The whole course of chirurgerie wherein is briefly set downe the causes, signes, prognostications & curations of all sorts of tumors, wounds, vlcers, fractures, dislocations & all other diseases, vsually practiced by chirurgions, according to the opinion of all our auncient doctours in chirurgerie. Compiled by Peter Lowe Scotchman, Arellian, Doctor in the Facultie of Chirurgerie in Paris, and chirurgian ordinarie to the most victorious and christian King of Fraunce and Nauarre. Whereunto is annexed the presages of diuine Hippocrates.

THE FIRST TREATISE of Chiurgerie which contayneth Eleauen Chapters. By Peter Low Arellien. (Book 1)

• Chapter 1 Of the origine, and excelleecie of Chirurge∣rie.
• Chapter 2Of Chirurgerie in generall, and of operations, and instrumetts of Chirurgerie.
• Chapter 3Of naturall thinges in generall.
• Chapter 4Of Elementes, and the consideration thereof.
• Chapter 5Of the temperaments and complexions of mās bodie.
• Chapter 6Of the foure humors in generall and parti∣cular▪
• Chapter 7Of members and spirittes p••incipall of our bodie.
• Chapter 8Of vertue••s or faculties, and whereof they proceede.
• Chapter 9Of actions or operations of vertues.
• Chapter 10Of spirittes, and whereof they proceede.
• Chapter 11Of ihinges, which are annexed to naturall thinges.

The first Chapter of the originall be∣ginning, and of the antiquitie, and Excel∣lencie of Chirurgerie.

COnsidering with my selfe, that all men are naturally obliged to serue to the common wealth by some honest professiō, and that no man is able to discharge that dutie, and benefit to his natiue countrie, except he learne in his tender age, the science, wherin the ornament therof consisteth, after full Deliberation I applyed my selfe to the studie of Chirurgerie, which is by the consent of all learned men, not only a science verie profitable & necessarie to all sorts of people, but also most auntient and honourable, as ma∣nyfestly testifieth all the antiquitie: in reading whereof we finde the inuention of Chirurgerie ascribed (for the ex∣cellencie thereof) to the Gods themselues, to witt, to Aesculape sonne of Appollo, from the which Podalire and Machaon his sonnes, learned the same and cured sundrye and diuers, which were deadlye hurt and wounded at the siege of Troy, as reporteth Homer the poet.* 1.1 Clemens A∣lexandrinus sayth that the first operator was the Nephew of Noah and after him Apis king of Egipt.* 1.2 Cornelius Cel∣sus sayth, that it was found, and exercised long before o∣ther sciences. But passing with silence, Apollo, Aescu∣lapius, and all that sort of Gods, as also Hippocrates, Ga∣len, Pythagoras, Empedocles, Parmenides, Pimander, Democritus, Chiron, Paeon, and all the auntient Philoso∣phers, together with Alexander the great, Marcus Anto∣nius

and the rest of the Emperors, Kings and princes, who professed the same, is it not most manyfest in the old testa∣ment, that it was inuēted and approued by God himselfe, for in the XX▪ Chapter of the fourth booke of the Kinges, wee reade, how Esaie healed by Gods owne commande∣ment Ezechias, by laying a figge on his bi••es, and sores: as also in the 8. and 9. Chapter of Tobias, how the angell cōmaunded him to slea a fishe, called Cassidill, & to take the gall thereof to the webbe of the eies. But what, not only was it inuented by the diuine power, but in like ma∣ner expresly cōmaunded in the 8. Chap. of Eccle. & di∣uers other places, that the professors thereof should be ho∣noured by all men, for God created him to the effect he remaine with thee, to assure thee, and thē which are with thee. Now seing I haue sufficiently both by the Scripture and otherwise prooued the excellencie of Chirurgerie, it is not needefull to compare the same with other artes, and sciences, for if any art be praysed, because it was, and is, professed of noble men, ye may clearly perceaue, that the Gods, Emperours, Kinges, and Princes, haue practised the same. If we consider the sentence of the diuine Phi∣losopher Plato,* 1.3 that thinges good, are difficile, there is no thing harder, than Chirurgerie, the which will occupie a man all his life time to seeke out the nature of things per∣taining thereto. If things be praysed for their strength & force, what thinge is of more strength, than to restore a man to his health, which otherwise was altogether lost▪ some man may perchaunce obiect to me and alleage, that many professors of Chirurgerie, with their charmes, hearbs full of poyson & false promises, destroy many people, who would easily haue recouered their health, if they had giuen no credit to such dissemblers. I answere, that such decei∣uers deserue and merite to be grieuously punished and ba∣nished out of all countries, for yee must vnderstand, that such pernitious and shamelesse people are not, nor should not in any wise, bee tearmed Chirurgians, but abusers of

••he name thereof; for this cause,* 1.4 the prudent Emperour Iustiniā pondering the great damage, that redoundeth to to the common wealth, through permission of such igno∣rants, straightly ordayned, that no gouernour, nor Iudge of prouinces or townes whatsoeuer, shoulde permit anye man, to practise Chirurgerie: but hee, who was receaued, and admitted lawfullye, by the Doctors, who are profes∣sors of the same, which law is yet obserued, in all commō wealthes well gouerned, and especially in the most aunti∣ent cittie of Paris, where the professors are learned, wise & graue men, who are so carefull of the weale-publique that they admit no man into their Colledge, except hee haue first past his whole course in the science of Chirurgerie. I doubt not, but these few words, all men of wisedome will confesse, that these charmes, with their Diabolicall hearbs, who trauaile through countries, deceiuing the people▪ are no wise to be called Chirurgians, but seuerely to be puni∣shed, which I speake not of malice, or enuie to any p••••ti∣culer person, but for the aduancemente of learning, and profit of the common wealth, wherunto I refer my whole trauell and studies.

The second Chapter of Chirurgerie in ge∣nerall, of Operations, and instruments of Chirurgerie.

Interloquutors, Iohn Cointret Deane of the facultie of Chirurgerie in Paris, and Peter Low his Scholler.

CO.

