The Roman historie containing such acts and occurrents as passed under Constantius, Iulianus, Iovianus, Valentinianus, and Valens, emperours. Digested into 18. bookes, the remains of 31. and written first in Latine by Ammianus Marcellinus: now translated newly into English. Wherunto is annexed the chronologie, serving in stead of a briefe supplement of those former 13. bookes, which by the iniurie of time are lost: together with compendious annotations and coniectures upon such hard places as occurre in the said historie. Done by Philemon Holland of the citie of Coventrie, Doctor in Physicke.

THE XVII. BOOKE. (Book 17)

CHAP. 1. Iulian infesteth the Alemanes, and after hee had put them to sundry losses, forceth them to crave a truce, which for ten moneths they obtaine.

THis varietie of occurrents which I have now in order set down thus atchieved, the martiall knight [Iulian] (now that Rhene after the battaile of Argentoratum carried a quiet streame) void of feare, yet carefull withall, least the cursed foules of the aire should devoure the bodies of them that lay slaine in the field, commaunded, they should all indifferently one with a∣nother be interred: and after hee had released and dismissed those embassadours, who before the said foughten field (as I related ere while) brought certaine prowd messages, he returned to the fort of Tres-Tabernae: from whence he gave commaundement, That together with all the captives, the pillage also should be brought unto * 1.1 Mediomatrici, there to be kept untill his returne: and himselfe intending in person to goe to * 1.2 Maguntiacum (that when he had pas∣sed over the river by a bridge framed and set together, he might seeke out the Bar∣barians in their owne territories, since he had left none behind him in ours) was by the clamorous gainesaying of his armie prohibited: howbeit, with sweet words and eloquent speeches he wrought them so, as he brought them to his owne will and pleasure. For, such was their love, growne now (after triall and experience had of him) more affectionate, that it inci••ed them willingly to follow him a pain∣full and diligent fellow-souldior with them, a brave leader and commaunder of them, yea, and wonted, as it evidently fell out, to enjoyne himselfe more toylefull labour than the very souldior. And soone after, when they were come to the place aforesaid, they passed over the river upon a floored bridge of ships, and possessed themselves of the enemies land. But the enemies, who then feared little that they could possibly be disquieted, living as they did in such rest and repose, were stricken with this so great an accident; and thinking carefully by the mischiefe befallen unto others, what might hang over their owne heads, under semblance of craving peace, to decline the violent brunt of the first tempest, sent embassadours with words in their mouths so framed and placed, as that they pretended & shew∣ed no other but a firme assurance of league and concord: but upon what policie, or to what purpose I know not, they changed their minds, and by other embassa∣dours dispatched in all post hast, they menaced our men most cruell warre, unlesse they departed out of their countries. Hereof certaine intelligence being given,

Caesar in the very beginning of the night embarked in small and swift pinnaces eight hundred souldiors, giving charge, that * 1.3 twentie of them, after they had say∣led and made way up the river, should set a land, and with sword and fire destroy whatsoever they could meet withall. Thus order being given, at the very Sunne rising, when the enemies were discovered upon the hill tops, hee led the souldiors now more cheerefull and forward up to the higher grounds: but finding none there (for the enemies imagining as much, were departed) behold forthwith they saw afarre off a mightie deale of smoke waulming up into the aire, declaring plain∣ly, that our souldiors had broken into the enemies territories, and began to wast and spoyle the same. This object daunted the courages of the Germanes very much, so that forsaking their ambushments, which along the narrow straits and luiking places they had addressed against our men, they passed in all hast over the river named * 1.4 Maenus to succour their deere friends. For as it usually falleth out in such doubtfull times of trouble and danger, beeing affrighted on the one side with the suddaine rode of our horsemen, and on the other with the violent invasi∣on of our other souldiors that came embarked thither, they (skilfull in the coasts of the countrey) found speedie meanes to get away and escape: upon whose de∣parture, our souldiors marching on at libertie, rifled rich villages full of corne and cattell, making spare of none: and when they had fetched the inhabitants as pri∣soners out of their houses (built somewhat curiously after the manner of the Ro∣manes) set fire thereupon, and burnt them downe to the ground. And thus ha∣ving over-run the countrey for the space by estimate of tenne myles, so that they were come neere unto a wood that carried an hideous and fearefull shew of dark∣nesse, they stood lingering a long time, as being advertised by a fugitive, that with∣in certaine hidden caves under the ground, and trenches running out many waies, there were a great number secretly bestowed, readie to issue forth when they espi∣ed their opportunitie. Howbeit, they adventured all of them most boldly to ap∣proch the place, and found the foot waies over-layed with holmes and ashes cut downe, yea, and a mightie barricado made against them. And therefore mar∣ching backe more warily, they perceived (and that with such indignation and an∣ger as their hearts could hardly hold) that they could not goe forward beyond it, but by fetching long circuits and hard turnings about. Now, for as much as by reason of the rigorous and piercing aire they strugled in vaine with most difficult extremities (for now was the Aequinox of the Autumne past, and in those tracts both mountaines and champion plaines were covered with deepe snow) they tooke in hand a memorable piece of worke: And whiles there was no man to withstand their enterprise, a certaine strong fortresse (which being built upon the Alemans ground, Traian would have to beare his owne name, and had of late been very forcibly assaulted) was by them in hastie manner suddainely repaired; where for the time were placed souldiors to defend the piece, and thither the victuals were conveied which they had gotten out of the very bowels and heart of the Bar∣barians countrey. Which preparation, when the enemies perceived so speedily brought about for their destruction, fearing least the thing indeed would come to passe and take effect, they assembled themselves together in all hast, and by way of prayer in most humble manner sent their Orators and craved peace; which Caesar (directed by all policie to take the surest way, & alledging very many motives that carried good probabilitie with them) graunted for tenne moneths; and namely making this account, as he was a prince of provident forecast, That those holds and

fortresses which he had seized into his hands, even beyond his hope, and more than he could wish for, without impeachment aught to be fortified with offensive engines planted upon the wals, and other strong ordinance and munition. Presu∣ming confidently hereupon, there came in from among those that had sent aid to them which were vanquished before Argentoratum, three most fell and cruell kings, fearing now at length their owne estates, who tooke an oath in a set forme of words after the manner of their countrey: That they would not stirre nor trouble the peace, but truly keepe the covenants agreed upon to the prefixed time expired (because that stood with the will and pleasure of our men) together with the fortresse above said safe and whole, yea, and bring corne thither even on their shoulders, in case the defendants thereof made it knowne that they wanted: and verily, by reason that feare was a bridle to curbe their perfidious disloyaltie, they performed both the one and the other.

CHAP. II. The Frankes keeping foule rule about Colonia Agrippina and Iuliacum, he represseth, having besieged and recovered the towne Castellum. Then he taketh or∣der, that provinciall people should not unreasonably be over∣charged with new taxes and tributes, which the Lord chiefe Iustice thought to levie and gather of them.

IN this memorable warre, worthie to be compared verily with those a∣gainst the Carthaginians and Teutones, and atchieved with the least expence and hurt of the Romane estate, Caesar rejoyced and magnifi∣ed himselfe as a fortunate and happie prince: and well might a man have beleeved his backbiters, who devised this and gave it out, That therefore hee demeaned himselfe so valiantly in every place, because hee wished rather to die a glorious death, than in the ranke of condemned persons, like unto his brother Gal∣lus (as they hoped) to be put to death; had he not with semblable purpose and reso∣lution after the death also of Constantius, become renowmed for his admirable ex∣ploits. Well, these affaires thus firmely setled, as in such case might be, returning to his Wintering place of abode, he found the remaines still of his laborious at∣chievements standing in these tearmes. Severus Generall of the Horsemen, going by the way of Agrippina and * 1.5 Iuliacum toward Rhemes, lighted upon right strong companies of the Frankners, consisting (as afterwards appeared) of six hun∣dred light armed skirmishers, as they wasted and spoyled the quarters that were without garrisons; who tooke this opportunitie to actuate their boldnesse in do∣ing mischiefe, because whiles Caesar was busily employed out of the way in the se∣cret parts of the Alemans, and none at hand to give them the checke, they thought verily to make up their mouths and fill their hands with rich booties: but for feare of the armie now returned, they possessed themselves of two forts, which in times past were abandoned and left void, and there defended themselves as well as they could. Iulianus much troubled with this new occurrent, and guessing whereto it might turne, in case he passed by them undealt withall, kept his forces still about him, and determined to beleaguer the towne * 1.6 Castellum, hard by which the river * 1.7 Mosa runneth: and so for the space of foure and fiftie dayes, to wit, during the moneths of December and Ianuarie, he stayed about the siege, whiles the Barba∣rians with stout hearts and incredible resolution held out and withstood him. Then

