The Romane historie vvritten by T. Livius of Padua. Also, the Breviaries of L. Florus: with a chronologie to the whole historie: and the Topographie of Rome in old time. Translated out of Latine into English, by Philemon Holland, Doctor in Physicke

A SVMMARIE COLLECTED BY IOHN BARTHOLMEW MARLIANVS, A GEN∣TLEMAN OF MILLAINE, TOVCHING THE TOPO∣GRAPHIE OF ROME IN ANCIENT TIME.

THE FIRST BOOKE.

CHAP. I. The Situation of the Cittie.

BEfore we enterprise to shew the edifices and buildings of the cittie of Rome, som∣what would be premised of the site thereof. Begin therefore we will at the very habitation of the immortall gods; with the invocation of whome, the Poets are woont in every hard and difficult worke, to lay their first ground and make their entrance.

The Capitoll hill, where it is broadest, exceedeth not 800 foot: in length it lyeth out toward the Northwest 1500. It hath a point or wing on either side in fashion of a semicircle, and in compasse containeth well-neere seven * 1.1 furlongs.

From this mount as it runneth out in length, the Palatine hill is divided by a valley of the same breadth, or somewhat more; making a square with 4 angles of unequal sides, conteining 1200 pa∣ces. For, the one of 600 foot boundeth upon the Capitoline hill: a second of 700 foot, bendeth to the Northeast: the third, being almost twice as long, looketh toward the Southeast and the mount Coelius: the fourth, which of all others is biggest, and comprehendeth the lists or shew-place called Circus maximus, directly regardeth the Aventine. On the second side thereof there is one plaine, reaching from the head and top of the Forum Rom. to the utmost skirt of the hill Quirinalis, which bendeth toward the Suburra, and taketh up in breadth 500 foot: but it lyeth out in length almost a mile from both fronts, betweene the Capitoll, the Forum Nervae, and the mount Coelius: in like ma∣ner from the said mount Coelius and Palatine, Suburra and the Esquiliae, as farre as to the Church of Saint Marcelline. A second plaine there is, under the other point and top of the Capitoll, neere the Theatre of Marcellus, which stretcheth out 500 foot from the mount it selfe, as farre as to the Tyber; and anon over-against the valley, from the crooked reach and course of the river, and the nouke. whereby the Aventine is divided from the Palatine, it spreadeth broader: but afterwards betweene the said hills it groweth narrow, untill yee come to Coeliolus and the very gate Capena, where the Aventine is parted from Coeliolus onely by the breadt of the street or high way. The length of this plain is likewise a mile, having on the right hand, Tyber and the Aventine; on the left, the Capi∣toline mount, the Palatine, and Coelius.

Then followeth the mount Coelius (separate from the Palatine by a plaine) resembling a pyrami∣dall forme of a spire, so as the Base thereof conteineth 500 foot neere to the Amphitheatre. Divided also from the same it is by the street Appia, fast by the grand Cirque, which reaching to the gate Ca∣pena, leaveth on the left hand a valley 600 foot broad, betweene Coelius and Coeliolus, lying out in length 4 Stadia, and within a while to the walls which joyne close to the mount Coelius, as farre as to the gate Asinaria. This hill then from thence lyeth along the citie wall for 4 Stadia, toward the Northeast. From hence the walls meet affront for the space of two Stadia, even to the gate Naevia: from whence as they turne to the Northeast, it is parted from the Esquiliae by the street Labicana: and anon shewing it selfe affront neere Saint Marcellines, it beareth forward as farre as to the Amphithe∣atre. Thus keeping no certeine forme, it taketh in circuit about 2500 paces. Moreover, the Coeliolus is enclosed within the said valley, the street Appia, and all along Northeast and Southeast, with the cittie walls; and hath in compasse well-neere a mile.

The Aventine seemeth to containe two hilles; the broader part whereof toward the Tyber, and in like manner in length from Tyber along the walles, and anon neere the gate Hostiensis, is divided and cut with a crooked street-way which leadeth to the angle of the grand Cirque, and

the mount Coelius: leaving the other part thereof, divided on the right hand from the mount Coe∣lius by the street Appia, untill you come to the gate Capena. It had in compasse 18 Stadia, as Di∣onysius also testifieth; and on the Southeast; a most spatious and large plaine of 4 unequall sides: toward the South containing almost sixe Stadia, VVestward five, somewhat lesse Eastward, but toward the Tyber not above foure.

The Esquiliae on the South part is divided with the street Labicana; on the Northwest, with the valley lying betweene Coelius, Palatinus, and it selfe; on the North, the Suburra; and from the Vi∣minall hill, the street called Patricius parteth it, untill a man come to the bath of Diocletian. In cir∣cuit it containeth about foure miles, and hath no certaine forme; in so much as Varro (not without good reason) thinketh it two hills, and cutteth it into many parts.

The Viminall hill on the VVest side regardeth the Quirinall, having about a furlong space the plaine Suburralying betweene: on the North it hath the valley Quirinalis. Betweene the same hills there lyeth as it were 4 jugera in breadth, but about a quarter of a mile in length. And anon it joy∣neth to the Quirinall and Esquiliae along the wall of the cittie, by a continuall row of many arches, whereby these mountains are made even. The compasse thereof taketh up two miles and an halfe; the forme thereof is longwise, and the breadth not in every part alike, but variable.

The Quirinall mount on the left hand, directly from the tower called [Militiarum] for the space of 4 Stadia, over-looketh the levell plot of the citie which lyeth VVestward: but on the right hand (as cleerely appeareth by that which we have said) it is opposite to the Viminalis: on the third side Northward, for the space of six Stadia, it lieth to the hill called [Hortulorum]. It hath a valley lying betweene, in breadth foure jugera, reaching neere to the gate Salaria: and in the whole compasse it taketh almost three miles.

Next to it is the little hill Hortulorum, although it standeth without the old pomaerie of the citie: for the space of 3 Stadia it beareth over the valley Martia, lying betweene it and Tyber. It carieth in length along the wall of the citie, from the gate Flumentana to Collina, a full mile more than any other sides. The circumference thereof, is much about 18 Stadia.

There remaineth now the mount Ianiculus, on the other side of Tyber: the one halfe thereof and not above, is conteined within the walls: from the Vatican Plaine, for the space of three Stadia, whereas it stretcheth toward the South, it adjoyneth to the river: the other part thereof is enclosed within the walls, for the compasse of five Stadia.

Moreover, above the Vatican plaine, there is a little hill of the same name, which putteth foorth two points like hornes; the one toward Ianiculum, the other Northward, much like a bow full bent: the convexitie or outward compasse whereof containeth a mile.

Now will we run over the plaine and base plot of the cittie: which beginning at the Capitoll hill neere the gate Flaminia, at this day on the Northeast side (or rather the North) comprehendeth a Diameter or race almost of 8 Stadia, environed with the hills Quirinalis and Hortulorum: but on the VVest side, the Tyber runneth by it, where along the bankes thereof it beareth a greater space. Moreover, by a streight and direct line being drawne for two Stadia from the hill Hortulo∣rum, and namely where it over-looketh the Pierce of Domitian called Naumachia: along the banke of Tyberis, over-against the Pile Hadriani, it maketh a quadrangle of foure uneven sides, contai∣ning within it more than three miles: without which square is left the valley Martia, namely as much as lieth between the hill Hortulorum, the wall of the citie, and Tyberis: so as the bredth draw∣eth narrower still unto the gate Flaminia.

There resteth yet the Transty berme region, which togither with the Ianiculum, taketh in com∣passe about 3 miles. This will be more easily observed and marked by the very channell of Tybe∣ris; which entring into the citie, keepeth his course directly on the right hand of the gate Flaminia through the vale Martia, and soone after by little and little turneth from the North, VVestward, and representeth the forme of a semicircle, in the convexitie whereof is the Vatican, and within the con∣cavitie, the Mars field. Moreover, beneath the Moles or pile [Hadriani] returning to his former course, as farre as to the utmost foot of the Aventine, winding somewhat crooked into the South, not farre from the gate Portuensis it runneth forth of the citie.

Thus much concerning the situation and forme of Rome, and the plot wherein it standeth, which at this day is so farre changed, that hardly a man may find any token or memoriall of it, as it was in old time.

CHAP. II. Of the founders of the citie of Rome, the KK. and inhabitants thereof.

THe region (on which Rome was after built) VVest of Tyber, a hundred and fortie fur∣longs distant from the sea, the Sicilians (by constant report) first inhabited. Afterwards, the Aborigines leaving Arcadia, by the conduct of Oenotrius the sonne of Lycaeon, came into the said quarters: and being growne into a liking of the place for the fertilitie thereof, they expelled

the Sicilians, and held it for their owne use. In processe of time the Pelasgians, a people of Greece, to∣gether with the Thessalians, who came to aid the Aborigenes against the nations their neighbor bor∣derers, remained also in these parts (with the good will and contentment of the said Aborigines) un∣till the Trojane warre: but they all retained the name of the Aborigines, which prerogative they held because they were the first, that by armes conquered that siegnorie and kingdome. Long time after, Saturne being chased out of Crete by Iupiter his son, fled into Italie: where he taught Iuanus the K. of the Aborigines the skil of planting vineyards, with the use therof, and likewise the handling of the sickle: in regard of which good turne, hee was freely feoffed by Iaunus in part of his realme, yea, and after the decease of Ianus enjoied the kingdome alone. After this, the Arcadians, who forlooke the citie Palan∣tium (as wearie of their owne native countrey) and by the leading of Evander, seeking some other place of habitation, arrived at the place where now Rome standeth; received of Faunus the king of the Aborigines, a portion of ground; built a fort upon a little hill not farre from Tyber, and named it Palantium, in remembrance of their native citie which they had abandoned. After all this, the Pelo∣p••nesians, Phanetians, and Epians, by reason that Elis their native countrey was wasted before by Hercules, wer by him brought away into Italie, & they planted themselves upon the mount Saturnine. These men lived a long time according to their owne lawes and customes, until they being vanqui∣shed and subdued by the Aborigines, were incorporated by them into one Communaltie. Then raig∣ned Latinus the sonne of Faunus, until such time as AEneas the sonne of Anthises, after the overthrow and finall ruine of Ilium, after many adventures and much varietie of fortune, which he had endured to∣gether with the Trojanes his companions, came by the instinct of the destinies to K. Latinus. VVhose daughter Lavinia hee tooke to wife, and so was by Latinus admitted into the societie and fellowship with him of the kingdome. VVhen the Aborigines and the Trojans were thus linked and joined to∣gether, hee called both nations by the name of Latines. Then was Aeneas warred upon by Turnus; for that he had married Lavinia, who was espoused & affianced to him before. But Aeneas wan the victorie, and in single combat slew Turnus. At that time also Latinus died, & left his sonne in law Aeneas heir to the crowne. Certaine yeeres after, was Aeneas killed by Mezentius king of the Tuscanes; and Ascanius his sonne succeeded in the kingdome. He built the townes Lavinium and Alba: and when hee departed this life, made over the crowne to his brother Sylvius. After him followed kings, Aeneas Sylvius, Latinus Sylvius, Alba, Atys, Capys, Capetus, Tyberinus, Agrippa, Romulus, Aventinus, Procas and Amulius. This Amulius usurped the kingdome by fraud, which in right of eldership was due to his brother Numitor. And for feare least there might arise from his brothers of-spring, some one to make claime and recover the roiall seat, and thereby himselve be thrust out of his place; the consecrated Rhea the daughter of Nu∣mitor to Vesta, for to bee a professed Nun. Shee being thus made a votarie, and devoted to perpetuall virginitie, happened to be with child by Mars, and was delivered of two botes, twins, namely Romu∣lus and Remus. Amulius advertised hereon, commaunded both the babes to bee cast foorth to perish. Found they were by Faustulus a shepheard upon the banke of the river Tyber, and by his wife Faustu∣lae fostered and brought up among other shepheards. Remus being grown to mans estate, was taken by certain theeves and robbers, and brought to K. Amulius his great-unckle. Accused he was, for that hee used to raise booties and drive away whole droves of Numitor his cattell. VVhereupon delivered hee was to Numitor for to bee punished according to his discretion. But Remus after much discourse of speeches to and fro, was by certaine tokens found and knowne to be Numitor his daughters son. And at the very time came Romulus also with Faustulus in place, purposing to rescue Remus his brother. Soon they entered into a conspiracie, and at unwares surprised and murdered Amulius: and so restored their grandsire Numitor. In the second yeere of Numitor his reign, Romulus and Remus built the citie of Rome, in the very place where they had been laid forth to perish, which was the 432 yeer after the winning of Troy, and the twelfth day before the calends of May. Afterwards in a tray that arose betweene Ro∣mulus and Remus striving for the soveraignetie, Remus came by his death, and then Romulus gave name both to the cittie and citizens also of Rome.

