The touchstone of complexions generallye appliable, expedient and profitable for all such, as be desirous & carefull of their bodylye health : contayning most easie rules & ready tokens, whereby euery one may perfectly try, and throughly know, as well the exacte state, habite, disposition, and constitution, of his owne body outwardly : as also the inclinations, affections, motions, & desires of his mynd inwardly / first written in Latine, by Leuine Lemnie ; and now Englished by Thomas Newton.

¶FOR THE MAINTE∣NAVNCE AND PRESER∣uation of Health (being the best and chie∣fest thing that any man in this life can vvish or desire) it is most requisite to haue a perfect knovvledge of oure ovvne bodyes. (Book 1)

The first Chapter.

CICERO that worthy father of al learninge and elo∣quence,* 1.1 sayth (& in my opinion righte pithilre) that man his healthe is pre∣serued, by know∣ledge of his owne body, and by vsing such things as are thereto eyther beneficiall or hurtfull: finally in continencie of life, ordrlye vsage of bodye,* 1.2 and forbearing of pleasures, which in my iudgement are not so hurtful to the body, as they be pernici∣ous to the minde. It behoueth therefore and it standeth euery man vpon, perfectly and thorow∣ly to know the habite & constitution of his owne bodye, which consisteth in a temperament a mix∣ture of foure qualities, hoate, moyst, cold and dry.

For by this meanes shall he be a great deale bet∣ter able to keepe himselfe in healthe, and to wyth∣stand sicknes or recure diseases whensoeuer they happen.

And sithens naturall health is nothinge els but a right constitution and state of the body and all partes thereof,* 1.3 wherby euery seuerall mēber dischargeth & orderly executeth his proper fūcti∣on, office, duty and action, wythout any maner of let or greeuaunce: and sithence Sicknesse, as an affecte contrary to nature,* 1.4 eyther makinge worse or altogether hindering this action, molestinge & payning nature, cleane contrary to health and na∣turall soūdnesse: I cannot see how any man con∣uenientlye can eyther keepe himselfe in that pre∣sent state of good health wherein hee is, or restore the same being empayred and discrased, vnlesse he haue the knowledge of his owne bodye, & be ripe and skilfull in the temperament thereof.

And albeit the Soule be farre more excellent then the body,* 1.5 and be the better part of mā, for the furniture and garnishing wherof, I would haue the chiefest care and industry bestowed: yet not∣wythstanding, I iudge it right needefull also to haue a diligent eye and respect to the body, leaste (otherwise) it should be a burthen to the Soule, and hinder it from matters of more wayght and worthines. For the body being healthfull, euerye member doth his office and dutie, and is to the minde (at whose commaundement it standeth) o∣beysaunt and seruiceable. To this ende is that

worthy saying of the Poet Iuuenal.

Most chiefly ought our prayers to be made, For healthy minde vvithin a body sound:* 1.6 Aske courage stoute, and liue in honest trade, Feare not at all, of death the lethall vvound: Passe forth thy dayes, vse Natures giftes aright, In pleasaunt sort vvith them thy selfe delight.

Acquaint thy selfe to labour, toyle and drudge: Shrinke not a vvhit, rage not vvith svvellinge ire, Haue not to deale vvith trade of scraping snudge VVho neuer hath ynough to his desire: To quiet life is no mo vvayes but one, If thou vvilt knovv, it vertue is alone.

Which giftes of bodye & minde,* 1.7 whosoeuer is endued wythall, vnto him can no surer and sted∣faster possession happen: & agaīst them preuay∣leth neyther the instabilitie of fortune, neyther cā¦the mutability of worldly ficklenes chalēg either ryght or superiority. For greate wealth,* 1.8 large possessions, sumptuous buildinges, huge reue∣newes, ample patrimonyes, glorious titles, and Honourable Styles in cōparison of these are of none accompte, neyther serue they to anye vse, nor bringe to man any cōtentacion. Consider what the Poet doth here say, and by these, cōsider of all the rest.

Not house nor land, not gold nor fee, The Corps can ease from crased plight, Nor minde from cares:* 1.9 sound must he bee, That gotten goodes vvould vse aright.

Wherefore sithe health of bodye and health of minde are by good righte to be reckened amonge the chiefest goods and of all other the best: reason requyreth, and expedient also is it for all men, in procuring and preseruing y^e same, to bestow their chiefest care and whole diligence: and both for themselues & for so many as depend vpon them, earnestlye to desire these comfortable stayes, and cheerishmentes of life, the better & more commo∣diously to passe the race of this transitory pilgri∣mage wythoute dislykinge or greeuaunce. For if wee will credite Horace:

VVhat better thing can mother vvishe, her tender Babe vntill, Then vvysedome,* 1.10 vttraunce, fauour, fame, vvith health and vvealth at vvill?

