Andreas Ornithoparcus his Micrologus, or Introduction: containing the art of singing Digested into foure bookes. Not onely profitable, but also necessary for all that are studious of musicke. Also the dimension and perfect vse of the monochord, according to Guido Aretinus. By Iohn Douland lutenist, lute-player, and Bachelor of Musicke in both the Vniuersities. 1609.

THE THIRD BOOKE OF ORNI∣TOPARCHVS HIS MVSICKE, TOVCHING THE ECCLESIASTICALL ACCENT. (Book 3)

The Argument of Master Choterus vpon the Third Booke. (Book 3)

THE FIRST CHAPTER.

In Praise of Accent.

ACcent hath great affinitie with Concent, for they be brothers: because Sonus, or Sound, (the King of Ecclesiasticall Har∣mony) is Father to them both, and begat the one vpon Grammar; the other vpon Musicke, whom after the Father had seene to be of excellent gifts both of body and wit, and the one not to yeeld to the other in any kind of knowledge, and further that himselfe (now growing in yeeres) could not liue long, he be∣gan to thinke, which he should leaue his kingdome vnto; beholding some∣time the one, sometime the other, and the fashions of both. The Accent was elder by yeares, graue, eloquent, but seuere: therefore to the people lesse pleasing. The Concent was merry, frollicke, liuely, acceptable to all, desiring more to be loued, than to be feared: by which he easily wonne vnto him all mens minds. Which the Father noting, was daily more and more troubled, in making his choyse. For the Accent was more frugall, the other more plea∣sing to the people. Appointing therefore a certaine day, and calling toge∣ther the Peeres of his Realme, to wit, Singers, Poets, Orators, morall Philo∣sophers, besides Ecclesiastical Gouernors, which in that Function held place next to the King, before these King Sonus is said to haue made this Oration: My noble Peeres, which haue vndergone many dangers of warre, by land and sea, and yet by my conduct haue caried the Prize throughout the whole world; behold, the whole world is vnder our Rule, wee haue no enemy, all things may goe prosperously with you; only vpon me death increaseth, and life fadeth, my body is weakned with labor, my soule consumed with Care, I can expect nothing sooner than death. Wherfore I purpose to appoint one of my Sonnes Lord ouer you, him (I say) whom you shall by your common voyces choose, that he may defend this Kingdome, which hath been pur∣chased with your blood, from the wrong and inuasion of our enemies.

When he had thus said, the Nobles began to consult, and by companies to handle concerning the point of the common safety; yet to disagree, and some to choose the one, some the other. For the Orators and Poets would

haue the Accents, the Musitians, and the Moralists chose the Concent. But the Papale Prelates, who had the Royalties in their hands, looking more deepely into the matter, enacted that neither of them should be refused, but that the kingdome should be diuided betwixt them, whose opinion the King al∣lowed, and so diuided the Kingdome, that Concentus might be chiefe Ruler ouer all things that are to be sung (as Hymnes, Sequences, Antiphones, Respon∣sories, Introitus, Tropes, and the like: and Accent ouer all things, which are read; as Gospels, Lectures, Epistles, Orations, Prophecies. For the Functions of the Papale kingdome are not duely performed without Concent. So these matters being setled each part departed with their King, concluding that both Concent and Accent should be specially honoured by those Ecclesiasti∣call persons. Which thing Leo the Tenth, and Maximilian the most famous Romane Emperour, both chiefe lights of good Arts, (and specially of Mu∣sicke) did by generall consent of the Fathers and Princes approoue, endow with priuiledges, and condemned all gaine-sayers, as guilty of high Trea∣son; the one for their bodily; the other for their spirituall life. Hence was it, that I marking how many of those Priests, (which by the leaue of the lear∣ned I will say) doe reade those things they haue to read so wildly, so mon∣strously, so faultily, that they doe not onely hinder the deuotion of the faith∣full, but also euen prouoke them to laughter, and scorning with their ill rea∣ding) resolued after the doctrine of Concent to explaine the Rules of Accent, in as much as it belongs to a Musitian, that together with Concent, Accent might also as true heire in this Ecclesiasticall kingdome be established. Desi∣ring that the praise of the highest King, to whom all honour and reuerence is due, might duely be performed.

THE SECOND CHAPTER.

Of the Definition, and Diuision of Accent.

