The consent of time disciphering the errors of the Grecians in their Olympiads, the vncertaine computation of the Romanes in their penteterydes and building of Rome, of the Persians in their accompt of Cyrus, and of the vanities of the Gentiles in fables of antiquities, disagreeing with the Hebrewes, and with the sacred histories in consent of time. VVherein is also set downe the beginning, continuance, succession, and ouerthrowes of kings, kingdomes, states, and gouernments. By Lodovvik Lloid Esquire.

CHAP. III.

Of the last kings of Egypt by the name of Pharaos, which conti∣nued a thousand two hundreth yeres: and of the first conquering of Egypt by Cambyses the second king of Persia.

THis time great warres grewe betweene the Assyrians and the Egyptians: the great∣nes of both these kingdomes, which then were the onely kingdomes of the world, were destroyed by the sword: for so the Prophet saide, that Egypt should be the reward of the king of Babylon, for his labour which he tooke against Tyrus, and so it was performed in Necho: after much mischiefe that * 1.1 he had done to Israel, he was deliuered into the hands of Na∣buchodonosor, for so the Lord said, I will strengthen the armes of Nabuchodonosor, and the armes of Pharao shalbe weakened. Of this, Necho and Aprie the last Pharaos mentioned in Scripture had full triall: for Necho raigned seuenteene yeeres, and left behind him a sonne named Psammis which raigned 6. yeeres, * 1.2 and making warre with the Aethiopians died. About this time Phaortes king of the Medes with al his army was ouerthrowen by the Assyrians, at what time the Scithians entred into Asia, spoiled and wasted almost to the countrey of Palestina. Tullus Hostilius the third king of Rome died in the beginning of the raigne of Necho. Herodotus doth place Apries the sonne of this * 1.3 Psammis. This king for a time prospered like his grand∣father Psammiticus: but I wil admit Herodotus to speake of this king Apries for the like cause as before: for I finde that he is called in Ieremie, Hophra. To this king many of Ierusalem fled * 1.4 from the hand of Nabuchodonosor, where they were as well en∣tertained as with Nabuchodonosor, for so the Prophet said, that the sword should follow them into Egypt, and Pharao should destroy all that fled from Nabuchodonosor, who at that very time tooke the citie, and brought all Iuda captiue into Baby∣lon, though Ieremie perswaded the contrary: yet they of Iuda

vowed to burne incense vnto the Queene of heauen, and vn∣to the gods of Egypt: but the God of Abraham and Isaac gaue them ouer to the sworde, and destroyed them with famine. And after that Apries had fedde his tyrannie against the Iewes, and had slaine the Prophet Ieremie: afterward he ouerthrew Sidon, besieged Tyre, and had done great harme in Iudea, and * 1.5 the word of the Lord came vnto him, saying, I will giue Pha∣rao Hophra king of Egypt into the handes of his enemies, and into the hands of them that seeke his life, euen into the hands of Nabuchodonosor. Though Herodotus affirmeth (as other pro∣phane * 1.6 histories doe,) that Apries was after the ouerthrow of Sydon, forsaken of his people, and vanquished by Amasis at Memphis, and caried captiue from Memphis into Sais, into his owne pallace before.

But now Amasis raigned king in Egypt, and ruler of Apries throne: thus Apries after he had raigned thirtie fiue yeeres, died by the handes of his enemies. During the raignes of these two last kings Necho and Apries, which was fiftie three yeres, many destructions of countreys and cities happened, as the destruction of Niniue, and also Assyria by Ciaxeres king of the Medes, the destruction of Hierusalem, and all Iudea by Nabuchodonosor king of Babylon, and the warres betweene the Chaldeans and the Egyptians, which continued seuen and twentie yeeres, the victorie whereof fell to the king of Baby∣lon, as the Prophet before had sayde, I will giue the lande * 1.7 of Egypt into the hande of Nabuchodonosor, for wages to his Armie.

This time raigned in Rome, Ancus Martius the fourth king, * 1.8 and Tarquinius Priscus the fifth king. Europus raigned now the seuenth king of Macedonia, and in Lydia Haliates their eight king. Hitherunto the liues of Pharaos kings of Egypt, which continued from the first Amasis in the beginning of the eigh∣teenth Dynastia, which was about the time of the going of the Patriarch Iacob into Egypt vnto his sonne Ioseph, vntil the time of this Amasis the last king of that name, about twelue * 1.9 hundreth yeeres, so long continued the names of Pharaos.