Caesar a most prudent prince, fearing much least the Barbarians by taking advan∣tage of the night should passe over the river hard frozen, upon the yce, tooke order, that certaine souldiors should every day from time that the sunne began to set until the breake of day in light barges and whirries to and fro scud up and downe upon the river, to the end that by breaking evermore the yce as it began to gather to a coat none of them might easily have means to breake away from him. And by this stra∣tageme being wearied out with hunger, long watching, & utter despaire, they yeel∣ded themselves of their owne accord, and were sent out of hand to the Emperours counsell: for the rescue of whom out of this danger, a multitude of Frankners went forth, but when they understood how they were taken prisoners and carried away, without adventuring any further they retired to their owne holds. Then Caesar ha∣ving performed these acts, returned to Paris, there to Winter. Now for that it was feared, that many nations would with greater force make head together, this well advised governour casting how deceitfull the issues were of warres, was much per∣plexed with huge heapes of care. And whiles he verily thought, that during the truce and cessation of armes, short though it was, and full of businesse, he might re∣medie the miserable losses and burthens that landed men or farmers sustained, he disposed and set in order the accounts of tribute: and whereas Florentius, * 1.8 Lord chiefe Iustice, having taken a survey and review of all as he endevored, did avouch, that whatsoever was wanting in the * 1.9 poll-tribute, he supplied out of the goods got∣ten by conquest; he being ware of such dealings, said plainely, That he would for∣goe his life sooner than suffer this to be done: for well he wist, that the incurable wounds of these and such like provisions or eversions rather, to speake more truly, brought provinces many times to extreame povertie: which very thing, as after∣wards shall be shewed, was the utter overthrow of * 1.10 Illyricum. Hereupon the said L. Iustice Florentius, crying out that he could not endure thus on a suddaine to be made an unfaithfull officer, unto whom the Emperor had committed the immedi∣ate managing of the state, Iulian after a temperate & sober sort appeasing his mood, by an exact and true computation proved, That the reckoning and summe taken of the foresaid poli-tribute was not only sufficient, but yeelded also an overplus to the necessarie provision of victuals. Yet neverthelesse, for a long time after, when an augmentation of taxe and impost was presented unto him, he could not endure ei∣ther to read or subscribe, but flung it in the floore. And when he was advertised by the Emperors letters, upon information that the said Iustice had given, not to deale so strictly and precisely as that Florentius might seeme to be touched in his credite, he wrote backe again, That they were to rejoice and be glad, if the provinciall inha∣bitants, wasted so as they were on every side, might yeeld at leastwise their ordinarie and customable tributes, if not increment & augmentation, which no punishment is able to extort from the poore and needie. And so it came to passe then & thence∣forth, through the stout courage of him alone, that no man went about unjustly to fetch from the Gaules nomine * 1.11 Camelasij, any thing but the usuall customes. And without any example precedent, thus much by way of intreatie had Caesar obtained at the * 1.12 Praefects hands, That the ordering and dispose of the second Belgica, which had bin overwhelmed with many sorts of calamities, should be cōmitted unto him, and namely with this condition, That no minister or officer, belonging to Praefect or President, should urge any man to pay. By which comfortable order taken, they being all eased, whom debt distracted apart to take care for themselves, without any calling upon paied their duties before the day appointed came.

CHAP. III. A long narration at touching the Obeliske, which was erected in the greatest shew-place at Rome.

IN these good beginnings of easement and refreshing given unto Gaule, whiles Orphitus as yet * 1.13 governed the second time as * 1.14 Prae∣fect, the Obeliske was erected at Rome in the great Cirque or Shew-place: concerning which, I will now, because it is a fit time and place therefore, make some briefe discourse. The citie * 1.15 Thebes in auncient time built, famous for the sumptuous and stately wall, as also for the en∣trie into it at an hundred gates, the first founders thereupon tearmed Hecatompy∣los, after the denomination whereof there is a province at this day called Thebais. This citie, what time as Carthage began to spread her dominion farre, the Car∣thaginian captaines by a suddaine and unexpected rode surprised and destroyed: and afterwards when it was reedified, Cambyses that renowmed king of Persia, a prince all the while he lived encroching upon the territories of other kings, and cruell withall, after he had broken into Aegypt, gave the attempt to assault it, that from thence he might carry away a mightie masse of riches and pillage, forbearing not so much as the temples and the gifts offered there unto the gods: who whiles he busily bestirred himselfe among those that fell to spoyle and saccage, chaunced by occasion of his loose and large garments that entangled him, to catch a fall for∣ward: with which suddaine and forcible fall, his owne * 1.16 dagger that he wore close unto his right thigh happened to bee unsheathed, and so dangerously to wound him, that he had like thereof to die. Long time after, Cornelius Gallus procurator of Aegypt, whiles Octavian was Emperour of Rome, pilled and beggered this citie, taking to his owne use the most part of the wealth thereof: and upon his returne home, when he was judicially accused for his robberie & wasting of the province, fearing the nobilitie, unto whom the said Emperour had committed this matter to be enquired into and examined, who also were highly offended and bitterly bent against him, he fell upon his owne sword, and killed himselfe. This is that Gallus the Poet, if I take not my marke amisse, whom Virgil bewailing after a sort in the latter end of his Bucolickes, in a mild kind of verse maketh a dittie of. In this citie among mightie great cisternes, and sundry huge massie pieces of worke, expressely resem∣bling the images of the Aegyptian gods, we saw many Obeliskes standing, and o∣thers lying along and broken, which the auncient kings, after they had in warre subdued other nations, or growne prowd of their prosperitie and high estate, hew∣ed out of the bowels of mountaines (which they stucke not to search for, even a∣mong the utmost inhabitants of the earth) erected on high, and in their religious devotion dedicated to the Gods in heaven. Now an Obeliske is a most hard and rough stone, broad beneath, and sharpe above, rising by little and little to a mightie height, and because it might resemble a ray or sunne-beame, waxing smaller and smaller, it is with foure-faces brought up to a narrow top, and the same is smoo∣thed also artificially by the workemans hand. The infinite number of Characters and markes of sundry shapes, tearmed Hieroglyphickes, which we behold cut eve∣ry where into it, the auncient authoritie of sacred wisedome from the very first be∣ginning hath ennobled. For they engraving many kinds of birds and wild beasts, even those of another world, by reason that the memoriall of their Emperors more

publiquely reached to the ages of future times, shewed thereby the vowes of kings either promised or performed: for not as now adaies a certaine set and expedite number of letters uttereth & declareth whatsoever mans mind is able to conceive, so did the Aegyptians in old time use to write; but for every nowne or name they had one severall letter, and sometimes under one verbe or word they signified whole sentences and full meanings. For the knowledge and skill whereof, this ex∣ample for the while in these two instances may serve. By a Vulture or Gripe they represent the vocable or name of Nature; because our Naturalists do report, there can bee no males found among these foules: and by the forme of a Bee making honey, they shew a king, declaring by these signes, That in a ruler there ought to be with sweetnesse a sting also growing: and of this kind there be a great number. And for that a sort of flatterers, as the manner is, puffing up Constantius, buzzed this without all measure into his eares, That whereas Octavianus Augustus had tran∣slated two Obeliskes from the citie * 1.17 Heliopolis in Aegypt, whereof the one was placed in Circus Maximus, the other in Campus Marcius; but as for this one now newly brought over, he durst not once meddle with, nor stirre it, as affrigh∣ted with the greatnesse and difficultie of the worke: know they thus much, who are ignorant of the thing, That the said auncient prince, when he had transported some of them, passed by this, untouched and undealt withall for this reason, That being by a speciall gift dedicated unto the god Sunne, and set fast within the sacred * 1.18 chappels of a sumptuous and stately temple, which might not once be touched and prophaned, it mounted up aloft as the head and top of all the other. But Con∣stantine [the Great] making small account of that, displaced and unseated this huge masse, yea, and thinking truly, that it was no breach nor offence of religion, if taking this admirable monument out of one temple, he consecrated it in Rome, that is to say, the temple of the whole world, suffered it to lye a long time, whiles necessarie meanes for the translation thereof were a providing. Which being con∣veyed along the channell of Nilus, and landed at Alexandria, there was a ship of huge and strange bignesse built, & the same to be rowed with three hundred oares. After which provision thus fore-cast, and the abovesaid * 1.19 prince departed this life, the urgent hast of effecting this businesse was slacked: and at length (late though it were) being shipped, partly by sea, and partly up the streame of Tibris (fearing, as it were, least that which Nilus almost unknowne had sent, himselfe should hardly bee able under danger of his owne course to bring up to the walls of his owne foster citie) conveyed it was into Vicus Alexandri, a towne situate three myles from Rome: from whence beeing layed upon certaine draught-vices and engines, it was faire and softly drawne by the gate Ostiensis and the publicke wa∣tering poole, and so brought into the Circus Maximus. After all this, there remai∣ned onely the rearing thereof, which unneath or not at all was thought could bee effected: and after they had erected high posts with danger ynough (a man that had beene there, would have thought he had seene a very wood of frames and en∣gines) fastened there were to them huge and long ropes, in manner of manifold threds or strings spred so exceedingly thicke together, that they hid the very skie: whereto the massie stone it selfe with images portrayed in it, like so many letters written upon it, was bound, and by little and little strained aloft and held in the aire betweene heaven and earth, and so hanging a long time, whiles many thousands of men swung about and turned it round, as they would doe myll-stones, placed it was in the middest of the shew-place, and upon it a bowle or globe of brasse set,

glittering with thin plates of gold; which being forthwith smitten with a violent blast of lightening, and therefore taken away, the counterfeit in brasse of a torch or fire-brand, layed over likewise with gold-foyle, sparkled and shone againe as it were a mightie flame. The ages also next ensuing brought over others; whereof one was erected in the Vaticane, a second in the Hortyards of Salustius, and two in the monument of Augustus.

CHAP. IIII. A Greeke and English exposition of those characters which were cut and engraven in this Obeliske.

