The consent of time disciphering the errors of the Grecians in their Olympiads, the vncertaine computation of the Romanes in their penteterydes and building of Rome, of the Persians in their accompt of Cyrus, and of the vanities of the Gentiles in fables of antiquities, disagreeing with the Hebrewes, and with the sacred histories in consent of time. VVherein is also set downe the beginning, continuance, succession, and ouerthrowes of kings, kingdomes, states, and gouernments. By Lodovvik Lloid Esquire.

CHAP. VI.

Of the ciuill discention in Greece after Xerxes time, howe euery citie was in armes one against another: of their Peloponesian warres, which continued 27. yeeres, to the ouerthrow of Greece by Philippe, and after by his sonne Alexander, which shalbe set downe in the next Chapter.

THus the Thebans ioyning with the Athe∣nians, through the great courage of Ci∣mon hauing wonne these two victories, * 1.1 the one by land the other by sea, Cimon by his prowesse and valure, recouered now Athens, which before hee had lost. Athens beganne to lift vp her selfe, and * 1.2 being well refreshed by the spoyles of the Lacedemonians, and encouraged by the death of Lisander, and by the banishment of Pausanias, it was hie time for Age∣silaus to returne from Asia vnto Greece: for Epaminondas the Thebane captaine, vsed great celeritie in his warres, and ma∣ny Stratagems against Sparta. Conon hearing of Agesilaus com∣ming, armed himselfe, and (as Iustine saith,) was then in A∣sia, and came that time from Asia, when Agesilaus came.

Agesilaus was scant come into Sparta, but Epaminondas * 1.3 came spoyling and wasting, and sacking all the countrey of Lacedemon, with a great armie of fourtie thousande Thebans to the riuer of Eurotas, which was a great terrour vnto Spar∣ta, * 1.4 hauing but sixe thousande, which Agesilaus disposed in se∣cret places of the towne: for Sparta was not walled, and therefore the more doubted of Epaminondas.

Now both Agesilaùs and Epaminondas stood on either side of the riuer Eurotas, one beholding another: a sight not plea∣sant * 1.5 to Sparta, and readie to be brought to that ruine which happened thirtie yeeres before to Athens.

Now after Epaminondas had continued by Sparta 4. dayes, and saw that he could not enter the citie, after few battels on * 1.6 both sides of equall losse, he departed and went to Arcadia: such was the magnanimitie of the Spartās, though they were brought to that calamitie by the Athenians before, yet they held out while these flourished in Sparta, namely,

• Euristhenes.
• Leonidas.
• Eurybiades.
• Pausanias.
• Agesilaus.
• Lysander.
• Cleomenes.
• Argestratus.
• Doristus.
• Archelaus.
• Agis.
• Archidamus.
• Cleombrotus.
• Brasidas.
• Metagenes.
• Clearchus.
• Gilippus.

With many like, but chiefly with Lycurgus who made Sparta most famous in discipline by his lawes.

Epaminondas and Pelopidas were chiefe gouernours of The∣bes, * 1.7 who not only restored the Thebanes diuers times their li∣bertie, but also resisted the violence of the Lacedemonians, and ouerthrewe their Seigniorie, and brought Sparta so vnder foote, that these two valiant captaines did breake and cut in sunder the lincks and chaines that made the Lacedemonians * 1.8 strong. The Lacedemoniās who at that time were almost lords and masters of al Greece, had diuers ouerthrowes by Pelopidas: such was his good successe, that during his life (as Plutarch af∣firmeth) he was gouernour of Boetia, or general ouer the The∣banes: he wanne the victorie of the Lacedemonians at the bat∣tell * 1.9 of Tegira, where none else then Pelopidas might callenge any part of that victorie: thereupon a new supplie was sent from Lacedemon to Tegira, where a newe battell was present∣ly offred to Pelopidas, in the which battell he had the victorie, and slew both the generals, aswell him that with a new armie * 1.10 came from Sparta to Tegira, as also the other which had the ouerthrow.