This Amasias, as the rest of the kings before him, was so ido∣latrous, and so addicted to obey Oracles, that hee also imi∣tated his predecessours in such fonde buildings, to carie huge stones from Memphis and from Elephantina to builde a temple vp vnto Minerua in the citie of Sai, that hee much mused how he might passe the rest with the monstrousnesse of the great huge stones to build temples, images, colossus: wherein he in one monument excelled the rest.

He caused a house to be made of one stone to be brought * 1.10 from the citie of Elephantina to the citie of Sais, which is (as Herodotus writeth) twentie dayes sayling: two thousand cho∣sen men were three yeeres in bringing this house to Sai, of all other workes most to bee wondered: for this stone was one and twentie cubites in length, and fourteene in breadth: and also hee made a colossus or an image in Memphis, before the temple of Vulcan, of seuentie and fiue foote long: he buil∣ded likewise a large temple for Isis in Memphis. Thus the kings of Egypt stroue one after another, to excell in their workes and vaine monuments.

In the time of this king, a lawe was made in Egypt, that in euery Prouince of Egypt the President thereof should take * 1.11 accompt, and examine the youthes of their prouinces, how and after what sort they liued: for to see an idle man in E∣gypt that could not answere for himselfe howe hee liued, it was death: and therefore to auoyde idlenesse, they were thus compelled by the Kings of Egypt, to carie stones to the building of Piramides, temples, Colossus, Labirinthes, and such like.

This law afterward was by Solon brought to Greece, for So∣lon was in Egypt in the time of the last Amasis. Pomponius Mela saith, that in the raigne of Amasis were twentie thousand ci∣ties, Herodotus saith, one thousand and twentie cities: for old * 1.12 Egypt in times past was very great and large, for hard by the marches of Affricke in the shore standeth Alexandria: on the borders of Arabia is the citie of Pelusium: other faire cities are farre from the sea, as Memphis, Sai, Bubastis, Elephantina and

and Thebes, which is reported to haue an 100. brasen gates, and so many princes pallaces. Many good lawes are writ∣ten among the Egyptians by Sasiches and by Sesostris, but speci∣ally by Bocchoris, of whose lawes I wil set dowme some few as Diodorus wrote them, to the nomber of 17.

1. The first law was, that none might violate their gods with othes: the offenders herein were punished as false to God and man.

2. If any ayded not a man iniuried or beaten, or robbed by any man, either vpon the way as he trauailed, or in the place where he dwelt, he was to die for it, if he might haue helped it: else to publish, and to call for helpe.

3. False witnes was so punished, by a decree made for that purpose: the punishment that hee that was accused should haue, being proued, should be for the false accuser not being proued.

4. Against idlenes, all the names of the citie, parish, or countrey, are brought and recorded with the magistrates of the prouinces, & are examined, how they are occupied, how they liue, of what trade or trafique he or they be of: if he be found idle, he shall die by the lawe in Egypt: this law Solon caried with him from Egypt to Athens.

5. If any man killed a freeman, or a seruant, death was his punishment.

6. If the father killed the sonne, he was free frō death, but he should for three dayes be punished as the decree was made in that behalfe: for the Egyptians thought not the fa∣ther worthy of death for killing of his sōne, quia auctor fuit.

7. For the sonne that killed his father, the greatest tor∣ments that might be deuised was by lawe appointed for him, for to take the life of him away, which gaue him life.

8. If a woman with child, by law be condemned to die, she is reserued vntill the childe be borne: for the Egyptians thinke it not fit that two should be punished, when one

had offended, and that the giltlesse with the giltie should be condemned: Iniquum enim iustum cum iniusto poenam pati. This law was caried from Egypt into Greece, & from Greece into other countreis.

9 The souldier that offended his captaine in the fielde, or had transgressed the commandement of the officers, he should not die, but with all infamie and shame he should haue two letters printed in his forehead, as cōmon markes of infamie: but if hee had reuealed any secrets to the ene∣mies, the lawe had commaunded his tongue to be pluckt out of his head.