CHAP. III. The forme and bignesse of the citie of Romulus.

ROmulus set out the citie fouresquare, as Plutarch witnesseth: whereupon of some it is called Qua∣drata. Others affirme that the forme and compasse thereof is uncertaine, and by reason of An∣tiquitie unknowne at this day. The hill Palatinus was by Romulus first fortified, because therein he was brought up: at the foot whereof began the Pomoerium. Afterwards the Capitoll and the Ro∣mane Forum were laid to it.

The citie began to be marked and bounded out from the beast-market; from whence in certaine places were stones pitched and set between, along the bottome of the mount Palatine, as far as to the altar of Consus: and so within a while to the old Curiae: then, to the chappell of the Lares & the Roman Forum the bounds were extended, until a place was assigned for the wals, and a spatious plot to build the cittie upon.

Titus Tatius began the wall from the rocke Carmentalis, and brought it to the way, which is not farre from Tyber. From thence, Southward unto the farthest part of the grand cirque: and so North∣east ward hee raunged it into the Forum of Nerva, and in the end joined it to one of the points of the Capitoll hill, and within it compassed both the Capitoll itselfe, and also the Palatine. And finally to enlarge the citie, hee set to it the hils Quirinalis and Coelius.

CHAP. IIII. The gates of Romulus his citie.

ROmulus when he died, left the citie of Rome with three gates, namely Carmentalis, Romana, and Pandana. Others adde a fourth thereto, to wit, Ianualis.

Carmentalis took the name of Carmentis the mother of Evander, whose chappell Carmen∣tale stood before the gate. This gate stood under the Capitoll on the right hand, betweene the cliffe Tarpeius and the Tyber, over-against the church now of S. Katherine, toward the shew place Flaminius. This was afterwards named Scelerata, for that without this gate, in the temple of Lanus, the act of Senate passed, for the sending of the three hundred Fab\̄y to Cremera: who went foorth at this gate, and were slaine every one at Cremera.

Romana was so called of Romulus: built it was where now the gardens are belonging to the new church of S. Marie, not farre from the angle of the mount Palatine, in the bottome of the cliffe of Vi∣ctoria. Some affirme, that this gate was afterwards called Mugonia, of the loowing of kine and oxen: others name it Trigonia of three corners that it had.

Pandana was so cleped, because it stood open for things to bee brought through it into the cittie. The same was called Libera or Romulida. The place for it they assigned where the gate Saturnia stood, bearing the name of the old citie, so called and after destroied.

Ianualis carried the name of the temple of Ianus, which is not far off. It stood sometime at the very foot of the hill Viminalis.

CHAP. V. The varietie of the compasse and walls of the citie.

VVHen the Romans one while made warre upon their neighbor nations of Italie, and other∣whiles defended themselves against their violence, it hapned for the most part that they got the upper hand, and ever as they vanquished any and subdued them under their sub∣jection, in the end made them cittizens of Rome: by which occasion, the cittie built by Romulus, was not sufficient to receive so great a multitude. Tullus therefore after his conquest of the Sabines and Albanes, laid to the citie the mountain Coelius and the Esquiliae, & so enlarged it. After∣wards, when Politorium was woon, and a number of the inhabitants translated to Rome; Ancus made a second enlargement of the citie, and granted these new commers the mount Aventine to inhabite. The old Romanes therfore dwelt in Palatine; the Sabines in Capitolium; the Albanes in Coelius; and this new-come multitude in Aventine. But after the Latines also were received into the citie, they joined Ianiculus also to the citie by a wodden bridge made over the Tyber; and cast a trench called Fossa Quiritium, about the low & levell places of the citie. So the Trans-tyberine quarter was united to the citie, & made it more spatious & stately: last of all, Servius Tullius by adjoining the hils Vimina∣lis and Quirinalis to the five abovenamed, amplified the cittie. And whereas before it was mounded about with rubbish, and the same rudely laid, Tarquin the prowd was the first that enclosed it with a wall of good ashler stone. And the very same walls which stand at this day, were by the posteritie that followed, repaired and reedified upon the old foundations. But the cittie in old time, when as it flourished in greatest glorie, extended farre more in bounds and compasse. For in Flinies time the circuit therof within the wall contained about 20 miles. But in these daies hardly 12. And the whole compasse of the citie, with the suburbes and buildings about and without the walls (which although they spreadfar, were comprehended yet under the name of citie) in the said Plinies time, was 50 miles.

CHAP. VI. The Pomoerie of the citie

THat void space of ground within and without the walls, which might not lawfully bee either plowed or inhabited, is called Pomaerie. And sometime it is put for the circuit of the whole ci∣tie. This Pomoerie was often times set out farther, and altered by the Roman emperours. But none had power graunted so to doe, save only they that either conquered somewhat to the Romane dominion, or endowed the citie with some singular and especiall benefit; as the emperor Claudius and many more. And like as the Romanes had no certain limits of their empire, so no set bounds confined either the citie or the Pomoerie.

CHAP. VII. The gates of old Rome, which at this day are not to be seene: those also that are now extant.

EVen as the bounds of the citie and Pomaerium were many times altered, so the gates also; some were left within the citie, by occasion that the walls were farther set out and lost their names: others in time were so old, that they fell downe; and albeit their name remaine, yet the place where they stood is not knowne. Some againe were made new, and tooke either new names; or else kept their old: others changed the place, and held their old name: and finally, there were some that had two names; and others, more. And these in manner were all the names of the gates:

• Flumentana, or Flaminia.
• Numentana, or Viminalis.
• Esquilina, or Taurina.
• Capena, or Appia.
• Tergemina, or Hostiensis.
• Ratumena, or Vientana.
• Quirinalis, Agonensis, or Collina.
• Ianualis, or Sabiusa, leading into the Sabines countrey.
• Noevia, or Labicana.
• Coelimontana, or Asinaria.
• Portuensis, or Navalis.
• Triumphalis, or Vaticana.

Carmentalis, Magonia, Pandana, QuerquetuIana, Raduscula, Saginalis, Saucualis, Collatina, In∣teraggeres, Tiburtina, Gabiusa, Latina, Aurelia, Catularia, Laurentia, Fontinalis, Lavernalis, Feren∣tina, Minutia, Salutaris, Mutia, Piacularis, Prenestina, Libitinesis, Valeria, and Tarpeia.

Flumentana, tooke name of the river Tyberis; for it stood at the first upon the banke of that river, not far from the bridge of Xystus, in the end of the Broad street, and at the head of the way or street Flaminia: but afterwards, translated it was to the place where now it standeth. In time following, it was called Flaminia, of the causey of Flaminius: at this day it is named, The peoples gate, and is situ∣ate in the hill Hortulorum.

Collatina, bare the name of Collatia, a towne not farre from Rome: now it is Pinciana, of one Pincius a Senator, whose name it keepeth. This also standeth in the hill Hortulorum: between it and Flumentana is a mile space.

Quirinalis tooke name of the chappell of Quirinus: or because in old time the way lay through it, for them that went to the hill Quirinalis. It seemeth to be called Agonensis, quasi 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. without a cor∣ner; afterwards, Collina: and at the last, Salaria; for that by it, salt was caried into the citie. This name it holdeth still, and standeth 6 Stadia from Collatina.

Viminalis is from Quirinalis distant 5 Stadia; so eleped as they say, of a wood of osiers, which (as it is supposed) sometime grew thereby: or else, of a chappell of Iup. Vunineus: This also men called Fi∣gulensis, of the potters workes made without it: but now they name it the gate of S. Agues, and Nu∣mentana.

Interaggeres standeth in the Plaine Viminalis, betweene the gate Viminalis and Esquilina: it had the denomination of Tarquinius his mures and bankes, among which it was built.

Tiburtina, stood between Esquilina and Numentana, so as it was 12 Stadia distant from Esquilina, upon the plaine of Esquiliae, in the verie place where the conduit is of the Marie water.

Esquilina, tooke that name of the hill Esquiliae: the same in auncient time was called Taurina, of a bulls head there found: for many a day after was the said bulles head seene painted in the inner front of the said gate. At this day, S. Laurence gate.

Noevia drew the name of certaine * 1.2 groves or woods neere adjoyning. In times past Labicana, and now Major. An arch there was so called, and erected in the same place by the old Romanes.

Coelimontana, standing from Naevia 8 Stadia, seemeth by affinitie of name to be so called of the hill Coelius, in the edge wherof it standeth: and Asinaria it was called, of the Asses which were woont to be sent out to Naples, by that gate. At this time they call it S. Iohns gate.

Gabiosa, built close to the mount Coelius, Southeast: which seemeth by all likelihood to take the name of the cittie Gabij, which it directly regardeth. It carried the name also Metrodium, of mea∣suring, and is situate from Coelimontana, as it were 5 Stadia.

Latina is 5 Stadia likewise from Gabiusa, seated not farre from the church of S. Iohn Baptist: so cal∣led, for that men goe forth of it into Latium.

Capena is so named of the Capenates, a Latine nation, against which it lyeth. This also is called still Camoena, of a grove and chappell of the Muses, built just before the same gate. Appia likewise, of the high-way Appia; which Appius the Censor paved, and so it bare his name. They call it also Triumphalis, for that in triumph the pompe is that way carried with state. Of some it is named Fon∣tinalis, for the plentie of springs there. At this day S. Sebastians gate.

Tergemina tooke that name of an old gate so called, at which the 3 twinnes Horatij went forth against their enemies, and gave the first name to it. Some shew remaineth yet of this gate to be seen, neere the Salinae.

Hostiensis, was in auncient daies so called, for that it led to the citie Hostia: now S. Paules gate: situate it is from Capena weel-neere 8 Stadia.

Portuensis is a gate beyond the Tyber, within halfe a Stadium of the said river; so called, for that it leadeth to the haven of Hostia. Now a daies men call it, Poria ripae, i. The banke gate.

Aurelia, looketh toward Ianiculum; distant from the former almost 7 Stadia. In this age they call it S. Pancrace gate.

Aaelia, was built by Aelius Hadrianus, of whome it tooke that name.

Septimiana, bare the name of Septimius the Emperour: and because it standeth under Ianiculum, is at this day called, Subtus Ianum. Some affirme, that this is Fontinalis, because out of the mount called Aureus, there issue fountaines: for to the said hill this gate standeth close. From it to Aurelia are 5 Stadia; and to the river Tyber 7 jugera or acres.

Thus much for the gates of the citie of Rome, and their names.

The wall in old time had upon it 360 turrets. Some of these are decaied and gone; others repai∣red, and many this long time are ready to fall.

NOw is it time, and the course of the Storie doth require, that leaving the towres and walls, wee enter into the cittie, and shew the beginning and the place of those edifices, which within the walls, either upon the hills or the plaine plot of the citie, were built by men in old time. First there∣fore begin we will at the worthiest earthly habitation of all their gods, to wit, the Capitoll.

THE SECOND BOOKE.

CHAP. I. The sundrie names of the Capitoll.

THe Capitoll was by the old Romanes called Mount Saturnius, either of a cit∣tie named Saturnia, which under the very hill was built in that place where now Rome standeth: or because Saturne in times past dwelt in that hill: or els (as some think) for that the mount it selfe had Saturne for the tutelar god and protector therof. But afterwards it was named the mount Tarpeius, of the vir∣gin Tarpeia, of whom Livie writeth. Last of all, Tarquinius Prisius going in hand to build upon that hill a temple to Iupiter, when he digged for to lay the foun∣dation, chaunced to find in the botome of the trench a mans head; wherup∣on they called it Capitolium. And the Augurs being sought unto and demaunded, VVhat the finding of that head might signifie? answered, That this castle should be the See of the empire and the head of the whole world. This hill they divide into the castle and the Capitol. The castle they built North∣ward, as a stronger and more fortified place: butthe Capitoll, toward Tyberis, a place naturally de∣fended.

