The consent of time disciphering the errors of the Grecians in their Olympiads, the vncertaine computation of the Romanes in their penteterydes and building of Rome, of the Persians in their accompt of Cyrus, and of the vanities of the Gentiles in fables of antiquities, disagreeing with the Hebrewes, and with the sacred histories in consent of time. VVherein is also set downe the beginning, continuance, succession, and ouerthrowes of kings, kingdomes, states, and gouernments. By Lodovvik Lloid Esquire.

CHAP. V.

Of the Romane warres, and of their conquest ouer Carthage, Nu∣mantia, and all Asia: and of their diuers victories and triumphes ouer other nations, during the time of this Affricane warres.

IN other countreys and kingdomes, while this warre endured betwixt the Romanes and the Affricanes, these kings raigned. In Bythinia gouerned king Ni∣comedes, who builded a great citie, and named i•…•… after his owne name Nicome∣dia. In Asia and Syria raigned Antiochus sirnamed Theos the thirde king, after A∣lexander the great died: and Ptolomey Euergetes r•…•…igned like∣wise the thirde king of Egypt.

During this first Affricane warres, the Parthians which were vassals vnder the Macedonians, erected vp their kingdome, ouer whom raigned as their first king one named Arsaces, af∣ter whom the kings of Parthia were all named Arsaces. In Ma∣cedonia * 1.1 this time raigned Antigonus, sirnamed Gonatus, whose successours continued kings in Macedonia, vntil the Romanes ouercame and subdued them.

Alexander the great had not heard of the Romans in those * 1.2 dayes, their fame and renowme being yet not farre knowen: for they were from the first building of Rome, vntill the first Punicke warres occupied in Italy, where diuers stoute and va∣liant nations inhabited, who were brought vnder the obey∣sance of Rome, and so soone as Rome could commaunde Italy, they commenced warre against the Affricanes. But before, when Alexander was in armes against the Persians, and in ar∣mour against all the East kings, the Romanes had warres in Ita∣ly, at what time so many Alexanders, so many Pyrrhus, so many Hanibals in Rome liued then in valure and courage, that both Pyrrhus and Hanibal felt of it to their losse, and the ouerthrow

of themselues. Liuie writeth a noble historie in comparing certaine Romanes, man for man to Alexander, and of those that liued about the time of Alexander the great: for he died about sixtie yeeres before the first Affricane warre. For (saith Liuie) had Alexander come to Rome as conquerour then of all the East kings of the world, he had found in Rome many conque∣rors, and many Alexanders like himselfe, as these vndernamed.

• Mar. Valerius Coruinus.
• Tit. Manlius Torquatus.
• Caius Martius Rutilius.
• Caius Sulpitius.
• Lucius Papyrius Cursor.
• M. Curius Dentatus.
• Qu. Fabius Maximus.
• Lucius Voluminius. * 1.3
• Qu. Publius Philo.
• Mar. Valerius Publicola.
• T. Veturius Caluinus, and 2.
• valiāt Romans callled Decis.

If then Alexander had made his voyage to Rome, hee had found in his dayes these gallant Romanes being all Consuls or Dictato•…•… and all conquerours: he might well haue come to Rome like Alexander the conquerour: but Liuie doubted hee * 1.4 should be driuen out like Darius conquered. So were Pyrrhus and Hanibal, who came both in Armes into Italy to conquer Rome, but both driuen out of Italy, and conquered: for Pyrrhus at last saw it, and saide, Italy could not be conquered but with Ittalians, neither coulde Rome be subdued but with Romanes. * 1.5 For it was tolde him by his Orator and also his ambassadour Cineas, that Rome was a citie full of kings, and that euery Con∣sul or Dictator of Rome was like king Pyrrhus himselfe in E∣pire. Hanibal was also compelled to say (after many bloodie battels and victories had ouer him, and ouer his father Hamil∣car * 1.6) that the Romanes had many Hanibals. If Alexander might haue come to Rome before his time, he should haue found Ca∣millus another Alexander: before Camillus hee should haue found Coriolanus: before Coriolanus, hee should haue founde Publicola: and euery one of these esteemed and prooued as Alexander.