10 If any had clipt any lawfull coine, or counterfaited the like, or diminished the weight, by lawe he should die.

11 If any man had counterfaited the hand of any man, or had taken away any letters, or had put in any letters in any writings, or found faultie in forging any deede or letters, he should haue both his hands cut off.

12 If any had violated by force any maid or free woman, he should haue that member punished that had offended, his priuie members cut off: if by consent the man and wo∣man sinned, it was by lawe appointed that the man should be beaten with roddes to the nūber of a thousand stripes, and the woman should haue her nose cut off, for a marke of a whore.

13 For satisfiyng of creditors in borowing of money, it was by an othe confirmed, & not with obligations made, that the money shoulde be paide vpon the day appointed: for a sacred othe sincerely inuiolated, was more esteemed in Egypt, then any writing or bond made: for it was a won∣der to see in Egypt a man forsworne.

14 For it was not lawfull to arrest any man in Egypt for debtes by the lawe of Bochoris, but to seize vpon the goods or substance: for whatsoeuer passed in secrete wri∣tings betweene the partie and creditour, no arrest was ad∣mitted:

for all the people of Egypt were diuided into foure * 1.13 partes, which were husbandmen, craftesmen, shepheards, and souldiers: payment was made to the creditors by the goods of the debtors, and not by arrest: for they thought that a man free borne, shoulde for no money be impriso∣ned, specially the souldiers, which with danger of life de∣fendeth his countrey.

15 The like law was in Egypt for vsurie by Bochoris, which * 1.14 was brought to Athens by Solon, which lawe was called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉: by this lawe Solon commaunded that no Citizen in Athens should be put in prison for vsurie: for the Egyptians condemned much the Grecians that had by the law forbid∣den to arrest any plough, harneis, and such necessaries for the vse of man, and yet a man that vsed these, and coulde make these, suffered to be arrested and to be imprisoned.

16 The law against theft in Egypt was, that he that would * 1.15 steale, shoulde write his name, and recorde it in a booke which the chiefe captaine, or the great prince appointed: for those shoulde receiue the theft, and the partie that had lost his goodes, should come to his captaine, and shoulde set downe the day and the houre wherein his goods were lost, and the captaine shoulde recorde it in his booke, and appoint him a day to come againe: against the which day the theft being found out, hee should haue all his losse sa∣uing the fourth part, which by law the theefe had: for they so iudged it better, sithence it were vnpossible to forbidde theft, or to hang as many as would steale.

17 As for the law for mariage, it was thus: that the priests of Egypt might mary but one wife a piece: others as many * 1.16 as pleased them: for that they would haue their countrey populous, & their cities strong with people: no bastardes might bee named in Egypt, though diuers were borne of bondwomen, esteeming onely their fathers for credit, and the mothers for their nources. Nowe for their Iudges and

Magistrates that executed these lawes in Egypt, they were elected by 30. of the best and wisest men in euery great ci∣tie, as Memphis, Heliopolis, Thebes, and the rest, in euery ci∣tie one chiefe Iudge with his sociates with him, as were the Areopagites in Athens, or the Ephories in Sparta. Of other lawes concerning the religions of their gods, & their bu∣rials, and of their discipline and order in warres, I haue written of it in the Diall of dayes.

There was also a lawe in Egypt before these lawes, that the * 1.17 pictures and images of their gods painted in tables and set in brasse in their Temples, should be caried in their ensigns to the field in the time of warres.

But as Egypt florished in the time of king Amasis, so Egypt was brought subiect vnto the Persians within sixe dayes after * 1.18 Amasis dayes: for after that Amasis had reigned fourtie foure yeeres, his sonne succeeded him called Psammenitus, who af∣ter he had reigned sixe yeeres, was ouerthrowen by Camby∣ses * 1.19 king of Persia, which came from Persia into Egypt, to re∣uenge the wrong which hee receiued at Amasis hand, who refused to giue his owne daughter in mariage to the king of of Persia, but deceiued him with a daughter of Apries called Nytetis, which was onely left aliue of all the stocke of Apries: whom Cambyses maried, supposing her to bee king Amasis * 1.20 daughter, vntill Apries daughter opened the whole matter, affirming vnto the king, howe Amasis had betrayed her fa∣ther the king being his master, and by that reason had obteined the kingdome of Egypt: and also shee reuealed, howe he disdained to giue his owne daughter, but tooke me vp being left desolate and comfortlesse, and willed mee to * 1.21 faine my selfe to bee his daughter. These floutes and scoffes of Amasis, kindled wrath in Cambyses to come in armes into Egypt, but before he came, Amasis died.