I perceaued by your former discourse touching the originall of Chirurgerie & the excellencie thereof, the great desire you haue to profit therein, & to giue good example to all those, who would professe the same: In cō∣sideration whereof, at your instant request and intreatie, I am deliberate to conferre with you in that matter, seing both our leysures doth permit, to demaund of you in fewe

wordes, the whole principall pointes of Chirurgerie, but, according to Cicero, seing all doctrine whatsoeuer, which is founded on reason,* 1.5 should begin at the diffinition, to the end wee may the better vnderstand, that whereof we doe intreat, first I aske you, what is Chirurgerie?

LO.

It is a science or Art, that sheweth the maner how to worke on mans bodie, exercising all manuell operations necessarie to heale men in asmuch, as is possible by the vsing of most expedient medicines.

CO.

Why say you art or science?

LO.

Because it is deuyded into Theorick and Practtik, as sayth Hieronymus montuo.

CO.

What is Chirurgerie Theorick.

LO.

It is that part, which teacheth vs by rules only the demonstrations, which we may know, without vsing any work of the hand, & therfore we call it science.

Co.

What is practick.

LO.

It is that part, which consisteth in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the hand, according to the precepts in 〈…〉〈…〉, as Aposthumes against nature, Byles, 〈…〉〈…〉 that be out of their natural place▪ 〈…〉〈…〉 operations belonging to the worke of 〈…〉〈…〉 shall heare in the Sixt Treatise.

CO.

Ere 〈…〉〈…〉, let vs 〈◊〉〈◊〉 what is the subiect of this 〈◊〉〈◊〉.

LO.

〈1 paragraph〉〈1 paragraph〉

CO.

Seeing the subiect is so 〈…〉〈…〉 that the Chirurgian be 〈…〉〈…〉 the preseruation, as recoue∣rie 〈…〉〈…〉.

LO.

〈…〉〈…〉 be so.

CO.

Howe, 〈…〉〈…〉.

LO.

Arist•• the 〈…〉〈…〉 vs to begyn at 〈…〉〈…〉 more 〈…〉〈…〉 & difficile, as 〈…〉〈…〉.

CO.

〈1 paragraph〉〈1 paragraph〉

LO.

Fiue.

CO.

〈1 paragraph〉〈1 paragraph〉

LO

[ 1] 〈◊〉〈◊〉 first is to take away that, which is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉〈◊〉, as to take away ••umors against 〈◊〉〈◊〉, lo••pes, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, warts, and such like, to draw the 〈…〉〈…〉, to take awaye a six•• finger or toe▪ 〈…〉〈…〉 being dead, out of the mothers

wombe, to cut a legge, being gangrened or mortified & the like. [ 2] Secondly to help and adde to nature, that which it wanteth, as to put to an artificiall eare, nose, or eye, a hand, a legge, a platten in the roofe of the mouth, which is needefull to those, who by the Spanish sicknes or lyke disease, haue the roofe of the mouth fallen. [ 3] The thirde is to put in the naturall place, that which is out of his place, as to put in the gutts the cawle or net that coue∣reth the gutts, called the epiplon or omentum, after they by fallen in the scrotum, to put bones in their own place, being out of ioynt. [ 4] The fourth, to seperate that, which is contayned, as in opening aposthumes, opening a vaine, scarifying, applying of horseleaches, ventoses, by cutting the ligament vnder the tongue, cutting two fingers gro∣wing together, by cutting the praepuce of the yarde, by cutting the natural conduit of womē being closed natural∣lye together, or else by accident, as often chaunceth after wounds, vlcers & such like. [ 5] The fift to ioyne that which is seperated, as in healing brokē bones, bones that be out of their place, healing of woundes, vlcers, fistules, and such like.

CO.

What methode is to be obserued of the Chirurgian in working these opperarions.

LO.

First to knowe the disease next to doe the operation as soone as may be, surely,* 1.6 without false promises or deceyte to heale thinges, that cannot bee healed, for there are some, who, voyde of knowledge and skill, promise for lucres to heale infirmities, being ignorāt both of the disease, and the reme∣dies therof. These faultes be often committed of some who vsurping the name of Chirurgian, being vnworthie therof, haue scarce the skill to cut a beard which properly pertay∣neth to their traide.

CO.

It seemeth by your words▪ that there are some infirmities pertayning to our art which are incurable.

LO.

There are diuers▪ like as Cancer occult, leprosie▪ elephantike particuler, also when the diseased re∣fuseth the remedie proper for the cure thereof: as to cut a mēber being mortified, to make incisiō of the hydropick,

and also when by the curing of the maladie, there ensueth a greater disease like as to stay altogether suddenly the he∣morrhoides, which haue long run, to cut the varice on the leggs or elsewhere, because the humour taketh the course oftentimes to some principal part, which is cause of death. Also in healing the biles which come in the legs or armes, called malum mortuum.

CO.

What remedies then are most expedient to bee vsed in these diseases.

LO.

Re∣medies palliatiue & preseruatiue to let the euill, that it in∣crease not, as wee shall intreate of each of them in their se∣uerall places.* 1.7

CO.

To doe all these operations, what qualities are required of the Chirurgian.

LO.

There are diuers,* 1.8 and first of all as Celsus sayth, that hee bee learned chiefly in those things that appertaine to his art, that he be of a reasonable age, that he haue a good hand, as perfit in the left as the right, that hee bee ingenious, subtill, wise, that he tremble not in doing his operations, that hee haue a good eye, that hee haue good experience in his art, be∣fore he begin to practise the same. Also that he haue seen and obserued of a long time, of learned Chirurgians, that he be wel manered, affable, hardy in things certaine, feare∣full in thinges doubtfull and dangerous, discreete in iudg∣ing of sicknesses, chast, sober, pitifull, that hee take his re∣ward according to his cure and habilitie of the sicke, not regarding auarice.

CO.

What conditions ought the sicke to haue.* 1.9

LO.

Diuers also, and first hee must haue a good opiniō of the Chirurgian that he haue a good hope to be cured of him, & be obedient to his counsells, for that auaileth much in healing of maladies, that he indure pati∣entlye, that which is done for the recouerie of his health.

