The arte of reason, rightly termed, witcraft teaching a perfect way to argue and dispute. Made by Raphe Leuer. Seene and allowed according to the order appointed in the Queenes Maiesties iniunctions.

The second boke of Witcraft. (Book 2)

Chap. 1.

1 IN our former booke we haue intrea∣ted of the Storehouses, shewing the nature and dis•…•…nction of wordes, and began wyth that whych was the smallest part, and portion of this arte.

2 It followeth nowe in due order, that from woordes wee procéede to intreate of sayings, for that sayings are immediatlye framed of wordes.

3 Both words and sayings are meanes to expresse the thoughtes of the minde: but sayings expresse the thoughts of the mind, as matter is coupled to matter: and words expresse the thoughtes of the minde with∣out any ioyning of thyngs together at all.

4 Thoughtes of the minde, and matters wherof men vse to speake and to write, vs in all countryes one and the same in kind: but letters and the voyce whereby suche things are vttered, are not.

VVhat a saying is.

5 A saying is a voyce whose seueral par∣tes do by consent signifie some matter.

6 I saye by consent, for that euery lan∣guage or speache groweth by consent, and is learned by imitating and followyng of others: neither is there any toung gy∣uen naturally to man without a teacher, as weeping and laughing are.

That there are diuers kyndes of sayings, and vvhich of them are proper to this arte.

7 There is a perfect saying, and an vn∣perfect saying.

8 A perfect saying maketh a perfect sense of it self, as, man is mortall.

9 An vnperfect saying causeth the hea∣rer to looke for moe woordes to make vp a full meanyng, as, man mortall.

10 Agayne a perfecte saying is deuided into three sortes, into a shewsay, a bidsaye, and a wishsaye.

11 In the firste wée shewe or declare, in

the seconde wée bid or commaunde, in the thirde wee wyshe or desire things to be or not to bée.

12 For example thus: Iohn commeth hether, is a shewsay: come hether Iohn, a biosaye: I woulde Iohn came hether, a wishsaye.

13 Of these the shewsaye onelye apper∣tayneth to thys arte, for it onely maye be true or false.

Of the Shevvsay, and firste vvhat a shevvsaye is. Chap. 2.

1 A shewsaye is a perfecte saying stan∣ding of a nowne and a shewing verbe.

The matter of a shevvsay.

2 A nowne and a verbe are the matter wherof a shewsay doth stand.

Of a Novvne.

3 A nowne is a voyce signifying some thing by consent, & noting besids no diffe∣rence of tyme, whose partes seuerally ta∣ken, signifie no matter: as a mā, an herbe,

an house, vertue, righteousnes. &c.

4 As for letters and syllables, they sig∣nifie a sounde onely, and doe not further importe any matter.

5 An houre, a day, a moneth, a yeare, doe lymit and appoynte tymes: but yet they note no difference of tyme, as the Uerbe doth, who euer includeth either tyms pre∣sente, tyme past, or tyme to come, which are ryghtlye called the diff•…•…rences of tyme.

Of a Verbe.

6 A Uerbe is a woorde notyng some difference of tyme, vnto the which if yee adde a nowne in fitte order, there dothe a∣ryse a perfect vnderstandyng, as, is, was, shalbe.

Of the forme of a shevvsay, and vvhat appertayneth to the perfecte knovvledge therof.

7 Moe thyngs appertayne to the forme of a shewsay then to the matter.

8 For to the forme it appertayneth to

consider whether the shewsaye be simple or compounded, one or manye: secondlye whether it bee a shewsaye of the fyrste or∣der or of the seconde: thyrdlye, howe the backeset agreeth or disagreeth wyth the foresette: fourthly, how the one of them maye bee changed into the roume or place of the other: fiftlye, which shewsaye is generall, whyche speciall: 6, which affir∣meth whyche denyeth: 7, which is true, which is false: 8, which is an impossible shewsaye, whych is a necessarye shew∣saye, and whych is a chaunceable shew∣saye: 9, what gaynsettes eche shewsaye hathe: 10, whyche bée shewsayes of lyke force and strength.