Notwithstanding after he had conquered his sonne Psam∣menitus, and had possessed the kingdome of Egypt, hee went from Memphis vnto Sai, to satisfie his wrath vpon Amasis: and

though he was before buried, yet hee caused his carcas to be brought before him, and cōmaunded it first to be whipt and * 1.22 scourged, then thrust him through with daggers & bodkins, after this he haled & lugged it through the Citie of Sai, with all contempts that might be inuented, and last he caused it to be burned, which was against the maner of the Egyptians: for they suppose the fire to be a liuing creature, because the fire deuoureth all things, and at last deuoureth it selfe.

Thus the olde auncient kings of Egypt continued a thou∣sand * 1.23 two hundred yeeres, before they were conquered by a∣ny nation: and though they were by the kings of Assyria and of Chaldea, which then florished chiefely, often assaulted, yet they neuer lost the proper names of their kings which were called Pharaos, vntill Cambyses time, which continued vnder the Persians a hundred thirtie fiue yeeres, and after they re∣uoulted * 1.24 vnder Darius Nothus, and kept of, vntill by many sharpe battailes they were againe by Ochus vanquished, who vsed in Egypt great crueltie.

About this time Tomiris Queene of the Massegets, and Tar∣quinius superbus, the last king of the Romanes reigned in Rome: for the Romanes lost their kings, and the Egyptians lost their kingdome about one time. Cambyses this time hindred the building of the Temple by the meanes of the Samaritanes, who euer enuied Ierusalem.

Thus briefely I haue written of the state and gouernment of the olde kings of Egypt, Pharaos by name, vntill the time of Alexander the great: and nowe something after Alexanders dayes. Egypt and their kings afterward altered and changed * 1.25 from the names of Pharaos to the names of Ptolomeies, as you shal reade hereafter, from Alexander the great, vntill the time of Iulius Caesar, during which time the kings of Egypt were called Ptolomei.

Therefore I haue gathered together all the names of these auncient kings of Egypt, from Osiris time the first potentate in Egypt, which was in the time of Abraham, vntil Amasis time, the last Pharao which was in Cambyses time the second king of

Persia: that is, from the going of Abraham into Egypt, vntil the Prophet Daniels time, which was a thousand foure hundred * 1.26 twentie fiue yeeres: for before Osiris time, and long after, we reade of no certeine king by the name of Pharao, but of some gouernment called Dynastia, at what time in euery prouince of Egypt, before Egypt had the name of Egypt, certeine poten∣tates gouerned for the space of fiftene Dynasties. Hence grew that vaine opinion of the priests of Egypt, that they were the anciētest nation in the world, & that the starres altered their * 1.27 courses foure times, and the sunne twise since they first inha∣bited Egypt, recording in their chronicles the names of three hundred & thirtie kings, and before their kings the gouern∣ment of those whom they called Heroas, or Deos, which reig∣ned eighteene thousand yeeres.

But leauing them to their fabulous antiquitie, I haue set downe all the names of Pharaos that I coulde reade in Mane∣thon, Eusebius, Diodorus, Herodot, and Melancthon, beginning at Osiris, which was that Pharao to whom Abraham came vnto, in the sixteene Dynastia of Egypt, from the first Pharao called Amasis, vnto the last Pharao called likewise Amasis, as they are set downe in Functius table, who followed Herodot from Cheo∣pes, vnto the last Pharao of Egypt called Amasis. For the placing orderly of the kings of Egypt, Manethon differeth from Euse∣bius, Eusebius from Diodorus, Diodorus frō Functius: and there∣fore as I wrote the names of the olde kings of Egypt as Ma∣nethon laide them downe, so will I nowe also write them as I found them in Functius table from Osiris, which was that first Pharao, vnto the last Pharao named Amasis.