Now as the Thebanes waxed strong by the meanes of these two Captaines Epaminondas and Pelopidas: so were they also ouerthrowen by diuers, as by the Plateans and Boetians. But * 1.11 Sparta was much molested with the Thebanes: so that by hap∣pie

successe of Pelopidas many victories were wonne, and spe∣cially at the battell of Leuctres, where both Pelopidas and Epa∣minondas played the champions: for Epaminondas being ge∣nerall, * 1.12 brought all his power and force to giue the charge vp∣on Cleombrotus then king of Sparta, with great furie. Pelopidas perceiuing the intent of the Lacedemonians, together with E∣paminondas set vpon Cleombrotus, before he could order his ar∣mie, with such incredible courage, that the Lacedemonians the only souldiers in martial discipline, were driuen (beside their * 1.13 skill, and wonted courage of sighting) to turne their backes and to take their flight, and there were slaine that day more Lacedemonians in that battell, then we reade of in any former battel. Their king was slaine, and a thousand of the best of au∣thoritie, the most part noble men of Lacedemon, and almost brought to vtter ruine: for this warre at Leuctres was as fa∣mous as any one battell of Greece.

This time only was Epaminondas gouernour of Boetia, and * 1.14 generall of the armie: afterward they were both gouernours of Boetia together: at what time they both inuaded the coun∣trey of Peloponesus, and made the cities to rebel against the La∣cedemonians, * 1.15 & passed ouer the riuer of Eurotas with seuentie thousand men, and tooke many litle townes of the Lacedemo∣nians, wasted and destroyed all the countrey to the sea side. The reputation of these two men Pelopidas and Epaminondas, made all men most willingly to march vnder their conducti∣on. This great battel at Leuctres happened in the 32. yeres of Artaxerxes sirnamed Mnemon, 29. yeeres after Lisander had brought Athens in subiection, in the 102. Olympiad, before A∣lexanders * 1.16 raigne 36. yeres: so long held the Lacedemonians the Empire of Greece after the victory of Lisander at Athens, which was thirtie yeeres.

And now Sparta is brought into that misery by Epaminon∣das & Pelopidas, as Athens was by Lisander, the only two lampes of Greece, the two eyes, and the two legges of Greece, and yet the only two that were the cause of the destruction of Greece. * 1.17 The cause of these great and long ciuil warres seemed in the

beginning but small, but (as Pindarus saith) Scintilla parua mag∣nam syluam comburit: and so it came to passe by occasion of a litle contention betweene the Athenians and the Magareans, de luco incenso. The Athenians made a decree, that it was not lawfull for any of Megara to enter into any part of Attica: * 1.18 this was thought iniurious, and therefore complaint was made vnto the Lacedemonians, who sending messengers vnto Pericles the chiefe gouernour of Athens to entreate that that decree should not stand, Pericles answered, that the Lacedemo∣nians sought a thing of small moment: but that the example of the fault was intollerable, and therefore the Lacedemonians should commaunde Pericles and all Athens in causes of grea∣ter waight.

This grew into such suspition with the Lacedemonians, that warres of 27. yeeres came of it, which was called Bellum Pelo∣ponesiacum, * 1.19 the Peloponesians warre. This spoyled and wasted Greece: this warre full ended the glorie of Greece, and brought the whole Empire to ruine, to whom within 50. yeres before this warre, all Asia was brought subiect, as Xerxes could well * 1.20 witnes that Greece florished, when he was forced with shame and losse secretly in a small boate to scape into Persia, which Xerxes entred Greece with tenne hundred thousand souldiers, with 1200. nauies, some write 3000: Hee that thought Helle∣spont could not containe the nomber of his nauies, and sup∣posed that all Greece were not able to receiue his armie, euen hee after that incontinently lost foure great battels, and was like a coward driuen out of Greece, leauing Mardonius his lieu∣tenant with three hundred thousand souldiers behinde him, who likewise at the battell of Platea was slaine, and his armie ouerthrowen.

Then Greece flourished, when Darius Histaspis, which was Xerxes father, had the ouerthrow at the great battell of Mara∣thon: at which time that noble and valiant man Miltiades was generall for Athens. Then flourished Greece, when the Lace∣demonians liued after the lawes of Lycurgus, and when the A∣thenians kept the lawes of Solon. Then flourished Athens, * 1.21

when the reuenues of Athens came yerely to the accompts of sixe hundreth talents: nay it is written, that Demetrius Phale∣rius which then gouerned Athens, had yeerely comming into the treasure house twelue hūdred talents, to the which Budeus doeth agree. The citie of Athens flowed in wealth, when that * 1.22 Isocrates could get 20. talents for one Oration, and when De∣mosthenes had of Harpalus 20. talents for one dayes silence.