VVhich is a simple shevvsaye and one and vvhiche is a compounded shevvsay and many.

9 A symple shewsaye standeth of one Uerbe: as man is mortall. A compoun∣ded shewsaye of manye: as if you marry my Daughter I make you myne heire: or impossible it is, that a stone shoulde haue feelyng.

10 Often times in a shewsaye one verbe is but once spoken: and yet the meaning of the same shewsaye requireth the same verbe to bée diuers times vnderstand: such a shewsaye is compounded, and not one, but manye.

11 For, Iohn and William are riche and in health, is not one shewsaye, but manye: for it is as muche to laye, as Iohn is riche: Iohn is in health: William is riche: Wil∣liam is in health.

12 Firste wee will intreate of a simple shewsay, and after of a compounded shew∣say, in his proper place and order.

Of the tvvo orders of a simple shevvsaye.

13 There are twoo orders of a simple shewsaye: a shewsaye of the firste order, sheweth onely the being or not being of a thing, as, man is, or, man is not.

14 A shewsaye of the second order, affir∣meth or denyeth one thyng of another, as, man is iust: man is not iust.

15 A shewsay of the first order, standeth euer but of one nowne and one verbe: a

shewesaye of the secoude order, of twoo nownes and one verbe, one alwayes pla∣ced afore, and another after the verbe.

Of the foresets and back sets that are in a simple shevvesaye. Chap. 3.

1 The foreset is a nowne placed afore the verbe, and the backset after, as, man is iuste: man is the foreset, and iust, is the backeset.

2 Sometymes a whole sentence or a clause of a sentence is a backset, or a fore∣set: as to rise earely is a holesome thing: in this shewsay, to rise earely, is the fore∣set, and a holesome thing is the backsette, they both supplying the roome and office of an nowne.

To vvhat vse foresettes and backesettes serue.

3 The storehouses serue to shew the na∣ture of wordes as they are taken and con∣sidered by themselues alone.

4 The foreset & backset of a shewsay de∣clare the respecte that wordes haue one to

an other, as they are coupled and linkes together in a perfect saying.

To knovve vvhat respecte the backset hath to the foreset in euery simple shevvsaye of the se∣conde order.

5 If the backset •…•…is deuided and parted a sunder from the foreset by a naysay, then doth it but eyther differ from it, or els it is a gainset to it.

6 What differing words and gaynsets are, we haue shewed afore in the. 12. Chap∣ter of the first booke.

7 If it be affirmed & coupled to the fore∣set by a yeasay: then muste the foreset and backset be such as either may be saide of o∣ther turne for turne, or not •…•…ide.

8 If either may be said of other turne for turne, then is the one of them the kindred, and the other his saywhat: or els one the kindred and the other his propertie.

9 For onelye the saywhat and the pro∣pertie compared to the kindred, maye bée said of it, and it of them, turne for turne: but the saywhat expresseth what the kin∣dred

is, and the propretie doth not.

10 If the backset be sayd of the foreset, and the foreset can not be laid in lyke sort of it agayn: then is the backset to be rec∣kened, eyther in the number of those thin∣ges, that are vsed to be placed in the saye∣what of the foreset, or not vsed to be pla∣ced there.

11 If the backsette be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the number of those that are vsed to be placed in the say∣what of the foreset: then is it either y^• kind or the difference: for a saywhat standeth of these two.

12 If the backset be sayd of the foreset, and be neyther his sayewhat, propretie, nor difference: then is it an Inbeer.

13 For that we count an Inbeer, which being in a thing, is neyther his saywhat, propretie, kinde, nor difference.

Of a sayvvhat, and of things that are handled and intreated of in lyke maner that it is. Chap. 4.

1 A saywhat is a saying, shewing what a thing is, as man is a wighte, indued

with sense and reason.

2 Those that make declaration of any thing by a worde, or by any other means whatsoeuer commeth to hande, do not by and by giue a perfect saywhat, of the thing they take in hand to speake of.