CHAP. II. Who first laid the foundation of the Capitoll: who finished it: how often it was burnt, and by whome reedified.

IN the Sabine warre, Tarquinius Priscus vowed to build the Capitoll temple: but after the war was ended, so soone as he had laid the ground-worke, he died. After him, Tarquinius Super∣bus finished the building, of 4 square stone: and defraied the charges thereof out of the pil∣lage of Pomaetia, a towne that he woon. VVhen he for his tyrannie was banished Rome, Horatius Pul∣villus the Consull, dedicated the said Capitoll to Iupiter. It stood upright and sound for the space of 415 yeeres, untill the Marian warres, and then (in the Consulship of Scipio and Narbo) it was consumed with fire. Sylla reedified it, and Q. Catulus consecrated it: and so it continued untill the Vitellian war. During which troubles, it was a secōnd time burnt, at what time it stood with the dores shut, undefended, and not rifled. Vespasian built it againe; and in his life, a third time it was destroyed by fire: and togither with the Capitoll, Vespasian also himselfe died. Afterwards, Domitian rebuilded it in more magnificent and stately manner than it had been ever before, and disbursed therin above 12000 talents. Of the Capitoll turrets and pinacles, the statues and images smitten with thunder∣bolts and blasted oftentimes with lightning, divers writers have made mention.

CHAP. III. The temple of Iup. Feretrius, of Inp. Opt. Max. of Iuno, and Minerva.

THe Capitoll, Cicero calleth The house and habitation of the gods, because it conteined the chappels, statues, and images in manner of all the gods: but the first of all other in Rome was that of Iupiter Feretrius, vowed by Romulus in the warre against the Cenenians. After which war ended, and he returned to Rome with victorie, hee reared a temple in the very pitch and top of the capitoll hill. But Iupiter was by Romulus named Feretrius, as some would have it; for that Iupiter as∣sisted him in striking the enemie, in that verie place where he vowed the temple. Or els, because the Romanes used in making of peace, to sweare by his scepter and the flint. The roufe of this church fallen downe for verie age and through neglect of the Romanes, Augustus repaired. This temple first built by Romulus, was afterwards enlarged by Ancus Martius.

But the temple of Iup. Opt. Max. of all other was the greatest and most renowmed. This also was called Capitolinum; and Tarquinius Priscus vowed it. After him, Tarquinius Superbus expended in the foundation thereof 40000 pound weight of silver: but before that he finished it, he was deprived of his kingdome for his tyrannie, and left the worke unperfit to be accomplished by the Romanes. Built it was upon the hanging of the Capitoline hill toward Tyberis, as hath been shewed before. For the forme, the greatnesse and beautie of this temple, read Dionysius and sundrie other authors, who have written of the Romane acts and of Rome it selfe. Vpon the top or lanterne thereof, stood Summanus the god, made of potters earth, whose head was smitten with lightning and fell into Tyberis. It had within it besides, a sanctuarie or secret chappell, which no Lay person might enter into. VVithin the said cell or chappell, were two coronets of gold: the one of them the Gaules consecrated to Iup. Opt. Maximus: the other, the Carthaginians sent to Rome in the honour of Iupiter, in token of joy for their victorie over the Samnites. Moreover, in the said temple were other three chappels, to wit, one of Iup. Opt. Max. in the mids; a second of Minerva on the right hand; and a third of Iuno on the left. And because men in old time attributed unto Minerva the invention of numbers, a law was set downe in writing, That the chiefe and highest Pretour for the time being, should drive a spike or great naile neere unto her image, whereby the computation of the yeeres might be knowen. This so rich and costly edifice, was burnt all at once in the Vitellian warre. Now at this day the place wher∣as as it stood, is prophane: howbeit there remaine yet to be seene, some tokens therof, and the founda∣tions; but all deformed and broken peecemeale.

CHAP. IIII. The temples of Saturne, Iupiter Tonans, Iupiter Custos, of Fortune, of Vejovis, Mercie, Iuno Moneta, and of Ianus. The sepulchre of Orestes, the common Treasurie, the house of Manlius, and chappell of Carmenta.

SInce that we have described the temple of Iupiter K. of the gods, in what place it was situate, and by whome built; meet it is to make report also of other gods in order, who had their houses in the Capitoll: and first of Saturne, Iupiters father.

Saturne in old time had an altar erected unto him in the verie way as ye goe out of the Forum up to the Capitoll, as some thinke. There be, that would have this temple or altar of Saturne, built by the companions of Hercules: others againe say, that Tatius reared it. But of this varietie in opinion of VVriters, this may be the reason, because some affirme, that there were two temples consecrated to Saturne, but reared in divers places and at severall times: one at the rocke of Carmenta, even be∣fore the Capitoline cliffe (wherein the bones also of Orestes brought from Aricia were bestowed:) the other in that very place, where now standeth the chappell of S. Saviour: where yet at this day there is a turret to be seene, which they call, the tower in Aerarium: for there first was the common trea∣sure house of Rome. In the temple of Saturne, dedicated by Catulus Luctatius, there stood Ianus with foure faces; signifyingthe foure times of the yeere: of whome the first moneth Ianuarie tooke name.

The temple of Iupiter Tonans, Augustus Caesar first built, on the Capitoline cliffe or side of the hill, Southeast; upon this occasion: It happened, that in the Cantabrian expedition, as hee was carried by night in a litter, the lightning slightly glaunced thereupon, and killed the servant that was the guide; and therefore he both vowed this temple, and also finished it to the honour of Thundring Iu∣piter. A temple also to Fortune was built not farre from it.

The temple of Vejovis, stood betweene the castle and the Capitoll, in that part where now the chappels are to be seene of Conservatores. In old time they called this Idoll-devill, Vejovis, because he was deprived of all power to helpe and doe good. To him they sacrificed a shee goat: because hee

held arrowes in his hand, most men thought he was Apollo.

Asylum, that is to say, the temple of Mercie stood likewise upon the Capitoll hill, neer a shadowie grove, in the very valley amid the Capitoll and the castle. Called it is the temple Intermontium, betweene two oke rowes. This, Romulus erected; that what offender soever thither fled, he should be priviledged as in a sanctuarie. But Tyberius afterwards, supposing that this place ministred occasion of mischiefe, deprived it of that libertie. This Asylum, by report, the posteritie of Hercules first erected.

The temple (as also the mint-house) of Iuno Moneta, was built upon that plot of ground, where som∣time stood the house of M. Manlius. This chappell, some report that L. Furius vowed; others, that L. Cicereius the Pretor; and Ovid, that Camillus. Now was Iuno called Moneta, of giving warning; for that from the verie place where afterwards the temple was set, there was a voice heard of Iuno, admoni∣shing them of the future overthrow by the Senones. In this place now standeth a Senators house of Rome.

The temple of Ianus keeper of the Capitoline castle, stood in that place, where at this day is the goale and prison for malefactors and fellons, toward the Southwest, over-against the Forum Roma∣num. This Ianus upon the Capitoll, Romulus and Tatius devised to have two faces, representing therby the two nations. Others would have him to be pourtraied a faced, for his cunning and providence: for he was the first that invented the [roiall] crown; also boats; the skill of navigation; brasen coine, and many other things. Ianus tooke that name ab cundo, of going, for that he turneth about the hea∣ven and all things els. For which cause he is also named Vertumnus: In old time they beleeved there was but one Ianus; but the posteritie in later age, have imagined more.

The temple of Iupiter Custos, Domitian (after hee was invested in the empire) built: and placed his owne image in the lap and bosome of that god. It stood where at this day the Salinae or saltpits are, neere the temple of Ianus.

CHAP. V. The temples of gods which have no certaine place now, in the Capitoll.

AMong those gods, whose determinate place assigned to them in the Capitoll, is not knowne where it was, the first was Terminus, as to whom in all the world throughout, there is no proper place appointed. Now this Terminus was a rude & formlesse stone. Vnto him Tatius first vowed a temple: and some say, that Numa dedicated it. How ever it be; no doubt, verie ancient it was, as easily may be collected by that which followeth. But why, that in the Capitoll was of men in old time reputed for a god, this was the cause: VVhen Tarquinius Superbus determined to build a temple to Iupiter, he consulted with the Augures about the place, because he would begin nothing without the approbation of the birds. They shewed unto him the mount Tarpeius: but this place was alrea∣die taken up with other gods, whose chappels there, were consecrated and hallowed. These therfore were by certaine sacrifices to be conjured out from thence, for to give way unto Iupiter, and to be translated into some other quarter. All the gods willingly yeelded their places up to Iupiter as their K. only Tominus refused to be displaced; and so remained there still. VVhen he had finished the tem∣ple, that fore-part of the roufe which regardeth the said stone, was left naked & open for that god, as who neither ought nor could be enclosed. The augures therfore being sought unto and demaunded, For what reason Terminus alone abode still with Iupiter, when all the other gods were gone? made an∣swer, that therby was signified, that togither with religion, their empire also was eternall. To this god they sacrificed not but in open aire and publikely abroad, as being the god and keeper of bounds. Saint Augustine witnesseth, that Mars also and Iuventus togither with Terminus, would not agree to give place unto Iupiter: for that the dominion of Rome should not be bounded out, ne yet decay with age and continuance of time.

To Mars and Venus Erycina, Attilius and Q. Fab. Max. being Duumvirs, dedicated chappels upon the Capitoll, severed asunder by one vault or cisterne.

To queene Iuno, Cn. Flaminius in the Ligurian warre, vowed a temple.

To Ops, Tatius the K. consecrated a temple; for that shee is called the earth, and is the mother of all things; as bringing forth all, and receiving all again. The same Ops is called Maia, Fauna, and Bona Dea. This temple was blasted with fire from heaven, as Livie testifieth.

To Mars revenger, Augustus Caesar erected a temple upon the Capitoll, within the hill Saturnius.

To Faith, on the same hill, Attilius Collatinus dedicated another.

To Health, Concord, Libertie, and Victorie, they built temples: and many there were within the cittie erected to Concord.

To Fortuna Primigenia and Obsequens, Tullus dedicated a temple.

To Venus-bald, they set up also a temple in the Capitoll, in memoriall and everlasting praise of the Romane dames, for willingly parting with the haire from their heads, toward the making of engins

that during the Gaules warre, were devised and made against the enemies.

Tarquinius Superbus built a temple to Iupiter Sponsor, and Sp. Posthumius dedicated it. Likewise to Iupi∣ter * 1.3 Pislor, the old Romanes consecrated a temple in the Capitoll.

CHAP. VI. Of the statues which either in old time were, or now remaine in the Capitoll.

OF statues in old time were sundrie sorts, and the same made of divers matter: some of mar∣ble, some of brasse, some of silver, and others of gold. Many of these were set up in the ca∣pitoll to the immortall gods for divers causes, and namely, for their benefits bestowed up∣on mankind; which along time were honoured and worshipped. To noble men likewise and such as had deserved well of the common-weale, the usuall manner was in old time to set up statues and images in the temples, to provoke others by their example to doe the like.

To Iupiter in the Capitoll, Sp. Carvilius erected a statue in his temple, after he had vanquished the Samnites, taking the proportion and forme thereof by the patterne of Iupiter Latiarius his image. Flo∣rus maketh mention, that this statue was smitten with lightning. He also set up another to Thunde∣ring Iupiter.

The old Romanes set up in the temple of Iup. Opt. Max. statues to Victorie and Faith, 'to either of them one.

For Nemesis also, was an image erected in the Capitoll, for that this goddesse punisheth proud and faithlesse persons. Shee is named also Rhanmusia of Rhamnus a village in Attica, where she was wor∣shipped: and Adraste, of Adrastus who was the first that built a temple in the honour of her.

Vnto Hercules, for his notable and famous actes, they erected many statues in the Capitoll: and namely, Pub. Sulpitius and Pub. Sempronius one; and Q. Fabius Max. another, which he brought from the Tarentines by him subdued.