After that the Romans had concluded peace with the Affri∣canes, they were also at that time at rest from warre with all nations, which thing happened not since the building of

Rome vntill that time, but once in Numna Pompilius raigne. But they were not so long: for when Lucius Posthumius Albi∣nus was Consul, warre was begunne betwixt the Illyrians and the Romanes, ouer whome after they had taken many cities, they triumphed, and the Illyrians yeelded. At what time the Frenchmen inuaded Italy with an armie of eight hundreth thousand, but they were ouerthrowen by Aemilius the Con∣sul, and 40. thousand of the enemies slaine, for the which a tri∣umph * 1.7 was decreed vnto Aemilius: and the like triumph was graunted vnto Marcellus, who with a small troupe of horsmen slew Viridomarus the king of the Frenchmen (as Eutropius saith) * 1.8 with his owne hand, and ouerthrew his armie, cōquered Mil∣laine, and brought to Rome an exceeding great spoile. * 1.9

The Istrians and the Ligurians also were within a while af∣ter subdued by the Romanes, at what time Tenca Queene of the Illyrians slewe the Romane ambassadours, against the lawe * 1.10 of Armes. By this time the Carthagineans had gotten some strength, and made themselues readie to reuenge the great losses and wrongs that they sustained in the first warres by the Romanes. In the second warres, Hanibal the sonne of Ha∣milcar being of the age of 20. yeeres was made generall, as his father was in the first, and presently with great furie beganne to lay siege to Saguntum, and famished them: thence he passed ouer the Alpes, and brought to Italy 80. thousand footemen, and 20. thousand horsemen, conueyed his armie to the riuer Ticium, where Pub Cornelius Scipio the Consul was discomfi∣ted, * 1.11 and his armie slaine and scattered, himselfe wounded and welnigh taken, had not his sonne Scipio afterward called Affri∣canus rescued him

Hanibal passed still forwarde with his armie, and camped by the riuer Trebea, where hee gaue the like ouerthrowe to * 1.12 Sempronius Gracchus, the other Consul. Thence Hanibal passed into Hetruria, at what time by a great tempest he was much hindered, being before wounded at the battell of Tre∣bea, and now his eye by mischaunce lost, hee marched to Pla∣centia, * 1.13 where in a great battell hee slewe Caius Flaminius

the Consul, and 25. thousande souldiers. Hanibal being thus heated with good successe of victories, he passed vnto Apulia, where he gaue the greatest ouerthrow to the Romans that euer * 1.14 they had, in the battell at Cannes, at what time Lucius Aemilius and Pub. Terentius Varro were Consuls: for in this battell Ae∣milius the Consul was slaine, and twentie other of the order of Consuls and Praetors 30. slaine and taken of the Senators, * 1.15 infinit nomber of noble men, gentlemen & souldiers, which * 1.16 I layd downe more particularly in the warres of Affrike. This only battel made all Italy to quake, and many cities and coun∣treys * 1.17 to reuolt from the Romans, as Capua, Campania, and other places. It is written that Hanibal did at that time send to Car∣thage three bushels full of rings and iewels.

Howbeit Asdrubal which was Hanibals second brother, had not the like lucke in Spaine, as Hanibal had in Italy: for hee lost that very time of his men thirtie and fiue thousand, by the two Scipios which were then in Spaine captaines of the Ro∣manes. * 1.18 And within a while after, both Asdrubal the seconde brother, and Mago the thirde brother of Hanibal, were the se∣cond time ouercome by the two Scipios againe in Spaine: for at that time that Hanibal played the Lion in Italy, and had ta∣ken many cities from the Romanes in Apulia and Calabria, yet the Romanes in foure seuerall places at one time had foure ge∣nerall lieutenants in armes.

• 1. In Macedonia, Valerius Liuius against Philip.
• 2. Titus Manlius Torquatus, in Sardinia against the Sardinians.
• 3. Pub. Cor. Scipio in Spaine against Asdrubal.
• 4. In Italy against Hanibal.