CO.

Which are the instrumēts, that the Chirurgian ought to haue to doe his operations.* 1.10

LO.

They are of twoo sortes, for some are common, others are proper, & the in∣struments or remedies common be also of two sortes, for some be medicinals, & some be ferramentalls.

CO.

Why doe you call them cōmon.

LO.

Because they serue indif∣ferently

to diuers parts, and may bee vsed in all parts of the bodie.

CO.

Which are the medicinalls.

LO.

They cōsist in ordaining good regimēt, in things naturall, vnna∣turall and against nature, in letting of bloode, also in applying plaisters, catapla••mes, linimentes, ponders, vn∣guentes and such like.

CO.

Which be the instruments ferramentals.

LO.

Some are to cut as rasures, some to burne as cauters actualls, some to drawe away, as tenells incisiues, pincetts, tirballes, some are to sound, as to sound a winde, the stone in the bladder▪ and such like. Some are to sow wounds, and knit veines & arters as needles.

CO.

Which are the proper instruments.

LO.

Those which serue to one part onley, as in the head a trepan, with sun∣drie other capitalls, in the eye, an instrumēt called specu∣lū oculi, a needle proper to abate the Cataract, in the eare a ciring for deafnes or to draw forth any thing inclosed in the eare, some in the mouth as speculum oris, or dilato••ū for conuulsion, others are proper for the plurisie, others for the hydropsie, some to draw the stone, which are made of di∣uers fashiōs, some are proper for womē as speculū matricis, sūdry are proper for the birth, as ye shal here in our treatise of the sicknesses of women, some are for the fundament as speculum ani, some for broken bones and such as be out of their place, as machnies, lacs, glossocomes.* 1.11

CO.

Which of these remedies are most necessarie to bee had alwaies with him.

LO.

Arnoldus de villa noua counselleth, alwayes to haue sixe to helpe in necessitie for thinges that are common, the first an astringent or retentiue to staye a bleeding or fluxion that commeth in any part, the second is basili•• to make matter in a wound or an a posthume, the third some cleansing salue as Apostulorum or Diapeo, the fourth is to fill vp a wounde or bile, with fleshe that is hollowe, like as vnguentum aureum. The fift is cerat ga∣len, or rosat mesne proper to appease a great dolor or heate, which oft chanceth. The sixt is called De••iccatiuum rubeum or such like, to drie and cicatrize the skin.

CO.

Howe manye kindes of ferramentes ought the Chirurgian com∣monly

to carrie with him.

LO

Six, a paire of sheeres, a rasor, a lancet, a sound, a tirball, & a needle.

CO.

How many thinges are to be obserued by the Chirurgian before he vndertake any operation.

LO.

According to Haly Abbas there are fiue.* 1.12 The first to knowe well the tempe∣rament of the patience. The second, he must knowe the sicknesse and nature thereof. The third whether it be cu∣rable or not. The fourth remidies proper and meete for the disease. The fift, the right way, to applie such reme∣dies as be nedefull, of all these he ought to giue good rea∣son and authoritie, of such famous men as haue written of this science.

CO.

In how many things consisteth chief∣lye the contemplation of Chirurgerie.

LO.

In three things according to Fuchius.* 1.13

CO.

Which are they.

LO.

The first, are those things, that concurre to the making & constitution of our bodie and therefore are called thinges naturall, the second are those thinges, which conserue the bodie from sicknesse and being rightly vsed nourishe the same, our auntients call them thinges vnnaturall, because if they bee immod••ratly and ill vsed they bee altogether contrarie to our bodies, the thirde, are those things, which be indeede contrarie to our bodies and therefore are cal∣led things contrarie to nature,* 1.14 as Galen writeth.

CO.

Tell mee some thinge more particulerly of these contemplati∣ons of Chirurgerie.

LO.

I am contented, if your leisure doth permit.

CO.

Then, we will in the nexr Chapter followe out naturall thinges.

The third Chapter of naturall thinges in Generall.

LO.

May it please you to prosecute the discourse of na∣tural things, seing we haue alredie intreated of Chirur∣gerie in generall, of the operatiōs & instrumentes Chirur∣gaticalls.

CO.

I like verie well of this methode, howe

many naturall things are reckoned by the Chirurgiā.

LO▪

Seauen, the first is called Element, the second Temperament or complexion, the thirde humors, the fourth members, the fift vertues or faculties, the sixt works and effectes of vertues, the seauenth Spirites.

The Fourth chapter, of Elements.

CO.

Seeing according to your former diuision of naturall thinges Element is the first, then what is an Element.

LO.

It is the most simple part,* 1.15 whereof any thing is made & in the distruction thereof is lastly resolued.

CO.

Howe many elements are there.

LO.

Two according to the con∣templation of Chirurgerie, viz. simples or intilligibles & com∣posed o•• sensibles.

CO.

Which are the intelligibles.

LO.

Those which are knowne only by the speculatiō & iudgement the which was first obserued by Hypocrates.

CO.

How ma∣ny are they in number.

LO.

They are foure according to Arist, to wit, the fire, the ayre, the water, and the earth, the which haue foure diuers qualities, hot, cold, moyst, and drie.* 1.16

CO.

Are these foure Elements otherwise distinguished.

LO.

They are distinguished also according to their light∣nesse and heauinesse.

CO.

Which are the light.

LO.

The fire and the ayre, and seeketh vpward by reason of their light∣nesse.

CO.

Which are the heauie.

LO.

The water and the earth and by reason of their heauinesse they moue downwards.

CO.

Which are sensible elements.

LO.

They are simi∣lar or like parts of our bodies, as sayth Galen.* 1.17

CO

Howe many are they in number.

LO.

Twelue, to wit, the bones, the cartilages, flesh, nerues, vaines, arters, pannicles, ligamēts tendons, the skin, the fat grease, the marrowe, to the which twelue similar partes, some adde parts made of the superflui∣ties of our bodie, as the haire and nailes.

The fift chapter of temperamēts, wherin is shewed the tē∣perature of mans body, of euery nation, and foure seasons of the yeare.

CO.

What is Temperament.