MOreover, what was the text of characters cut in that old Obeliske, which we see now in the said Cirque, I have put downe here, expounded as it is in Greeke, following herein the booke of Hermapion.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

That is to say, beginning at the South side, This is the interpretation of the first text or ranke [of Hieroglyphicks.] These are the things which we have given to king Ramestes, whom the Sunne loveth, which with ioy ruleth the universall habitable world, and powerfull Apollo, lover of truth, the sonne of Heron, begotten of the gods, the foun∣der of the world habitable, whom the Sunne hath chosen, the hardie sonne of Mars, king Ramestes, unto whom the whole earth is subiect with valiant strength and boldnesse. The second text. Powerfull Apollo seated upon truth, Lord of the Diademe who hath glori∣ously honoured Aegypt as his peculiar possession: who hath beautified Heliopolis (i. the ci∣tie of the Sunne) and built the rest of the habitable world, and adorned with manifold ho∣nours the gods erected in Heliopolis, whom the Sunne loveth. The third text or ranke of Hieroglyphicks. Apollo mightie, the sonne of the Sunne, all full of light, whom the Sunne hath chosen, and valiant Mars endowed: whose good things shall continue for e∣ver: whom Ammon loveth, as having filled his temples with the good fruits of the Date tree: unto whom the gods have given long time of life. Apollo potent, the sonne of He∣ron, Ramestes king of the world habitable, who with his victories hath preserved Aegypt from other nations: whom the Sunne loveth; to whom the gods have graunted long time of life, Ramestes, Lord of the habitable world, ever living. Another text or ranke, the second. The Sunne a great God, Lord of heaven, I have given unto thee life, void of fatie∣tie and tedious wearisomeness•• Apollo powerfull, Lord and Patron incontectable of the Diademes, unto whom the Lord of Aegypt hath set up Statues in this kingdome, and a∣dorned Heliopolis likewise, and the very Sunne himselfe Lord of Heaven: the sonne of the Sunne, a king living ever hath finished a good worke. The third text. The God Sunne Lord of heaven, hath given unto king Ramestes rule, and power over all men,

whom Apollo, a lover of truth, Lord of times, and Vulcane, father of the gods, hath chosen for Mars: a King full of all mirth, sonne of the Sunne, and beloved of the Sunne. From the East part, The first text. The great God of Heliopolis, heavenly, mightie Apollo, the sonne of Heron, whom the Sunne loved, whom the Gods have honoured, King of the universall earth, whom the Sunne hath chosen, a valorous King for Mars, whom Ammon loveth, and he that is wholly full of light, hath procured to be a King eternall.

CHAP. V. The embassage of Sapor king of Persia unto Constantius, as touching a peace upon certaine conditions to be concluded.

WHen Datianus and Cerealis were Consuls, whiles the affaires of State ge∣nerally throughout Gaule were with more carefull and warie endea∣vour, in reducing to a better frame; and the feare which possessed the Barbarians for their losses past, quailed their out-rodes: the king of the Persians making his abode still within the confines of the frontier nations, and ha∣ving now made a sure league and amitie with the Chionitę and Halani, most fierce and ••agre warriors, was minded to returne into his own kingdome, then received the letters of Sapor, giving intelligence, That the Romane Emperour by way of entreatie desired peace: and thereupon imagining that hee went not about such matters, but that the puissance of his Empire was abated and growne weake, bare himselfe very big, and tooke highly upon him, as seeming to embrace the name of peace, but withall propounding hard capitulations and conditions. Having dis∣patched therefore in embassage one Narseus with presents, in that in-bred humour of pride which accompanied him in all places, he sent his letters unto Constantius, the tenour whereof, as I have heard, was to this effect. Sapor, King of Kings, part∣ner with the Starres, brother to the Sunne and Moone, unto Constantius Caesar my bro∣ther, in most ample manner greeting. I reioyce and take much contentment now at length, that you have betaken your selfe againe to the best way, and acknowledged the un∣corrupt sentence of equitie, as having by experience found what havocke and slaughter the obstinate desire of other mens territories hath divers times caused. Because therefore the words of truth ought to be at libertie and free, and it beseemeth persons in high place and estate to speake and thinke the same, I will in few words deliver what my purpose and in∣tent is, as calling to my remembrance, how often I have repeated whatsoever I am now to say. That my auncestors Seignorie hath reached as farre as to the river Strymon and the marches of Macedonia, even your owne ancient records do beare witnesse. These ter∣ritories and dominions meet it is that I (without arrogance be it spoken) who excelling glo∣rie and number of brave vertues the auncient kings my progenitors, should clayme and demaund. But evermore and in all places it doth me good, to call to mind and remember, that from my very youth and childhood I have beene so bred, as that I never did any thing whereof I had cause to repent: and therefore I ought to recover Armenia, together with Mesopotamia, which by fraudulent packing was caught from my grandfather. As for this principle which yee ioy so much to affirme, namely, That all fortunat events of warre (without difference of vertue and deceit) should be praysed, it hath been never ac∣cepted or entertained among us. To conclude, if you will bee ruled by mee that give you good and holesome counsell, set nought by this small parcell which hath alwayes wrought much woe, and cost bloudshed, that you may rule the rest in securitie: wisely considering

also, that even expert Physicians and skilfull Chirurgians proceed otherwhiles to cau••a∣rize and launce, yea and cut away some parts of the bodie, to save the rest whole and sound for use: yea, and that wild beasts are wont to doe the like; who when they perceive wher∣fore especially they are hunted and taken, forgoe the same willingly of their owne accord, to the end they may live afterwards void of feare. And this assuredly I intimate and pro∣nounce, That if this my embassage speed not, but returne without effect, after the time once past of Winters rest, with all my forces put in readinesse (considering that I ground the hope of good successe upon fortune and the equitie of conditions offered) I will make hast, as reason shall permit, to come into the field.

CHAP. VI. The answere of Constantius unto Sapor his letters: The Iuthungi, certaine Alemans, are vanquished by Barbatio.

AFter these letters were a long time well pondered and weighed, answere was returned with an upright heart (as they say) and considerately in this wise: Constantius, alwaies Augustus, conquer or both by land and sea, unto Sapor my brother, in ample manner, greeting. For your health verily and welfare I reioyce in your behalfe, as minding (if your selfe will) to be a friend hereafter: but this greedie desire of yours alwaies unreclaymed and still more and more encroching, I mightily blame. You demaund Mesopotamia as your owne, and sembla∣bly Armenia: you advise me also, where the body is sound, to take off some members ther∣of, that so it may afterwards continue safe and whole: which counsaile of yours is to be refuted rather than by any consent of mine approved. Heare therefore from me the truth, not covered with any subtile delusions, but apart and open, not to be terrified with any vaine threats whatsoever. My chiefe Iustice [* 1.20 Musonianus] thinking to enter upon a businesse for the behoofe of the Weale publique, had conference and speech without my pri∣vitie and advice by the meanes of certaine ignoble and base persons with a * 1.21 Marquesse of yours, about a peace: which we neither refute nor refuse, if so be it may stand with ho∣nour and honestie, and not preiudice any ioteither our modestie or maiestie. For absurd it is and undecent, when by the orderly course and traine of our exploits atchieved, the worlds eares are opened, which envie hath many waies enclosed against us, and when by overthrow of tyrants and usurpers, the whole Romane world is brought under our obei∣sance, to betray and surrender those Seignories, which we being drawne into the streits of the East parts, have kept so long untouched. But give over I pray you those fearefull manaces, which (as the manner is) be denounced against us: considering no doubt can be made, that we not for slouth and cowardize, but upon meere modestie, have now and then made defensive warres rather than offensive, and use so often as we are provoked, with a most valiant spirit of courage and resolution to hold and maintaine our owne: as knowing thus much both by experience and reading, that in some particular battailes the Romanes have otherwhiles though seldome received a foyle, but in grosse and in the maine mana∣ging of warres never beene overthrowne and defeated. Vpon this embassage, sent backe againe without any thing obtained (for there could bee no answere made more fully to the kings unbridled and unmeasurable desire) there followed some few daies after Prosper a * 1.22 C••••es, and Spectatus a Tribune and Notarie: likewise, by the suggestion of Musonianus the Philosopher, Eustachius, one that for per∣suading was his crafts-master, carrying with them missives from the Emperor, and gifts beside, readie with all their best endevors by some cunning fetch to stay the

preparations that Sapor made, to the end that the provinces in the North might be extraordinarily fortified. Whiles things stood in these doubtfull tearmes, the * 1.23 Iuthungi, a nation of the Alemans bordering upon the tracts of Italie, forgetfull of the peace and league which they had by entreatie obtained, in turbulent man∣ner wasted Rhaetia, in so much as beyond their wonted guise they attempted the besieging of townes. To the repressing of whose invasions, Barbatio promoted in the place of Silvanus to be colonell of the footmen, was sent with a puissant armie: who albeit he was a coward, but full of big and bragging words, yet such was the forward resolution and courage of his souldiors, that most valiantly he overthrew a number of them, in so much as a small portion of them, which for feare of dan∣ger fled, hardly escaped, and with weeping eyes and lamentations saw home again. In this battaile, Nevita a captaine of the horsemens troupe, who afterwards became Consull, both was (by report) present, and also fought right manfully.

CHAP. VII. A Report or Historie as touching the dreadfull Earthquakes which shooke the moun∣taines and many townes of Macedonie and Pontus, together with a Phy∣sicall consideration of these Earthquakes.

