire of finewes. 〈◊〉〈◊〉, a branch derived from the sixt coniugation to the muscles which arise from the processe called Styloides. 〈◊〉〈◊〉, a branch of the seaventh coniugation which go∣eth to the muscles of the tongue, of the bone hyois, and of the throtle or larinx. 〈◊〉〈◊〉, A coniunction or coition of the 6. and 7. paire into one nerve.

These Apophyses clinoides are certaine productions of the Osbasilare or wedge-bone, * 1.73 (called the Saddle thereof,) between which, as I said, the pituitary glandule lies with part of the wonderfull net. There is a great controversie amongst Anatomists concerning this part; for Vesalius denies that it is in man, Columbus admits it, yet hee seemes to confound it with the Plexia Choroides. Truely I have observed it alwayes * 1.74 after the manner, as Sylvius alledges against Vesalius. It remaines, that we recite the perforations of the skull, because the knowledge of these much conduces to the un∣derstanding of the insertions of the veines, arteryes and nerves.

CHAP. X. Of the holes of the inner Basis of the Scull.

IN the first place are reckoned the holes of the bone Ethmoides; then those of the optick nerves; thirdly of the nerves moving the eyes. Fourthly of that portion, of the nerves, of the fourth conjugation which goe to the temporall muscles. Fifthly are reckoned, these holes scarse visible, scituate under the pituitary glandule, by which the spettle is evacuated. Sixthly that hole which is in the wedge bone made for the entrance of the internall sleepy Arteries, composing the wonderfull Net, and then passing into the braine by a great slit. That perforation which we reckon in the seventh place is commonly double, made for the entrance of one of the branches of the internall Iugular veine. The eight hole is some-what long, of an ovall figure, by which, part of the third conjugation and all the fourth conjugation passes forth. The ninth are the auditory passages. The tenth are very small holes, and give way to the veine and artery going to the auditory passage, above the for a men coecum. In the eleaventh place are reckoned the perforations which yeild pas∣sage forth to the sixth paire of nerves, to part of the sleepy Arteries, and of the inter∣nall jugular. In the twelvth those which yeild a way out to the seventh conjugation; The great hole of the Nowle bone through which the spinall marrow passes is rec∣koned the thirteenth. The fourtenth is that, which most commonly is behinde that great hole, by which the Cervicall veines and arteries enter in.

CHAP. XI. Of the perforations of the externall Basis of the Braine.

THere is a hole on each side at the Eye-browes, by which passes a small nerve from the third conjugation comming out of the cavity of the Orbe of the eye, and going by the forehead bone to the eye-browes, that it may give motion to the two muscles of the upper eye-brow and forehead. Yet oftentimes the hole is but to bee seene on one side, oft times there is a cleft instead thereof, otherwhiles it is not perforated nor cleft at all. The second, is the perforation of the greater corner of the eye, by which a portion of the nerves of the third coniu∣gation descends to the coate of the nose; in this hole the Glandula Lachrymalis is seated. The third is seated under the eye, that it may give way to the other portion of the nerves of the third coniugation going to the parts of the face, and the teeth of the upper jaw. The fourth is at the beginning of the pallate, amongst the cutting or shear∣ing teeth, through which a veine, an artery and the coate of the pallate passes out. In the fifth order are reckoned the perforations of the pallate, by which the nerves descend from the fourth coniugation, to give, or cause the taste. In the sixt order are rancked the holes of the pallate serving for respiration, and the flegme falling from the braine by the nosethrils. And there is a cleft under the yoake bone ascending into the Orbe of the eye, by which there is a way, as wel for the nerves of the third coniu∣gation to the Temporall muscles, as also for certaine veines and arteryes. But also there is noted another hole at the mammillary processe, which is not perforated in the iudgement of the sense. Besides there is thought to be another at the hinde roote of the same processe, by which a certaine small veine passes from the Iugular to the Torcular. But I have onely noted these three passages by the way, because there is so much variety in them, that nothing can be certainely said of them.

CHAP. XII. Of the Spinall Marrow, or Pith of the Backe.