LO.

It is a mixtion of the foure qualities of the Elements as sayth Auicen,* 1.18 or as sayth Galen it is a confusion or mixing of hot, cold, drie, and moyst.

CO.

How many sorts of complexions are there.

LO.

Two, to wit, well tempered and composed, or euill tem∣pered.

CO.

What is temperament well tempered.

LO.

It is that which is equally composed of the Foure qualities of the Elements, of the which compositiō and substance amongst all naturall things, there is but one so tempered, which is the inner skin of the hand, chiefly in the extremities of the fingers as sayth Galen,* 1.19 and is called temperamentum ad pondus. There is another kind of this called temperament ad Iustici∣am which is according to iudgment.

CO.

What is tempe∣rament ad Iustitiam.

LO.

It is that which is composed ac∣cording to the exigence and dignitie of nature, & is known by his operatiōs, for when any thinge naturally hath his operati∣ons verie perfit we esteeme it tempered ad Iusticiam.

CO.

What is temperament euill tempered.

LO.

It is that in the which one Element, gouerneth and hath dominion more than other, as the hot doth surpasse the cold and so forth.

CO.

How many euill temperaments are there.

LO.

There are diuers, which indeede passe not the Limits of health: for some surpasse the temperate in one simple qualitie, some in too composed and so forth.

CO.

How many simple qualities are there.

LO.

Foure as you haue heard, hot, drie, colde, & humide, in like māner there are foure composed to wit, hot & drie, hot and humide, cold and drie, cold & humide, of the which Galen hath openly written.* 1.20

CO.

What partes of our bodies are attributed to these foure qualities.

LO.

To the heate we attribute the parts most hot of our bodies as the spirit, the heart, the blood, the lyuer, & the kidnies, the flesh, the muscules, arters, veines, skin and milt. To the cold wee attribute the haire, bones, cartilage, ligamēts, tendio••s, mem∣braines, nerues, the braines, & the fat grease. To the humide qualities, the braines, the blood, the fat grease, the flesh, the

papps, the stones, lights, lyuer, kidnies, marrow. To the drie, the haire, the bones, cartilages, membraines, ligamēts, tendons, arters, veines, nerues, the skinne: neuerthelesse, some exceede others in these qualities, as you may perceiue by their order: For it is necessary in healing wounds & vlcers to know the tēperature of euery part, for other remedies are to be vsed in hard & dry parts, than in soft and humide parts.

CO.

How are the foure qualities cōpared to the foure quarters of the yere.

LO.

The spring time is hot & humide, most healthfull as saith Hiopocrates & continueth frō the X. of March vn∣till the XI. of Iune. The sōmer begins at the XI. day of Iune,* 1.21 & endeth on the XIII. day of Septēber and is hot & dry. The Autume or haruest, frō the XIII. day of September vntill the XIII. day of December, & is cold, drie, very vnhealthfull, sickly, the which sicknesses, if they continue till Winter, are most dāgerous. The winter frō the XIII. day of Decēber vntil the X. day of March, is cold & humide, in this time of the yere men eat much, ingēder abundāce of crudities, of the which cō∣meth diuers sicknesses.

Co.

How many ways know yee the temperature of mans body.

Lo.

Fiue waies to wit, by the con∣stitutiō of the whole body, by the operations & functiōs, by the countries, wherin men are born by the color, & by the age which being al cōsirered, we may iudg of euery mans cōplexion.

CO.

How know you the tēperature of mans body by the cōsti∣turiōs.

Lo.

Galen saith those which are fat,* 1.22 be cold like as fatnes is ingēdered of a cold habitude. Those that be grosse. & full of flesh be hot, because much flesh is ingēdered of great abundāce of blod, as saith Auicē.

Co.

How know you the tēperature of mās body by the operatiōs.

Lo.

Galen saith, that any crea∣ture, plant, or hearb, is of a good temperature,* 1.23 whē they do well their functiōs natural.

Co.

How by the natiōs or countries know you the temperatur.

Lo.

The people towards the South are melācholick, cruel, vindicatyf, always timide, they are sub∣iect to bee mad & furious, as often chanceth in the Realme of Feze and Marock in Africk, Ethiopia and Egipt, where there is a great number of mad men, they are also subiect to be lepre, chiefly in Ethiopia, they be leane, pale coloured, black eyed, and are hot, by the natural aire,* 1.24 Galen they are also subiect to Ve∣nus gaimes,

because of the melancholicke spumous humor, which is cause, that the Kings of that countrie haue had all times a great nū∣ber of wiues & Concubines, so that some haue had three hun∣dreth, foure hundreth, some a Thousand, as reporteth Bodin in his commonwealth.* 1.25 They are subiect to the falling sicke∣nesse and Scrofules, and feuer quartane, yet they are wise, mo∣dest, and moderate in their actions, they are also proper for the contemplation of naturall and diuine thinges, they haue little interior heate, and for that cause are abstinent, because they cannot digest much meate, so we may saye, that those people, being subiect to greatest sicknesses and vices, are also adorned with greatest vertues, where they are good. The people to∣wards the North are cold and humide, neyther so wicked, nor deceytfull, they are faithfull and true, yet because they are of a grosser wit and more strength, they are more cruell & barba∣rous, they haue greater force and are strōger by reason of the thicknes & coldnes of the blood, they be verie couragious for the great abundance of blood and smaler iudgment, they haue great heate in their interior partes and therefore eate well and drinke better which is an vnhappie vice. They are highe in stature, great bodied, more beautyfull, than those of the South, lesse giuē to the lust of the flesh, & lesse subiect to ielosie which is a common vice to the people towards the East as Greekes and Turkes: or West, as Spayne & such like countries. But principally the people of the South, from whom is come the vse to geld men, whome they call Eunuches to keepe their wiues. Moreouer, they who are towards the North are more labo∣rious and giuen to artes mechanicks, & more proper for wars, than sciences. The people betwixt the South and the North, as Italie, Faunce and such like, be almost of the Northen peo∣ples temperature, but somewhat hotter, they haue lesse internall heate and force, than the Northern people, but more thē they of the South, and therefore decide their quarrells oftener by reason, than force. Yet it is certaine, that they of the Weste, draw more to the qualities of those of the North, like as those of the East, to the conditions of those of the South.