IN those daies there were terrible Earthquakes in Macedonie, Asia, and Pontus, which with continuall thumping shooke many towns and mountaines. But among the examples of manifold calamities, the fall of * 1.24 Nicomedia, the mother-citie of Bithynia, was remark∣able, the accident and event of whose ruine I will both truely and briefely relate. Vpon the * 1.25 ninth day before the Calends of September, early in the morning by Sunne-rising certaine thicke gatherings or globes of blacke clouds over cast and darkened the face of the skie, which a little before was cleare and lightsome; whereby the bright shining of the Sunne was chased so away, that things neere at hand, or standing hard by, could not be seene: and thus the eye∣sight being dazeled, a hideous bleakenesse of a thicke and mirke mist settled upon the ground and over-spred it: then, as if the highest power of heaven discharged and shot off fatall and deadly thunderbolts, raising withall the winds from the principall points and poles of the world, there fell a mightie tempest of raging stormes; by the violent force whereof, the mountaines were so beaten upon, that they groned againe, and there was heard the crashing noise of the sea shore dashed violently upon. After all this followed horrible whirlewinds and fierie impressi∣ons, together with a fearefull trembling of the earth, which over-turned the citie and suburbes from the very foundations. And for that many houses standing up∣on the rising of hils were carried on end, one fell upon another, and all places clat∣tered againe with the monstrous noise of their ruines. Meane while the high and stately tops of buildings resounded with the sundry out-cries of those that sought for their wives, their children, and what neere kinsfolkes and deere friends belon∣ged unto them. In the end, after the second houre of the day, and long before the third, the aire now become faire and cleare, discovered all the wofull and deadly downefals that were hidden before. For behold, some folke thrust and crushed to∣gether with an huge deale of rubbish falling upon them, were under the weight thereof pressed to death: others, that stood up to their neckes buried (as it were) within heapes thereof, whereas they might have beene saved, if any had come to

helpe them, for want of succour perished: others againe stucke fast, hanging at the sharpe ends of timber-logs bearing out. With one blow were a number seene slaine, men and women but a little before, but then confused heapes of dead car∣kasses pell mell huddled together. Some there were, whom the finials of houses leaning forward, bare up, otherwise unhurt, but that they were to die with anguish and hunger. Among whom, Aristaenetus (governing and taking charge as deputie lieutenant of that diocesse or province so affectionately loved, and which Constan∣tius in honour of his wife Eusebia had named * 1.26 Pietatis) by this mishap, after long dolour and paine yeelded up his vitall breath. Some, having their heads bruised and squized together, or their shoulders or legs severed from their bodies, lying thus in doubtfull plight betweene life and death, piteously crying for Gods sake unto o∣thers in the same case, to helpe them, were quite forlorne and left unto themselves. And verily, the greater part of sacred churches and private houses, yea, and of peo∣ple also might have beene saved, had not the outrageous flames, dispersed here and there for fiftie daies and nights together, burnt up and consumed whatsoever was combustible. And now I thinke it a meet and convenient time to report as tou∣ching Earthquakes what auncient writers have by way of conjecture collected: for, the hidden depth of the truth it selfe, not onely this vulgar ignorance of ours, but the very everlasting wits also of naturall Philosophers, after long studie upon this point not yet exhaust or worne out, could never reach unto. Whereupon provided it is both in the ceremoniall bookes and also in the rites under the ponti∣ficiall priests and their Colledges, That by naming one god for another (since unknowne it is which of them thus shaketh the earth) there bee no hainous scan∣dale and damnable sinne committed. But according to the Philosophers opinions, among which Aristotle is much perplexed and troubled, these earthquakes fall out to be either within the small caves of the earth, which we [in Greeke] call Syrin∣gas, whiles with thicke and often beating the waters wave to and fro, and cast up surges: or els verily, as Anaxagoras affirmeth, by reason of violent winds getting close within the ground below; which when they happen to hit and beat upon the sides thereof, hard baked or felted together, finding no way of issue, shake those parts of the earth at which they entred when they were moist. Whence it is, that men observe for the most part, that during an Earthquake, we above the ground perceive no winds to blow, because they are busie in the most remote nookes of the earth beneath. Anaximander is of opinion, That the earth waxing drie upon a long and extraordinarie drought, or after much moist weather & store of raine, openeth very great chinkes and wide chawnes, at which the aire above with violence and in exceeding much quantitie entreth, and so by them shaken with a strong spirit, is stirred and moved out of her proper place. For which cause, such like terrible acci∣dents chaunce either in excessive hote seasons, or after immoderate fall of raine from heaven. And hence it is, that both auncient Poets and Theologers also have tearmed Neptune, who hath dominion over the moist elements, * 1.27 Ennosigaeon and * 1.28 Sisichthona. Now, these earthquakes are observed to be foure manner of wayes: for they are either ^a Brasmatiae, which heaving and raising the earth within, force upward most huge mounts: in which sort, in Asia, * 1.29 Delos appeared above the wa∣ter, and * 1.30 Hiera, likewise * 1.31 Anaphe and Rhodus, called in the fore-going ages O∣phiusa and Pelagia, drenched in times past with a golden shower: also Eleusin in Boeotia, and the Island of * 1.32 Vulcane among the Tyrrheni, with many more beside: or secondly, ^b Climatiae, which rushing askew, or sidelong and crooked, lay cities,

houses, and mountaines flat: or else ^c Chasmatiae, which by a greater kind of moti∣on suddainely opening wide gulfes, swallow up parts of the earth: as in the At∣lanticke sea, an Island more than all Europe; and in the gulfe * 1.33 Criseus, Helice and Bura: as also in Ciminia, a part of Italie, the towne Succiniense, swallowed up all in a deepe gaping chinke, lye hidden for ever in perpetuall darkenesse. Among these three sorts of Earthquakes, those that be heard with a menacing noyse, are tearmed ^d Mycematiae, namely, when as the elements by loosening of their joynts encounter and run one upon another of their owne accord, or fall backe, as the ground doth settle: For then of necessitie the crashing noyse and rumbling of the earth within must bellow and rore like a Bull. But proceed wee from hence to the historie that we have begun.

CHAP. VIII. Iulianus whiles he maketh his abode in Paris, warreth upon the Alemans. After that the Franci, Salij, and Chamani were defeated and subdued, there fell out a famine, which in the armie caused a tumult and hot mutinie; which being quenched, our soul∣diors passe over Rhene, and lay wast the Alemans territories.

BVt Caesar whiles he wintered in Paris, hastened with all diligence possible to prevent the Alemans, who as yet were not assembled together; but now after the battaile of Argentoratum become all audacious & cruell beyond all measure, and waiting still for the moneth Iuly, whence they of Gaule use to begin their warre-service and to come into the field, he was much troubled a long time in his mind: For go forth he could not before that corne was brought out of Acquitaine, upon the breaking of the cold weather and frosts, by reason of the mild Summer season. But, as diligent and considerate regard is the conqueresse in manner of all difficulties, casting many and sundry things in his head, this was the only way he found, namely, without expecting the full season of the yeare, to encounter the Barbarians before he was looked for. And in this setled resolution he tooke corne for twentie daies (out of that store which was provided to be spent in the standing place of abode) baked throughly, for to last, into bisket bread, such as commonly they call Buccellatum, and layed it upon his willing soul∣diors shoulders: and so, confident of this helpe, in a good houre, as before, hee tooke his journey, thinking that within five or sixe moneths two urgent and neces∣sarie expeditions might be performed. Which things being put in a readinesse, first of all others he marcheth against the Frankes; those I meane who commonly are tearmed Salij, and who in old time durst in the Romane ground, at a place called * 1.34 Toxiandria, very boldly place and plant themselves. Now when hee was come to * 1.35 Tungri, an embassage of the foresaid people meeteth him, supposing the Em∣perour was to be found still in his Wintering harbour, pretending peace upon this condition, That no man might eyther provoke or molest them, whiles they re∣mained quiet as in their owne territories. These embassadours, after hee had ful∣ly digested and disposed his affaire, and opposed certaine ambiguous and doubtfull conditions, as if he meant to stay in those tracts untill their returne, he sent away rewarded. No sooner were they in their way homeward, but he fol∣lowed hard upon them, sending out the Generall Severus, and suddainely ha∣ving set upon them all along the rivage, he smote them, as it had beene a whit∣ling thunderbolt, or flash of lightening: And now when they fell to entreatie,

rather than to make resistance, turning the effect of victorie to a commodious course of clemencie, upon the yeelding of themselves, their riches, and children, he tooke them to mercie. The Chamavi likewise, who had given semblable attempts, he set upon, and with the same celeritie partly he put to the sword, and partly, when they stoutly resisted and were taken alive, he hung yrons upon; others, that tooke them to their heeles, and fearefully in all hast fled, he permitted for the while, to get away without hurt: unto whose embassadours, sent afterward to make supplicati∣on and to provide for their estates, lying humbly prostrate upon the ground before his face and under his very eye, he graunted peace with this capitulation, to returne in safetie to their owne home. Thus when all things succeeded according to his hearts desire, hastening with most vigilant care to found by all means possible the good of the provinces, he thought (as the time would permit) to repaire three skonces or forts, situate directly in a rew upon the banke of the river Mosa, which lately had beene overthrowne by the obstinate selfe-willed Barbarians: and forth∣with, omitting the warres for a small time, reedified they were. And to the end, that the policie wisely begun he might by quicke dispatch make safe, out of the se∣venteene daies provision of corne which the souldiors as they marched forward in their expedition carried on their neckes, he defalked a portion, and layed up in the same holds; hoping, that so much as was taken from it might bee supplied out of the Chamavians corne fields. But it fell out farre otherwise: for, by reason that the standing corne was not yet ripe, the souldiors having spent what they carried, and finding food in no place, fell to threatening tearmes in the highest degree, pro∣voked Iulian with foule names and opprobrious language, calling him a vaine Gre∣cian of Asia, and a deceitfull, yea, and one that, under the shew of wisedome and learning, was a very lob and foole: and, as usually there be some found even among armed souldiors, that have readie and rolling tongues of their owne above their fel∣lowes, they stucke not to mumble many of these and such like speeches: Whither are we drawne without all hope of better? in times past verily we endured hard travaile and most irkesome to be abidden even through snowes and the pinching cold of bitter frosts: but now, ô shamefull indignitie, when we are upon the point finally to vanquish and defeat our enemies, readie we be to pine away and consume for very famine, the most inglorious and base kind of death that is. And that no man may thinke us to be mutineus and given to raise commotions, we protest, that it is for our life onely that we speake, cra∣ving neither gold nor silver, which long agoe we might not have, nor so much as once see; so denied it was us, as if we had been convicted to have undertaken so many toilefull paines and perils even against the State and Commonweale. And to say a truth, good reason they had thus to complaine: For among so many courses of probable or allowable matters, and doubtfull points of necessitie, the souldiors out-toyled and spent with the painefull services of Gaule, had gotten neither ^e donative nor wages, since time that Iulian was thither sent: for that neither himselfe could come by aught to give, nor Constantius after the wonted manner permitted any such allow∣ance to be bestowed. And hence it appeared plainely, that this was done upon fraudulent malice rather than nigardize; because, when the said Caesar had given a small matter of no value to a certaine common souldior, asking somewhat accor∣ding to his need to goe unto the barber for to be trimmed, he was for it with con∣tumelious tearmes traduced and backbitten by Gaudentius then Notarie, who had abode long in Gaule to spie into his proceedings; whom afterwards himselfe com∣maunded to be put to death, as shall be shewed in place convenient. At length, af∣ter