3 Yet suche declarations, bicause they are handled and intreated of in like forme and manner, that a saywhat is, are taken in arguing, as a thing that occupieth the roome and place of a saywhat.

4 For he that sayeth the formoste of yonder companie, is the Kyng: Or thys citie is Londō: or to behold, is to sée: wold séeme after a sorte, to expresse the thyng whereof he speaketh.

Generall rules appertyning to a sayvvhat.

5 Fiue poyntes are to be obserued in a perfect saywhat.

1

6 First, that the saywhat shewe what the kinred is.

2

7 Secondly, that it conteyne neyther

more nor lesse matter, then it shoulde.

3

8 Thirdely, that it stande of the next kynde, hauing moste propre differences put therto.

4

9 Fourthly, that it be playne.

5

10 Fiftly, that it be bréefe.

Of a Propretie. Chapter. 5.

1 A propretie dothe not expresse what the kinred is, as the saywhat dothe: but is sayde of the kinred, and the kinred said of it turne for turne: as eche man is apt to langh: and eche thyng apte to laughe, is a man.

2 No man accompteth that for a pro∣pretie, whyche is in any other thing than in one kinred: or whych chaunceth to be in one kindred, but for a tyme.

3 If any suche thyng be sayde to bée a propretie, it is not proprely so to be taken: but a propretie for a tyme, or in respect of an other: and thus there are foure sorts of propreties.

1

4 Some appertaine to one kindred a∣lone, though not to all the selfe things of that kindred: as to be cunning in physike, pert•…•…yneth only to man, but not to eachs man.

2

5 Some appertayne to eche selfe thing of one kinred: and yet not to that kinred alone: as to haue two eyes appertayneth to all men, but not only to man.

3

6 Some appertayne to one kindred a∣lone, and to eche selfe thing of that kinred: but not at al tymes: as to ware grayhea∣ded in age, appertayneth only to man, and to eache man that is aged, but not at all tymes.

4

7 Some apertain to one kinred alone, to eche self thing of that kinred, and at all tymes: As feelyng appertaineth only to a wyghte, to eche wyghte, and at all tymes. And thys is moste proprely called a pro∣pretie.

VVhy vvee intreate in this place of selfe thinges and kinreds, and vvhat they are. Chap. 6.

1 Many selfe things make a kinred, and many kinreds, a kinde. Therfore to pro∣ceede by order from the lessc to the more, wee here interlace the treatise of self thin∣ges and kinreds.

Of selfe things.

2 A selfe thing is that whiche is sayd but of one solo thing alone: as London, Englande, this man, or this horsse.

3 Selfe things are not proprely hande∣led of any a•…•…te, but so far as they are con∣teyned in some kinred or kinde.

4 For arte intreateth of general mas∣ters: as physike teacheth not to cure Wil∣liam, or Robert, but man thus or thus dis∣eased.

Of a kinrede.

5 A kinred is sayde of many, differing but in number onely, and aunswerabl•…•… when drmaunde is m•…•…r, what self t•…•…n∣ges are.

6 Or t•…•…us, a kinred is that, whyche is contained of a kinde, or whereto a kynde

is answerable, when it is demanded what a kinred is.

7 The first of these saywhats apper∣tayneth to the lowest kinred: the other two saye whattes appertayne to a large kinred.

8 The lowest kinred is next vnto selfe things, and euer called a kinred, w•…•…er it be compared to selfe things that are vn∣der it: or to the kynde that is above it.

9 A large kinred is that whiche deth o∣ther kinreds vnder it, and maye be taken both for a kinred (as it is referred to the kind that is aboue it:) or for a kynd (as it is sayde of kinreds that are vnder it.)

10 For example thus: A wight is a large kinred, for it hathe vnder it, a man, and a beast, whiche are kinreds them selues: so that if ye referre a wighte to a substance, then is it a kinred: but when ye referre a wight to a mā, or a beas•…•…, then is it a kynd conteynyng many kinredes of wyghtes vnder it.

Of a Kynde. Chapter. 7.