When the Athenians tooke the Isle Cythera and the castle * 1.23 Nisaea which was the only strēgth of Megara: when they van∣quished the Lacedemonians at Epidaurus, and compelled them to make league with the Persians, and craued their ayde and helpe against the Athenians: when Thrasillus gaue an ouer∣throw to the Lacedemonians by sea, and to their general Min∣darus betweene Sestos and Abydos, and yet they lost more then they gained by the Lacedemonians: such was then their malice as Cleon the Athenian, and Brasidas the Lacedemonian, two vali∣ant captaines in the battell at Amphipolis, fought so, that they * 1.24 were both slaine and all their souldiers: so in like sort was all Greece destroyed by ciuil warres: such was the malice and en∣uie that one citie bare to another in the time of the Pelopone∣sian warre. For from the battell at Salamina where Xerxes had the great ouerthrow, vntill the battell at Leuctres, these iolie captaines flourished at Athens.

• Callimachus.
• Miltiades.
• Themistocles.
• Aristides.
• Phocion.
• Cimon.
• Pericles.
• Alcibiades.
• Nicias.
• Conon.
• Thrasibulus.
• Thrasillus.
• Leosthenes.
• Nicostratus.
• Aristonymus.
• Cleon.
• Aristarchus.
• Theagenes.

With many such, but spe∣cially with one Solon, who beautified Athens before.

But nowe Athens by this ciuill warres is much eclipsed from her glorie: for this warre of the Peloponesians, brake the backe of all Greece. Alcibiades rashnesse was much gi∣uen to pricke forwarde this warres: for hee was ioyned with Nicias, who fauoured the Lacedemonians, and sought * 1.25 meanes to keepe the Athenians in friendship with the Lace∣demonians, which purchased Nicias great loue and fauour of

the people, which spited much Alcibiades to see Nicias in such credite with the people, and therefore he studied how to in∣fringe * 1.26 this peace, and to diminish the fame of Nicias, no other wayes then you heard before of Themistocles and Aristides, the one enuious and glorious, the other good and iust, and so sir∣named Aristides the iust, one finding fault with the other, to the great danger and trouble of Athens.

After these succeeded two great men Pericles and Cimon, * 1.27 the one factious and stubburne, the other meeke and gentle: and euen so now Alcibiades yong and ambitious, Nicias sober and temperate, for Alcibiades being the authour of the warres of Sicilie, alluring the people with his pleasant tōgue, to make warres in Sicilia a beginning to further enterprise, Nicias per∣swading to the contrary, with all meanes possible affirming plaine that the citie of Syracusa was too great a matter for A∣thens to take in hand. Alcibiades brought the Athenians much * 1.28 attentiue vnto him, promising them to bring to passe great wonders, hee assured the Athenians that if Syracusa might be conquered, Lybia and Carthage might soone be conquered, and so passe to Italy.

The Athenians people most desirous to enlarge their Seg∣niorie, who much coueted in Pericles life to haue Syracusa in hand, now being perswaded by Alcibiades, they are most wil∣ling to set him forward, hauing 140. gallies, and 5000. foote∣men, very well armed and appointed, besides archers and other light armed men to the nomber of thirteene hundreth: but Alcibiades did no great exploit, sauing the winning of the * 1.29 citie Catana: for hee was called home immediatly by the A∣thenians to answere certaine accusations layd to his charge: he returned from Sicilia, not daring well for feare of his ene∣mies to come vnto Athens: he sent vnto Sparta to haue safe cō∣duct and licence of the Lacedemonians to dwell in their coun∣trey: his request being obtained, hee practised vpon his first * 1.30 comming, seruice against his owne citie, he counselled the Spartans speedily to send ayd to the Syracusans, whom they had of long time before delayed. Gylippus was sent from Sparta to * 1.31

Sicilia to ouerthrowe the Athenian armie. His second coun∣sell * 1.32 was that the Lesbians, and they of Chios which were not in league with the Athenians should begin to warre vpon them. The thirde counsell was, that the Lacedemonians should for∣tifie * 1.33 the citie of Decelia, which was within the territories of Attica. Alcibiades himselfe would saile vnto Ionia to perswade those cities to ioyne with Sparta.

By this time Athens was on euery side troubled, and the A∣thenians force diminished: whereby grew great warres and ci∣uill * 1.34 discorde among the citizens of Greece. The authoritie of Alcibiades, his credite and his fame got him both enuie and malice, and that of the best: they feared his fauour with the people, and (as Plutarch saith) he had such entertainment of Timea the Queene, (king Agis wife of Sparta) that the king be∣ing * 1.35 abroad in the warres, Alcibiades got the Queene at home with childe, and therefore the chiefe magistrats of Sparta cal∣led Ephori, wrote letters vnto certaine captaines of the warre to kill Alcibiades.