the mutinie was appeased, not without sundrie sorts of faire words and plea∣sing speeches; and when by meanes of a bridge made of ships joyned together, he had passed over the Rhene, and set foot in the Alemans countries, Severus Ge∣nerall of the horsemen, who aforetime had beene a warlike and industrious cap∣taine, all on a suddaine became lither and heartlesse. And he that oftentimes en∣couraged both all and some to fight courageously, now seemed a contemptible and timorous dissuader of battaile, haply for feare of death so neere at hand: like as we read in the bookes of Tages the Tuscane, that they who are within a while to be smitten with the lightening of Veiovis ^f, are so dulled in their sences, that they can heare neither thunder nor any great noise whatsoever. And contrarie to his wonted manner, hee marched in his journey lazily, insomuch as hee terrified, by threatening death, the guides that led the way apace and lustily before, unlesse they all with one accord would agree and avouch, that they were altogether ignorant of the waies: who fearing the authoritie of this prohibition, went no where, after that, one foot forward.

CHAP. IX. The Aleman kings Suomarius and Hortarius, not able to endure the heavie weight of this warre, in humble manner sue for peace, and obtaine it.

HOwbeit, during these lingering delayes, Suomarius a king of the Ale∣mans, of his owne accord, together with his friends and followers, unthought of before, met Caesar upon the way: (a prince he was before time prowd and cruelly bent to endammage and hurt the Romanes; but then he thought it would be an unexpected gaine well gotten, in case he might be suffered to hold his owne:) And for that his coun∣tenance and gate shewed him to be an humble suppliant, he was entertained and willed to be of good cheare and quiet in mind; who then abandoning wholly his owne will and pleasure, meekely upon his knees besought peace. And verily, hee obtained the same with pardon graunted for all that was past, under this condition, That he should redeliver our men that were captives, and find the souldiors food, so oft as was needfull, after the manner of base vassales received to mercie and pro∣tection, taking onely securitie of life for whatsoever he brought in: which if hee shewed not as time and occasion required, he might well know he was to be wea∣ried againe therewith. This being thus well ordered and disposed of, was fulfilled accordingly without faile. Now were they to march also into the territorie of the other king named Hortarius: and because nothing seemed wanting but guides, Caesar gave commaundement unto Nestica, Tribune of the Scutarij, and to Chari∣ton, a man of admirable strength and valour, with all diligence to seeke, find, take, and present unto him one captive or other: So with all expedition an Aleman youth was caught up and brought unto him, who promised upon a capitulation covenanted to have his life saved, for to discover and shew the wayes. Thus went he afore, and the armie following after was impeached for going on still by a bar∣ricado of high trees cut downe and lying in their way. But by wheeling about, and fetching long and winding circuits, they came at length to the places aforesaid, and the armed souldiors every one in an angrie mood fell to fiering of the fields, to har∣rying away both cattell and folke, yea and without mercie hewing in pieces as ma∣ny

as made resistance. The king sore troubled and disquieted with these adverse accidents, when he saw many of his territories spoyled, and beheld withall the re∣maines of townes and villages consumed with fire, considering now, that the finall ruine of his whole estate was at hand, himselfe also besought pardon, and after an execrable oath taken to doe whatsoever should be imposed upon him, promised also to make restitution generally of all captives: for that was a capitulation in the conditions that was much stood upon and earnestly urged: but he delivered a few, and detained the most part. Which being knowne, Iulian was provoked to just in∣dignation: insomuch, as when he the said king came, as the manner is, to have a gift bestowed upon him, foure of his followers that accompanied him, in whose assistance and fidelitie he had most affiance, he would not dismisse, before that all the captives were returned. Howbeit, being by Caesar sent for to a conference and parle, whom he adored with trembling eyes, and even overcome againe with the sight of the conqueror, he was driven to an hard exigent and condition; namely this, That for as much as it was meet & requisit after so many prosperous atchieve∣ments, that those cities also which the Barbarians had forcibly rased and destroied, should be reedified, he at the charges of himselfe and his people must find cariage, timber &c. for the building. Which after he had promised to doe, and withall wi∣shed, if he dealt any way disloyally, to make satisfaction with the losse of his heart bloud, he was permitted to returne home. As for the transporting thither of corne and victuals, he might not bee compelled thereto, as Suomarius was, because his countrey being so utterly wasted, he could meet with nothing therein to give. Thus these kings, that in times past swelled so outragiously in pride, and were accusto∣med to enrich themselves with the spoyle of our men, became now tame, & yeel∣ded their neckes under the yoke of the Romanes power: and as if they had beene borne and bred among Tributaries, willingly obeyed their commandement. These affaires in this wise atchieved, the souldiors were bestowed in sundry stations, and Caesar retyred himselfe to his wonted wintering place.

CHAP. X. The flatterers in Court goe about to deprave and fore-doe the noble deeds and ver∣tues of Iulianus with flouts and skoffes before Constantius; which is no new and strange practise, Marcellinus sheweth by allegation of notable examples.

WHen knowledge of these occurrents was from time to time taken in Con∣stantius his court (for Caesar like unto an apparitour or double diligent servitor, was of necessitie to give notice unto the Emperour of all pro∣ceedings) as many as bare greater sway than others in the court, and were now learned professors in that [eighth] liberall science of Flatterie, turned whatsoever was by him either wisely advised or happily performed, unto a meere mockerie; giving out beyond all measure these and such like words full foolishly: This Iulian, a goat, and no man (carping thus at him for being full of haire) together with all his victories, stinketh againe, and is become odious: tearming him also, a talka∣tive mold-warpe, an ape in a purple coat, and a bookish smattering Grecian. Thus re∣sounding many lewd speeches and skurrilities of this kind in the princes eares, who tooke pleasure to heare these and such like notes, they went about with impudent words to smother his vertues, rayling at him as a slow-backe and coward, and deli∣cate

carpet-knight, and one that knew how with trim words to set out deedes that were amisse: a thing that newly happened not then, and never before. For as the greatest glorie is alwaies subject to envie, wee read, that malicious and spightfull persons have used to devise even upon the renowmed warriours and captaines in old time (as taking offence at their most redoubted acts) vices and crimes, although there could none such be found. As for example, Cimon the sonne of Miltiades was charged with incest and incontinencie, even he, who neere unto Eurymedon, a river in Pamphylia, vanquished an infinite number of the Persians, and forced the whole nation, prowdly puffed up by reason of the insolencie of their king, in humble manner to sue for peace. Semblably, Aemilianus Scipio, through the evill will of his concurrents, was taxed for a drowsie sluggard, by whose invincible vigi∣lance, two most puissant cities, obstinately bent to worke Rome mischiefe, were ut∣terly rased to the ground. Likewise, certaine slanderous backbiters, seeking many waies for a hole in Pompeius coat, when they could find nothing in him blame-wor∣thie, observed (forsooth) these two things (very toyes to speake of, and of no validi∣tie;) namely, that by a peculiar and naturall use that he tooke, he scratched his head with one finger, and for a prettie while (to hide a certaine foule and ill favoured ulcer that he had) bound up his leg with a little white band: The one of these hee did (said they) as being a loose and dissolute person; the other, as one that looked for a change, and affected to bee king; comming out (forsooth) with this bald and frivolous reason, that it mattered not on what part of the body hee wore a diademe, the marke of regall majestie: and this did they by that man, than whom there was not one that bare himselfe more valiant and politicke in the behalfe of his coun∣trey, as the notable proofes that he gave doe testifie. While these things thus went abroad, Artemius abode also at Rome vice-Praefect or deputie governor for Bassus, who having beene but newly promoted Praefect of the citie, was by naturall death taken away; whose government met with turbulent seditions and commotions, neither had it any memorable matter worth the relation.

CHAP. XI. The warre that Constantius made against the Sarmatians and the Quadi.