1 A kynde is that whyche is sayde of

many kinreds, and answerable when it is demaunded what kinreds are.

2 As a wight is a kynd, for it is sayd of man and beast, which are many kinreds.

3 And if it be demaunded what a man or a beast is, y^• answere ought to be made, man is a wight, or a beast is a wight.

4 There is a generall kinde and a spe∣ciall kynde.

5 A generall kynde is that whiche is •…•…aken always for a kynd, as euer referred to that which is vnder it: such are the te•…•… generall wordes called storehouses.

6 A speciall kynde is that which may 〈◊〉〈◊〉 both a kynd, and a kinred: as a wighte is a kinde, referred to a man: but referred to a creature, it is a kinred.

7 The thing that is placed in any store∣house, is in that respect alwayes, eyther a selfe thing, a kinred, or a kinde.

8 Selfe thing•…•… are sayd but of one: kin∣red, and kyndes 〈◊〉〈◊〉 many.

9 All kinreds are specialls, which lye betwixte the lowest kinred and the gene∣rall kinde.

10 We must neuer by ascēding amount

aboue the generall kinde: neyther by dis∣cending fall beneath the lowest kinred.

11 For selfe thyngs to vs are infinite, and do not belong to arte, but are iudged by sense: And by surmountyng generals we are not taught.

12 For they contayne all things with∣out disc•…•…ion.

Of a difference. Chap. 8.

1 A difference is a marke wherby one thing is discerned from an other.

Hovv differences are deuided.

There are thrée sortes of differences, a common difference, a propre difference, and a most propre difference.

3 A common difference is a remoua∣ble marke, wherby a thing differeth from it selfe, or from some other thing, by any maner of meanes.

4 A propre difference is an insepara∣ble mark (chaunceable notwithstanding) wherby one thing differeth from another.

5 A most propre difference is that which

is that whiche is sayde of many differing in kinred, when we demaunde whatkin a one, a thing is.

6 This difference is eyther taken in a saywhat to shew•…•… what a kinred is: or in a diuision to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 a kynde.

7 A difference differeth from a pro∣pretie, for a propretie is sayde •…•…ut of one kinred: and a difference of many kinreds.

8 One worde according to diuers res∣pects, may be both a difference, and a pro∣pretie: as feeling referred to a wight, is a propretie: and compared to a man, it is a difference.

Of an Inbeer. Chap. 9.

1 An Inbeer is that which may be or not be in one selfe inholder.

Hovv inbeers are deuided.

2 There are two sortes of inbéers, one remoueable, the other vnremoueable.

3 A remoueable Inbeer may in deede be seuered from hys inholder: as know∣ledge from a man.

4 An vnremoueable inbéer maye in

thought, but not in déede be seuered from his inholder: as blacknesse from a crowe, and heate from fire.

Of the tourning of a shevvsay. Chapter. 10.

1 The tourning of a shewsay is the re∣mouing of the backset into the roome of the foreset.

2 There is a right tourning of a shew∣say and a wrong tourning.

3 A shewsay is rightly tourned when as both are necessarily true: but if when ye haue tourned a shewsay, the one shew∣say be false, and the other true: then is the shewsay tourned amisse.

4 Agayne a shewsay is rightly tour∣ned two ways: either when the signe doth remayne, whether it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 generall or parti∣cular: or else when the generall signe is rebated into the particular.

5 The generall naysay, and the parti∣cular yeasay are rightly turned, whē their signes and marks remayne: as no man is a stone, and no stone is a man: or some mē

are apte to swim, and some things apt to swim are men.

6 The generall yeasay is not rightly tourned, but when the generall signe is re∣bated into the particular: as all men are creatures: and some creatures are men.

7 The particular naysay, is not of force apte to be tourned at all.

8 Bycause the kinde may be denied of his kinred in parte: but the kinred (béeing wholly conteyned vnder the kind) cannot againe be denyed of him in parte.