But hee hauing some intelligence hereof by the Queene, * 1.36 practised with Tisapharnis the king of Persias lieutenant, to withdrawe his fauour from the Lacedemonians, and to ioyne with the Athenians. For by this time Alcibiades had some hope by his friendes meanes, to be called home againe to A∣thens: for true it was, he went to Samos, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 was an armie of the Athenians readie to saile to Athens: there Alcibiades was honourably receiued, and by meanes of Thrasybulus hee was * 1.37 shortly after most louingly receiued into Athens, at what time hee did some good seruice to Athens, and requited the spite and enuie which the Lacedemonians shewed him in Sparta.

For now Myndarus the Admirall of the Lacedemonian ar∣mie by sea, hauing threescore shippes, and hauing giuen the ouerthrowe once or twise to the Athenians: with this Mynda∣rus ioyned also Pharnabasus the king of Persias 〈◊〉〈◊〉, with a bande of footemen: for now Tizapharnes 〈◊〉〈◊〉 good friend died, and in his place came this captaine •…•…arnabassus: * 1.38 being throughly stirred to reuenge the malice of Sparta, hee

went with a small nomber of gallies to the Isle of Cos: there he was aduertised, that the Athenians and the Lacedemonians were in battell by sea before the citie of Abydos: and being in * 1.39 the midst of their fight, Alcibiades discouered his galleis, and commaunded straight to set vp his flagge in the toppe of the galleis of his Admirall, and in the very heate of the battell when that the Athenians were at the worst, Alcibiades fresh∣ly * 1.40 did set vpon the Peloponesians, brake their shippes, chased them to flight, and got the victorie ouer the Lacedemonians by sea: and after this victory straight the Peloponesians with an other armie, and Pharnabasus with Mindarus were together in the citie of Cizicum. Of this Alcibiades hauing intelligence, hasted towards them: for he had not forgotten the letters of the Ephores to the captaines for the killing of him.

Mindarus the Admirall, and Pharnabasus the generall were * 1.41 no sooner on the maine sea, but Alcibiades with his Athenians gaue them battell, and ouerthrewe them, scattered them, and slewe a great nomber of them, drowned more, and killed Mindarus the Admirall in the fielde fighting valiantly, and forced Pharnabasus to flie cowardly, and to take the citie of Ci∣zicum: their losse was so great, and their strength so dimini∣shed, * 1.42 that Sparta hearing of this great victorie of the Atheni∣ans, fell in great dispaire, and doubted much of their state and gouernment: for by this victorie the Athenians had the pos∣session of the whole countrey of Helespont.

After this Alcibiades went againe against Pharnabasus, spoi∣led his countrey, tooke diuers of his townes, and gaue the o∣uerthrow * 1.43 to the generall in his owne territories. Alcibiades thence went and made warres against the Chalcedonians, who were now reuolted from the Athenians, and had receiued a gouernour and a garison of the Lacedemonians into their ci∣tie: hee layed siege to Chalcedon: Pharnabasus came to ayde * 1.44 the Chalcedonians, but hee was with shame (as before) put to flight, and Hyppocrates the Lacedemonian gouernour, slew be∣fore the citie a great nomber of his men, and tooke many of them prisoners, and at that time made the Bythinians to make

a league with the Athenians, yeelding their towne and their possession into Alcibiades hand.

After this victorie of Chalcedon, hee tooke the citie of Sely∣brea, and went in armes against Byzantium, where after a ter∣rible * 1.45 battell hee wanne the citie, and got the victorie with three hundreth prisoners of the best citizens. Thus Alcibiades hauing wonne fiue seuerall victories by giuing of fiue terri∣ble battels.

• 1 The first victorie at Abydos with great celeritie.
• 2 The second victorie at Cizicum.
• 3 The third victorie against Pharnabasus. * 1.46
• 4 The fourth battell at Chalcedon.
• 5 The fift and last battell at Byzantium.

After these fiue victories Alcibiades hoysed saile and dire∣cted his course toward Athens, where he was most honorablie * 1.47 receiued.