The furie of Hanibal continued in Italy for tenne yeeres, so that all Italy stoode in dispaire of themselues. But when Fa∣bius Max. was sent against Hanibal, hee by detracting of time and delayes hindered the violence and rage of Hanibal, and * 1.19 thereby finding oportunitie to set vpon Hanibal, gaue him of tentimes the ouerthrowe, and therefore hee was called Scu∣tum Romanum, The Romane targat, onely by delayes. And euen * 1.20

so was Marcellus for his heate and furie called Ensis Romanus, and likened to Hanibal himselfe: for Hanibal himselfe called * 1.21 Marcellus the Romane Hanibal: and said further, that Marcellus was neither quiet being conquerour, nor conquered.

But while this violence of Hanibal continued in Italy, in the tenth yeere after that hee inuaded Italy, after many victories ouer the Romanes, hee approched within foure miles of Rome, and his horsemen came to the very gates of the citie. At what time (to encrease his fame) his brother Asdrubal slewe * 1.22 both the Scipios in Spaine, to the great discomfort of Rome, who had for many yeeres bene conquerours in Spaine. Hanibal might then haue easily conquered Rome, if hee had set for∣warde his armie (for so Caesar saide afterward) but hee feared the Consuls which were readie to come out of Rome to giue him battell. And not without good cause: for Hanibal found so many Scipios, so many Fabius, so many Marcellus, and so * 1.23 many Hanibals like to himselfe, that hee still stoode in awe of the Romanes: for he heard that an other Scipio went to Spaine, in the place of the two Scipios slaine by Asdrubal, and also he heard of his victories ouer many cities, and shortly after he heard of Carthage in Spaine, in the which warres hee tooke Mago Hanibals brother, and sent him with the residue of the prisoners to Rome.

This daunted the courage of Hanibal, and augmented the glorie of Scipio, being then of the age of twentie and foure yeeres: after whose going into Spaine, the fortune of Hanibal declined in Italy: for Fabius Maximus recouered Tarentum, * 1.24 and many other cities which had yeelded to Hanibal, submit∣ted themselues to Fabius. Marcellus had also recouered Salopia, and had taken Syracusa, and many other cities in Campania, and had sundrie times scattered Hanibal and his armie at Ca∣nusium: for either of these two Consuls, Fabius and Marcellus, had bene twise Dictators, and fiue times Consuls.

In Spaine also Pub. Scipio gaue an ouerthrowe to Asdrubal at Betula, and slewe eight thousande Affricanes and Spaniards. * 1.25 In the eleuenth yeere after that this warre beganne, Marcellus

that noble captaine whom Hanibal feared most, was slaine at Venusia, being then Consul, whom Hanibal most honourablie * 1.26 caused to be buried in Venusia.

As Hanibal flourished with his victories in Italy, so Scipio excelled in Spaine, and had victories at will: for hee discomfi∣ted the king of Spaine, and atchieued great conquests.

About this time Hanibal sent for his brother Asdrubal to come from Spaine to Italy, who being preuented of set pur∣pose * 1.27 by the way was slaine, and all his armie, by Appius Clau∣dius Nero. In that time were fiftie and sixe thousande slaine, and Asdrubals head brought, and was throwen before the tents of Hanibal his brother.

Hanibal then beganne to dispaire of the successe of this warre: for both in Spaine and in Affrica, hee was by this meanes weakened: in Italy all reuerted and slid from Hani∣bal: Scipio subdued the Carthagineans, and tooke Syphax king * 1.28 of Numidia prisoner, who had ioyned to ayde the Affri∣canes against the Romanes, and had also expelled by warre Ma∣sinissa out of his kingdome.

This great ouerthrowe in Spaine and in Affrike, caused Hanibal to quake: for in Italy hee beganne to be forsaken of his former fortune, and in Affrike they cried out for ayde at * 1.29 Hanibals hand. Now Hanibal perceiuing that all went to de∣cay, and being also sore wearied with continuall battels, desi∣red peace, which was graunted vpon such straite and hard conditions as pleased not the Carthagineans, and therefore they willed Hanibal rather to fight it out. This last battell whereupon the whole state of Affrike depended, was appoin∣ted to be fought at Zama.