9 For we may wel say: some creatures are no men: but we can not rightly saye, some men are no creatures.

10 When the backset is a saywhat or a propertie, the generall yeasay is rightly tourned, the generall signe not rebated.

11 As all men are apt to laugh: and all thinges apte to laugh are men, or euery man, is a wighte indued with sense and reason: and eche wight indued with sense and reason is a man.

12 These sayings and suche like are thus tourned, not by force of anye rule

that perteyneth to the turning of a shew∣say: but by reason the foreset and backset of suche shewsayes, are termes that may indifferently be sayd eche of other, turne for turne.

Of a yeasay, and a naysay. Chapter. 11.

1 Euery simple shewsay, whether it be of the first order, or of the second order, is eyther a yeasay, or a naysay.

2 A yeasaye of the fyrste order, af∣fyrmethe the béeyng of a thyng, as man is.

3 A yeasay of the seconde order, cou∣pleth the backset to the foreset, and affir∣meth one thing of an other: as man is a wyghte.

4 A nayesaye of the fyrste order, de∣nyeth a thyng to bée: as, man is not.

5 A naysay of the seconde order, deny∣eth a thing to be this or that: as, man is not an angell.

Of the quantitie of a shevvsay. Chapter. 12.

1 The quantitie of a shewsaye depen∣deth onely vpon the foreset.

2 For as the forset is generally, or par∣ticularly taken: so is the shewsay either a generall or a particular saying.

3 If the foreset be a sole worde, then is the shewsaye singular: as London is a Citie.

4 But if the foresette bée a common worde, then hathe it, eyther an vniuersall signe before it, and is called an vniuersall shewsay: as, all men are creatures: or else a particular signe, and is called a parti∣cular shewsay: as, some men are learned: or else it hath no signe at all, and then it is called an vndetermined shewsay: as, man is mortall.

5 The singular and vndetermyned shewsayes, are alwayes taken in a rea∣son, as particulars.

6 No shewsay is true, where the back∣set béeing a common woorde, hath an vni∣uersall signe ioyned vnto it: as, All men

are all creatures: or men are al creatures.

7 But in a singular shewsay it may•…•…▪ as, these men are all the frendes, I haue.

Of signes and marks vvhich shevv the quantitie and qualitie of eche shevvesay. Chapter. 13.

1 There are foure sortes of signes and markes, so termed, bycause they note the quantitie and qualitie of euery shewsay.

a	Generall yeamarke	as	all
Generall naymarke	none
Particular yemarke	some
Particular naymark	somenot

2 The particular naymarke is com∣monly expressed in oure mother tong, by two wordes, some and not (some other wordes alwayes being placed betwixte them:) for we vse not to saye, some not men are learned: but some men are not learned.

Of a true and a false shevvsay. Chapter. 14.

1 If men do affirme that thing to bée, which is not: or do denye that thing to be, which is: they make a lye, and their shew∣say or saying is false.

2 But if that thing be in déede, whiche they affirme to be: or if that thing be not in déede, whiche they denye to be: then is their saying true.

3 So that the truth or falshod of mens sayings, dependeth wholly of the matter, that is vttered by their words.

4 To know whether eche matter fall out according to this or that mans say∣ing, or not: it apperteyneth not onely to witcraft to decide, but eche saying is tryed to be true, or false, by that arte where vn∣to it doth properly appertaine.

To knovv vvhich is a necessarie shevv∣say, vvhich is an vnpossible shevv∣say, and vvhich is a chance∣able shevvsay. Cha. 15.

1 If the backset be a saywhat, a pro∣pretie,

a kynde, a difference, or a natu∣rall and an vnremoueable Inbéer: the shewsay is necessarie.

2 If the backsette be a remoueable in∣beer, the shewsay is chaunceable.

3 But if the backset be none of these: then is it an vnpossible shewsay.

4 A necessarie shewsay differeth from an vnpossible shewsay: for that, this is al∣wayes false: and the former always tru•…•….

Of gaynsaying shevvsayes. Chapter. 16.

1 Gaynsaying shewsays are two shew∣sayes, the one a yeasaye, and the other a naysay, chaunging neyther foreset, back∣set, nor verbe.