THe spinall Marrow is like a River running from the fountaine of the braine. * 1.75 This sends nerves for sense and motion to all the neighbouring parts under the head, spreading its branches as from the body of a tree. These branches, as we shall hereafter shew, are on each side thirty. This same spinall marrow is cove∣red * 1.76 with the two membranes investing the braine, distinguished by no distance of place, as in the braine. But also it hath another membrane added to these, being very hard and dense, which keeps it from being broken and violated by the violent bending of the body forewards and about. The diseases of this marrow doe almost cause the * 1.77 like Symptomes, as the diseases of the braine; For they hurt the sense and motion of all the parts lying beneath them, as for example; If any of the vertebra's of the back bone, be moved out of their place, there followes a distortion or wresting aside of the Marrow; but then especially if it happen that one of the vertebra's be strained, so sharpe and bitter a compression urges the marrow by reason of the bony body of the vertebra, that it will either rend it, or certainely hinder the passage of the spirit by it. But by these same holes of the vertebra's the veines and arteryes goe to the spinall marrow for to give life and nourishment to it, as the nerves by them passe forth into a•…•… the lower parts of the body.

Figure 1. sheweth the forme of the spinall marrow properly so called, with its membranes, and the nerves proceeding from it.

Figure 2. The spinall marrow naked and bare, together with its nerves, as most part of Anatomists have described it.

[illustration]

The tenth figure of the spinall marrow.

A, The beginning of the spinall mar∣row where it fals out of the skull.

B, The thicknesse thereof in the spondels or rack-bones of the loynes.

C, The division thereof into strings, or hairy threds.

D, the seven nerves of the necke.

From D to E or from 7, to 19, shew the nerves of the backe.

From E to F, the nerves of the loynes.

From F to G, the nerves of the os s••∣crum or holy bone.

H, the end of the marrow.

I K L, do shew how the nerves do•• issue from the marrow in strings.

M M, the knots of the sinewes made of the conjunction of those strings.

N O, the membranes that invest the marrow:

Figure 2.

A, The beginning of the spinall mar∣row in the scull.

3, 4, 5, 6, 7, These Characters shew (according to Vesalius opinion) how the conjugations of the nerves of the braine doe take their origi∣nall from the marrow remaining yet within the Skull.

B, The egresse of the spinall marrow out of the skull.

C, The cords or strings whereinto it is divided.

D 7, The marrow of the necke and seven paire of sinewes. E 19, twelve paires or con∣jugations of nerves proceeding from the marrow of the Chest. F 24, The mar∣row of the loynes and 5. paire of sinewes. G 30. the marrow of the holy-bone and 6, paire of sinewes. H, the extremity or end of the spinall marrow.

The End of the Fifth Booke.

Notes

• * 1.1

  What the head is.
• * 1.2

  Why seated in the highest place.
• * 1.3

  The figure.
• * 1.4

  The division thereof.
• * 1.5

  The •…•…ining parts of the head.
• * 1.6

  The parts conteined.
• * 1.7

  What the haire is.
• * 1.8

  The use there∣of.
• * 1.9

  What the hairy scalpe is. Its connexion.
• * 1.10

  Our Author with Fallopius and Laurenti∣us confoundes the pericrani∣um and peri∣••stium: but Vesalius Bau∣hinus and Bar∣theolinus di∣stinguish them making the pericranium thin and soft, and the perio∣stium most thin and ner∣vous, and of most exquisite sense. Why the wounds there∣of must not be neglected. The Pericra∣nium and peri∣ostium of the same nature. Whence all the mem∣branes pro∣ceed. Why when any mem∣branous part is hurt in any part of the body, the head is affected by consent. The use of the Pericranium.
• * 1.11

  Their use and number.
• * 1.12

  Some sculls want Sutures.
• * 1.13

  Cels. lib. 8. Cap. 4.
• * 1.14

  Why the scull consists of di∣vers bones.
• * 1.15

  In what bodies and by what meanes the vena pupis sometimes en∣ters into the parts within the scull.
• * 1.16