CO.

How

know you by the coulor mans temperature.* 1.26

LO.

Galen sayth those which are of color somewhat red, yellow, or blew, be of a hot temperature, those which are blacke, white, or leade color, are of a cold complexiō, otherwise be the foure colors, the red, the yellow, the blacke, & the white, the red is ordinarily sanguine, the black is melancholy, the yellow is collericke & the white is Phlegmatick.

CO.

How know you mans tem∣perature by the age,

LO.

For as much, as there is a perticuler of the age, we will deferre it, till we come to that chapter.

CO.

By what outward marks know you euery mans cōplexion?

LO.

He of the sanguine complexion is fleshie, liberall, lo∣uing, amiable, gratious, merrie, ingenious, audacious, giuen to Ʋenus game, red coloured, with diuers other qualities, which sheweth the domination of the blood, and it is hot and humide, & is in good health in sommer, and in winter by rea∣son of his humidity. The cholericke is hastie, prompt, & in all his affaires enuious, couetous subtill, hardy, angrie, va∣liant, prodigall, leane, yellow coloured, and is hot and drie, & is in good health in winter. The Flegmaticke is fat, soft,* 1.27 white, sleepie, slothfull, dull of vnderstanding, heauie, much spitting, & white coloured: finallie his temperature essentiall or accidentall is cold and moist, and in good health in sommer. The Melancholicke, which is eyther by nature or accident of colour liuide and plumbin, and solitarie, coward, timide, sad, enuious, curious, auaritious, leane, weake, tardife, and so foorth, and is cold and drie and are well in haruest. As tou∣ching the complexiō of euery age, you shal heare in the chapter of age, and for the complexiō of euery part of the body ye shall heare in the poore mans guide.

The sixt Chapter, of Humors.

CO.

Thou knowest that the most part of all sicknesses proceedeth and are entertayned by some humor, and sometime by sundry humors together, therfore it is most

necessarie, that the Chirurgian know perfectly the humors of our bodies, to the end he giue the better order, for the cu∣ration of maladies, then tell me what is an humor.

LO.

It is a thin substance, into the which our nourishment is first con∣uerted, or it is an naturall Ius that the body is intertained no∣rished or conserued with.

CO.

Wherof proceedeth the hu∣mors.

LO.

Of the iuice or chiles which is made in the sto∣mack, of the aliment wee are nuorished with, changed by the naturall heate of the stomacke and parts neere thereto, theraf∣ter brought to the lyuer by the veines meseraicks, and maketh the foure humors which differeth in nature and kind.

CO.

How many humors are there.

LO.

There are foure which represent the foure Elements aswell by the substance as quali∣ties, whereof euery thing is made, Galen calleth them the e∣lements of our body.

CO,

which are the foure humors.

Lo.

The blood, the phlegme, the choller, and melancholie.

CO.

What is the blood▪

LO.

It is an humor hot, aerious, of good consistance, red coloured, swete tasted, most necessarie for the nourishment of the parts of our body, which are hot and hu∣mide, ingendered in the lyuer, retayned in the veines, and is compared to the aire, as sayth Galen.

CO.

What is phleg∣mie.* 1.28

LO.

It is an humor cold and humide, thyn in consistance, white coloured, when it is in the veines, it nourisheth the parts cold and humide, it lubrifieth the the mouing ef the ioynts & is compared to the water.

CO.

What is choll••r.

LO.

It is an humor hot and drie, of thyn and subtill consistence, black coloured, bitter tasted, proper to nourish the parts hot and dry, it is comparrd to the fire.

CO.

What is melancholie.

LO.

It is an humor cold and drie thick in consistence, sower tasted proper to nourish the parts that are cold and dry and is compa∣red to the earth or winter.

CO.

How many sortes of blood are there.

LO.

Two, naturall and vnnaturall.

CO.

How many wayes degendereth the blood from the naturall.

Lo.

Two wayes: first by some alteration or transmutation of the substance, as when it becometh more grosse or more subtil than it should be, or else by adustion, when the most subtill becom∣meth in choller, and the most grosse in melancholie: secondly through vnnaturall proportion and euill mixion with the rest of the humors and then it taketh diuers names as for example, if with the blood, there bee abundance of pituit, such is called Phlegmaticke, if the choller exceede, chollerick and so forth in the rest.

CO.

How many sorts of phlegmies are there.

LO.

Two, in like manner, naturall and vnnaturall..

CO,

How many kindes of pi••••ite vnnaturall are there.

Lo.

Ac∣cording to Galen there are foure sorts. The first called vitre∣a, because this humor is like vnto melted glasse, it is colde,* 1.29 and proceedeth of gluttonie and Idlenesse, it prouoketh to vo∣mit, causeth great paine in the partes, where it falles as on the teeth and Intestines. The seconde is called the sweete phlegmie, because in spitting of it, it seemeth sweete, it pro∣uoketh the bodye to sleepe. The thirde is called acide or bitter Phlegmie, because in spitting, it seemeth bitter, it is colde and maketh the bodye hungrye. The fourth is salte Phlegmie, it maketh the bodye drye and thirstie. There are some, who make an other kinde, called gipsei, be∣cause of the forme and hardnesse it hath like lyme called gip∣sei: it is often in the ioyntes and is reckoned vnder the vi∣trea.

CO.

How many sorts of choll••r are there.

LO.

Two in like māner naturall and vnnaturall.

CO.

Howe ma∣nye wayes becommeth the chollor vnnaturall.

LO.

Two wayes, firste when it spilleth rotteth and is burnt, and then it is called choll••r adust by putrifaction: the o∣ther is made of the mixture of the other humors.

CO.

In∣to howe manye kindes is it deuyded.

LO.