2 There are thrée sortes of gaynsay∣ing shewsays: Contrarie shewsays: lesse than contrarie shewsays: and more than contrarie shewsayes.

3 Contraries are two generall shew∣sayes, the one a yeasaye, and the other a naysay: as eche man is good: and, no man is good.

4 Lesse then contraryes are two parti∣cular shewsayes: the one a yeasaye, and the other a naysaye: as some men are good, and some men are not good.

5 More then contraryes are two shew∣sayes, the one being generall, the other particuler: the one a yeasaye, the other a naysay: as all men are good, and some men are not good: or no man is good, and some men are good.

6 Contraryes are neuer bothe true: yet chaunceth it sometimes that they are both false: as when the backset is a remoueable inbeer: as eche man is learned, and no man is learned.

7 Lesse then contraryes are neuer both false, but maye in chaunceable such sayes bee bothe true: as some men are learned, and some are not learned.

8 More then contraryes are most repug∣nant one to another: for if the one be true, the other of necessitie is false: or if the one bee false, the other of necessitie is true: as all men are learned: and, some men are not learned: or no man is learned, & some man is learned.

Of Shevvesayes that are of lyke force. Chap. 17.

1 Those shewesayes are of lyke force and strength which differ in wordes and agrée in meaning.

2 It doth properlye pertaine to gram∣mer and not to Witcrafte, to knowe which sayinges agrée in sense, and which do not.

3 Yet for so muche as artes are knit to∣gether, in such a bande of knowledge, that no man can bée cunning in anye one, but he must haue some knowledge in manye, they doe by vsurpation some times borow one of an other, so muche as doth serue their present purpose.

4 Therfore many writers of Witcraft, intreate in this place, of shewesayes that are of lyke force, onely by reason of thys nay word (not) diuersly placed afore, or af∣ter tho signes.

5 But here is to be noted, that the same rules hold not in our Englishe tongue y^•

the Latyns vse hereof in their tongue.

6 Therefore take these as certaine: and as for the rest, know that either they are not in vse, or •…•…they helde not in such sort as the Latin authors do appoint.

7 In oure mother tongue wée vse to •…•…e this woorde (not) eyther onelye a∣fore the sygne: or onely after the signe, as for to place it afore the signe, and a•…•…ter two, in one sentence, it standeth not with the propertie of our speache.

8 (Not) ioyned in a shewesaye, to a gene∣rall yeamarke, altereth the qualitie and diminisheth the quantitie thereof, and makes the saying all one, whether it bee placed afore or after the signe.

9 For of a generall yeasay, it makes a particular naysaye: as not all that speake you faire, are your frendes: or all that speake you faire are not your frendes.

These two sayinges are both one in sense and meanyng: and as muche to saye as some that speake you fayre are not your frendes.

10 Nowe it is playne that this last sen∣tence is a particular naysay: therefore the

two former sayinges, muste néedes bée so too, beyng of like force and value that it is of.

11 If (not) be placed in a shewesaye be∣fore a particular yeamarke, it altereth the qualitie, and augmenteth the quantitie thereof, for not one is as muche to saye, as none.

12 (Not) beyng placed afore fewe, signi∣fyeth manye: and beyng placed afore ma∣nye signifieth fewe.

13 Moe wayes of placyng of (not) afore the signe to make anye good sense in our mother tongue, I finde not.

14 These fewe examples doe shewe all in small roome, that is necessarye to bée spoken of, touching this matter.

1 Not all are All are not	is as much to say as	1 some are not
2 Not one is	2 none are
3 Not a fewe	3 manye
4 Not many	4 a fewe

Of a compounded Shevvsay. Chap. 18.

1 What a compounded shewsay is, wée haue said afore, side. 66. verse. 9.

2 There are two sortes of compounded shewsayes.

3 They of the first sort do speake with adding of, if, and, or, cause, or time.

4 They of the second sort, adde the ma∣ner of beyng by some one of these foure preambles, as: it chaunceth: it is possible: it is vnpossible: it is necessarye: or els by som other termes of like force, that these, or some one of these is of.