The images of good Event, and good Fortune (the workmanship both of Praxiteles) were within the Capitoll.

The image of Apollo with a diademe, and his Colossus thirtie cubits high: in the making whereof were bestowed 140 talents, Lucullus translated out of Apollonia in Pontus, into the Capitoll.

An image there was of Ianus likewise in the capitoll, holding in his right hand the number of 300, and in his left of 65, to signifie the daies of the yeere.

Two golden statues of Castor and Pollux, were by the Emperour Claudius of famous memorie, de∣dicated in the temple of Iupiter.

The counterfeits resembling the rivers, Nilus and Tygris, halfe naked, were set up in the fore∣front of the temples of Conservatores: the one carie upon the shoulders, Sphynx; the other a Ty∣gre; two wild beasts: both of them hold in their right hand Cornucopia, which signifieth plentie.

The personage of Hercules pourtraied naked, of brasse and double guilt, without beard, holding in his right hand a club, and in the left the golden apples of the Hesperides, was found neere the Greeke schoole and the beast-market, in the ruines of Ara maxima.

There be certaine portraitures also of the Parthian and Dacian triumphs, enclosed within walls, which were taken out of the church now called S. Martinae.

CHAP. VII. Statues of famous and noble men set up in the Capitoll.

TO Scipio they erected in the capitoll, a statue * 1.4 wearing a soldiors cassock and slippers or panto∣fles, in regard of his victorie over Antiochus, for an everlasting memoriall of his worthie deeds.

To Sylla there was also a statue erected in the Capitoll, in habit of a footman.

For Aemylius Lepidus, when he was but a boy, the people of Rome set up a statue, because hee had in battaile vanquished an enemie, and saved a citizen.

The like honour to the rest they did to Metellus, for that hee had preserved out of the temple of Vesta being on fire, the image of Pallas.

They erected an image unto Cornelia the mother of the Gracchi, in recompence of a benefit of hers, for that in a great dearth of corne, she served the people at 3 farthings a Modius. The same they did to Trebius the Aedile.

Fabius Maximus made for himselfe a cast or molten image, and erected it just by that of Her∣cules.

Vnto Brutus, for delivering Rome from the tyrannie of Tarquinius, the Romans erected his image in the mids of the KK. statues.

Domitian would not suffer any image of his to be erected, unlesse it were of molten silver or gold, and of a certaine weight.

The emperour Commodus tooke off the head from the colosse of Nero, and set it upon his owne sta∣tue which he had in the Capitoll. This Colossus is to be seene broken as it was, in the houses of Con∣servatores.

In the said houses of Conservatores, is extant yet the brasen portraiture of a shee wolfe, at whose teats, Romulus and Remus, the first founders of Rome, are to be seene how they hang sucking.

The images of Romulus and Remus remained in the Capitoll, resembling two youthes; the one, standing upon the feet in servile habit and attire: the other sitting like a shepheard or heardman, bending forward with his bodie, plucking a thorne out of the sole of his foot, which ranckled and festered withall.

An infinite number of statues were in the Capitoll, of gods especially, brought from other parts to Rome. For the Romanes robbed the Churches of forrein nations, for to enrich and adorne their owne.

CHAP. VIII. Of the Capitoll cliffe, Tarpeia rocke, the stone of Carmenta, and the gate Stercoraria.

IN old time, they called that place and way whereby men goe up to the Capitoll, Clivus Capitolinus: but where that place was in times past, sundrie opinions there be. Some affirme, that it lay toward that part of the hill which looketh to the Aventine, where now standeth S. Gregories Church in Velabrum: others, betweene the temples of Saturnus and Concordia, neere to the arch of Severus, and at the stalls or standings, called Senatoris stabula. Now this arch of Severus, was raised at the foot of the Capitoll hill, in the verie head and top of Forum Romanum: under which they passed, that in triumph ascended up to the Capitoll. The Capitoll cliffe then, was neere unto the Romane Forum; which by the Censors was paved with flint: who also set up a gallerie from the chappell of Saturne unto the Capitoll temple close to the Senaculum, and the Curia over it. Corn. Tacitus writeth, that in former times there were many avenues and waies up to the Capitoll, and thereupon arose so many and divers opinions concerning the Clivus Capito∣linus. In that place, the feast Floralia was in old time celebrated, whereof some tokens remaine at this day to be seene. In it stood Miloes house, which was full of shields and other armour, as Cicero maketh report.

That place was called Tarpey rocke, which standeth over the Forum Romanum: from whence in times past fellonious malefactors found guiltie, were pitched downe headlong, and wherein at this day offenders are punished.

Carmentas stone, regardeth Tyberis, just over-against the Senatours bridge.

The Dung-gate called Stercoraria, stood upon the Capitoll cliffe aforesaid; thither was thrown out all the filth rid out of the temple of Vesta, for to be carried away and soone after to be cast into the Tyberis.

CHAP. IX. Of tables, of brasen columnes or pillars, and of the silver goose.

IN the Capitoll there were two sorts of tables; the one, of pictures, containing the noble acts or battailes, with the siege and assault of cities, exploited by valiant martiall men. For some of them were so desirous of praise and renowme, that they could not be content to behold their owne statues erected in the capitoll, unlesse their acts were described also and depein∣ted in tables set up in publicke place; and by that meanes left their glorie behind them, recommen∣ded likewise to posteritie. Another kind there was of tables, wherein were written the most aunci∣ent lawes, to wit, of Romulus, Numa, and the other KK. Likewise the statutes of the later lawgivers: the publicke acts and ordinances; the leagues and covenants with other nations; the sacred rites of di∣vine service, and the auncient records and monuments, which were engraven and cut in brasen ta∣bles: of which, some at this day are extant; others by continuance of time, by warre, fire, and care∣lesse negligence are lost and perished. For the keeping of these, there were certaine persons appoin∣ted, that in so serious and important matters, there should be no forgerie and corruption.

Pillars likewise of brasse, were by Domitian set up in the capitoll; the which, Augustus the conqueror of Aegypt, caused (of many brasen beakeheads of ships molten togither) to be made into four huge columnes, and brought them to Rome. Sylla likewise tooke out of Iupiters temple in Athens, certain brasen pillars, brought them to Rome, and there consecrated them to Iupiter in the capitoll.

The portraiture of a goose in silver, was set up within the castle by the Romanes for perpetuall

memorie, because a goose by gaggling gave warning of the enemies comming, to the warders of the castle, and thereby saved the Capitoll. For which cause greese a long time after, were fed and kept in Rome at the cities charges. There are besides, many other antiquities within the Capitoll, cut in tables of brasse and marble both, and namely Epitaplies, which here for brevities sake are left out.

CHAP. X. Of certaine edifices and buildings upon the Capitoll hill, and of other things in generall.

NOw that we have made declaration of the statues, tables, and columnes, worth the noting: something by the way would be said in this place, as touching the auncient houses there.

The court called Calabra Curia, Romulus built in the Capitoll, and covered it with reed: In∣to this place the king-sacrificer was woont to assemble the Senate and people of Rome, that from him they might learne and know the dayes of solemne games, playes, and sacrifices.

Not farre from the said Curia, was the cottage of Romulus.

And almost in the same place stood the stately porch or gallerie of Metellus and Constantinus. The Librarie also called Majorum, built most artificially upon marble pillars: and besides, the publicke court-yard.

There was an hallowed place likewise upon the Capitoll, from whence they gathered Verbenae, or sacred hearbs, to make guirlands for the faeciall heralds and the Paterpatratus: where with they were crowned when they purposed either to make any accord and peace, or to proclaime warre.

The flint stone also was here found, which they held in their hand when they sware by Iupiter, pro∣nouncing these words, If I made default with my knowledge, then let Dicspiter cast me out of all that I have Sa∣ving the cittie and the castle) as I burle from me this stone.

The Capitoll had certaine vaults like cisternes, into which were throwne all things over-worne, or so old, that they were good for nothing. The sixe steeds drawing in one teeme, were there to bee seene, which Cneus Cornelius set up. The twelve gilded-shields likewise, made of that money wherein the Aediles condemned and fined the corne-mudgins that hourded and kept in their corne. The shield also * 1.5 Martius, set out with the image of Asdruball; and the columne garnished with ship beake∣heads of brasse, whereof Livie speaketh, were here to be seene. VVithin the temple of Iupiter Capitoli∣nus there was a short cloake or mantle of purple woollen, to which, if other purple garments were laid, they shewed the colour of ashes in regard of the excellent bright glosse and lustre that it caried. A present this was (by report) given to Aurelianus by a Persian king, who had it from the farthest In∣dians. The lintell, cheekes and sill of the Capitoll dore, were made all of brasse. The brasen tiles like∣wise upon the roofe, Q. Catulus gilded all over. The place where Numa tooke his auguries was on the Capitoll; but Tatius used rather the castle cliffe: where also stood somtime the house of Manlius, but afterward, therupon was built the chappell of I••mo Moneta. The bookes also of Stbylla were kept in the temple of Iupiter Capitolinus, by tenne VVardens, in a stone coffer under the ground. Over and besides so many edifices were there, so beautifull was the Capitoll, and the riches thereof so great, so many goodly ornaments & shrines of the gods most artificially wrought, that right worthily of men in old time, it was called the earthly habitation of the gods and of Iupiter himselfe. For during the upright and flourishing state of Rome; so curiously built and richly beautified it was: that as heaven surpas∣seth the earth, so farre this edifice went beyond all other workes and woonders whatsoever of the world; in so much as it seemed to have been built by the gods: so farre surmounted it all the devise and reach of mans wit. But as excellent as these things sometimes were, now at this day they are to be seene, all naked, forlorne, and desolate.

CHAP. XI. The temples of Concord, and Iupiter Stator: moreover what the Curia is.

BEtweene the Capitoll hill and mount Palatine, there lyeth a valley, whereof wee have spo∣ken before. The temples and buildings whereof, as also the places behind the Capitoll, by order and course we are now to describe. In this valley therefore the temple of Concord de∣serveth to be visited first: which word, beeing derived (as it were) from the unitie and agreement of heart, maintaineth, augmenteth, and preserveth alone, all things in the world whatsoever.

A temple to this Concord, Camillus vowed, in case hee could reconcile the Commons to the Nobles. VVhen as therfore the people was brought into grace and favour againe with the nobilitie, he built the church of Concord, beginning above the Comitium and so forward unto the Forum. The porches belonging to this temple, are yet to be seene at the foot of the Capitoll. From it, there was an ascent

of an hundred steps up to the chappell of Iuno Moneta. That temple of Concord, fallen in long time to decay, was afterwards by the Senat reedified. Therein many, a time the Senat met and sate in coun∣celi, and crations were made unto the peeple. In this also there was a yault or shroud under the ground, wherein oftentimes theeves, armed men, cutters and hacksters were kept as in a prison, un∣till the assemblies of the people were dismissed. This house had many statues and images, curiously and cunningly wrought, namely, of Iuno, Apollo, and of Latona, bearing and holding her two babes Apollo and Diana. Likewise of Aesculapius and * 1.6 Hygia, the handy-worke of Niceratus. Also of Iupiter, Ceres, and Minerva: likewise of the Dames weeping and adoring the said images; all made by Stenes. More∣over, the images of Mars and Mercurie; the workmanship of Pisicrates. Also of Maefyas-bound, made by Zeuxis the painter. Likewise father Liber and Cassandra, painted by Theodorus. As for the image of Victorie in the porch and entrance of the said temple, it is to be seen how it was smitten with a thun∣derbolt.

To Iupiter Stator, Romulus in the Sabine warre vowed a temple, that he might stay the flight of the Romanes: whereupon he was called, The upholder of the Romane state. Therefore after victorie obtained, he built a temple at the foot of the Palatine hill, just over-against the church of Concordia, where at this day be most high battlements of walles. In this house also, like as in that other of Con∣cord, the Senate assembled oft. Likewise in other temples. The courts, wherein the Senate gathered together in counsell, were temples all, and therein were there acts made: but in the sacred churches of the gods, neither met the Senat, nor any orations were made to the people. This temple of Stator was burnt to the ground in that fire of Neroes making, and never after reedified.