About this time the Egyptians reuolted from the Persians and the Medes, but Darius subdued them straight againe to the Medes: the Rhodians likewise brake their league with the Lacedemonians. These Lacedemonians kept the Persians al∣wayes in their hand, when neede required it, to ayde them: * 1.48 for of all Greece the Athenians were most hatefull to the Per∣sians, for that in the battell of Marathon the Athenians gaue so great an ouerthrowe to the Persians, that twentie thousande Persians were slaine, and many of them great men. * 1.49

This rancor boyled in the Persians hearts, though they had diuers times after the like ouerthrow, as at Thermopila by Leo∣nidas, at Salamina by Themistocles, at Platea, and at other pla∣ces: yet no battell grieued them so much as the battell at Marathon by Miltiades. Athens was the only Lady of all Greece, * 1.50 in whose lappe were more noble and couragious captaines nourished, then in all Greece beside: and therefore she was feared of all Greece, and enuied of all Asia.

Nowe after many good fortunes of the Athenians, it fell out otherwise to them in the warres of Sicilia: their state

declined, and their force diminished: for by this time Alci∣biades the thirde moneth after his returne being puffed vp with former pride, went with an hundreth shippes into Asia, * 1.51 where hee lost more to Athens in that one iourney, then hee gained in the last fiue victories, onely by his negligence, let∣ting to one Antiochus the charge, and himselfe purposing to passe to Hellespont vpon pleasure.

The Athenians hereby being brought into great dispaire, vnderstanding that Alcibiades willingly absented him selfe with a voluntary banishment from Athens, made a choyse of Conon to succeede him in gouernment, whose vnhappie suc∣cession was no better then banishment, according to the law and custome of Athens: for they had in Athens a kinde of ba∣nishment * 1.52 called Ostracismus, that when any Magistrate, ge∣nerall, or captaine waxed great and a potentate or mightie, (fearing that his greatnesse should annoy the state publique * 1.53 by some priuate hatred,) hee should bee banished for tenne yeeres. The like lawe the Syracusans had concerning the ba∣nishment of their great men, which they called Petalisimus: which was a banishment for fiue yeeres. These kindes of * 1.54 banishments did suppresse the furie and malice of the Cap∣taines and great men, for any offence likely to be suspected in them.

Now after that Alcibiades had ouerthrowen the whole force * 1.55 of Athens in this sort, and that Lysander had a great spite to the state of Athens, seeing the towne weake, vnfurnished, and vnfortunate, without men or munitions: hee besieged A∣thens, which without great difficultie was yeelded vp vpon * 1.56 the sixt moneth, and the sixteenth of March.

Beholde the fall of the great glorie of Athens, which be∣fore mastred all Greece, and nowe by Lysander brought in sub∣iection and made euen with the grounde: and in steade of good gouernours he appointed thirtie Tyrants that should * 1.57 gouerne Athens as pleased them, subiect to Sparta, and al∣most vassals of the Lacedemonians: and beside, order was taken, that Alcibiades should be slaine by meanes of Phar∣nabasus

Darius generall, doubting much that if Alcibiades were not preuented, Athens should againe flourish: so am∣bitious and so vnquiet was Alcibiades, that scant all Greece could suffice him: which Agis king of Sparta, and Lysander saw in him.

When Alcibiades by deceit was slaine, and Athens conque∣red, * 1.58 the Lacedemonians were lords of all Greece: notwithstan∣ding, when the Thebans and Corinthians contended to haue the citie of Athens altogether quite destroyed, and from the ground raised vp, that there should be no mention made of Athens for euer after: the Lacedemonians consented not to that, saying that Athens had bene of long time one of the two legges of Greece, and further saide, that it had bene one of the two eyes of Greece, which had brought many great men vp, * 1.59 the nourse of knowledge, and the lanterne of Greece, which had resisted the violence of all Asia, and had giuen many times the ouerthrow to the barbarous nations, and therefore not vtterly to confound it.

In this warre there were thirtie thousande taken captiues of the Athenians, which against the lawes of Armes were slaine by Lysander: some writers appointed the destruction of Athens to be in the last yeere of the Peloponesian warres, and in the second yeere of Artaxerxes sirnamed Mnemon, seuen∣tie and seuen yeres after the great victory at Salamina, and be∣fore the taking of Rome by the Gaules, nineteene yeeres, as Po∣libius setteth downe. The cause of this ouerthrow begonne by the Athenians (as you heard before) was the hatred of Pe∣ricles * 1.60 against the Magarians.