  In what men one part of the head being striken, the opposite is broken.
• * 1.17

  Why we must not apply a Trepan to the Sutures.
• * 1.18

  What the Cra∣nium or scull is.
• * 1.19

  Why the nowle bone is harder than the rest.
• * 1.20

  My Author meanes by the Os Basilarae in this place the wedge bone: but some Anatomists make it a Sy∣nonima of this O•• occipitis. The fore-head bone, next to the nowl: bone is harder than the rest. A Cavity to be observed in the forehead bone.
• * 1.21

  Ossa parietalia and bregmatis.
• * 1.22

  Ossa petrosa, or the scaly bones
• * 1.23

  Os Sphenoides, or the wedge-bone.
• * 1.24

  Os Ethmoides or cribrosum.
• * 1.25

  The three bones of the ••uditory pas∣sage.
• * 1.26

  By what meanes a Chi∣rurgion may conjecture, that there are extraordinary sutures in certaine places of the scull. The sculls of such as inha∣bite the Sou∣th••en countries are more hard and dense. We must ob∣serve the excu∣berancies be∣side 〈◊〉〈◊〉 nature which are in some sculls.
• * 1.27

  The site and substance of the Diploe.
• * 1.28

  There may be a deadly rup∣ture of the vessells of the braine with∣out any fra∣cture of the Scull. Caution to be had in the use of the Trepan
• * 1.29

  Why the bone Ethmoides is perforated.
• * 1.30

  The consi∣stence of the Crassa meninx
• * 1.31

  The use.
• * 1.32

  What the Torcular is.
• * 1.33

  One part of the braine be∣ing hurt the other keepes the creature alive.
• * 1.34

  The consi∣stence of the Piamater.
• * 1.35

  The sense of ••he Meninges.
• * 1.36

  What the braine is.
• * 1.37

  The quantity
• * 1.38

  Temper,
• * 1.39

  The Action.
• * 1.40

  Number.
• * 1.41

  The substance of the braine is porous and swe••••s forth blood.
• * 1.42

  The foure ventricles thereof.
• * 1.43

  The magni∣tude of the upper ventri∣cles of the braine.
• * 1.44

  The Septum Lucidum.
• * 1.45

  Why the Palsie o•• ••••de i•…•… presently com∣municated to the other.
• * 1.46

  The Plexus Choroides.
• * 1.47

  The Processus Mammillares.
• * 1.48

  The use of the upper ventricles of the Braine.
• * 1.49

  The seat of the third ven∣tricle of the braine. The parts to be considered in it.
• * 1.50

  What the fornix or Arch is, and the use therof.
• * 1.51

  What the Conartum or pinc Glandule is.
• * 1.52

  What the Nates or But∣tocks are.
• * 1.53

  What the worme is.
• * 1.54

  Here the Pel∣vis or Bason is confounded with the Tunnell.
• * 1.55

  The Channell from the third into the fourth ventricle.
• * 1.56

  The fourth ventricle of the Braine.
• * 1.57

  The use of the Mammillary processes.
• * 1.58

  What a Nerve or Sinew is.
• * 1.59

  Its substance. Whether the nerves have a third mem¦brane from the Ligaments of the Vertebra's.
• * 1.60

  Their magni∣tude. Their figure.
• * 1.61

  Their use.
• * 1.62

  Their number
• * 1.63

  The first con∣jugation of nerve••.
• * 1.64

  The second conjugation.
• * 1.65

  The third conjugation.
• * 1.66

  The fourth conjugation.
• * 1.67

  The fift con∣jugation.
• * 1.68

  The sixt con∣jugation.
• * 1.69

  The seventh conjugation.
• * 1.70

  The existence of the Animall spirit.
• * 1.71

  What the Rete Mirabile is,
• * 1.72

  The site, and number.
• * 1.73

  What the Apophyses Cli∣noides are.
• * 1.74

  Whether the Rete mirabio differ from the Plexus choroi∣des.
• * 1.75

  What the Spinall mar∣row is.
• * 1.76

  The coats of the spinall marrow.
• * 1.77

  The diseases from the hur∣ting of the spinall mar∣row.