WHiles the Emperour in this meane time tooke his Winter ease and repose in Sirmium, there came unto him heavie newes, and those thicke one in the necke of another, shewing how the Sarmati and the Quadi (nations sutable in neere neighbourhood, like conditi∣ons, and consonant armour) joyntly together, in sundry squa∣drons dispersed, made rodes into Pannonia, and the second Mae∣sia: who being better fitted for brigandize than open fight in the field, are weapo∣ned with long pikes, and armed with habergeons made of shaved and smoothed hornes, which feather-wise are wrought close into linnen jackes. Most of their horses for to serve their turnes bee guelded, least either upon the sight of Mares they should be disquieted and fling out of order, or bestowed behind in place of supply, growing there with frampold, bewray by their thicke neighing those that ride upon them. And these warriors are able to gallop and ride a great ground, whiles they either follow others in chase, or else turne backe themselves, sitting as they doe upon swift coursers and pliable, leading also after them in hand one lere

horse, and otherwhiles twaine, that by chaunge they might cherish the strength of their beasts, and by alternative turnes of rest renew their vigour afresh. After there∣fore, that the * 1.36 Aequinox of the Spring time was past the Emperour having assem∣bled a puissant armie, put himselfe on his journey with the guidance of a more gra∣cious and mild fortune: who being come to a most convenient place, and having passed over the river * 1.37 Ister, flowing above his bankes (by reason that the heapes of snow and yce were now thawed and resolved into water) and that upon a planked floore of ships joyned together in manner of a bridge, he invaded the lands of the Barbarians, which he meant to wast and spoyle: who being prevented by his spee∣die journey, and seeing whole troupes of a warlike armie affronting them, and readie to cut their throats; an armie (I say) which they supposed could not possi∣bly be gathered together, considering the season of the yeare, durst neither breath themselves, nor stand their ground, but to avoid this unlooked for destruction, be∣tooke themselves all at once to flight. Most of them, such as for very feare could hold no speedie pace, were beaten downe and slaine: those who by their quicke footmanship escaped death, lying close among the secret vales and hidden bot∣tomes of the mountaines, beheld their native countrey destroyed before their face with the edge of the sword, which verily they might have saved, had they made head and resisted with the same vigour that served them to escape away. These things were done in that part of Sarmatia which faceth * 1.38 Pannonia secunda. With like fortitude also, over-against * 1.39 Valeria, our souldiors in manner of a tempestuous whirlewind carrying and harrying the riches of the Barbarians, wasted what so∣ever stood in their way. Who beeing throughly mooved at the sight of this so great a losse and extreame miserie, laying aside all purpose to hide themselves a∣ny longer, armed as they were in three battailons, thought (under semblance of suing for peace) to set upon our men, whiles they carried themselves more se∣curely: so that they might not be able either to make readie their weapons, or a∣void violent wounding, or (that which is the last meanes in extremitie) to turne themselves to flight. Now presently there were with the Sarmatiae, to partake with them in perill, the Quadi, who oftentimes had beene yoke-fellowes with them in doing hurt. But their forward boldnesse, as readie as it was, could not helpe them, running headlong as they did upon evident and open dangers: For after a number were killed, as many of them as could survive, made shift to es∣cape by the wayes wherein they were perfect. Our armie then upon this fortu∣nate event, which gave an edge to their strength and courage, joyning their squa∣drons closer together, hastened into the dominions of the Quadi: Who fea∣ring much by this accident past, what might hang over their heads; minding as suppliants to crave peace, confidently presented themselves before the Em∣perour.

CHAP. XII. Zabais, Acabacius, Vsafer, and other petie kings or princes of the Quadi, with humble prayer and as submissive gestures seeke unto Con∣stantius for peace, and receive the same.

WHen they therefore were about to qualifie and mitigate these and such like troubles, and a day was appointed for the setting down of the con∣ditions, Zizais also, a prince of the bloud roiall, and a young gallant, tall and mightie of personage, even then marshalled the Sarmatians, as it were in order of battaile, for to fall likewise to entreatie and sue for peace. And no sooner had he a sight of the Emperour, but presently he flung away his weapons, and fell grovelong flat upon his breast, in manner breathlesse, and not able to take his wind: and having for very feare lost the use of his tongue, even when he should have made his petition, thereby he moved the greater pitie. Now, after he had assay∣ed sundry times to speake, permitted he was with sobbing (which somewhat hinde∣red his speech) to utter as well as he could what he requested. At length, after he was refreshed, and bidden to arise upon his knees, having now recovered his voice, he humbly besought forgivenesse and pardon for his trespasses. Thither also was the multitude admitted to make their supplications; who for very feare could not open their mouths, for that as yet the better person among them stood in doubtfull tearmes of danger: but when he was commaunded once to raise himselfe from the ground, and had given unto them a signe which they long waited for, to make their petition, they all cast from them their targuets and weapons, and wholly gave them∣selves to humble prayers, devising many meanes and gestures how to exceed the said prince in lowly supplication. This Zizais, beeing the greater potentate, had (with the rest of the armed men) brought also with him other pettie princes, name∣ly Rumon, Zinafer, and Fragiledus, and many lords beside of the nobilitie, to tender the like petitions upon hope to speed: who albeit they rejoyced highly for their lives graunted, and promised to undergoe the heavie load of hard conditions, in re∣compence and to make amends for hostile hurts and outrages committed, yea, and willingly to present themselves, their goods, children, and wives, together with the whole circuit of their territories and possessions under the power of the Romanes; yet courtesie and bountie joyned with equitie prevailed and tooke place: so that being willed, without feare to hold still their owne habitations, they rendred up all the captives they had of our men. They brought in also their hostages according as they were enjoyned, and promised most readily from thenceforth to obey what∣soever they were commaunded. This example of clemencie gave encouragement likewise to others; insomuch, as there came in speedily together with all their peo∣ple, Arabarius and Vsafer, princes of the bloud royall, among the lords and poten∣tates of eminent place, leaders of the Gentile regiments: the one of them ruled part of the Quadi, inhabiting beyond the mountaines; the other, certaine of the Sar∣matians; both, in regard of their countries so neere confining, and their sutable sa∣vagenesse, sorting most joyntly together. The multitude of their people the Em∣perour suffered not to aproch, least under a pretence of making some league, they might suddainely take them to armes. Thus when the companie was parted and di∣vided, those that came to entreat in the behalfe of the Sarmatians, were willed for a small time to withdraw themselves out of the way, whiles the businesse of Araba∣rius

and his Quadi, might be skanned and considered of. Who having presented themselves in place, after the fashion of their countrey, standing with their bodies stouping, when they were not able to excuse and purge themselves of their outra∣ges committed, fearing the calamities of extreame miserie, gave hostages as they were commaunded, never compelled before time to exhibite any pledges of league or alliance. These matters thus according to equitie and reason concluded, Vsafer was admitted to deliver his request, whiles Arabarius stiffely stood upon these tearmes, and affirmed, That the peace which himselfe had obtained, ought to stand him also in stead, as beeing partner with him, although in an inferiour degree, and wonted to obey his commaundements. But after this question was debated, order was given, That the Sarmatians, as having beene alwaies vassals unto the Romans, should be freed from other forraine power, and so they gladly accepted to put in ho∣stages, for better assurance of keeping the peace. After this, there offered them∣selves of their owne accord a mightie number of nations and kings conflowing to∣gether in troups and companies, now that they understood how Arabarius went his way without punishment and hurt, who besought that the sword might hang from their throats. And in like sort, they also, having obtained peace, which they desired, brought in sooner than a man would have thought, their sons by way of hostages, whom they sent for out of the inmost parts of the kingdome. Semblably also, they delivered up our men their prisoners (according as it was capitulated) whom they parted fro with no lesse griefe and sorrow than they did from their owne children.

CHAP. XIII. The Sarmatians that were slaves, after they had put to flight and banished their lords and masters, contemned the clemencie of Constantius, and trusting upon the strength of their places, furnish themselves with guile, wea∣pons, and prayers together, for their defence.

THese affaires thus set in order, his care was now for the Sarmatians, who deserved rather a pitifull eye of compassion, than privie hatred and dis∣pleasure; unto whom, how fortunate and happie this occasion fell out to be, a man would not beleeve: so as that might well be deemed true which one sayth, A princes power either mastereth or maketh Fortune. There inhabi∣ted this kingdome in old time certaine ignoble potentates, but in a secret conspira∣cie their servants taking armes, enterprised a notorious act; and, as the Barbarians use evermore to reckon might to be their right, they vanquished their masters, as be∣ing in stoutnesse their matches, & in number superior: who then by reason of feare that troubled their wits, being to seeke what counsell to take, fled unto the * 1.40 Victobali inhabiting farre off, thinking it better to yeeld obeysance to their defendors (a thing that men in distresse will wish to doe) than to serve their owne slaves: which hard fortune of theirs they grievously complaining of, now that they had gotten their pardon, and were taken into [the Emperours] protection, craved meanes and helpe to recover their libertie: and so farre forth was he mooved with this wrongfull in∣dignitie, that in the sight of the whole armie he called them all together, and gave them very good and gracious words, willing and commanding them to obey none but himselfe and the Romane captaines. And to the end that this restitution of free∣dome might have the addition and encrease withall of dignitie, he set over the same Sarmatians, as their king, Zizais, a noble person and of high reputation, meet verily