He therfore that gladly would runne his race & pleasaūtly passe forth his whole dayes, must haue speciall care to keepe himselfe in perfect healthe: but first and prīcipally in the health of mind, and nexte of body, wythoute whose perfecte state and soundnes, the minde it selfe is not rightly sustey∣ned, vpholden nor comforted. For by the igno∣raunce or not knowinge of our owne selues, and

by negligente loking to the state of our owne bo∣dyes and mindes,* 1.11 we are haled, and (will wee nill wee) throwen into sondrye diseases and innume∣rable affections, and (like a shippe ful fraighte w^t wares in tempestuous & boisterous weather) ca∣ryed and dashed vppon the rockes of perturbati∣on. Whereby it commeth to passe that manye are by death cutte of, euen in theyr lustyest time, which haue no care, no orderly respect, nor choise, in preseruation and maintenaunce of theyr bode∣ly health. To this very ende and effecte, is that holesome admonition of the wyseman: Take heede to thy selfe,* 1.12 least thou die before thy time.

By which sayinge, hee warneth euery one, so to order and dispose his lyfe,* 1.13 that throughe riot and vntemperate dealing, he hasten not his death be∣fore his time, and before he haue in a maner rūne halfe his race.

Now let euery man cōsider with himself, how myserable and how wearysome also it is to haue a bodye neuer in health but altogether martyred w^t sicknes and soares, & (reason beinge mastered, banished and oppressed) to haue the mind defiled and vtterly wyth inward vices polluted. Howe can lyfe (I say) be vnto such a man pleasaunte or sweete, or howe can the minde bee quiet and well stayed? Forsomuch therefore as nothing is bet∣ter then health, let euery man diligently looke to the same, and marke how much he hath swarued and strayed from moderate order and tempera∣ture.

This consideration wyth himselfe shall worke in him much good effecte, and stand him in greate steede, that in case his bodye be lustie and health∣full, hee maye in the same state stil continue and cheerish it wyth helpes and preseruations there∣to conuenient. But if it be fallē into worse plight, and not in so good case of soundnes as before it was, then to seeke wayes and meanes how to re∣cure & bring it againe to his former state of heal∣thines. For as humours are easely chaunged one into another, and suffer mutuall transmuta∣cion throughe moderate exercise, and such conue∣nient meats and nourishmēts, as to natural heat are cherishable: So agayne the ill & distempered state of bodye, throughe holesome diet and or∣der, is made lustier and refourmed into better. And euen as wee see members fractured, burste, wrenched and dislocated, to be brought into theyr right places agayne: so may health (beinge em∣payred) bee restored and reduced into his former integritie. For the mindes and bodyes of men be in a maner as it were yong Sproutes & trees, which being artificially handled, and cunninglye dealt wythall (yea although afore wield and vn∣fruitfull) yet as Virgill sayth.

If they be graft a nevve, and put in other chaunged soyle,* 1.14 From nature vvilde vvhich earst they had, They quight and cleane recoyle, And yeld such fruite as best you lyke, by force of handy toyle.

Contrarywyse, if the husbande be negligent & carelesse, his grounde becommeth barrayne, rug∣ged, ouergrowen wyth wredes and disabled frō bearinge any grayne that is good or profitable. The like reason is to be yelded of the mindes of men.* 1.15 For there be many excellent witts and ve∣ry towardly natures, which by vnthrifty compa∣ny and lewd education, do degenerate from their good inclination of nature, and become altoge∣ther rebellious, wilfull, lewde and barbarous. Some againe, whose nature is proue and incli∣nable to euill, yet by helpe of learninge and good education are reclaymed and wonne from theyr froward disposition & become worthy members, stayes & ornamentes in theyr Country. And therefore no man is to thincke or perswade him∣selfe, that an ill nature may not be altered, sithēce rude wittes, not yet trayned to any discipline and learning, may like soft waxe, or as tractable and moyst claye, be fashioned, framed and made ap∣plyable to learne any knowledge, and vertue, any ciuilitye: and by artificiall instruction bee trayned to conceyue Artes and behauiour both comely and commendable. Thus likewyse in graffinge and planting (which is as wittie a de∣uise & as proper a feate as any) we see wild trees to chaunge their olde nature, and to beare fruite both holsome and toothsome. Amonge wyeld Beastes also, we see how the dilligence, forecast, wit and pollicie of man maketh them tame & ser∣uiceable. An example hereof maye wee see in

Mago, a worthy Duke amonge the Carthaginiās, who (as Plinie sayth)* 1.16 was the first among them that durste wyth his hande stroake and handle a tamed Lion:* 1.17 for which Acte, his Countreyfolks attaynted him, as one, whom they thought not a∣misse to restrayne from liberty and debarre from authority,* 1.18 for y^t his wysedom and wyse dealings seemed so excellent, y^t they iudged him a man able to perswade any thing y^t him listed, who had thus straungely trayned and tamed a wylde Lion.