In the very yeere that Athens was by Lysander destroyed, Darius Nothus died the sixt king of Persia, whose yonger sonne * 1.61 named Cyrus gouerned then the Lydians, and the Medes. This yere also was Dionysius the king of Sicilia banished: the poore Athenians were sore afflicted: Thebes, and Argos and many townes besides of Greece, were full of miserable and bani∣shed men from Athens, amongst whome Thrasibulus a wor∣thie man of great courage was forced to flie, and to leaue

Athens vnder the gouernment of tyrants, who hauing a gard of thirtie thousand of citizen souldiers to defend them in all * 1.62 tyrannie, made hauocke and spoile, and great slaughter in A∣thens, in so much that they made the children to daunce in their parents blood.

Amongst these thirtie tyrants was one named Theramenes, who doubting that this tyrannie could not long endure, per∣swaded * 1.63 with Critias to haue more mitigation and lenitie in the gouernment, saying that Thrasibulus and Conon were yet aliue, and had taken a strong fort in Attica called Philen. Di∣uers cities of Greece bewailed the lamentable estate of A∣thens. Critias accused Theramenes of treason, and though it was in the citie knowen that Theramenes was honest, gentle, and a good citizen: yet Critias crueltie was such, that Thera∣menes died.

Thus I leaue Athens foming in blood vnder cruel tyrants, * 1.64 and wil something speake of Artaxerxes Mnemon, to whom this very time the kingdome of Persia nowe happened by Darius Nothus his will, bequething to Cyrus his yonger sonne Lydia and Ionia. Cyrus was not pleased with this will, and whether hee was by his mother mooued, (for Cyrus was the onely ioye of his mother) or by him selfe enflamed through desire of soueraigntie, hee gathered an armie of the * 1.65 lesser Asia, and brought them ouer the riuer Euphrates, and beganne warre with the king his brother. The battell was sharpe, and went in the beginning with Cyrus: for Artaxerxes hoste yeelded for a time to the furie of Cyrus souldiers, and Artaxerxes himselfe had a wound giuen him by Cyrus his * 1.66 one hande: but afterwarde Cyrus was taken, and was bound with fetters of golde, and had at that time died, if his mother had not most earnestly entreated for him.

Cyrus by his mothers meanes being let at libertie, with great furie followed his first purpose, gathered a farre grea∣ter * 1.67 armie, wherein were tenne thousand Grecians, vvell and strongly furnished, which came out of Greece to ayde Cy∣rus. To be short, it was in vaine: Cyrus was slaine in that bat∣tell,

and his armie ouerthrowen: yet Iustine saith, that the Gre∣cians * 1.68 valiantly stoode to it vnconquered in that wing of the battell where they stood. Of this warre doeth Xenophon most * 1.69 amplie entreate, with whom Cyrus the yonger himselfe was brought vp: of this Cyrus and of his actes Xenophon wrote six∣teene bookes, eight of discipline militarie, and other eight of * 1.70 his warres.

Now to Athens againe, where tyrannie all this while go∣uerned: but Thrasibulus was not carelesse how to represse these tyrants, whome Ismenias a prince of Thebes secretly ayded: and when that Sparta had made a decree, that no citie of Greece should suffer any exiled Athenians to enter into it, the Thebans resisted the decree, and they also made not onely a decree within Thebes and in all Boetia, that no house should be shut to the Athenians, but ayded them with men and mo∣ney. Likewise Lysias an oratour of Syracusa bestowed 500. rea∣die and well furnished souldiers to ayde Athens.

When this preparation was heard of in Athens, the Ty∣rants sent to Pausanias king of Sparta to defende them, which * 1.71 hee with some conscience refused: for the which afterwarde Pausanias was accused by the Lacedemonians. In the meane season Thrasybulus gaue battell to the thirtie Tyrants, ouer∣threwe them, and tooke the citie of Athens, restored libertie to the citizens: at what time hee brought in Solons lawe to for∣get * 1.72 the iniuries past of friendes, of parents and of children, which were slaine in Athens vnder these thirtie Tyrants. This lawe of Thrasybulus was reuiued by the Senatours of Rome * 1.73 which were in the time of Trium viri, which were Octauius Augustus, Marcus Antonius, Lepidus Aemilius, when Iulius Caesar * 1.74 was slaine, to forget the reuenge of Caesars death, to auoyde ciuill warres within Rome.