CHAP. XII. The temple and grove of Vesta: the temple of Faith and of Romulus.

THe temple of Vesta was built by Romulus, betweene the Capitoll and the Palatine hills, not far from the Forum Romanum; where at this day is to be seene, the church of S. Marie of gra∣ces. Neere unto it the pallace of Numa was built. The Romane Pontifies, when they would consule of great matters concerning religion, met in the court-yard of Vesta; like as the Senat and people of Rome, debated in counsaile of their weightiest affaires within the temple of Faith. Now this was a most auncient temple built in Palatium by Romulus, or as some will have it, by Numa.

There was a grove also consecrated to Vesta, which reached from the root of the Palatine, as far as to the large street called Nova via. Out of that grove (before Rome was taken by the Gaules) a voice was heard, giving warning, That the citie should be lost, unlesse the walles and gates were re∣paired.

The temple of Romulus was seated at the foot of mount Palatine, in the mids of that side which re∣gardeth the Capitoll, in that very place where now the church is of S. Theodore. In this said temple there is a most ancient monument, The pourtraiture of the shee woolfe, yeelding her teats unto the founders of the citie, to be sucked.

CHAP. XIII. Lupercal, and the figtree Ruminalis.

THis Lupercal was a cave at the botome of the Palatine hill, overspread and covered with trees; having springs deepe beneath under the rocke. In the most inward and secret place of this cave, there was an altar consecrated to Pan. But as touching the etymologie and deriva∣tion of the name, as also of the situation thereof, there goe divers opinions: For as in times past the place was close hidden and unfrequented, so now it is inhabited on every side; in so much as there remaineth no marke and token at all where Lupercal was. How beit the greater part of writers af∣firme, that it was in that quarter of the citie, where at this day S. Theodors church is seene. For to this place upon a time the Tybre overflowing, made a creeke thither: and hard by it was, where the two infants were cast foorth. In the Lupercal therefore, certaine authors confidently avouch, that Romulus and Remus were laid to perish, and so carried by water to the place called afterwards Rumi∣nalis, were under a fig-tree there, nourished by a shee woolfe. This woolfe haunted and kept in the denne called Lupercal, and from thence ranne to the banke side under the figge-tree Ruminalis, for to suckle the said babes, and so gave the name unto the cave to be called Lupercal, as it were the lurking hole and denne of the woolfe. There be againe that would have Evander to give the name to the same hollow cave: for he, as is before declared, was decended from Arcadia, where the people after most auncient rites and ceremonies, doe right devoutly worship Pan, the god of heard∣men.

Vnto whom also a mountaine in Arcadia to him dedicated, was called Lycaeus, for that he kee∣peth 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. wolves from the sheepe, and preserveth the flockes and heards. This Evander therefore comming upon a time into Italie, and resting in these parts, consecrated both this grove and cave to Pan, and according to the manner of his countrey, there honoured him. In the said cave therefore reared was an altar, and a goat thereupon sacrificed unto him, as to the god and preserver of the flockes: and seeing that he chaseth wolves from them, therefore the place where in he was worship∣ped tooke the name * 1.7 Lupercall.

Now the feast Lupercalia was by Romulus and Remus instituted. For they having obtained of Numitor a plot of ground to build them a citie on, in that very place where they had been cast forth; called all their companions to a feast and merrie meeting: where, after they had killed sacrifices, and refreshed themselves with meat, and withall taken their wine liberally to the full, they grew to disport, and in that merie fit clad themselves in the skins of the goats which they had sacrificed, and then fell to hop∣ping and dauncing full jocundly. Hereupon their posteritie, celebrating the memoriall thereof, held a festivall solemnitie called Lupercalia, which retained the name of the place where first they began. Hereof see more in Valerius Maximus, Servius, and Plutarch in the life of Antonius. As for the fig-tree Ru∣minalis, it was so cleaped of the river Tyber, called at the first Rumon. Some would have it take the name of Romulus. Others of the milke given to the said infants, for that part of the throat which draw∣eth milke, is called Ruma in Latine. This place was over against the house of the two lords, Cosinus and Damianus, on the side of the mount Palatine, opposit against the grand race or shew-place, called Cir∣cus Maximus. Romulus and Remus thus laid foorth about Lupercall, and carried by the water to this place, were fostered for a while under the figtree Ruminalis, in the place where the Comitium after was. The tokens of this tree remained unto the time of Augustus Caesar, as Ovid testifieth.

CHAP. XIIII. Of the New way, the streets Ingarius, and Tuscane.

THe street called the New way overagainst the temple of Iupiter Stator, goeth along the valey betweene the Capitoll hill and the Palatine, and reacheth to the Forum Romanum. This, how∣soever it be called New, was well known to be most auncient, and is different from that, which Caracalla repaired under his baines.

The street Iugarius, otherwise called Thurarius, leadeth from the gate Carmentalis, along the foot of the Capitoll hill, to the Forum Romanum. In it was the altar of Iuno Iuga, who was thought to make mariages, and to couple folke in matrimonies, and she it was that gave the name to Vicus Iu∣rius.

Vicus Thuscus beginneth at the Forum, and along the foot of the Palatine sheweth the way to Velabrum. The reason of the name is this. The Tuscanes upon a time fighting against the Aricians, were by them overcome; and after many thousands of them slaine in battell, the rest being few in number fled to Rome: who taking delight in the pleasant seat of the citie, and the commodiousnesse of the place, determined there to remain. VVherupon having a plot of foure stadia granted them by the Senat, between the Capitoll and Palatine, they inhabited the same. Hereupon the street was cal∣led by them Thuscus Vicus, and many a hundred yeer after retained that name. In it afterwards there kept bawds and such kind of people, whereupon it grew out of credite, and lost also the first name.

CHAP. XV. The Arches of Romulus, the Senaculum, and the dwelling house of Ovid.

THe old arches (which some thinke Romulus erected) continued a long time built of bricke, nei∣ther would the Romanes suffer that any man should make them of marble: to the end, that the memoriall of their citie founder, should remaine more firmely in the minds of men. But in con∣tinuance of time long after, they decaied and fell downe, in that very place where now is the church of Saint Marie of Grace, and were never afterwards reedified. The Romanes named that place Senaculum, betweene the Capitoll and the Forum, wherein the Senate kept a consistorie for counsell and consultation.

That Ovids mansion house stood under the Capitoll, himselfe witnesseth, even where as now the church is of S. Marie of Consolation.

Thus much of the buildings of the Capitoll and the valley to it. Now followeth the mount Pala∣tine.

THE THIRD BOOKE.

CHAP. I. The divers etymologies of Palatine.

ALbeit the hill Palatine were a long time inhabited before the cittie was built, and namely, first by Valentia the daughter of Italus; then, by Evander, who also therein set up a castle: whome there succeeded after the cittie was founded, KK. and Emperors; insomuch as scarcely any one place of Rome is more renowmed by writing, than this hill: yet the certein reason of the name why it should be so called, & which a man may be bold to follow, can hardly be set downe. Some would have it so called, because the Arcadians wandering with Evander disorderly, and the Palatines out of the Rheatine territorie (called likewise Palatium) came to that mount and it inhabited: others of Palas the great grandfather of Evander-Livie thought, that of Palanteum a citie of Arcadia, it was first called Palantium, and afterward Palatine. There are besides, who of Palatia the wife of La∣tinus, fetch the originall of the denomination: or of Palath••, the daughter of Hyperboreus, who bare La∣tinus unto Hercules, and inhabited this mountaine: or of Palantia the daughter of Evander, who there was buried: or of Palas, who was himselfe interred in it. Some there are also, who of the blea∣ting of sheepe, which pastured there in times past, before the hill was by men frequented and peo∣pled, imagine it was so named: or else because flockes were woont there palare, that is, to wander and grase up and downe. And hereupon it is, that Nevius called it Balantium, of Balatus; or Palan∣tium, of * 1.8 palaree. Tremellius calleth it the mount Rumuleus, of Romulus his image, found at the very foot of the said hill. This may suffice for the derivation of the name.

CHAP. II. The temple of Victorie, Ceres, Iuno Sospita, and the mother of the gods: the temple of Libertie and the porch thereof, as also the house of Cassius.

NOw that we have declared the reason of the name of Palatium; we will goe forward to shew the temples and houses of the said mountaine, like as we have done in the description of the Capitoll hill.

VVhen the Romans had performed fortunately many martiall exploits, and oftentimes returned with victorie over their enemies, because they would not bee found unthankfull to the gods, unto whom they were beholden for their happie atchievements, and thereby afterwards misse of the like fortunate successe; they consecrated unto the goddesse Victorie a temple in that part of the Palatine, which looketh toward the hortyards and gardens of Maria Nova, in the verie botome of the descent, hard at the gate Romana. L. Posthumius an Aedile Curule tooke order for the building there of, out of certain mony raised by fines and penalties; and when it was finished, he dedicated it to the goddesse Victoria.

Neere thereto was a chappell, consecrated to virgin Victoria, which M. Porcius Cato vowed.

Besides, in the same place was the temple of Iuno Sospita.

The Arcadians, which with Evander came to the Palatine hill, built a temple also in Palatium to Victorie, but as different from this above-named, as farre more auncient: and to the honor of that god∣desse, solemnized yeerely sacrifices.

They built a temple to Ceres also in the Palatine.

In the fatall bookes of Sibylla there was a prophesie found, That the forrein enemie and straunge borne should be chased out of Italie, in case the mother of the gods might be brought to Rome from Pessinus. Now a stone it was, which the inhabitants of that countrey so called. Sent therefore were embassadours into Asia as far as to Pessinus a towne of Phrygia: who brought with them that Great mother of the gods into Italie. Then P. Cornelius caried it from the sea into the Palatine, and bestowed it in the temple of Victorie, until such time as one was built of purpose for her. Afterward, M. Livius and C. Claudius the Censors, tooke order for a temple to be made, to this great mother of the gods, and the same set out with statues, pillars, and pavements of divers stones of great price. And Iunius Brutus de∣dicated it. The plaies also and games called Megalesia, where of Cicero speaketh, were first instituted at the dedication thereof.

Vnto Libertie, P. Clodius built a temple and a stately gallerie, in part of Cassius his house, neere the temple of Iupiter Stator.

CHAP. III. Of the chappell and altar of * 1.9 Febris: the temple of the Lares: the chappell of the goddesse Viriplaca, of Faith, and Iupiter Victor.

NOt to those gods only that did good to mankind the Romanes consecrated temples, but de∣dicated chappels to those also that did them hurt; to the end, that they should do lesse harme, and punish them more gently. For certein it is, that on the hill Palatine there was a temple and altar both, consecrated to the Fever: likewise to Nemesis the goddesse of vengeance; whereof before in the second booke.

Besides, they erected a chappell of the Lares in the Palatine.

In like manner, there was a chappell in the Palatine, consecrated to the goddesse * 1.10 Viriplaca; into which, if man and wife came togither, although they disagreed and were fallen out before, they re∣turned home againe good friends from thence, and all was well.

After that Aeneas with his sonne Ascanius and daughter Roma came into Italie, they reared a temple to Faith, in Palatine: the which was dedicated notwithstanding in the name of the daughter, and the same was written in the forefront of the temple: and therefore many yeeres after, when Romulus and Remus strove who should give name to the cittie, the Senat and people of Rome reading the name of Aeneas his daughter in the frontispice of the said temple, resolved to name the city after her, Roma.

Q. Fabius in the Sabine warre, vowed a temple to Iupiter conqueror: and afterwards built it on the Palatine hill, and there dedicated it.

CHAP. IIII. The temples of Heliogabalus, Apollo, and the Penates: the house of Orcus; the place of the Pal∣ladium or image of Minerva; and the temple of Augustus.

ANtonius Heliogabalus consecrated a god in the mount Palatine, which hee called Heliogabalus, and built a temple in the verie place, where before stood that of Orcus or Pluto. But to win cre∣dit and name to this new & counterfeit god with great reverence and worship; he endeavou∣red to translate into this temple of his, the * 1.11 sacred cup of that great mother of the gods, the fire of Vesta, the image of Minerva called Palladium, the heavenly scutcheons, and all things else which the Romanes honoured above the rest. The Christian and Iewish religion also he there counterfeited, to the end, that no man in the religious worship of that temple and god, might alledge any pretence why hee should not with good conscience so doe.