WHerefore Accent (as Isidorus lib. 1. eth. cap. 17. writeth) is a cer∣taine law, or rule, for the raysing, or low carrying of sillables of each word Or, it is the Rule of speaking. For that speaking is ab∣surd, which is not by Accent graced. And it is called accent, be∣cause it is ad Cantū, that is, close by the song, according to Isidore: for as an aduerbe doth determine a Verbe, so doth accent determine Concent. But be∣cause these descriptions doe rather agree with the Grammaticall accent, than with the Musicall, I hold it necessary to search out by what means the Eccle∣siasticall accent may rightly be described. Therefore accent (as it belongeth to Church-men) is a melody, pronouncing regularly the syllables of any words, according as the naturall accent of them requires.

Of the Diuision of accent.

NOw it is three-fold, as Priscian and Isidore witnesse, the Graue, the Acute, and the Circumflex. The Graue is that, by which a sillable is carried low:

but to speake musically, it is the regular falling with finall words, according to the custome of the Church. Of which there be two sorts. One which doth fall the finall word, or any syllable of it by a fift: and this is properly called Graue. Another which doth fall the finall word, or any syllable of it onely by a third, which by the Musitians is called the middle Accent. Neither haue the Grammarians cause to be angry, if they find any thing here contrary to their lawes. For we goe not about to handle the Grammaticall Accent, which Priscian, and others haue throughly taught, but the Ecclesiasticall, as here followeth: 〈♫〉〈♫〉 Medius. Grauis. Parce mihi domi ne, ni hil enim sunt di es me i.

An acute Accent grammatically, is that, by which the syllable is raised. But musically, it is the regular eleuation of the finall words or syllables ac∣cording to the custome of the Church. Wherof there are likewise two kinds: one which reduceth the finall syllable or word to the place of his discent, keeping the name of Acute. The other, which doth raise the second sillable not to the former place of his discent, but into the next below. Which is al∣so called Moderate, because it doth moderately carry a sillable on high, as appeareth in the example following: 〈♫〉〈♫〉 Moderatus. Acutus. Il lu mi nare Hie ru sa lem qui a glo ri a do mi ni super te or ta est.

The Circumflex is that, by which a sillable first raised is carried low. For it is, as Isidore witnesseth, contrary to the acute, for it begins with the acute, and ends with the graue, vnknowne to Church-men. Yet the Monkes, and es∣pecially those of the Cistertian order, haue the Circumflex accent, as at the old Cell a Monastery of the same order my selfe haue tried, and I my selfe haue seene many of their bookes in the same place.

Now farewell they that forbid Church-men to vse Musicke; what solace (setting singing aside) can they haue either more healthfull, or more honest? For whilst we recreate our selues with singing, all euill thoughts, and speech, all backe-biting, all gluttony and drunkennesse, are auoyded. Wherefore Song-Musicke both plaine and Mensurall, becommeth the most religious, that they may both singpraises to God, and make themselues merry at fit times of recreation. But leauing this discourse, let vs returne thether whence we digressed, and send those which would busily enquire the nature of the Circumflex accent, to Mich. Galliculus, who hath set out the matter so briefly, that it need no other explayning.

THE THIRD CHAPTER.

Of the generall Rules of Accent.

BEcause to proceed from càsie things to harder, is the naturall method, we thought fit first to explaine the generall Rules of ac∣cent, and secondly the speciall.

1 Euery word of one syllable, or indeclinable, or barbarous, requires an acute accent: as Astarot, Senacherib, me, te, sum.

2 Greeke and Hebrew words in Latine terminations retaine the Latine accent, as Parthenopolis, Nazarenus, Hierosolima.

3 Greeke and Hebrew words hauing not the Latine Declension, are a∣cuted, as Chryson, Argyrion, Ephraim, Hierusalem.

4 A graue accent is made in the end of a complete sentence, an acute likewise, the Moderate and Meane onely in the end of an imperfectsentence.

5 A graue accent must not be repeated, if no other come betwixt, vnlesse the speech be so short, that another cannot come betwixt, as thus: 〈♫〉〈♫〉 Factum est ves pe re & mane dies secundus dixit quoque Deus.

THE FOVRTH CHAPTER.

Of the speciall Rules of Accent.