even then for regall ensignes (as his deed shewed) and faithfull besides. Neither was any man licenced after these glorious atchievements to depart, before that our captives (as it had been agreed on) returned. After these acts thus performed in the Barbarians ground, the camp removed forward to * 1.41 Bregetio, to the end, that there also the reliques of the Quades warre, who kept a stirre about those tracts might be quenched either with teares or bloud: among whome, Vitrodorus, a prince of the bloud, as being the sonne of king Viduarius, & Agilimundus a pettieking, with other Potentates and Iudges, who had the governance of sundry nations, when they saw our armie in the very bosome of the realme, & of their native soile, layd themselves along at the feet of the souldiors as they should march, and after pardon graunted, did what they were commaunded; yea, and delivered their children as hostages in pawne, that they would yeeld performance of conditions imposed upon thē; draw∣ing forth also their swords, which they worship as gods, sware by them to continue loyall and faithfull. These affaires thus brought (as hath bin related) to so happie an end, the regard of a common good required, that the forces should with all speed be turned upon the Limigantes, those Sarmatian slaves and usurpers aforesaid: for it was an abhominable shame, that they had without punishment perpetrated so ma∣ny wicked prankes: Who likewise, as if they had forgotten their former outrages, now that the free Sarmatians brake out and cast off their allegeance, having gotten so fit a time and oportunitie, entred forcibly into the Roman marches, to performe this only mischiefe and villanie, joyning in one mind with their masters & enemies. Howbeit, upon good deliberation determined it was, That this offence also should be punished more mildly than the hainousnesse of their crimes required: by procee∣ding thus farre forth in revenge, as that they should be translated into places farre re∣mote, thereby to loose the meanes of molesting our territories: yet the conscience they carried about them, what lewd & wicked parts they had this long time played, made them to feare the dangers wherein they stood. And therefore imagining no lesse, than that the whole warre should be bent upon them, they furnished thēselves with falsehood in their hearts, weapon in their hands, and prayers in their lips. But at the first sight of our armie, being strucken and astonied as with a flash and stroke of lightning, and thinking of nothing but extremitie, after they had craved life, they promised a yerely tribute, the mustering of their able and lustie youth, yea and their service; readie, as they made shew by gesture and countenance, to yeeld and give consent, if they were so commaunded, to flit into some other countrey; yet presu∣ming confidently on the strength of those places, wherein after they had driven their masters thence, they had seated themselves in securitie. [For the river * 1.42 Parthis∣cus running downe violently into these lands, with a crooked course and streame mingleth his water with * 1.43 Ister. But whiles he passeth on alone with more libertie, gliding soft by little and little through long and spatious countries, and neere unto his issue reducing the same into a narrow streit, with his owne channell he defen∣deth the inhabitants upon it from the invasion of the Romanes by the channell of Danubius, and by his owne fence performeth them safe from the out-rodes of the Barbarians. In which place, the most part of the countrey, by reason of the naturall moisture of the ground, and the rising of the rivers, be overflowne, full of standing waters, and over-growne with willowes, and therefore unpassable, unlesse it bee to such as are very skilfull in those quarters: and beside all this, there is a winding cir∣cuit of an Island, meeting in a manner by the comming to it of Parthiscus, which a greater river environing, severeth from all fellowship with the firme land.]

CHAP. XIIII. The Sarmatian slaves daring to ioyne battaile with the Romane armie, after ashort fight are discomfited, and by a very bloudie execution, within the space of halfe an houre utterly destroyed. After which overthrow, the rest who remained at home were cruelly dealt with.

THey came therefore, at the princes motion, with their in-bred pride and arrogance, to the hithermore banke of the river, not minding, as the end shewed, to doe that they were commaunded, but be∣cause they would not seeme to dread the presence and sight of our souldiors: where they stood in a stout and stubborne selfe-will, ma∣king plaine shew, that therfore they drew so neere, because they would reject what∣soever commaundement should be layed upon them. Which the Emperour see∣ing evidently that it might happen, having secretly divided his armie into many battailons, with quicke speed and expedition enclosed them, as they went, within the said battailons of his owne souldiors: and standing himselfe with some few upon an higher banke, and defended with a strength of his guard about him, hee mildly willed them not to be unruly. But they, wavering and doubtfull in mind, were distracted contrarie waies, whiles by wily craft and furious heat together they assayed to give battaile, but withall entermingled their prayers: and so providing to issue forth in a place neere unto them, and to charge upon our men, they cast for the nonce their shields a great way before them, that stepping forward by little and little to recover them, they might without any shew of fraud gaine ground by stealth. Now by this time the day was well spent, and grew toward evening: see∣ing then the declining of day-light put them in mind to make hast, our souldiors marched with their banners upright, and in a fierie heat advaunced against them. Who keeping close together, and drawing themselves into thicker rankes, bent all their force against the prince himselfe, standing (as hath beene said) on high: and that they did with menacing eyes and terrible words. This furious madnesse of theirs our armie for very anger could not endure, but (as they preassed hard and hote upon the Emperour, as hath beene said) with a battailon narrow and sharpe∣pointed before; which forme the simple and plaine souldiors use to tearme Caput porci, i. an Hogs head, gave them such a hote and violent charge, that they dis-ran∣ked their battaile. Thus on the right hand our footmen cut in pieces the compa∣nies of their footmen, and on the left our men of armes entred the nimble troupes of their horsemen. The Praetorian band that carefully guarded the Emperours person, affronted them in the very breast, and slew them downe right: soone after also as they fled, came upon their backes and killed them. And these Barbarians, as they were overthrowne and felled to the ground, such was their invincible contu∣macie and wilfulnesse, shewed by the horrible gnashing noise which they made, that they grieved not so much at their owne death, as at our mens joy and glad∣nesse. And beside those that were starke dead, a number of them having their ham strings cut, and thereby destitute of all meanes to flye, some with their right hands cut off, others againe unwounded verily, but crushed and squeezed under the weight of those that went over them, endured dolorous torments, without one word or grone given: neither was there one of them, who among those sun∣dry sorts of execution either craved mercie, or flung his weapon from him, or desi∣red

quicke dispatch by present death; but holding their weapons continually, thus piteously afflicted though they were, esteemed it a lesse fault to be overcome by the gorce of others, than convicted by the doome of their owne knowledge and conscience: yea, and they were heard otherwhiles grumbling and mumbling these words; That it was long of Fortune and not of thdir desert, that this befell unto them▪ Thus in the space of one halfe houre was the trhall of this battaile dispatched, and so many Barbarians lay dead at once upon the ground, as that it was the victorie a∣lone and nothing else which shewed there had bedne a field fought. Scarcely were yet these hostile nations defeated, when the neere kinsfolke and deere friends of them that were slaine, of both sexes and all ages one with another, were brought forth in routs and companies, plucked out of their poore and low cottages: who abandoning the pride of their former life, fell to the most humble and servile obse∣quiousnesse that might be. And thus againe within the compasse of a very small time, a man might see whole heapes of bodies slaine, and flockes of poore captives. Whiles this heat therefore of fighting, and the gaine withall of conquering pricked our men still forward, they rose up all at once, intending the destruction of those that either forsooke the field, or lay close hidden within their cottages. When our souldiors therefore, thirsting still after the bloud of Barbarians, were come to the places where they kept, downe they went with the light thatch, and hewed the men in pieces: neither was there any one of them, whom his cabbin, were it never so surely framed of strong timber-peeces, saved from danger of death. Finally, when as all was on a light fire, that none could lurke or lye hid any longer, now that all meanes of saving life were cut off, every one either perished obstinately consumed with fire, or avoiding the fire, if he went forth of dores, whiles he sought to decline that one kind of death, fell upon the enemies sword, and so was slaine. Yet some there were of them, who escaping both weapon and fire, as generall as it was, com∣mitted themselves to the streame of the river running hard by, in hope by skill in swimming to gaine the banke on the farther side: of whom, the most part sunke under the waves, and perished; some were shot in with arrowes, and so lost their lives; insomuch, as with abundance of bloud there shed, the streame of the river fomed and swelled againe. Thus by both elements, the armed anger and valour of the winners, made cleane worke and riddance of all. Decreed then it was, after this order taken aforesaid, That generally throughout, they should all loose both hope and comfort of life: and so, after their houses burnt, and whole families caried away, commaundement was given, That vessels should be gotten together, to search out those whom the farther banke of the river had severed from our armie: and foorth∣with, least the courage of the warriours should abate or wax coole, certaine nimble and lightly appointed skirmishers were put in boats, who being guided along the secret coasts of the countrey, met with all the lurking holes of the Sarmatians: who at the suddaine sight of them were deceived, namely, seeing them to be their owne countrey wherries and rowers whom they knew. But when by the glittering of the weapons afarre off, they perceived that was comming toward them which they fea∣red, they betooke themselves for refuge and safetie to their moorish and fennie grounds, whom the souldiors followed the more maliciously: and having killed the most of them, found a victorie there, where a man would have verily thought, they neither could keepe sure footing, nor would adventure upon any service.

CHAP. XV. The Picenses and Limigantes, terrified with these fresh examples of their confederats thus subdued and laied along, yeeld their neckes unto the Romane yoke: and having beene compelled to seeke other places for their habitation, at length are reducea by Constan∣tius into their auncient seat.

AFter that the * 1.44 Amicenses were in manner all destroyed, as large a coun∣trey as they over-spread, our men marched without delay against the * 1.45 Picenses (thus called of the regions bordering upon them) who were the safer by reason of their fellows miseries, wherof they had certain in∣telligence by the continuall rumors that ran of them. To the surprising and subdu∣ing of them (for an hard piece of worke it was to pursue them scattered as they were in divers places, and namely where vnskilfulnesse in the waies giveth a check) * 1.46 they tooke unto them the helpe of the * 1.47 Taifali, and likewise of the free Sarmatians. And considering that the regiments of these their aid-souldiors were by distance of pla∣ces farre severed, our men chose those tracts to invade that joyne to Moesia; the Tai∣fali tooke in hand those parts that lay next; and the free Sarmatians seized upon the lands that lay opposite unto them. The Limigantes afflighted with the fresh exam∣ples of them that were subdued and overthrowne, wavered a long time in doubtful minds, Whether they should die, or fall to entreatie, seeing they had notable exam∣ples and experiments given of both waies. In the end, the counsell of their elders prevailed so much, and the consideration withall of so many and sundry victories, that they tooke the course to yeeld themselves. They also came in and joined with them in humble supplication, who by force of armes had usurped libertie: and the residue likewise of them (despising now such masters as had bin overcome, & were unmeet for warre, seeing the mightier in place) with humble praiers submitted their necks to the yoke. The more part of them therefore, after they had received a safe∣conduct, and forsaken the strong defence & bulwarke of the mountaines, sped them apace to the Romanes campe over the spacious and wide champian fields, together with their parents, wives, and children, as also with that pelfe which their quicke de∣parture permitted them to steale away. And they that were thought would rather loose their lives, than be compelled to void their countrey, whiles they tooke licenti∣ous madnesse to be libertie, willingly agreed now to be under authoritie, and to en∣ter upon other quiet & trustie places of habitation, so as they might not be troubled with warres, nor changed by seditions. And these men being received into protecti∣on, according to their owne desire (as it was verily thought) remained quiet for a small time; but afterwards through their in-bred wildnesse grew againe to commit most mischievous outrage, as shall be shewed in convenient processe of our historie. In this prosperous course and successe of affaires, a competent defence of Illyricum was upon a two-fold reason established: the duple greatnesse of which businesse the emperor having taken in hand, effected both. The banished persons suspected thogh they were for their mutabilitie, yet like to behave thēselves somewhat more civilely, he reduced home at length and placed in their auncient habitations: and to doe the same people a greater pleasure, he set over them not an ignoble & base minded king, but one of royall bloud descended, and endued with excellent parts both of bodie and mind, even him whom before time they themselves had made their governour.