Moreover, in the Palatine, there was built a most auncient temple of Apollo. This chaunced to be overthrowne by thunder and lightning; and when the soothsaiers gave out, that the god missed it and required another, Augustus Caesar adjoyned a porch to the ruines thereof, and reedified the tem∣ple anew that there stood: wherein himselfe when hee grew aged, many a time sate in counsell with the Senat, and empanelled the decuries of judges. In it likewise were pendant candlesticks, braun∣ched with armes like trees, whereon the approoved poets bestowed their writings. Certaine markes and tokens of this temple are to be seene (although obscurely) neere to the vineyard of Fedra, where the house of Tiberius stood. Vnto him were instituted the Apollinare games, whereof read Cicero.

The temple of the citie-protectours, called Penates, stood in that part of the Palatine which loo∣keth into the North, even on Velia not farre from the Forum. In it were the images of the Trojane gods. In the same are pourtraied two young men sitting togither, and holding a ball in their hand. In like manner, the crooked Augurs staves called Litui, of iron and brasse. Besides, an earthen Trojane vessell of potters worke. Apollo also and Neptune were there to be seene.

VVhen the temple of Vesta was on a light burning fire, the image of Pallas being saved out there∣of, was translated into Velia, and gave the name unto the temple of Palaca, now S. Andrewes church, standing in the same place.

Some report, that there was a temple built in Palatium to Augustus Caesar of famous memorie, by his daughter Livia.

CHAP. V. The Palatine houses, and the court of the Salij.

THat Romulus and Remus being shepheards abode sometime in these parts, the sheds and cotta∣ges, which long time after were found here, made of slight wood and reed, doe testifie: which as any of them in continuance of time decaied and fell downe, the shepheards repaired with the like matter to their auncient forme, that the perpetuall memoriall of Romulus and Remus

the citie founders, what kind of persons they were, and what manner of houses they woned in, might be delivered to posteritie. In that corner of the Palatine hill, which leadeth into the grand cirque or shew-place, there stood (many ages) the cottage which they called Casa Romuli.

Tullus Hustilius, before he built his court dwelt upon Velia, in that verie place where afterwards the chappell of the Penates stood.

Not farre from thence, even in that part of the Palatine which regardeth the Forum, Catiline (by report) had his house built.

Moreover, betweene M. Scaurus his house and Catilines, there was but a small step over.

Ciceroes house purchased of Crassus, was in the most frequent and conspicuous place of the mount Palatine, above the church of Iup. Stator, neere the Palatium.

Plinie testifieth, how the houses of Crassus the orator, and Viterbius, in the Palatium, were in old time overturned.

One captaine Vanas likewise had an house in the Palatium.

Also Tyberius, where of we have written in the former chapter.

Augustus (borne in the region about Palatium, in a place called Capita bubula, i. the oxe heads; and where after his death, they erected a chappell unto him) dwelt first neere the Romane Forum, above the round staires called Scalae annulariae, in the house sometime of Calvus the oratour. After∣wards he built the stately Palatine at his owne charges and gave it to the city, and himselfe dwelt on the Palatine hill in the small house of Hortensius.

The Guild, or religious court of the Salij, built in the mount Palatine, chaunced to be burnt; and in the ashes thereof, the staffe of Romulus called Lituus was found, without any hurt.

Publicola dwelt in an house standing over the Forum, which was called Subvelia.

That the dwelling house of Tarquinius Priscus was neere unto the temple of Iup. Stator, may soone be prooved out of Livie.

CHAP. VI. Of the top of Velia; the statues in Palatine, and other things in generall.

THe pitch of the hill called Summa Velia, was in that higher part of Palatium, which looketh into the Southeast, whereas now is the temple of Marie the new. Called Velia it was, because in old time before the devise of shearing sheepe, the shepheards were there woont to plucke the wooll from the sheeps backe.

Augustus set up a Librarie of Latine and Greeke bookes in Palatine, and adorned it with the mo∣ney raised of the most excellent brasse of that huge colossus of Thuscane Apollo. He adjoyned thereto a porch or gallerie, which they called Palatium.

In it was erected by the Senate, a statue unto Numerianus the Emperour, and a singular oratorie. In the same porch, the Romanes also set up a statue unto M. Varo, whiles he lived.

The Auguratorium, which was a place where they used to take auguries, was upon mount Palatin. Apollo Palatinus likewise, the workmanship of Scopas, was Palatiū. Latona in the same was placed.

Titus the Emperour set up a golden statue in Palatine to Britannicus.

Moreover, the tree which grew out of Romulus his speare, was in the Palatium. For hee, after he had taken his auguries in the mount Aventine, launced his speare from him into the Palatine, which stic∣king in the earth, budded forth leaves and grew to be a tree.

Likewise the bay tree, which the same day that Augustus was borne, sprung with him and suddain∣ly appeared, was in Palatium. Of this laurell tree, they that afterwards triumphed, were woont to weare their wreathed guirlands.

The Palatine baines, whereof Cicero maketh mention in his oration for Roscius, were in the same Palatium; and of them there remaine yet some tokens, above the Circus max. not far from the vine∣yard of Fedra.

In the same mountaine also there was a place called Sicilia, and Iupiters parlour.

The most beautifull streets called Antonianae, paved with Lacedaemonian and Porphyret stones, were in Palatium. The streets also of Padus, and Fortuna respiciens, were to be seene in Palatine. And there were the games and pastimes celebrated, which they call Palatual.

CHAP. VII. The Palatium now called the Greater: the court-yard of the Palatium: and the old gate of the very Palatium it selfe.

HOw great a compasse the Palatium tooke up in old time, how gorgeously it was built, how rich, how frequent and full of houses, the huge ruines, the pictures, statues, and most pretious pillars

there found, do easily declare. For no man ever hath left in writing, who first built so great and state∣ly edifices; who afterwards enlarged the same, and in so conspicuous a place erected those houses. By little and little it grew to so great an height, as if all writers should be ignorant of those antiquities: neither was any thing at one time done at once, which seemed worth the memoriall. For, Historio∣graphers are wont to deliver unto posteritie those things only which are rare and worthie of admi∣ration. The mount Palatine at this day is called Palatium majus, and setting aside the Church of Saint Andrew, hath scarse two houses inhabited. The rest beeing either replenished with vines or fit for pasture, yeeldeth grasse and food, for sheepe, caples, and goats. So as it seemeth it may be cal∣led Balantium of the bleating that sheep make, rather than Palantium.

This Palatium had also a place therein called Atrium, built in old time and hallowed by Augurie: in it the Senat sate in counsell, because they might not assemble in any place unaugurate or unhal∣lowed. Therein also rammes were sacrificed.

The old gate of the Palatium was neere the Rostra, over-against S. Laurence church in Miranda. Some would have this to be called the gate of Romulus, in old time.

CHAP. VIII. The temples of Ianus, Augustus, and Faustina.

AFter the description of the temples and edifices of Palatium the third part of the citie, now followeth a fourth; namely the Romane Forum. Therein is the most stately temple of Ianus, (for me thinkes wee doe well to begin at Ianus, who is counted the dore and entrance as it were of all things) having four gates. For Ianus himselfe, who was therein worshipped, had foure fa∣ces; & from Faliscia a citie in Tuscane forced by the Romans, he was translated to Rome into the Fo∣rum, named after Transitorium. His temple was built in that part of the said Forum which looked toward the Romane Forum. Procopius saith, that in his daies it was built in the mids of the Forum over∣against the Capitoll, a little above the place which the Romans called, The three Destinies. Other temples there were besides of Ianus, and namely in the Capitoll neere the theatre of Marcellus, with two fronts all of brasse, and had two brasen dores, which in time of peace were shut; and against warre, were set open.

The temple of Augustus was builded in the Romane Forum. This was begun in the time of Tibe∣rius the Emperour, but left-unperfect. Caligula finished it. Above it, he made a bridge which joyned the Capitoll and Palatine togither.

There remaine yet to be seene certaine monuments and markes of the temple of Faustina. Ha∣drianus the emperour her husband founded it at the foot of the Palatine hill (where the brasen image of a bull standeth) for her sake, that she might be honoured as a goddesse. The same, his sonne Anto∣nius Heliogabalus afterwards would have to be a temple for himselfe, or Iupiter Syrius, or els the Sunne. At this day it is the Church of S. Laurence in Miranda.

CHAP. IX. The temple of Castor and Pollux, and the Rostra.

NO man doubteth but that the temple of Castor and Pollux was sometime in the Romane Forum before the Rostra, neere to that abovesaid of Faustina. This sacred house A. Posthumius the Di∣ctatour dedicated; and L. Metellus afterwards repaired and beautified it, with the Dalmatian spoiles. In it, as in many other, the Senate used to sit in councell, and therein were publicke orations made to the people. Cacilius Metellus adorned the same with statues, pillars, and excellent painting: where in also hee set up the pourtraiture and resemblance of Flora, a picture of singular beautie. A table besides, which containe the records and monuments, touching the free burgeoisie graunted to the horsemen of Capua. The steps and greeces going up to this temple, Clodius after∣wards plucked up, as witnesseth Cicero.

There was a temple or consecrate place called Rostra, at the foot of the hill Palatium, over-against that before-named of Castor and Pollux, whereas now is the little chappell of S. Marie de Inferno. From these Rostra, were the sentences and acts of the Senat, brought and propounded to the people.

CHAP. X. The temple of Caesar, Venus Genetrix, and Mars revenger: and the court of Venus.

CAesar of famous memorie had a temple neere his own Forum, at the broad street called Sacra, behind the temple of Faustina. In it were set up as Saints, Victorie and Castor.

In the same Caesars Forum, there stood a chappell of Venus Genetrix, behind the said temple of Faustina. This, Caesar vowed in the Pharsalian war, and dedicated it. After victorie in the warre against Pompey, Caesar enclosed the temple of the said Venus, within a court-yard and a cloister, which Hadrian afterwards repaired and built new.

Augustus Caesar in the battaile of Philippi, vowed a temple to Mars the avenger, which afterwards hee edified in his owne Forum, wherein were certaine iron pots dedicated to Mars: and two statues, bearing up the tabernacle of Alexander the Great. This is thought to be at this day the church of saint Martina.

CHAP. XI. The temples of Vulcan, Concord, Peace, Romulus, and Venus Cloacina.

THe temple of Vulcan, Romulus founded, above the Comitium and Forum Romanum, at the bottome of the Palatine hill: but Tatius dedicated the temple of Vulcan, as also of the Sunne and Moone, of Saturne, Rhea, Vesta, Diana, and Quirinus. In the temple of Vulcan there was de∣dicated unto Vulcan, the brasen chariot of Romulus, wherin he rode in triumph a second time. Therein remained also the statue of Cocles there erected. Many a time were orations made to the people in this temple.

In the yard belonging to Vulcans temple, Fulvius, the sonne of a Libertine or enfranchised citizen, 303 yeeres after the building of the Capitoll, vowed the temple of Concord, if he could reconcile the States of Senators and gentlemen to the people. Afterwards hee built it of the amercements and penalties that hee tooke of Vsurers condemned, at the foot of the mount Palatine. Opimius the Con∣sull afterwards repaired it a new. In it, Plinie testifieth that an altar ran blood for two daies.

Livia Drusilla in her open gallerie, erected a chappell of Concord, in regard of the mutuall and lo∣ving agreement between her husband and her: which afterwards Tyberius dedicated.

In that place where Drusilla first founded the said chappell of Concord, Vespasian afterwards with wonderfull celeritie and speed, (after the civill warres ended) finished the temple of Peace, begun before by Claudian. A large building this was and foure square, set out with most stately and faire co∣lumnes, and of all other temples the richest. In it Vespasian bestowed the holy vessels and pretious ornaments of the temple in Hierusalem, which T. had shewed in triumph. It had also the statue of Ganymedes, and an infinite number of other ornaments wherewith it was decked and beautified. This temple caught a fire, and at once sodainly was consumed whole: and never was it knowne to this day how this fire came; unlesse it were (as some imagine) by reason of an earthquake which happe∣ned the same houre, the stones rubbed togither and strucke fire.