But that persons of Melancholique nature or of any other constitution whatsoeuer, (so that the distemperature haue not beene of to long cō∣tinuaunce and the party to farre striken in age) may be altered and brought to a better state, there is no mā that needeth to doubt. For who doth not plainly see, that strong and very hoate wyne, wyth cold water, or other milder licour, is & may be alayed? Semblably againe, wyne that is smal, myngled, and of watry relice, yet beinge put to o∣ther licour that is stronger and of a better grape, is quickened, and made both better and sharper. And so humours in a man being eyther of them∣selues euil, or meeting wyth others of other qua∣lity, are through theyr cōmixtion therewith, qua∣lifyed and waxe milder, and leauinge theyr owne naturall qualitie are altered into an other, of straunger nature, effect, and operation. Thus is the heate of Choler, by accesse and myxture of bloude & phlegme, mitigated. Thus is phlegme by admixtion of yelow Choler, heated, and much

••bated from his owne colde and moyste quality, becomming therby lesse hurtful to the body. And in like sort may we conclude of all the rest.

Such nourishments and meates as engender good bloude & iuyce are hereunto very auaylea∣ble, out of which the humours & spyrits (which be the incensours and stirrers forwarde of the minde) obtayne and receyue theyr nature.* 1.19 Now, there is nothinge more effectuall to make good & perfecte digestion and to stirre vp the Spirites, then sleepe, exercise, and wyne, so y^e same be pure, good, and moderatelye vsed, as the other also must bee. For so doth it stirre vp & make syncere, liuely and cleare Spirites, from whence procee∣deth cheerefulnes, ioy, quicknes and myrth of the minde. For the meates & nourishments (which by nature are laboured into humours) being ea∣ten and washed downe wyth good and holsome wyne, haue freer passage into all the parts of the body, and distribute theyr nourishment into them more effectually. There is nothing therefore y^t so much banisheth phāsyes & sorrow out of a mans minde,* 1.20 as pleasaunt merye companye, and mode∣rate vse of wyne. And of this,* 1.21 did that precise and sterne natured Zeno, giue a notable example: whose minde was so muche estraunged from all pleasaunte conceites & ordinarye curtesies of cō∣mon humanitye, that hee was neuer at all moued wyth any affections, no not such as be naturallye incidente and engraffed in euery man. And yet when he was a litle whittled wyth wyne, he be∣gan

to chaunge his copye, and to be as mery and as bone a companion as who was best. And be∣inge on a time asked by one of his merye mates, how it happened, that he being otherwyse so wō∣derfully seuere and crabbed, yet at the wyne was so pleasaunt and conceiptuous: hee merelye aun∣swered, that he was like to a kinde of Pulse cal∣led Lupines.* 1.22 Which kinde of Pulse, although they be naturally bitter, and by their bitternes, of force to kill wormes, yet the same being steeped & soaked in water, renounce and leaue all bitternes and become both sweete & pleasaunt. And this is naturally giuen to all men, that when the body is refreshed wyth meate and drinck, al bitternes, sorrow and heauines is expelled, and banished. For the Spirites by moderate drinking of wyne are styrred vppe, and the mind of man, (which in them that be fasting and hungry is faynt, weake and like vnto fier raked ouer wyth ashes, almost quenched)* 1.23 is reuyued. And this is the cause, why a dead body is heauier thē a lyuing, because all his Spirites are vanished and departed out of him: and so likewyse is a fasting persō heauier then one that hath filled his belly: and one y^t sle∣peth waightier then one y^t watcheth. And ther∣fore my fashion is to aduise and counsell, Melā∣cholique folkes and sullen natured personnes, to vse banquetting and good cheere amonge honest and mery cōpany. For thus, after Plato, wryteth the Poet.

Euen olde Dan Catoes stomacke oft,* 1.24 By vvyne vvas made to come aloft.