• 1 The first king of Egypt, A∣masis, named Pharao 25. yeeres.
• 2 The second king was Che∣bron, which reigned 13. yeeres.
• 3 After whom reigned A∣menophis 21. yeeres.
• 4 Then Mephres reigned 12. yeeres.
• 5 Mispharmutosis 26. yeres.
• 6 Thutemosis reigned 9. yeeres.
• 7 Amenophis the 2. of that

• name reigned 31. this king made a lawe, that assoone as any Hebrewe shoulde bee borne, he should be drowned in the riuer of Nilus.
• 8 Orus surnamed the great, reigned 38.
• 9 Acengeres reigned 12. yeres. in this kings time the kingdome of Athens began by Cecrops.
• 10 Achorus reigned 9. yeeres.
• 11 Cenchres reigned 16. yeres. this was that Pharao that resisted God, and contrari∣ed Moses sent from God for the deliuerance of his peo∣ple, at what time the tenne great plagues happened in Egypt, and after, the ouer∣throwe of the king and the whole kingdome in the red Sea.

After that Israel had left Egypt, and the King, and all his Nobles, and peeres, and forces, were drowned in the redde sea, these many kings reigned that helde still the names of Pharoes, as

• 12 Acheres reigned king 8. * 1.28 yeeres.
• 13 Cheres reigned fifteene yeeres.
• 14 Armeus which is also Da∣naus 5. yeeres.
• 15 Ramesses surnamed Egyp∣tus reigned 68. yeeres, af∣ter whose name the land be∣fore called Oceana Mizre∣ia, or Oseriana, was called Egypt.
• 16 Menophis, of some named Miris, reigned 40. yeeres. this made the first Labi∣rinth for his buriall in E∣gypt, whose patterne was by Dedalus caried into Creete.
• 17 Zetus reigned fiftie fiue yeeres.
• 18 Ranses reigned sixtie sixe yeeres.
• 19 Amenophis the third of that name reigned fourtie yeeres.
• 20 Amenophis the fourth of that name reigned twentie yeeres.
• 21 Thuoris reigned seuen yeeres. the fiue last kinges gouerned by the names of fiue Larthes, during whose time endured that kinde of gouernment called Dy∣nasteia Larthum for a hun∣dred ninetie foure yeeres.

After succeeded another Dynastie, which endured a hun∣dred seuentie seuen yeeres, during which time Functius na∣med no king in his table, but were ruled with Gouernours in euery principalitie of Egypt, as Sanhedrin with the Iewes, or Amphictions with the Grecians.

• 22 Then succeeded Smendes, to whom Ieroboam fledde, which in the Scripture is called Sesach, hee reigned 26. yeeres.
• 23 Pseusenses reigned fourtie one yeeres.
• 24 Nepher Cheres 4 yeeres.
• 25 Amenophis the 5. reigned 9. yeeres.
• 26 Osochorus reigned 6. yeres.
• 27 Spinaces 9. yeeres.
• 28 Pseusennes. 35. yeeres.
• 29 Cheopes reigned 50. yeres.
• 30 Cephenes reigned 56. Eusebius saith, that after Ce∣phenes, Seustoris reigned. in this Cephenes time began the kingdom of Macedonia.
• 31 Micerinus Chcopes sonne reigned sixe yeeres.
• 32 Asichis reigned 6. yeeres.
• 33 Sabachus reigned 50.
• 34 Spethon reigned 33.

After these thirtie foure kings, the kingdome of Egypt was gouerned by twelue Magistrates of equall authoritie, which ruled the realme of Egypt for fifteene yeeres.

After these twelue Magistrates had ended their time of fifteene yeeres, one of the twelue named Psameticus, reigned fiftie foure yeeres. Then Necho reigned seuenteene yeeres: * 1.29 this king slue Iosias in Mageddo, & was himselfe slaine by Na∣buchodonosor. After Necho, reigned Spamnus sixe yeeres. After Spamnus Apries, and after Apries reigned Amasis the last of the name of the Pharaos. Eusebius setteth these kings downe in a∣nother sort, and addeth some other names, which I omit to auoide tediousnesse.