FIrst, A word that is of one sillable, indeclinable, barbarous, or He∣brew, which wee saide must haue an acute accent, either is in the end of a compleat sentence, and is thus acuated; or in the end of a sentence nor compleat, and is thus. From this Rule are ex∣cepted Encletical Coniunctions, which are marked with a graue Accent, thus: 〈♫〉〈♫〉 Do mi nus locutus est cla ma te ad me & e go ex au diam vos Deus dominusque.

2 The first sillable of a word which hath two sillables, doth alwaies re∣ceiue the accent, whether it be short or long, thus: 〈♫〉〈♫〉 Et fugit velist vmbra. Et in a ma ri tu di ni bus mo ra bi tur o culus meus.

3 A word of many sillables put in the end of a speech, either hath the last saue one Long or Short: if Long, the accent fals vpon it, if short, then the last saue two receiues the accent. 〈♫〉〈♫〉 Lignum si praecisum fu e rit rursum vi re scit. Et rami e ius pu lu lant.

4 A speech with an interrogation, whether it haue in the end a word of one sillable, or of two sillables, or more, the Accent still fals vpon his last fillable, and that must be acuated. Now the signes of such a speech are, who, which, what, and those which are thence deriued, why, wherefore, when, how, in what sort, whether, and such like. 〈♫〉〈♫〉 Vnde es tu Quid est homo? Quantas ha be o in i qui tates & pecca ta?

To these are ioyned Verbes of asking as I aske, I seeke, I require, I search, I heare, I see, and the like.

THE FIFT CHAPTER.

Of the Points.

BEcause the Ecclesiasticall accent is commonly knowne by Points, it is necessary to deliuer the nature of certaine Points fitting this purpose.

1 The Point, which they call a Dash, if it be placed betwixt more words of one part of a sentence, it shewes they are to be reade distinctly.

2 Two Pricks, or one Prick set directly on the middle of the right side, is a marke of the middle accent, which discends by a third.

3 A Pricke in the end of any sentence raised a little aboue the middle, doth represent either the acute, or moderate accent, according as the sen∣tence giues it.

4 A Prick a little below the middle of the word, is a marke of the Graue accent.

5 A Point of Interrogation, which is made thus (?) being found in some place, doth shew that the last sillable of the word, (to which it is ioyned) is to be pronounced with an acute accent. The euidence whereof followes in the example following. 〈♫〉〈♫〉 Hesterna luce cum aequitassem in campū virentem, herbosum, floridum, spaciaturus in 〈♫〉〈♫〉 eo? occurrit mi hi le pus cu lus cum ge ni to re suo. Insequens eum ca tel lis meis 〈♫〉〈♫〉 sex. Apprehendi duntaxat pusillum in valle montis Oreb. De li be rans autem a mi co rum 〈♫〉〈♫〉 Le po ri as istas carnes essem con do na tu rus? inte rogans comitem meum quid esset

〈♫〉〈♫〉 sua surus? Sano mi hi con si li o di xit. Hortor eum fi du ci a e as do no da ri 〈♫〉〈♫〉 con su li de Brunswick. Tu autē domine, mi se re re nobis.

THE SIXT CHAPTER.

Of Accent in the Epistles.

THe totall Accent of Epistles is diuers, (according to the diuersity of Diocesse and Religions) yet the partiall is the same withall, because it proceeds from the quantitie of Sillables, as by the vnderwritten rules is cleere.

1 Euery accent of Epistles and Gospels are taken out of the sillables of the finall sentences, and their number?

2 When in the end of a sentence is placed a word of one sillable, the ac∣cent is varied according to the varietie of the words going before.

3 If a word of one sillable goe before the like finall word, and before it a third of the same sort, the first is to be raised, thus: 〈♫〉〈♫〉 Sic in fla ti sunt quidam tanquam non ven tu rus sit ad nos.

Now by what meanes (according to the Monkes) that accent is distingui∣shed, Friar Michael de Muris Galliculis in his Treatise, which hee wrote both truely and learnedly, hath worthily shewed.

4 If a word of two sillables come before a word of one sillable finall, then the first sillable of it must be raised, whether it be long: or short, thus: 〈♫〉〈♫〉 Om ni a e nim vestra sunt si quis di li git de um ex e o est.

5 If a word of three sillables come before a word of one sillable finall, then is it to be raised, if it haue the last saue one Long: if short, then the ac∣cent is to be translated to the last saue two. 〈♫〉〈♫〉 In pace Deus vo ca uit vos. Dispen sa ti o mi hi credita est.