A litle after this, Conon againe scattered the force of Sparta, and after much hurt to the Lacedemonians, he came to Athens, * 1.75 and ioyned with Thrasybulus, by whose courage and valure Athens by degrees reuiued: for yet the ciuill warres in Greece were not ended: for as these afflictions and miseries hap∣pened

to Athens by ciuill warres: so after to euery citie of Greece the like happened, that of the onely countrey of the worlde, it was brought into a most miserable destruction.

And for that you may reade the strength and force of Greece while they held together, I wil set downe the warres and the victories which the Grecians haue had ouer the Per∣sian kings, and ouer all other barbarous princes in Asia, and * 1.76 in all partes of the East, at that time when that the Persians were lords and princes of the whole worlde, and helde the Monarchie onely, without resistance of any king or coun∣trey: yet in the most flourishing time of the Persians, the Grecians had these victories of them which are layde downe before you, viz.

THe great battell at Marathon, where Miltiades got the victorie ouer Darius Histaspis the thirde king of Persia. * 1.77

The famous enterprise and victorie of Leonidas at Thermo∣pila, * 1.78 where hee slewe twentie thousande Persians, with three hundred Grecians.

The two terrible battels at Salamina, where Themistocles * 1.79 and Aristides, had the victorie against Xerxes both by sea and land.

The battell fought before Platea against Mardonius, where was slaine sixe and twentie thousande, and Mardonius the * 1.80 king of Persias lieutenant. The victorie hereof was giuen to the Athenians: yet the honour of the victorie by common re∣port * 1.81 yeelded to the Plateans, at what time Aristides was gene∣rall of Athens, and Pausanias king of Sparta, was generall of all Greece.

The warres of Chalcedon against Pharnabasus, where Alci∣biades * 1.82 wanne the victorie.

The warres betweene Ptolomey king of Egypt, and Alexan∣der * 1.83 king of Macedon, the sonne of Amintas, pacified and en∣ded by Pelopidas, and tooke the kings brother called Philippe, which was Alexander the great his Father, and thirtie more of the noblest mens sonnes in Macedon to Ostage, and

brought them to Thebes, to let the worlde see the reputation of Greece then.

The victorie of Aristides gotten at Psittalia, where he tooke * 1.84 three Persian lordes sonnes to Sandauce king Xerxes sister, and the Grecians were of one minde, and thought with such cou∣rage to bring Asia vnder the Empire of Greece.

The victorie of Cimon in the countrie of Thracia, where he vanquished certeine great men of Persia allied to the king * 1.85 himselfe, and kept the Citie of Eronea vpon the riuer of Stry∣mon, ouerthrewe the barbarous people, inuaded the Thraci∣ans, droue the Persians away, and possessed al Thracia, and ap∣pointed Grecians to inhabite the Countrie: thus had the Greekes victorie out of Greece before their ciuill warres began: this Cimon plagued the Persians, past into Asia, and returned with diuers victories into Greece againe.

When Nicias wanne the hauen of Syracusa, and besieged * 1.86 the Citie in such sort, that Euripides made an Epitaph vpon the graue of Nicias, and had gotten eight seuerall victories ouer the Cicilians.

The victorie which Agesilaus had of Sardis, the chiefe Citie * 1.87 of Lydia, and the victorie ouer Tisaphernes lieutenant of all * 1.88 Persia, who gaue battell to the Nation that dwell in Acar∣nea, ouerthrewe them and destroyed them, and had victo∣rie, * 1.89 and after went to Egypt being an olde man, to Tachos king of Egypt, where hee vsed a Stratageme, that hee gote victorie of Tachos vnto Nectanebus: nowe when Persia, Asia, Egypt, Lydia, felt the force of Greece, then was Greece re∣nowmed.

The victorie of Phocion in the Isle of Naxes in a battell by * 1.90 sea, and another victorie of the Macedonians in a battell that Phocion had with Antipater, where Leonatus, who came out * 1.91 of Asia to ioyne with Antipater, was killed.