CHAP. XVI. Constantius taking ioy in the sirname and style of Secundus Sarmaticus, in a so∣lemne Oration reioyceth both in the behalfe of himselfe and of his armie, for the victorie gained of his enemies.

VPon so happie a traine of brave exploits, Constantius now bearing him∣selfe higher than one that feared any thing, and with generall consent of the souldiors styled Secundus Sarmaticus, after the name of those whom he had subdued, and being now at hand to depart, called all the Cohorts, Centuries, and Maniples together, standing up in his Tribunal, environed about with the Ensignes, Eagles, and a number of sundry captaines and officers of high place in the campe, made a speech after his manner unto the armie, graci∣ous as he was in the eyes of all men, to this effect. The remembrance of our glorious atchievements, which to valiant men is more acceptable than all the pleasures in the world, moveth me in right modest tearmes to rehearse unto you the most faithfull defendors of the Romane State, what enormities (by our victorious fortune sent unto us from God above, both before battaile, and in the very heat also of fight) we have reformed and set in frame: For what is there so glorious, or so worthie in all right to be commended unto the memoriall and records of posteritie, than that a souldior, having been in the action of worthy exploits, may reioyce in the same so wisely and politickely devised? Our enemies in their furious rage, and upon a vanitie of swelling pride, despising us in our absence, whiles we were em∣ployed in the defence of Italy and Gaule, over-ran Illyricum at their pleasure: and in sundry rodes that they made to and fro, wasted the frontiers of our limits: one while in hollowed troughes of oake, otherwhiles on foot passing over rivers: not by way of conflict in open field, nor using the meanes of armour and fine force; but like, as their use hath alwaies bin, after the manner of secret brigands and robbers, for their craftie guile and varietie of de∣ceitfull mockeries ever from the first beginning of their nation dread even unto our old an∣cestors. What displeasures were by them done tollerable, we suffered, as being in person farre removed, supposing that lighter losses by the effectuall service of our captaines might be forfended. But when through their licentiousnesse they proceeded further, and grew to worke many mischiefes and the utter undoing of whole provinces; after we had fortified and made sure the avenues into Rhaetia, and by a most vigilant guard firmely founded the securitie of Gaule, leaving no cause of terror and feare behind us at our backes, we came in∣to Pannonia, to the pleasure of eternall God, purposing to strengthen whatsoever was like to run to ruine and decay. And when all things were prepared accordingly, as yee know, in the middle of Spring we went in hand with most weightie and important affaires. First, that when we were about to frame a bridge close ioynted, no voleyes of shot might impeach us: which worke being with small ado finished, after we had seene and overrun our enemies lands; the Sarmatians, who stubbornely in a wilfull mind went about to withstand us unto death, we overthrew and subdued without any losse of our owne men. The Quadi also in semblable malapartnes, whiles they came to aid the Sarmatians, and fell upon the squadrons of our noble legions, we hewedin pieces: who after miserable damages sustained, having found by experience in all their braving rodes and minatorie attempts of resistance, of what force our valour was, did cast away all fence of armour; and those hands which they had pre∣pared and fitted for fight, they carried pinnioned behind at their backes: and seeing no other meanes to save their lives but in prayer and petition, they fell prostrate at the foot of a merci∣full Emperour, whose battails they had often found to have come unto afortunat end. After

these were sequestred and set aside, with like valour we vanquished the Limigantes also: and when a number of them were slaine, the others to avoid the danger were driven to flye for refuge unto their starting holes among the blind marishes. And when these exploits were likewise brought to an happie conclusion, the time was come when we were to use sea∣sonable mildnesse and clemencie. The Limigantes we forced to flit into places farre remo∣ved, for feare they might any more bestirre themselves to doe our men mischiefe, and most of them we spared. Over those that were free, we set as ruler Zizais, who was to be devo∣ted and faithfull afterward unto us, reputing it a greater matter to create, than to present unto the Barbarians a king: and this honor added much unto the solemnitie of his creati∣on, that he was appointed unto the same people a ruler, who had before time elected and ac∣cepted him. A foure-fold reward therefore, which one expedition hath performed, we have acquired and the Common-wealth together: first, by working due revenge upon hurtfull and mischievous robbers; and after by taking of our enemies so many prisoners as may sa∣tisfie you abundantly. For with those things ought vertue and prowesse to stand contented, which it hath woon by painefull sweat and strong hand: as for our selves, our owne tra∣vailes and fortitude will be sure to save for us much wealth and ample riches, which are great treasures, even the patrimonies of all men whole and sound. For this is it that besee∣meth the mind of a good prince; this suiteth well with prosperous successes. Finally, I my selfe also carrie before me the spoile of our enemies name, even the addition in my style of Secundus Sarmaticus: which yee all with one accord, without arrogancie be it spoken, have worthily and for desert conferred upon me. After this speech ended, the whole as∣sembly with more than wonted alacritie, as having their hope of greater matters and gaine bettered, by way of joyfull applause and festivall acclamations rose up, to resound the praises of their Emperor: and at last, after open declaration made ac∣cording to the maner, That Constantius was invincible, repaired with joy unto their pavilions. And the Emperour being brought backe unto his pallace, and refreshed with two daies repose, returned with triumphant pompe to Sirmium: the militarie bands and companies also, retyred to their appointed places of abode. In these very daies, Prosper, Spectatus, and Eustachius, sent as embassadours unto the Persians, as I have shewed before, went unto the king, being returned to Ctesiphon, producing the Emperors letters and presents, and they demanded (as things then stood whole and sound) a peace: and mindfull of their commission and what directions they had in charge, they never left the due regard of the good and majestie of the Romane Empire, avouching boldly, that the covenant of amitie was to be established no o∣therwise, but with this condition, That there should be no motion at all made of troubling the state of Armenia and Mesopotamia. When therefore they had staied there a long time, seeing the king most obstinately set and hardened against the ad∣mitting of any peace, unlesse the Seignorie of these countries were awarded unto him; they returned without effecting their businesse. After this, were sent to obtaine the self-same thing with like strength and validitie of conditions, Lucillianus a * 1.48 lieu∣tenant, and Procopius at that time a Notarie, who afterwards entangled and tied fast with a certaine knot of violent necessitie, rose up in open rebellion, and aspired to the imperiall diademe.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Met••.
• * 1.2

  Mentz.
• * 1.3

  I suspect this place: For what might 20. effect? and what should the rest of the 800. doe the while?
• * 1.4

  Mein.
• * 1.5

  Colein and Gulich.
• * 1.6

  Kessel in Cuyck.
• * 1.7

  Maese, or Meuse.
• * 1.8

  Praefectus Praeto∣rio.
• * 1.9

  or head-silver.
• * 1.10

  Sclavonia.
• * 1.11

  Camelage: haply ••••ll for Camels ca∣riage
• * 1.12

  or chiefe Iustice.
• * 1.13

  at Rome.
• * 1.14

  much like to a Lord Iustice or Maior.
• * 1.15

  in Aegypt.
• * 1.16

  or Rapiar.
• * 1.17

  The citie of the Sunne, in which sence it is at this day called Beth∣••emes.
• * 1.18

  or places.
• * 1.19

  Constantine.
• * 1.20

  Prafectus Pratorio
• * 1.21

  cum Duce tu••.
• * 1.22

  Comes.
• * 1.23

  people in the countie of Tyroll.
• * 1.24

  Comidit. Na••••.
• * 1.25

  the 24 of August.
• * 1.26

  For so much doth Eusebia sig∣nifie in Greeke.
• * 1.27

  i. a shaker of the earth.
• * 1.28

  Sciles, and there∣upon it seemeth to be named Delos.
• * 1.29

  Maretamo
• * 1.30

  Namphio.
• * 1.31

  Rhodes.
• * 1.32

  Vulcano.
• * 1.33

  Golfo de Patras.
• * 1.34

  Weser.
• * 1.35

  Tongeren.
• * 1.36

  When daies and nights are of a length.
• * 1.37

  called also Da∣nubius. Donaw.
• * 1.38

  Within the king∣dom of Hungarie.
• * 1.39

  Another part of Pannonia. Kraba∣ten, Rhenano.
• * 1.40

  or Victovali, or Victophali. Eutrop.
• * 1.41

  Brigitio. Callisto.
• * 1.42

  Pathissus. Plinio. Teissa in Hungarie
• * 1.43

  Donow.
• * 1.44

  Sarmatians, so called of the region adjoyning.
• * 1.45

  Likewise, the Pi∣censes, Ersech. Castal.
• * 1.46

  our men.
• * 1.47

  or Thaiphali.
• * 1.48

  or Comes.