An altar of Peace was by Augustus first reared; but in what place, the posteritie knoweth not. The same, Agrippa afterwards enlarged and adorned. Betweene the temple of Peace and Faustina, there is at this day a most auncient temple, and two pillars of the porch to it, which now is dedicated to the two breethren Saint Cosines and Damians. Some thinke it was the temple of Romulus and Remus, the same that Carvilius the Consull, after hee had subdued the Samnites, dedicated, and of the infinite masse of spoiles adorned it.

That the temple of Venus Cloacina stood neer the broad street Sacra, Ovid testifieth. Now the image of this Cloacina was found in a privie or draught, called Maxima, and Tatius consecrated it. And be∣cause it was not knowne whose resemblance it was, it tooke the name of the place wherein it was found.

CHAP. XII. The temples of Tellus, Salus, Victoria, the Sunne and Moone, the house of Cassius, and the Armorie.

WHere the temple of Tellus stood, some say it is uncertein; others thinke it was not farre from the Esquailiae, neere the rising of the hill that leadeth to S. Peters church in Vinculis, where as now standeth the temple of Pantaleon. Sempronius vowed it: for whiles he fought a battaile with his enemie, at Asculum the head towne of the Picentines, the earth qua∣ked: and because he would pacifie the goddesse Tellus (i. the earth) which he thought was angrie, he vowed this temple unto her. Built it was in the same plot of void ground, where the house of Spinius Cassius (who sought to be a king) was overthrowne. Neere unto this temple of Tellus, there was an Armorie; where of Cicero also maketh mention in a certaine place. VVithin the said compasse, C. Iu∣nius Bibaculus the Consull, vowed a chappell to the godpesse Salus, in the time of the Samnites warre. The same was by him put forth to building when he was Censor, and dedicated by him Dictatour.

L. Volumnius an Aedile, caused the temple of Victoria neere the Romane Forum to be made, of the penalties and fines taken.

In this place also was the altar of Apollo.

Some would have, that the temples of Concord and Aeculapius, were neere the Amphitheatre, in the place where the gardens be of S. Marie the new.

The temple of Mercurie also was in the Forum.

The temples likewise of Isis and Serapis were in the Bursse called Emporium. And some think, that these were the Chappels of the Sunne and Moone, dedicated by Tatius.

CHAP. XIII. The Forum of Trajanus: the things now therein, or that have been heretofore.

THus much of temples, of holy and religious places, which seemed worth the noting, hath been briefly written. Now from hence forward we will speake of those things, which shall concerne the honour and memoriall of mortall men, and first begin we will with that excellent prince Trajanus.

Forum Trajani was built (with wonderfull Art and industrie of man) by Apollodorus, betweene the Forum of Nerva, the Capitoll hill, and the mount Quirinall. The same workeman built also (at the commaundement of Trajanus) Metodeum and Gymnasium. The roufe of that Forum or Hall was of brasse, within round about in every place the formes and images of horses, and militarie ensigne all guilt. Now were these foresaid images erected there at the cities charges in memoriall of them that had deserved well of the common-weale, or otherwise of some notable act.

The triumphant arch in like manners with many other monuments reared to the praise of Tra∣janus, adorned this Forum or hall of his.

The porch of this Forum, built upon most mightie and high pillars, and resting upon large cha∣piters, yeelded so great admiration to the beholders, that they seemed rather the workes of gyants than men. Into this, Alexander Severus in the honour of Trajanus, translated most beautifull statues of singular men.

Trajans horse in like manner stood in the mids, bearing upon high columnes.

In a coine also there is found the image of Trajane, with this inscription: S.P.Q.R. OPTIMO PRINCIPI, THE SENATE AND PEOPLE OF ROME TO THE BEST PRINCE. But hereof Lampridius writeth much.

He likewise is reported, to have adorned the palace, made of sundrie marbles, with pictures and statues within.

In the mids of the Forum, there stood the Columne of Trajane, built with winding stairs. This had round about it the summarie of the acts of Trajane engraven and chased most cunningly; but above all the Dakes warre: within-forth there bee 185 steps up to the top; and it hath 40 little windowes to let in light unto them that shall goe up: 120 foot high it was, or (as Eutopius writeth) 140. In the louver or lanterne thereof were the bones of Trajane kept within a golden ball. This pillar, Trajane himselfe never saw: for whiles he warred against the Parthians, the Senat dedicated it unto him in his absence. But hee in his returne from the Persians, died by the way at Seleucia a cittie in Syria, of a flixe of blood. His dead corps was brought to Rome: and of all the Emperours, hee alone (as Eutropius writeth) was enterred within the citie. The reason why his bones are left in that Columne is this: The manner in old-time was, for princes and noble men to be buried under hills: but there being not mountaines enough whereupon to raise sepulchres in every place, it happened that such steeples and high pillars were set over their dead bodies in steed thereof.

CHAP. XIIII. The Forum, the palace, and porch of Nerva.

NExt to our sight commeth the Forum of Nerva, & it is behind the Church of S. Hachian. In the mids of it there stood a Columne of brasse of an huge bignesse; covered with place of latten or copper, and hath within it, light every way. This Forum was garnished with divers statues and columnes, containing the whole order of all the actes of Nerva. This was afterwards called Forum Transitorium, for that from it there was the way to the Forum of Augustus, and the Romane.

There appeareth as yet some part of the porch or gallerie belonging to that Forum: for being consumed by fire, yet it left certaine obscure tokens, witnessing, that in the same place was the Fo∣rum of Nerva.

Part also of the palace of Nerva, built of 4 square stones and pillars, togither with the Church of S. Blase, are yet seene enclosed betweene the Comitium and the tower of Militia.

CHAP. XV. The Romane Forum, the Comitium, the prison Tullianum, and the image of Marforius.

THe Romane Forum, which also is called Latinum, began at the foot of the Capitoll, and rea∣ched in length to the Church now of Saint Marie the new, which is in Velia. But at the first,

the circuit and bounds thereof were much narrower. For from the head therof abovenamed; it went no farther than the neerest foot of the mount Palatine. Many a yeere after, Augustus Caesar enlar∣ged it.

The Comitium joined to the Forum, or rather it was a part thereof: for it beginneth at the gate of Palatium, and endeth at the church of S. Marie the new.

At the foot of the Capitoll hill, South-east-ward, Ancus Martius built a prison for malefactors to be laid up in. After him king Tullius adjoined to it that part which is under the ground, and called that dungeon, Tullianum. Made it was of huge & mighty big stones, with narrow long holes, for to receive the shadow as it were and resemblance of a sight. The dungeon within was vaulted with stone, ug∣ly for darkenesse, and loathsome by reason of a strong and s••••king sent. This whole prison was divi∣ded into two parts, the upper rowme and the nether. Carcer it was called in Latine a coercendo, because it kept them there enclosed from comming forth. 〈…〉〈…〉.

Iust before this prison there lieth a huge marble-idoll which they call Marforie Some think it was the image of the bakers god, others, of Iupiter surnamed Panatius; of the tumours that beare out, like to loaves of bread. For the Romanes in times past, when they were besieged by the Gauls in the Ca∣pitoll, had warning by Iupiter in a dreame, to make bread of all the corne that they had left, and to throw it into the enemies campe. VVhere by the Gaules despairing that the Romanes could possi∣bly be tamed with hunger, brake up the siege. VVhereupon the Romans in perpetuall memoriall of this benefit, erected an altar and a statue to Iupiter Pistor.

This image is thought to be the resemblance of the river Rhenus in Germanie; because it is upon a rocke. But why it should bee called Marforium, I know not, unlesse it bee because it standeth in the Forum of Augustus.

CHAP. XVI. The Secretarie of the people of Rome; the arch of Septimius; the temple of Saturne. Of the Treasurie, and the mint-house where they coined monie.

BEhind the image of Marforius, overagainst the arch of Septimius, is the church of S. Martina: where, as it appeareth by an evidence ingraven in marble, was sometime the place called the Secretarie of the people of Rome.

Right against the said church of S. Martina at the bottome of the rocke Tarpeia, standeth the arch of Septimius, which in both the fronts thereof containeth the deeds of that emperor both by land and sea.

Directly there followeth the temple, somtime of Saturne, now, S. Hadrians church. The said temple was of great antiquitie. Some report L. Largius for the builder therof; others L. Tarquinius: albeit more likely it is that Largius dedicated it. Livie writeth, that when A. Sempronius and M. Minutius were Con∣suls, Numantius Plancus reedified it. The treasurie of the people of Rome, no writer denieth, but that it was translated out of the Capitoll into this temple. But why men in old time would have the treasure to be within Saturns temple, there be divers opinions. Some say, because in Saturnes daies there was no theft committed: for under him all things were common; no covetous miser nor leawd person laid wait for his neighbour, but all things were administred with righteousnes, faith, and love. Cyprian al∣leageth this cause, because Saturn was the first that in Italie ordained mony to be coined. Moreover, in this treasure-house were kept the publicke ordinances. Also the bookes called Elephantini, contai∣ning the five and thirtie tribes of the people of Rome. Moreover, all the books of the cities accounts: also the ancient writings and records of the old Aerarium & of the citie debts. Furthermore, the stan∣derds and ensignes of war. Over and besides, whatsoever was by the Generals and captains after the conquest of provinces carried in triumph, was thither brought. Lastly, whatsoever was expedient and profitable for the Commonweale to be reserved, as lawes, letters, and other common registers of a citie. The Censors likewise were put to take their oth in the temple of Saturne.

Betweene the church now of S. Hadrian, and that which somtime was the temple of Castor & Pol∣lux, stood in old time the worke-house wherein they coined money.

CHAP. XVII. The golden Miliarium, the bridge of Caligula, the Rostra and the Curia.

MIliarium aureum stood in times past at the head of the Romane Forum, under the temple of Saturne, neere to the arch of Septimius. A pillar it was, so called, wherein all the high waies of Italie were cut and engraven, and there ended, and from which the measures began and went on to every gate of all quarters.

Caligula brought a bridge of marble through the Romane Forum, from the mount Palatine to the

Capitoll. A more stately and curious peece of work there never was throughout all the cittie: for the bridge was sustained with fourscore mightie pillers of most white marble: wherof at this day three are to be seene at the foot of the one hill, and as many at the other, in such manner as they were in times past by Caligula built for the bridge. In the mids of the Forum, over-against S. Hadrians church there standeth a piller, which is verily thought to bee one of them that supported the brasen horse of Do∣mitian gilded all over. At the foot of this horse was the resemblance of Rhene, a river in Germanie; for that Domitian the emperour had triumphed over that province. And this is the image which after∣wards they called Marforius.

Of the beakeheads of the Antiate ships, a pulpit was built in the Romane Forum by the Romans at the foot of the mount Palatine, which temple they called Rostra, that therein the acts of the Se∣nate should bee made. Now of this Rostra there were twaine, the new at the bottome of the Palatine as is beforesaid, and the old, neere the Curia in the Comitium. In this Rostra were lawes published, causes pleaded, and Orations made to the people. On the same the manner was also to erect the Sta∣tues for most famous and noble men.

In the most conspicuous place of the Forum Romanum, before Rostra, upon a lion of stone was the portrait set of Faustulus the fosterfather of Romulus & Remus. For he, whiles he was desirous to part the fray betweene Romulus and Remus the founders of the cittie, was there slaine, where, afterwards they erected unto him his statue. Behind the Rostra was the sepulchre also of Romulus. Moreover, before the Rostra stood the statue of Hercules, clad in a coat after the Eleans habite, with a grim and sterne coun∣tenance. Three statues also of Sibylla in the same place. The manner of the Romanes besides, was to set up the heads of those that were put to death, there to be seene.

Two Curiae or Counsell-honses at Rome there were: one neere the Forum, fast by the temple of Peace named Hostilia; the other in the mount Coelius, whereof we will speake hereafter.

CHAP. XVIII. The lake Curtius, the great sinke or towne ditch, and the Doliola.