In foure as sayth Galen. The first is called vitellin, because of the coulor and thicke substaunce,* 1.30 it is like the yolke of

an egge, it is ingendered in the liuer, and the vaines, when by the vnnaturall heate, it dissipateth and consumeth. The se∣cond is called verricuse, because this coulor representeth a wart, called Verruca. The third is called erugmous, because it is like the rust of Brasse or Copper, called aerugo. The fourth is called the blewe choller, because it is ble••e like A∣zure. These three last humors, as sayth Galen are ingendred in the stomacke by the vicious meates, & of euill iuice, which cannot be digested and conuerted into good iuice.

CO.

How many sortes of melancholie is there.

LO.

Two, naturall and adust.

CO.

How many kinds of adust or vnnaturall are there.

LO.

Two, the first is that, whereof commeth the humor melancholicke, which is like the lees of blood, when it is verie hot and adust, or by some hot feuer, that the bloode it selfe doth putrifie, as sayth Auicen, and differeth from the naturall melancholie, as the dregs of wine burnt, from the vn∣burnt.* 1.31 Galen sayth that humor, which is like the lees of wine, whē it becommeth more hot, it ingendereth an humor against nature, called atra bilis, of the which no beast can tast. The second kinde proceedeth of an humor chollericke, the which by adustion is conuerted into diuers coulors, at the laste into blacke coulor, which is the worst of all.

CO.

Knowing these foure humors and their generation, we must knowe in like manner, that in our bodies their is concoctiō, ther∣fore tell me how many kindes of concoction there are.

LO.

* 1.32There are three, as sayth Iohannes Bacchanellus: The first is made in the stomacke, which conuerteth the meate we eate into the substance called chile, in the which the foure hu∣mors are not, but potentially, the second is done in the lyuer, which maketh of the chile▪ the masse sanguiner, ••s sayth Ga∣len.* 1.33 The third is made, through all the body of the which are ingēdered the foure humidyties which the Arabs call humors nourishing or elementaries,* 1.34 as sayth Auicen. The firste hath no name & is thought to be the humor, which drop∣peth from the mouth of the veines. The second is called Ros, the which after it is drunken into the substance of the

bodie, it maketh it humide, whereof it taketh the name. The thirde is called Cambium. The fourth is called Gluten and is the proper humiditie of the similar partes.

CO.

Haue not these humors certaine time, in the which they raigne more then other, in mans bodie.

LO.

Yes indeed,* 1.35 for the blood raigneth in the morning from three hours vntill nine: in like manner in the spring time: The choller from nine in the morning, vntill three in the afternoone: as in Sommer: the phlegme from three afternoone, vntill nine at night, as in autume: the melancholie from nine at night, vn∣till three in the morning, like as in winter: and this is the opini∣on of Hipocrates and Galen as touching the humors.

The seuenth Chapter of members & partes.

CO.

What call you members or partes.* 1.36

LO.

Auicen speaking of members, saith, they are bodies ingendred of the first commixtion of humors.

CO.

How many sortes of members are there.

LO.

Fiue, of the which the first is cal∣led principalles, the second are members that serue the princi∣pall members, the third are members, that neither gouerne nor are gouerned of others, but by their owne proper vertues, the fourth are members, which haue proper vertues of themselues and also of others, the fift is called members excrementals & not proper members as others.

CO.

Howe many principall members are there.

LO.

Foure, to witte, the braines, the heart, the liuer, & the testicles: the first three are called prin∣cipalles, because by them all the bodie is gouerned, and with∣out them, men can not liue, the fourth, which are the testicles, is called principall, because without them, men can not be pro∣created, as saith Galen.

CO.

Which are those, which serue the principall members.* 1.37

LO.

The nerues serueth the braines, the arters, the heart, the veines, the liuer, the instru∣mentes spermatickes, the testicles: by the nerues the spirit a∣nimall is carried through all the bodie, the spirit vitall is car∣ried

by the arters, the veines serue to carrie the bloud through all the bodie, as also to bring the chiles to the liuer, the instrumentes spermaticke for the bringing and casting foorth of the seede.

CO.

Which are the members, which neither gouerne, nor are gouerned of others.

LO.

The bones, the cartilages, membranes, glandes, tendons, liga∣mentes, fattee, simple flesh and so forth.

CO.

Which are those, which haue proper vertue of themselues, and also of others.

LO.

The bellie, the kidneis and the matrix,

CO.

Which are the members called excrementous.

LO.

The nayles and the hayre.

CO.

Are the members no o∣therwise deuided.

LO.

They are deuided into parts similars and dissimilars.

CO.

Which are the partes similars.

LO.

The bones, nerues, arters, flesh and so forth, and are so called, because the lesse part of them hath the same name that the whole hath.* 1.38

CO.

Which are the partes dissimi∣lars?

LO.

The eare, the eye, the legge, hand foote &c.

CO.

Why are they called dissimilars?

LO.

Because when they are deuided, they loose the name of the whole, as the membranes of the braines are not called the braines, nor the membranes of the eye, the eye, and so forth in other dissimilar partes.

The eight Chapter, of Vertues.

CO.

What call you Vertues?

LO.

They are the cause whereof proceedeth the actions or powers as sayth Galen.

CO.

Howe many vertues or faculties are there.

LO.

* 1.39Three, to witte, animall, vitall, and naturall, and those vertues haue a certayne simpathie one with another, for if one be hurt, all the rest suffer with it.

CO

What is animall vertue?

LO.

It is that which commeth from the braines, and sendeth the sense and moouing through all the bodye by the nerues.

CO.

How many sortes of vertues animalles

are there?

LO.

Three, to witte, motiue, sensitiue and principall.

CO.

Wherein consisteth the vertue motiue.

LO.

In the instrumentes that moue voluntarily, as the muscles and nerues.

CO.

Wherein consisteth the vertue sensitiue.

LO.

In the senses externe & interne.

CO.

Into how many is the vertue sensitiue externe deuided.

LO.

In∣to fiue, seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, feeling.

CO.

What is the vertue sensitiue interior.

LO.

It is a vertue that cor∣respondeth to the fiue externall vertues, by one organe onely, and therefore is called sense common.

CO.

Wherein con∣sisteth the vertue principall.

LO.

In imagination, reaso∣ning and remembring

CO.

May these three vertues be de∣uided seuerally one from another.