The battell at Mantinea the chiefe Citie of Arcadia: * 1.92 the victorie hereof fell to Epaminondas, and to the Thebans.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Athens by Ci∣mon recoue∣red.
• * 1.2

  Thucyd. lib. 1. & 2.
• * 1.3

  Iustinus lib. 2.
• * 1.4

  Epaminondas saying of Spar∣ta.
• * 1.5

  Melanct. lib. 2. chron.
• * 1.6

  Epaminondas.
• * 1.7

  Epaminondas praise.
• * 1.8

  Diod. lib. 15.
• * 1.9

  Pelopidas vi∣ctorie at Te∣gira.
• * 1.10

  Victorie the second time at Tegira.
• * 1.11

  Thucyd. lib. 2.
• * 1.12

  The victory at Leuctres.
• * 1.13

  Thucyd. lib. 1.
• * 1.14

  Plutarch in Pelop.
• * 1.15

  Melanct. lib. 2.
• * 1.16

  Sp•…•…rta destro∣ed 30. yeeres after Athens was destroyed by Lysander.
• * 1.17

  The cause of the warres of the Pelopones.
• * 1.18

  Read Thucyd. the 1. and 2. booke.
• * 1.19

  Melanct. lib. 2.
• * 1.20

  The opinion of Xerxes.
• * 1.21

  Atheneus lib. 12.
• * 1.22

  P•…•…eus lib. 2. de Asse.
• * 1.23

  Silence well solde.
• * 1.24

  Cleon and Bra∣sidas slaine at Amphipolis.
• * 1.25

  Niceas.
• * 1.26

  Diod. lib. 12.
• * 1.27

  Alcibiades the author of Sicil warres.
• * 1.28

  Alcibyades brags.
• * 1.29

  Plut. in Alcib.
• * 1.30

  Alcibyades counsel.
• * 1.31

  Thucyd. lib. 7.
• * 1.32

  Thucyd. lib. 7.
• * 1.33

  Alcibiades en∣tertained with the Lacedemo∣nians.
• * 1.34

  Melanct. lib. 2.
• * 1.35

  Timea king A∣gis wife.
• * 1.36

  Iustin. lib. 3.
• * 1.37

  Alcibiades re∣ceiued to A∣thens againe.
• * 1.38

  Pharnabassus.
• * 1.39

  Thucyd. lib. 8.
• * 1.40

  Alcibiades vi∣ctorie at Aby∣dos.
• * 1.41

  Mindarus ouerthrowen.
• * 1.42

  Diod. lib. 13.
• * 1.43

  Alcibiades vi∣ctorie at 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.44

  Pharnabassus.
• * 1.45

  Byzantium which is now called Constan∣tinople.
• * 1.46

  Fiue victories of Alcibyades.
• * 1.47

  Thucyd. lib. 8.
• * 1.48

  Diod. lib. 11.
• * 1.49

  20000. Persians slaine at Ma∣rathon.
• * 1.50

  Thucyd. lib. 1.
• * 1.51

  Alcibiades in Asia.
• * 1.52

  Ostracismus in testa script.
• * 1.53

  Petalisimus in folio 〈◊〉〈◊〉 script.
• * 1.54

  Diodor. lib. 19.
• * 1.55

  Melanct. 2. Chron.
• * 1.56

  Athens de∣stroyed.
• * 1.57

  30. Tyrants appointed go∣uernours of 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.58

  Alcibyades slaine.
• * 1.59

  Athens one of the two eyes of Greece.
• * 1.60

  Thucyd. lib. 2.
• * 1.61

  Ad Aegos po∣tamos.
• * 1.62

  Xenophon lib. 2. •…•…e. Gr•…•…ec.
• * 1.63

  Theramenes.
• * 1.64

  Artaxerxes and Cyrus warres.
• * 1.65

  Xenophon lib. 1. de exped. Cyri.
• * 1.66

  Melanct. lib. 2. Chron.
• * 1.67

  Cyrus second battel.
• * 1.68

  Iustine lib. 4.
• * 1.69

  Zenoph. de ex∣ped. Cyri.
• * 1.70

  Xenophon of Cyrus.
• * 1.71

  30. Tyrants and their go∣uernment o∣uerthrowen by Thrasybulus and Conon.
• * 1.72

  Xenophon lib. 2. reg. Gr•…•…r.
• * 1.73

  The law of forgetfulnes
• * 1.74

  Melanct. lib. 2. Chron.
• * 1.75

  Conon ioyned with Thrasibu∣lus.
• * 1.76

  The victories of the Greci∣ans.
• * 1.77

  1
• * 1.78

  2
• * 1.79

  3
• * 1.80

  4
• * 1.81

  5
• * 1.82

  6
• * 1.83

  7
• * 1.84

  8
• * 1.85

  9
• * 1.86

  10
• * 1.87

  11
• * 1.88

  12
• * 1.89

  13
• * 1.90

  14
• * 1.91

  15
• * 1.92

  16