Which man (although churlish, sterne & frow∣ning) yet did wyne so much driue away his natu∣rall seueritye and grimme countenaunce, that a∣monge the other guestes, he became a pleasaunte companion, and of manners very gentle and fa∣miliar. For this worthy Gentleman, (although otherwise he was a very precise comptroller, and of Stoicall grauity) perceyued wel ynough, that mās nature required som relaxatiōs & delights, and y^t it may not lōg cōtinue, wythout som myrth & pleasaunt recreation. Let therefore euery man take surueigh of himself, and serch out, what his nature most desitreth, in what state his body stā∣deth, what thinge it is that he feeleth himselfe to be holpen, and what to be offended wythall. And if he finde the plighte and state of his bodye to be in equability and perfect temperatenes, it shalbe good to cheerishe and preserue it wyth his like: but if it shrinck from his sayd temperate habite, and decline to an intēperatenes, then had it neede to be holpen and recured wyth his contraryes.

Thus if a man throughe aboundance of hu∣mours,* 1.25 and stoare of bloude and Spirites, feele himselfe prone to carnalitie and fleshlye luste, let him by altering his order & diet, enioyne to him∣selfe a more strict ordinary, & frame his dealings to a more stayed moderation. But if hee feele

himselfe to bee of nature somewhat sulleyne and sterne, & giuē somwhat to be wayward, whyning, testye, churlishe, and intractable then reason wyl∣leth, suche a one to bee reclaymed to an order and trade of life, gentler and pleasaunter, insomuch it shall not be ill for such a one to frequent daūcing,* 1.26 singing, womens flatteryes, alluremēts and em∣bracings: prouided alwayes, that all the same be not otherwyse done nor ment, but in honestye and comelines, wythin a reasonable measure, & also within the bounds of lawfull wedlock. For the state of Matrimony (as Columella aduoucheth out of Xenophōs booke of Household)* 1.27 is in such sorte appoynted by nature, that in it is conteyned not onely the pleasaūtest, but also the profitablest societye of life. And least mankinde in processe of tyme,* 1.28 should come to an vtter ruine and decay, it pleased God by this lawfull meanes to ioyne man and woman together, that of theyr insepera∣ble combinacion, the state of man should & might by mutual helpe one of an other, be eased and cō∣forted: and that (beside the loue and desire that they haue to bring furth children)* 1.29 they mighte be tyed and bound together equally and indifferent∣lye to participate all fortune whatsoeuer shoulde betyde.

But for so much as approued and skilfull mē that haue written bookes for the mayntenaunce of mens health generally, doe specially set downe these three principall thinges:

To eate moderately, and leaue somevvhat vvith an appetite:* 1.30 To vse conuenient exercise: And to liue continently vvithout vvastinge seede of generation.

I take it to be the best waye, to reduce the whole substaunce of the matter & mayntenaūce of health to this prescribed rule and direction. For seing that measurable repaste and feeding (all surphet and glotony being banished) maketh a sound bo∣dy: seing (I say,) exercise by shaking of all drow tsinesse and slouth, maketh the bodye stronge and liuely: then no more, but harkē what a short lessō Virgill giueth for the other.

No better vvaye the strength of minde, And povvers thereof still to maintaine:* 1.31 Then Venus play and Loue so blinde, To shunne and vvarely to refrayne.

¶Of the nature and differences of Spirits, what they worke in mans body, and what affections they cause. The second Chapter.

FOrasmuche as the Spirite is the originall maintener and conueigher of naturall heate,

whereunto moysture necessarilye adhereth: & that the Soule (by the mynisterye and ayde thereof) perfourmeth her powers and faculties, and at∣chieueth all her actions: it is requisite here next to discourse vpon it, and vppon all the differen∣ces thereof. For seinge there be three especiall thinges,* 1.32 in whose temperature and moderation, the health of mans body doth prīcipally cōsist, vz. vitall moysture, naturall heate, & Spirite, which combineth all thinges, and imparteth his force, vertue & nature, vnto them: our present purpose being considered, we cannot by order choose, but of necessity must presētly somwhat speake therof. Vitall moysture is the nourishmente and matter of naturall heate,* 1.33 whereupon it woorketh, and by the benefite therof is maintayned and preserued. With this Humour or vitall moysture, is natu∣rall heate fed and cheerished, and from the same receyueth continuall mayntenaunce,* 1.34 and from it participateth vitall power, whereby all Creatu∣res do liue, are nourished, encreased, preserued & procreated. Spirite is the seate and caryer of Heate,* 1.35 by whose helpe and mynisterye, it is con∣ueyed and sente by the conduites and passages of the Arteryes, to euery seuerall part of the bodye. Wherefore worthyly is this Spirite thought to be the chiefe and principal Instrument, that pro∣cureth and executeth euery action.