Many things I omit willingly, which the olde Egyptians vsed: for as we hang at our doores signes of beastes, fowles, and fishes, that strangers might know our houses: the Egypti∣ans vsed those signes at their eares, that by the markes and fi∣gures of such beasts, foules, & fish, as they had at their eares, * 1.30 they might knowe of what qualitie or condition they were.

For if an Egyptian did excell in running, he should haue the figure of an hare hanged at his eare: if he were slouthfull and * 1.31 heauie, he should be marked with a Crocodile: if he were li∣beral and franke, he should haue the picture of an open hand at his eare: if he were couetous, he had hanged at his eare a close hand & shut: if hee were quicke of hearing, the picture ofa Serpent: if he were iust & honest, he had the likenes of an eye at his eare: if hee were craftie and subtill, the figure of a foxe: if enuious, of an eele, and so of the rest.

The chiefe Cities and great Townes of olde Egypt were thus named.

• 1 Memphis.
• 2 Sais.
• 3 Bubastis.
• 4 Thebes.
• 5 Papremos.
• 6 Butis.
• 7 Leontina.
• 8 Elephantina.
• 9 Alexandria.
• 10 Heliopolis with many others.

These are the names of all the ancient kings of Egypt that I could find: and for that I neither foūd them in Manethon, Eu∣sebius, Diodorus, nor in Herodot orderly set downe, I haue cō∣ferred the state & gouernment of the potētates called Dyna∣stia Egyptiorum, & haue as nigh as I could placed them: for it cannot bee in such antiquities but many errors happen, as I haue sundrie times said of the Chaldeans Assyrians, Scithians, E∣gyptians, and other auncient nations, whereof no mention is made in the sacred histories, neither can bee made truely in prophane histories, for that nothing was knowen to pro∣phane writers before Cirus time, or rather after Alexander the great, at what time prophane Historiographers beganne to * 1.32 recorde antiquities: and thus much vntill Cambyses, who was the first conquerour of Egypt, by whom the Persians had go∣uernment * 1.33 ouer Egypt a hundred thirtie fiue yeeres, vntill the reigne of Darius Ochus: for in the sixt yeere of this king, the Egyptians reuoulted, and these many kings afrer reigned in Egypt.

• ...

• 1 Amirtes Saites reigned 6. yeeres.
• 2 Nepherites reigned sixe yeeres.
• 3 Achoris reigned twelue yeeres.
• 4 Nectanabus reigned 18.
• 5 Nepherites one yeere.
• 6 Mectanabus againe reig∣ned 18. yeeres. this was the last before the comming of Alexander the great.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Necho.
• * 1.2

  Psammis.
• * 1.3

  Apries.
• * 1.4

  Ieremie 44. cap.
• * 1.5

  Melancthon lib. 2. Chron.
• * 1.6

  Herodotus lib. 2.
• * 1.7

  Ezechiel cap. 29.
• * 1.8

  Ancus Mar∣tius.
• * 1.9

  Amasis.
• * 1.10

  The kings of Egypt conten∣ted one to ex∣cell another in building.
• * 1.11

  Idlenesse in Egypt pu∣nished.
• * 1.12

  20000. Cities in Egypt.
• * 1.13

  Bochoris lawes.
• * 1.14

  A lawe for vsurie.
• * 1.15

  A law against theft.
• * 1.16

  A lawe for mariage.
• * 1.17

  Diodo. lib. 2. cap. 3.
• * 1.18

  Amasis the last name of Pha∣raoes.
• * 1.19

  Psammenitus.
• * 1.20

  Herodot. lib. 3.
• * 1.21

  Cambyses.
• * 1.22

  The crueltie of Cambyses.
• * 1.23

  Melancth. li•…•…. 2. Chron.
• * 1.24

  Diodo. lib. 2.
• * 1.25

  The names of Pharaos changed to Ptilomeis.
• * 1.26

  1425.
• * 1.27

  The Egyptians then compted their yeeres sometime by 2. moneths, sometime by 3. and some∣time by 4. mo∣neths. Diodo. lib. 1. cap. 1.
• * 1.28

  The first king after Israel left Egypt.
• * 1.29

  Necho.
• * 1.30

  The maners of Egypt.
• * 1.31

  The maners in Egypt.
• * 1.32

  Diodo. lib. 2.
• * 1.33

  The whole time of the kings of Persia was but 130. Diodo. erred.