5 A shewsay compounded with, an (if), maye be called an ifsaye, and doth simple∣lye neither affirme nor denye, but vppon condition, as, if ye doe wel, ye shal be well reported: or if yée doe yll, yee shall not bée well reported.

6 In these two sayings nothing is affir∣med simplye or deuided, but vpon conditi∣on of well doyng, or yll.

7 A shewsay comp•…•…unded with (and) is called a coupling shewsay, & this is neuer

true, except all partes be true.

8 As Iohn, William, and Robert are learned, is not true: excepte all partes bée true: but false it is, when any parte is vn∣true.

9 Also Iohn is learned, discrete and riche: this sayinge is false, if Iohn be eyther not learned, not discrete, or not riche: and true it is not, but when all the things recyted, take place in him.

10 A shewsaye compounded with (or) is a parting shewsaye, and is true when any parte is true: and neuer false •…•…cepte all partes be false: as Iohn, Robert, or Wil∣liam, is at home.

11 This is true if any of them be at home: false, when none of them is at home.

12 A shewsay compounded with adding the cause: as, because you serued faithfully I giue you this forme: and a shewsay com∣pounded with condition of time: as, when I dye you shall haue my land, may well be referred to an ifsaye: for in affirming and denying, they obserue the same lawe that it doth.

Of Shevvsayes compounded by adding the manner of beyng or not beynge. Chap. 19.

1 There are foure Preambles, wherby the maner of being or not being of things, is set forth.

as

• it chanceth.
• it is possible.
• it is vnpossible.
• it is necessary.

2 When anye shewesaye hath anye of these preambles put vnto it, then it is cal∣led a shewsaye compounded by adding the manner of being, or not beyng.

3 Two things are chiefly to be handled in these compounded shewsayes.

4 The first is to shewe, when they af∣firme and when they denye: the seconde is to shewe, how they agree and how they fo∣low eche vpon other.

Of the affirming or denying of a Shevv∣say compounded by adding the man∣ner of beyng or not beyng.

5 Generally they neuer denie, but when this nayworde (not) is placed afore the preamble.

6 For if it bée not put to at all: or else placed after the preamble, they affirme.

7 For example, it chaunced that Iohn comming from London, was robbed: the naysaye is, it did not chaunce, that Iohn comming from London was robbed.

8 As for this saying, it chaunced that Iohn commyng from London, was not robbed, is a yeasay: and thus in like ma∣ner of the rest.

9 This saying it is vnpossible, for man to flye, is in forme and maner of speaking, a yeasay, and in meaning a naysay.

Hovv Shevvsayes compounded by adding the manner of being or not being follovv one vpon another.

10 Shewsaies compounded by adding the manner of being, or not beyng folow one vpon another, but not in like sort.

It chaun∣ceth to be	hath these fo∣lowing vpon it	1	1 it is possible to be
2 it is not vnpos∣sible to be
3 it is not neces∣sary to be
It chaun∣ceth not to be	2	1 it is possible not to be
2 it is not vnpossi∣ble not to be
3 it is not necessa∣rye not to be
It dothe not chan∣ce to be	3	1 it is not possible to be
2 it is vnpossible to be
3 it is necessarye not to be
It dothe not chan∣ce not to be	4	1 it is not possible not to be
2 it is vnpossible not to be
3 it is necessarye to be

11 For where we afore deuided a shew∣say, * 1.1 reckning some to be 〈◊〉〈◊〉, some necessary, some vnpossible, we had 〈◊〉〈◊〉 how the foreset was coupled or not cou∣pled to the ba•…•…kset vpon the sequele of the matter.

12 But here deuiding a shewsay, into a chaunceable shewsay, a possible shewsaye, an vnpossible shewsay, and into a nessa∣rye shewsay, we doe respect the pr•…•…amble onely for the naming of the shewsay. As for the truth of such sayings, that is to bee considered, as it falleth forth in matter vttered by them.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Side. 87. ver. 1