6 If a word of two sillables be placed in the end of a speech, then the last syllable saue one of the word going before must be raised, if it belong: If it be short, the last sauing two, thus: 〈♫〉〈♫〉 Et dix it mi hi. Et in ple ni tu di ne Sanctorū de ten ti o me a.

7 If a word of three syllables be placed in the end of a speech, and a word of one sillable goe before it, then this is to be raised but if a word of two syllables, then let the first syllable of it be raised, whether it be long, or short. If a word of three syllables goe before a word of three sylla∣bles, it raiseth the last saue one, if it be long: If it be short, the last saue two, thus: 〈♫〉〈♫〉 Tu scis om ni a nonne dix it do mi nus cantantes De o glori am. 〈♫〉〈♫〉 Ac il li dix e runt do mi no nouit om ni a domi nus.

8 If in the end of a speech be placed a word of more syllables than three, then the first syllable of it must be raised, if it be long: if it be short, the ac∣cent fals vpon the word going before, thus: 〈♫〉〈♫〉 Dix it domi nus om nipotens in templo So lo mo nis sunt au rei pa ri e tes.

THE SEVENTH CHAPTER.

Of the Accent of Gospels.

THe totall accent of Gospels, is differing in diuers Diocesse and Religions. But the partiall, which is the same euery where, is comprehended in the Rules following.

1 If the speech end with a word of one syllable, and another goe before it, and a third before that, the accent is taken from the first, thus:

2 If a word of two syllables goe before a word of one finall, the first syllable of it receiues the accent, whether it be long or short, thus. 〈♫〉〈♫〉 Surrexit non est hic. Om ni a verba haec. Do mi nus dedit hoc.

3 If a word of many syllables goe before a word of one syllable finall, the accent fals vpon his last syllable saue one, if it be long; if it be short, vp∣pon the last saue two. 〈♫〉〈♫〉 Dolentes que re ba mus te nonne dix it om ni a haec.

4 If the speech end with a word of two sillables, the last sillable saue one of the word going before must be raised, if it be long; if short, the last saue two, thus. 〈♫〉〈♫〉 Vt de scri be retur v ni uersis Or bis Abraham au tem ge nu it Iacob.

5 If the speech end with a word of three syllables, hauing the last saue one Long, then the accent fals vpon the last syllable of the word going be∣fore. But if it be short, then the last sillable saue one of it shall receiue the ac∣cent, thus: 〈♫〉〈♫〉 Ex e a quae fu it V ri ae. Et clausa est ia mi a.

6 If the finall word of a speech be of more syllables than three, the Accent fals vpon the first sillable of it, if it be long: if it be short, the last sillable of the word going before is raised. 〈♫〉〈♫〉 In trans migratione Ba bi lo nis. Et fi li us al tis si mi vo ca bi tur.

Of the Accents of Prophecies.

THere is 2. waies for accenting Prophesies. For some are read after the ma∣ner of Epistles, as on the Feast daies of our Lady, the Epiphany, Christmas, and the like, & those keep the accent of Epistles: some are sung according to the maner of Morning Lessons, as in Christs night, & in the Ember Fasts: and these keep the accent of those Lessons. But I wold not haue you ignorant, that in accenting oftentimes the maner and custome of the Country and place is kept; as in the great Church of Magdeburgh, Tu autē Domine, is read with the middle sillable long, by reason of the Custome of that Church, whereas o∣ther Nations doe make it short, according to the Rule. Therefore let the Reader pardon me, if our writings doe sometime contrary the Diocesse, wherein they liue. Which though it be in some few things, yet in the most they agree. For I was drawne by my owne experience, not by any precepts to write this booke. And (if I may speake without vain-glory) for that cause haue I seene many parts of the world, and in them diuers Churches both Metropolitane and Cathedrall, not without great impeachment of my state, that thereby I might profit those that shall liue after mee. In which trauell of mine I haue seen the fiue Kingdomes of Pannonia, Sarmatia, Boemia, Den∣marke, and of both the Germanies 63. Diocesses, Cities 340. infinit fashions of diuers people, besides sayled ouer the two seas, to wit, the Balticke, and the great Ocean, not to heape riches, but increase my knowledge. All which I would haue thus taken, that the Readers may know this booke is more out of my experience, than any precepts.

The end of the Third Booke.