But before these two great captaines should ioyne in bat∣tell, Hanibal desired to speake with Scipio openly or priuately. Scipio denied not the meeting of Hanibal in the sight of both the armies. The speach of Hanibal tendred peace, which Scipio * 1.30 without accepting the conditions before spoken, would not allow: the effect of both the speaches is written in Liuie. To be short, the battell at Zama ended, where Scipio cōquered the

Affricanes, and put Hanibal to flight, and then were the Affri∣canes to accept such conditions as Scipio offered them be∣fore: * 1.31 for of necessitie they sought peace. The conditions of peace were, to restore Masinissa first to his kingdome, and to returne all Romane prisoners into Italy, to yeeld all their ships sauing tenne, to deliuer all their elephants to the hand of the conquerour, and that they should not make warre within Af∣frica or without, without licence of the Senators of Rome, and * 1.32 yeerely reuenues of 10. thousand talents of siluer to be payed to the Romanes.

This warre being finished and peace thus concluded, Scipio was receiued vnto Rome with a great triumph, hauing a sir∣name giuen him by the conquest of Affrica, called Scipio Affri∣canus. Of him, and of others that serued in the second warre of Affrica, of those that triumphed, I meane Dictators, Con∣suls, Praetors, and other Romane magistrates and captaines, I haue layed downe to your viewe, their names together in or∣der, as they serued in that fielde.

• Publius Cornelius Scipio.
• Titus Sempronius.
• Quintus Flaminius. * 1.33
• Lucius Aemilius Paulus.
• Marcus Attilius Regulus.
• Publius Terentius Varro.
• Luc. Posthumius Albinius.
• Qu. Fabius Maximus.
• Mar. Claudius Marcellus.
• Mar. Valerius Leuinus.
• Pub. Sulpitius Galba.
• Cneus Fuluius.
• Quintus Fuluius Flaccus.
• Mar. Liuius Salinator.
• Tit. Quintius Crispinus.
• Lucius Veturius.
• Quintus Caecilius Metellus.
• Appius Claudius Nero.
• Scipio, sirnamed Affricanus the son of Pub. Cor. Scipio.

These flourished chiefly, and triumphed in the seconde warres of Affrike, which endured (as Eutropius saith) 19. yeres: * 1.34 but others say 17. yeeres. Of this warre the Romanes waxed so strong, that they soone conquered al nations, and present∣ly ensued warre in Macedonia against king Philippe, for yet in Macedonia the Monarchie since the time of Alexander the great, remained: for the Romanes had driuen before this time, that noble and valiant captaine Pyrrhus out of Italy,

and nowe after Pyrrhus they haue driuen out Hanibal, the very scourge of Italie and whippe of Rome: they haue also conque∣red * 1.35 the stoutest & the valiantest nations that then reigned on the earth, the Carthagineans, the Libyans, and the Affricanes, with such terrible warres, as Alexander might not compare neither in his great battels in Persia, where he subdued Darius, neither his warres in India where hee conquered king Porus, for that Alexander made a conquest of many kingdoms with∣out fighting: as Egypt, Iudea, Greece, with diuers other king∣domes * 1.36 which yeelded vnto him. And so Cyrus before Alex∣ander had the like lucke to conquer with great fame, but not with such terrour and daunger of life as these Consuls of Rome.

But to the historie. Skant had the second warres of Affrike beene ended, but Embassadours came from Athens to Rome for aide against the king of Macedon: the common people * 1.37 murmured, for that they were weary with continuall warres. But the whole Senate agreed with the Tribune of the peo∣ple, to send Titus Flaminius, the sonne of him that was slaine at * 1.38 the battell of Thrasimen: who at his first comming to Greece, gaue battell to Philip hard by the hauen Epirus, & ouerthrew him and his armie. Flaminius the Consul had a brother na∣med Lucius Flaminius, with whom ioyned Atalus king of Per∣gamum in Asia, with certeine Rhodian souldiers, who tooke Euboea, and all the sea coasts. Philip to become stronger, ioy∣ned in friendship with Antiochus the great, king of Asia. Howe be it Flaminius had such good successe in Greece, that Philip was forced to entreate for peace, which was graunted vpon these condicions: That all the Cities of Greece within Asia and * 1.39 Europe, should haue their owne libertie and lawes, That al Ro∣mane prisoners should be deliuered to their Countrie, That all their great Nauies shoulde bee deliuered to the Romanes, with all their Elephants, That hee should keepe no armie a∣boue the number of fiue hundred souldiers, and that hee should commence no warre out of the Confines of Macedo∣nia * 1.40 without licence and leaue of the Senate. These condici∣ons