THe lake Curtius was in the midst of the Rom. Forum, neer Domitian his horse. This lake tooke that name of M. Curtius, who to save the Commonweale, willingly of his own accord cast him∣selfe headlong, armed as hee was, together with his horse into a chinke of the ground in the middest of the Romane Forum. Some would have it so called of Metius Curtius a Sabine, who through this lake escaped safe to his owne companie.

The vault or sinke called Cloaca Maxima, was made by the commaundement of Tarquine: for by reason that the hils were digged under, and the citie stood hollow upon arches, it received and carri∣ed away all the filth thereof. At the temple of Iup. Stator, devided it was into three conveighances or channels, whereof two of them are now stopped up, the third runneth with most cleere water by the lake Curtius, under the Roman Forum, along the foot of the mount Palatine into Velabrum, and from thence in a sinke made of four square stone, it dischargeth it selfe into Tyber. In old time there were many such vaults, & those for publicke use. But after the citie was woon by the Gaules & burnt, whiles every man made hast to rebuild his house, where hee could meet first with a convenient place; they tooke no heed to the streets as they were before: so as neither the citie was devided as aforetime into quarters, nor yet the sinkes which in times past went under the streets, were marked where they lay: but afterwards were conveighed under private mens houses, whereby it came to passe, that each house almost at this day hath a sinke or privie belonging to it. Hereupon also it is, that this authour, whose epitome or abridgement we write, hath not divided the regions of the cittie, agreeable to the old wrirers. But to the end that those things which he setteth down, might be sooner understood, and better remembred, he hath parted it into those quarters as now it standeth: and when hee sheweth in what part of the citie any place in times past was, he declareth them in those coasts which at this day are known to the inhabitants. But as at first these sinkes were common (as I have said) so there were appointed publicke overseers to looke unto them.

Neere the foresaid great sinke there was a place, which of certaine barrels under the ground was called Doliola. This place was reputed so holy, that a man might not spit thereupon. In it were sup∣posed to have been certaine secret mysteries of Numa. And yet, there be that thinke verily the ashes of the French Senones were there bestowed.

CHAP. XIX. The Comitium, the temple of Venus Genitrix. The statues and images that were in the Comitium and Romane Forum. Caesars statue and pillar.

VVHere the Comitium was, from what place it began, & in what part of the citie it ended, we have shewed before, in the 15 chapter of this book. Called it was Comitiū, as Plutarch saith

for that Romulus and Tatius were woont to meet togither in this place, to make covenants between them. In which place afterwards, the Senate and people of Rome assembled, when they would de∣cree any thing for the good of the C.VV. and namely, when Consuls, Tribunes Consular, and such magistrates were created, and other affaires concluded, where of authors make mention in all their writings. That place was neere the Senaculuin, at the very foot of the mount Palatine. This Comi∣tium was open above-head for many yeeres: whereupon oftentimes, albeit assemblies were sum∣moned, yet they were empeached holding for them, fearing some tempestuous weather to∣ward. Long time after, when Anniball came into Italie, they set a rouse over it: and afterwards Caesar repaired it againe. In this Comitium the plaies were many times exhibited. In the same (as Livie-re∣porteth) the bookes of Sibylla were burnt. In like manner many leaud and outrageous acts were committed in the assemblies there, whereof elsewhere we will speake.

In the Comitium stood the statue of Cocles; which being afterwards strucken with fire from heaven, was translated into the court-yard of Vulcan. In the cantons & angles of the Comitium, were the statues likewise of Pythagoras and Alcibiades: Also in the ascent and stairs therof, on the left hand of the Curia, stood the image of 〈◊〉〈◊〉, togither with his wherstone and rasour.

The image resembling the Mother goddesse, was set up in the Forum. They that worshipped this goddesse were of this opinion, that the stone whereof shee was made, could not possibly be consu∣med with fire: which they guessed hereby, for that albeit many fires were made, in the night espe∣cially at her image, yet it took no hurt therby; and therfore gave they out, that there was such vertue herein, as I have said. And from hence it came, that in all streets almost they began to worship her, and to crect altars and little chappels unto her.

The temple of Venus Genetrix, as is shewed before, was in the Forum. Iust before this temple stood the statue of Caesar, carrying a blazing star upon the head. In like manner a Columne of Caesar made of Numidian marble 20 foot high, there remained. Before the temple of Castor, there was the statue of Q. Martius in horsmans habit; of Tremellius clad in a side gowne; of M. Atticus covered with a vaile.

CHAP. XX. The columne called Mania: the pillar Horatia: the houses of Caesar, Constantine, and Domitian. The temple and court-yard of the said Caesar.

IN that part of the Forum was the columne Moenia, where stood the pallace of Portius. Called Moenia it was, of Moenius the Censor: for hee (when as he sold unto Cato his house, and when Flaccus the other Censor gave order, that the palace aforesaid should there be built) reserved in the sale so much space for himselfe, as a pillar or columne would take up: upon the which he might put out a loft to juttie forth, made of joists and bourds upon them: from which place both he and his posteritie might behold the sport of sword-fencers. And this priviledge hee obtained: whereup∣on, others also, as many as might bee allowed, were as industrious, and built them columnes in the Forum.

There stood a rock of stone also in the Forum, whereupon the spoiles of the three twinnes Curiatij were hanged.

In like manner, the pillar called Horatia.

The houses of Caesar, Constantine, and Domitian beautified the Forum.

Likewise the court and cloister of Minerva; and the shops [of Bankers] as well old as new.

The dead corps of Caesar was brought out of the Curia into the Forum, and enterred in that place, where afterwards they built unto him an altar and temple.

Likewise in the Forum the manner of the Romanes was, to lay downe their magistracie.

CHAP. XXI. Caesars Forum: the palace of Paulus, and his Librarie.

BEsides the temple of Saturne, or the common treasurie (wherof we have written before in the 16 chapter of this booke) in the Romane Forum toward the Northeast, was Caesars Forum, even in that very place which seemeth lower than the rest, behind the temple of Faustina. There, was the temple of Venus Genitrix, about which, Caesar made a cloister and a Forum, not of wares and marchandise to be sold, but for them that repaired thither for justice in law matters. In this Fo∣rum, among other statues (whereof there were many and those most faire and beautifull) he suffered his owne to be made, all armed. The Forum it selfe contained but a small compasse, but it was most ex∣cellently set out. The very level of the plot stood him in an hundred millions of Asses and above.

Caesar purchased with 1500 talents, Paulus Aemilius the colleague of C. Marcellus in his Conshulship, to be his friend and to stand with him. Paulus having received this summe of mony, built in the mids

of the Forum neere to the temple of Castor and Pollux, a most excellent and wonderfull pallace, of Phrygian columnes, which afterwards they named, Basilici Pauli.

A Librarie also the same Paulus erected, neere unto his owne Basilici.

CHAP. XXII. The Forum of Augustus: the galleries of Antonius, Faustina, and Livia: Caesars house.

THe Romane Forum, those also of [Iulius] Caesar and Augustus, were (as it is well knowne) neere one to another. That of Augustus, they affirme to have been at the image of Marforius, in the most frequented place of the citie: it was but little in compasse, as the other of Caesars, but ex∣cellently well adorned with brave statues and other things. For it had the statues of Castor and Pollux, with the victorie of Alexander the Great: the image also of Corvinus, and of the raven that up∣on his helmet fought. Also Apollo in yvorie: and besides these, other ensignes and ornaments of ver∣tue and valour.

In this Hall or Forum, publicke justice was administred: and the judges from thence were empa∣nelled: herein they debated in councell, of wars, of triumphes, and other weightie affaires. From hence they used to goe when they tooke journey into their provinces with soveraigne commaund. Hither, they that returned victors, brought the ensigns and tokens of their victorie. This Forum be∣ing by time decaied, Hadrian reedified.

This Forum had two porches, wherein were the statues set out and decked in triumphant maner.

Augustus dwelt in the street Sacra, in a house not so large and stately, but marveilously furnished by his neece Livia. And Augustus not able to abide this wastfull superfluitie of riches, pulled it downe and laid it even with the ground: in the void plot and court-yard whereof, was afterwards built the gallerie of Livia; which also was called Claudia. Nero cast it downe, but Domitian built it up againe under the old name.

The goodlie galleries of Antonine and Faustina, adorned with divers and sundry marbles well built in old time, were whereas at this day standeth the church of S. Laurence in Miranda.

CHAP. XXIII. The rafter or beame called Sororium Tigillum: the street Syprius, Sceleratus, and Patrius: the house of M. Antonius.

SOrorium Tigillum was a place hallowed for the expiation and assoiling of Horatius for killing his sister, set up neere the street Carinae, to the honour of Iupiter.

The street Cyprius is neere to the cliffe or rising of the Capitoll, which leadeth to the church of S. Peter in Vinculis, so called of Cyprus. In it dwelt the Sabines first, when they were afran∣chised and made free-denisons. Surnamed afterwards it was Sceleratus, upon the wicked and devi∣lish act of Tullia, whereof Livie speaketh. Some thinke this was all one with the former: others say it was divers from it.

The street Patritius, was so called, because of the Patritij, who were by K. Tullus commaunded there to dwell. For this was a place raised somwhat higher than others; from whence as from the up∣per ground, they might easily defend themselves against the sodaine violence of others, if it should be offered.

M. Antonius dwelt in that house, where sometimes stood the temple of Tellus. After Antonie, the church of S. Pantalion was in the same place built.

CHAP. XXIIII. Busta Gallica, and Aequimelium.

BVsta Gallica, was a place in the heart of the citie, where the dead bodies of the Frenchmen that held Rome, were burnt and buried. It was in that part of the citie where at this day standeth the Church of S. Andrew (in Busta Gallica.) Now they call it by an awke name, Portugallo: and it is not far from the Amphitheatre. Varro setteth the Busta Gallica neere the Aequimelium. As for Aequi∣melium, it was so called, because the house of Melius who sought to be K. was there laid levell with the ground.

CHAP. XXV. The street called Via Sacra: the arch Fabian and Vespasian.

THis street beginneth at the old Curia, in the angle of Palatium neere the arch of [Great] Con∣stantine. Varro supposeth that it began at the Carinae and the chappell of Sterniae. VVhereby a

man may gather, that the Via Sacra sometimes went through the gardens now of S. Marie the new, to the temple of Peace, the Forum of Caesar, and so directly up to the castle of the Capitoll. The name of Sacra it tooke, for that the Augurs when they came from the Capitoll hill, went through it as they tooke their Augurie: or because monethly, they went in procession with sacred reliques along that way: or last of all, in regard that in it there was a league and covenant made betweene Romulus and Tatius. At the head and top of it, Ancus Martius in times past dwelt, neere the chappell of the Lares.

In this street was the famous statue set up of Cloelia.

The arch Fabian likewise, neere the kings pallace, fast by the Basilica of Paulus, was reared by Fa∣bius the Censor, who subdued the Allobroges. In which arch was the scutcheon with his armes, and other tokens of the victorie engraven. Fast by it, Scribonius Libo erected a seat and Tribunall for the Pretour, named Puteal.

In the same street-way, was the marble arch of Vespasian, (the ancientest of all others that are now to be seene) erected by Vespasian after hee had woon Hierusalem. In it were his victories cut and en∣graven, with the arke of the covenant of one side; and on the other, his triumphs and spoiles; and namely, the golden candlesticke; the seven other lights, the two tables of Moses, the vessels of the temple of Hierusalem; the golden table, weighing one great talent; and many things else, whereof Iosephus writeth.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Stadia.
• * 1.2

  Nemoribus.
• * 1.3

  The baket.
• * 1.4

  Cum chiami∣de & crepun∣diis: but for [crepundiis] read [crepidis] out of Cicero pro Rabirio: signi∣fying the Gree∣kish and Asian habit: for the Romane statues were Togat••.
• * 1.5

  Toward the end of the 25 booke.
• * 1.6

  i. Health.
• * 1.7

  Quasi lupos arceus.
• * 1.8

  Beletus, i. Bleating.
• * 1.9

  The fever.
• * 1.10

  Not much un∣like, but somwhat a better saint, than S. Vocum∣bre of Poules.
• * 1.11

  Scyphum, or rather, typum, i. the figure.