LO.

Yes, because one may be offended without another, which sheweth them to haue diuers seates in the braines particularly.

CO.

What is the vertue vitall.

LO.

It is that, which carrieth life through all the bodie.

CO.

How many sorts of vitall ver∣tues are there?

LO.

Two, to witte, vertue vitall actiue, that is in doing operations, and vertue vitall passiue, in suffering operations.

CO,

What is the vertue actiue?

LO.

They are those vertues which dilateth the heart, and arters, as chaunceth in mirth and loue.

CO.

What is vertue passiue?

LO.

They are those vertues, which constraineth and bin∣deth the heart and arters, as happeneth in melancholie, sad∣nesse and reuenge.

CO.

What is the vertue naturall?

LO.

It is that which commeth from the lyuer, and sendeth the nourishment throughout all the body.

CO.

Into how many is it deuided.

LO.

Into foure, the first in attracti∣on of thinges proper, the second in retayning that, which is drawne: the thirde, in digesting that, which is retayned: the fourth, in expelling that, which is hurtfull and offendeth.

CO.

Doe all these foure vertues their operations at once.

LO,

No: for first attraction is made, then retayned vntill perfect digestion be made, lastly vertue expulsiue, casteth forth all thinges hurtfull to nature.

The ninth Chapter, of actions and operations of vertues.

CO.

What call you actions of vertues.

LO.

They are certaine affections or mouinges actiues proceeding of ver∣tues.

CO.

Howe many sortes are there?

LO.

Three, like as of vertues, animall, naturall, and vitall.

CO.

Seeing the difference is not great betwixt vertues and operations of vertues, it is superfluous for the present to insist further in that matter.

The tenth Chapter, of spirites,

CO.

What are spirites.

LO.

They are a substance subtill and aerious of our bodie, bredde of the part most pure and thinne of the bloud, sent through all the bodie, to the effect, the members may doe their proper actions.

CO.

In what partes of our bodie abound they most.

LO.

As sayth Andreas de Lorraine, they abound in the heart and arters, in the braines and nerues.* 1.40

CO.

How many sorts of spirits are there.

LO.

Three, animall, vitall & naturall.

CO.

What is the spirit animall.

LO.

It is that which remaineth in the braines, of the which a great parte is sent to the eyes, by the nerues optickes, some to the eares and diuers other partes, but most to the eyes, therefore, those who haue lost their sight, haue the other vertues more strong, the which caused Democritus & other Philosophers put out their eyes,* 1.41 to the end their vn∣derstanding might be more cleare.

CO.

Is the spirit animal brought through all the nerues substantially.

LO.

No, but onely by the nerues optickes, because they haue manifest hollownesse, and not the rest.

CO.

What is the spirit vitall.

LO.

It is that which is in the heart and arters, and is made of the euaporation of the bloud and of the ayre laboured in the lights by the force of vitall heat, and thereafter is diffused through the members for the conseruation of the naturall

heate.

CO,

What is the spirite naturall.

LO.

It is that which is ingendred in the liuer, and veines, and there remai∣neth, while the liuer maketh the bloud, and other operations naturall, the vse of it is to helpe the concoction.

The eleuenth Chapter, of thinges annexed to naturall thinges.

CO.

Seeing we haue amply discoursed of natural things, and the number thereof, it shall be needfull in this place to know how many things are annexed to naturall things.

LO.

Foure, to wit, age, colour, figure, & kinde.

CO.

What is age?

LO.

It is aspes or parte of our life,* 1.42 in the which our bodies are subiect to diuers & many mutations.

CO.

Thou knowest, that all things which are created, if they be ma∣teriall, should haue an ende, & that there is nothing vnder the heauens, except the soule of man, but is subiect to cor∣ruption, and chaunge, as all philosophers doe graunt, as Aristotle, Hippocrates and Galen doe testifie,* 1.43 and it is cer∣taine, that we from our birth are subiect to diuers alterati∣ons, therefore tell me into how many diuers apparant mu∣tations haue our auncients deuided the life of man?

LO.

In that there is found great controuersie, for the Aegiptians and Pithagoreans were of the opinion, that there were so many ages, as there are signes in an hundreth yeeres, thinking a man to liue onely a hundreth yeeres, & euery seuenth yeere, we may perceaue some notable chaunge, besides the particular chaunge in euery signe, both in temperature of the bodie, and manners of the minde. The most part of our late writers are of the opi∣on that the naturall course of our life, endureth fine speciall mutations, which they callages, to wit, Infancie adolescencie, young age, mans estate, and olde age. The infancie is hot and humide, but the humiditie surpasseth the heate, and lasteth [ 1] from the houre of our birth, till thirteene yeeres, and is go∣uerned by the Moone, as sayth Ptolomeus. In this time a man is subiect to many griefes and diseases, as feuer, the flux,* 1.44

Wormes in the bellie, the stone, aposthumes, and such like. The adolescencie is hot & humide likewise, but the heate [ 2] beginneth to surpasse the humiditie, the voice beginneth to growe great in men, and the paps in women, it lasteth vnto 25. yeares, which is the time prefixed for the growing in height in this time they incurre many diseases, and chiefly the Scia∣tica as sayth Gordonius,* 1.45 and it is gouerned by Mercurie, [ 3] who formeth the manners, & wit. The thirde age is youth▪ which is hot and drie, more hot than drie, and lasteth till 35. yeares, subiect to hot feuers, frenzies, and diuers other di∣seases, and is gouuerned by Venus, which ingendreth greate cupiditie of lust. Mans estate is most temperate of all, and [ 4] lasteth vntill 50. yeares, and neyther augmenteth, nor dimi∣nisheth, in this time men are subiect to hot feuers, flux of blod, pluresie, litargie, frenzie, and such like, and is gouerned by the Sonne,* 1.46 who is author of wisdome and grauity; Then com∣meth [ 5] old age, which lasteth the rest of our lyfe, yet it may bee deuyded into three, first greene age, and is prudent, full of [ 1] experience, fit to gouerne commonwealthes, & lasteth till 70. yeares and is gouerned by Iupiter, author of wisdome & coun∣sell [ 2] then beginneth, the second part of olde age, accompanied with many litle discommodities, the heate almost decayed, & is cold and drie, like plantes, which becometh rotten, and de∣cay, this time is subiect to many diseases, as Epilepsie, Le∣thargie, Numnes, and such like as sayth Gordonius, and is gouerned by Saturne,* 1.47 and is full of sloth, dull, froward, & vn∣easie to be gouerned. Lastly followeth the third part of old age, [ 3] which is called Decrepite, vnto the which as sayth the Pro∣phet Royall, happeneth nothing, but griefe and sorrow, all the actions, both of bodie, and spirit, are weakened, the feeling groweth remisse, the memorie decayeth, the Iudgement fay∣leth, and so returneth into infancie, whence proceedeth the Prouerbe, bis pueri senes. This old age is set downe in the XII. Chapter of Ecclesiasticus. Some adde the fourth kinde of old age, called senium ex morbo. Although that our auntients, haue described the ages by yeares, yet I am of the