of peace were proclaimed with the sound of the trumpet through all the Cities of Greece. By this time Hanibal, who es∣caping from Scipio at the battell of Zama, came to Antiochus, * 1.41 councelled him with all meanes possible to warre vpon the Romanes, being nowe so weakened by the last Affricane warre. The authoritie of Hanibal moued Antiochus to take warres in hand against the Romanes: for assoone as the warre in Macedo∣nia finished and were giuen ouer by Philip, the warres in Syria began by Antiochus, and were executed by Hanibal. But Hani∣bal * 1.42 was discomfited in battell on the sea, and Antiochus himself put to flight at Magnesia a citie of Asia, by Lu. Cornelius Scipio, brother to Scipio Affricanus, in the which battell (as Eutropius saith) were slaine fiftie thousande footemen and foure thou∣sand * 1.43 horsemen.

Eumenes king of Pergamum the sōne of Attalus, being (as his father was) alwaies a friend to the Romanes, made all the pow∣er * 1.44 he could against Antiochus, for an old grudge that Eumenes had to Antiochus. To this warre of Syria came Scipio Affricanus to aide his brother Lu. being Consul then, against Antiochus: for Antiochus was so beset with M. Attilius Glabrio the Consul on the one side, and Scipio Nasica on the other side at Thiatira, by Emilius Regulus at Mionesus, and by Lucius Scipio at Magnesia. Nowe Nabides againe after he had submitted himselfe to Fla∣minius * 1.45 vpon what condicions he woulde, being then vanqui∣shed and Armenes his sonne together with king Philips sonne Demetrius, were led before Flaminius charet as hostages and pledges to Rome, began to kindle more fire against the Romās: but he was slaine by the Aetolians. Eutrop writeth this historie otherwise: but I stand not vpon controuersies.

After this ouerthrow giuen to Antiochus, he made meanes * 1.46 to the Romanes for peace, which was graunted, if he would a∣uoid forth of Europe & Asia, and meddle no further but within the precinct of Taurus, & giue to the Romanes 10. thousand ta∣lents, & 30. pledges for the assurance of his promise: and in conclusion, to deliuer Hanibal to them, who had bin the cause of this warre. This being done, the Senat gaue to Eumenes all * 1.47

these cities of Asia, which Antiochus had lost in battell, & like∣wise they gaue to the Rhodiās diuers other cities, for that they assisted the Romanes against Antiochus. By this victorie trium∣phed * 1.48 Lu. Cornelius Scipio in Rome, where hee brought infinite spoile & treasures of Asia, and had the surname of Asiaticus gi∣uen him, & was called Scipio Asiaticus, as his brother was cal∣led Scipio Affricanus: but both these brethrē were much enui∣ed for their greatnes: Scipio Affricanus was accused by Marcus Por. Cato, by whose meanes afterwarde though he was not ba∣nished, yet he most willing departed frō Rome into Lucernum, saying these wordes: O ingrata patria, non habebis ossa mea. His brother Scipio Affricanus was both accused and condemned * 1.49 when Caius Flaminius was Consul.

About this time Hanibal died, & is buried at Libissa, a bani∣shed man out of his Countrie, a man likewise that had deser∣ued wel of his countrie. Philip king of Macedon died also this very time. This had both warred against the Romanes, and as∣sisted them against Antiochus. After Philip died, his sonne Per∣seus rebelled in Macedonia, and reared warres against the Ro∣manes, with whō ioyned Cotys king of Illiria: the Romanes were not long about Perseus: for he was vanquished in one battell, * 1.50 yea and (as Phil. saith) in one houre: he fled from Pydna to Pel∣la, and within few dayes yeelded himselfe to Cneus Octauius in Samothracia: and was brought out of hand to Paulus Emilius, who after his honorable progresse in Greece and in Macedonia, he shipped at the citie of Orica, and returned to Italie, to whō a triumph was graunted, & such a triumph as farre excelled others, equall to Pompey or to Caesars triumphs. For Emilius had * 1.51 in this triumph led before his chariot, king Perseus himselfe, being fourtie fiue yeeres of age, and his two sonnes, and in an other chariot, Gentius king of the Illyrians, with his brother * 1.52 and his sonnes, ouer whom triumphed Caius Anitius. This triumph is set foorth in Plutarch, to the admiration of many strangers which then were at Rome, as Eumenes king of Asia, and Prusias king of Bythinia, who at that time brought his sōne Nicomedes with him to Rome, and committed him to the go∣uernment of the Senators.

Notes

• * 1.1

  All the kings of Parthia were named Arsaces.
• * 1.2

  The name of Rome was not heard of out of Italy in the time of Alexander the great.
• * 1.3

  Certaine no∣ble Romanes compared to Alexander the great for their worthines and valure.
• * 1.4

  T. Liuius praise of the Romans, lib. 9.
• * 1.5

  Pyrrhus saying of Rome.
• * 1.6

  Hanibals words of Rome.
• * 1.7

  Eutrop. lib. 3.
• * 1.8

  Virodomarus slaine.
• * 1.9

  Plutarch. in Marcel.
• * 1.10

  The Romane ambassadour slaine by Tenca.
• * 1.11

  Ticium.
• * 1.12

  Polibeus lib. 3.
• * 1.13

  Flaminius the Consul slaine by Hanibal.
• * 1.14

  Eutrop. lib. 3.
• * 1.15

  Liui. lib. 22.
• * 1.16

  Florus lib. 2.
• * 1.17

  The most part of Italy reuol∣ted from the Romanes.
• * 1.18

  The victories of both Scipios in Spaine ouer Asdrubal and Mago.
• * 1.19

  Cunctando re•…•… restituit.
• * 1.20

  Fabius the tar∣get of Rome.
• * 1.21

  Marcellus be∣ing the sworde of Rome.
• * 1.22

  Pub. Scipio. Cneus Scipio.
• * 1.23

  Hanibal droupt.
• * 1.24

  Tarentum re∣couered by Fabius Max.
• * 1.25

  Pub. Scipio.
• * 1.26

  The Consul Marcellus slaine.
• * 1.27

  Asdrubal which was Ha∣nibals brother slaine.
• * 1.28

  Scipio tooke Syphax king of Numidia.
• * 1.29

  All writers make menti∣on of this se∣cond Punicke warre.
• * 1.30

  Hanibal and Scipio talke to∣gether.
• * 1.31

  Conditions of peace to the Affricans.
• * 1.32

  Yeerely reue∣nues out of Affrike to the Romanes.
• * 1.33

  These trium∣phed with great pompe in Rome, sauing fewe of them that were slaine in these warres.
• * 1.34

  The fame of the Romanes after the ouer∣throw of Ha∣nibal.
• * 1.35

  Hanibal the whip of Rome.
• * 1.36

  Consuls of Rome.
• * 1.37

  Wars against the Macedo∣nians.
• * 1.38

  Flaminius sent to Greece.
• * 1.39

  Condiciōs of peace graun∣ted to king Philip.
• * 1.40

  Val. lib. 7. cap. 5.
• * 1.41

  Libertie pro∣claimed in Greece.
• * 1.42

  The warres of Syria by Anti∣cchus the great.
• * 1.43

  The victorie of Lu. Scipio.
• * 1.44

  Eumenes.
• * 1.45

  Nabides sub∣mitted him to Flaminius.
• * 1.46

  Antiochus sought peace.
• * 1.47

  Plinij lib. 33. cap. 11.
• * 1.48

  Scipio surna∣med Asiaticus.
• * 1.49

  The words of Scipio of his countrie.
• * 1.50

  Perseus the last king of Macedon takē.
• * 1.51

  Emilius his tri∣umph ouer Perseus.
• * 1.52

  C Anitius tri∣umphed ouer Gentius king of the Illyrians.