opinion, that the ages should not be deuyded according to the number of yeares, thinking, that thereupon should depēd, youth or old age, but rather after the temperature of the body: for al men, that are cold, and dry, I call them old, so there be manye old folke of 40. yeares, and many yong of 60. There is a com∣plexion, that waxeth soone old, an other later, those of the san∣guine complexion, are long in growing olde, because they haue much heate & humiditie. The melancholicks waxeth soone old, by reasō they are cold, & dry. As touching the sex fe∣minine, it becōmeth old sooner, than the masculine.* 1.48 Hipocra∣tes reporteth, that women in the mothers wombe are formed in seauen moneths, & in like space grow slolier then men, but be∣ing born grow faster, & sooner wise, & becōe sooner old, for the feeblenesse of the body, & fashiō of life, being for the most part idle, & there is nothing, that bringeth old age soner thā sloth, & wāt of exercise.

CO.

Wherof proceed the colors.

LO.

Of the iust proportiō of the humors, which rule & gouern in mans body, as if there be a iust proportiō of the 4. humors, the color is red, if abundance of melancholick humor, it is liuide & black, if abundāce of chollor, the color is citrine & yellow, if phlegme, the colour is white & pale.

CO.

VVhat is figure, or habitude.

LO.

It is a thing, that sheweth the temperature, whereof the body is cōposed.

CO.

How many sorts of figures are there.

LO.

There are 4. the first is called quadrature, which is of [ 1] good temperature. The second is crassitude, or thicknes, [ 2] and sheweth exceeding heate, and humiditie. The third ex∣tenuation, [ 3] which is hot, and drie. The fourth is very fat, [ 4] proceeding of exceeding coldnesse & humidity.

CO.

VVhat is sex.

LO.

It is nothing, but a distinction betwixt man, and woman, the man is of a hot temperature, and the woman, and eunuches are cold.

CO.

Is it a general rule, that al men are hot and women cold.

LO

No for Galer sayth,* 1.49 that it is poss••ble to finde women of more hot temperature than men, but s••eldome, and sowe end naturall thinges, wherein consisteth the constitution of mans bodie.

Notes

• * 1.1

  1. & 2. Iliad.
• * 1.2

  Libr. 7.
• * 1.3

  Plato.
• * 1.4

  Libr. Digest.
• * 1.5

  Cicero. libr. 1 Offic.
• * 1.6

  Land loupers and simple Barbers.
• * 1.7

  Conditions of a Chirurgian.
• * 1.8

  Lib. 7. Cap. 1.
• * 1.9

  Conditions of the Sicke.
• * 1.10

  Instrumentes.
• * 1.11

  In his booke called Antido∣tarium.
• * 1.12

  Haly Abbas in his Chirurgery
• * 1.13

  Compendium medicinae Fuchij.
• * 1.14

  2. Therapen & multis alijs lo∣cis.
• * 1.15

  5 metaphi ••a. 3
• * 1.16

  Lib. degenera∣tione.
• * 1.17

  Secundo de e∣lementis.
• * 1.18

  Cap. 1. de com∣plexione.
• * 1.19

  Galenus: Lib. 1 de tem∣peramentis.
• * 1.20

  Lib. 1. artis par¦uae. Galenus. Lib. de ligamē¦tis.
• * 1.21

  Aphoris. 19. & etiam de natu∣ra humana.
• * 1.22

  2. de tempera∣mentis cap. 6▪
• * 1.23

  1. treatise & 1. cap 1. de tempera∣mentis cap. 6.
• * 1.24

  z. de tempera∣mentis cap. 6.
• * 1.25

  Lib. 5.
• * 1.26

  Galen. libr. de tuenda sanitate
• * 1.27

  Galen de placi∣tis.
• * 1.28

  ••. de placi••is.
• * 1.29

  2. de differenti∣is febrium ca. 6
• * 1.30

  Tractatu de a∣tra bile & mul∣tis alijs locis.
• * 1.31

  14. Method.
• * 1.32

  Lib. de consen∣su medicorū.
• * 1.33

  4. de vsu parti∣um.
• * 1.34

  1. Cano. cap. 1.
• * 1.35

  Com. in apli. 15. sect. 1. lib. 6. epide. Alexander a∣pud pr••ble. 74. lib. 2.
• * 1.36

  1. lib.
• * 1.37

  lib. de vsu partium.
• * 1.38

  Galen. lib. de differentijs morborum. cap. 3.
• * 1.39

  1. De faculta∣tibus natura∣libus.
• * 1.40

  In his dissecti∣ons.
• * 1.41

  Democritus.
• * 1.42

  Auicen de cō∣plexione cap. 3.
• * 1.43

  Arist. de 'long▪ et breuitate vitae. Hippo. lib. 1. de dieta. Galen. lib. 1. de sanitate.
• * 1.44

  Ptolomeus lib. 4. Iuditio.
• * 1.45

  Gordonius.
• * 1.46

  Ptolomeus.
• * 1.47

  Gordonius.
• * 1.48

  Hipo. Lib. de partu.
• * 1.49

  Lib. de pul••i∣bus.