These three do vnseperably cleaue together, & mutuallye helpe one an other, and cannot be sun∣dered, wythout present death of the party, and for

this cause, do wee thus in one definition expresse, conclude and comprehend, theyr force and nature wythin one definition. Naturall heat is nothīg els, but an originall humour, wyth vitall spirite and heate totally moystened. But forasmuch as Spirite conteyneth vitall heate, and is of all the faculties, ruler and directer, spredeth it self most swiftly throughoute the whole body, caryeth and extendeth his powers into euery part thereof v∣niuersally, & besyde this, doth manifestly chaūge and alter the state both of body and minde: there∣fore as the rest require great labour and diligēce vpon them to be bestowed, so specially vpon this is y^e chiefest care to be takē, to restore, mayntein, and cheerish it. For if it be sincere and pure, not mingled wyth anye straunge or forrayne quality, it causeth tranquillity of minde, frameth maners in good order & fashiō, and finally qualifyeth and calmeth all affections.

The minde of man to honestie it frames, And vvith the loue of vertuous life enflames.* 1.36

But if it be any whitte infected, or wyth anye vyce soyled, then is the quietnes of the minde di∣sturbed and stirred to manye inconuenient enor∣mities. For, as great blustering wynds vppon the Sea and Lande, cause greeuous, terrible and raginge tempestes, and much other harme to en∣sue: So likewyse, if the Spirites be disquieted & oute of frame, they ingender and procure diuers

sortes of affections in the minde, & carye the same (mauger all reason) like a shippe wythout guide and Rother, vppon the rockes of sondry inconue∣niences. Now the thinges wherewyth our in∣warde Spirites are moste dulled,* 1.37 quenched, and damnifyed, are these: fulsome Ayre, ouermuich carnal copulation, vnseasonable watching, exces∣siue heate, chafing and labour, longe fasting, hea∣uines of the minde and sadnesse: Accordinge to that saying of the wyse man: A mery hart ma∣keth a lustie age,* 1.38 but a sorovvfull Spirit dryeth vp the bones. Heauinesse bringeth olde age before the times, and carefulnes vveareth avvaye a mans dayes.* 1.39

But quiet and seasonable sleepe, good, pure & wel relished wyne,* 1.40 meery company, moderate ex∣ercise, sweete sinelles and fragraunt sauours, re∣freshe the Spirits, quicken and reuiue them, yea being dulled and greatly impayred. Which is e∣uident to be seene in such as falling into traūces and lying (for a time) as dead, yet by the smell of sweete sauours are broughte againe and recoue∣red into theyr former state.

For seinge that the Spirite is a certayne va∣pour, effluence or expyratiō, proceding out of the humours,* 1.41 it standeth vs vppon, to vse the moste exquiste diet that may be, to thend that the mea∣tes and nourishmēts being laboured into good & holesome iuyce, may make the Spirits, pure, syn∣cere and perfect. And thus, sweete ayre, pleasaūt sentes, deuoyd of grosse and fustie vapours, stry∣kinge

vp into the brayne, do marueylously com∣fort and clarifye the instruments of the Senses, and enable them to do & perfourme al theyr pro∣per actions.

And although y^e Heart in a mā, be as the Wel spring or fountaine,* 1.42 from whom the Spirits are deriued, because the Arteryes come from it, euen as synewes from the Brayne, and veynes from the Lyuer: yet notwithstanding, accordinge to y^e diuersitye and nature of the place, they are called by other names, and haue other powers appro∣priate vnto them. Of these and al other faculties reigning in man, the principall and oryginall be∣ginning is at the very principles and beginninge of generation, to witte, generatiue seede and fe∣mynine bloude: which be afterwarde conserued and maynteyned by nourishmentes, euen as the flame is wyth oyle: and out of these the Spirits proceede.

For y^e better vnderstāding of all which things, I will particularly set downe the procreation of the Spirits, wyth theyr nature, power, differēce and effectes: beginninge first at the powers and faculties natural. For by theyr office is it brou∣ght to passe, that the meate we eate is concocted & turned into the nourishmēt of the body. Also ther be foure vertues, whereby all lyuing Creatures wyth meate receyued, are nourisshed & encreased: The first attractiue, the secōd retentiue,* 1.43 the third digestiue, and the fourth expulsiue. To wich vertues or powers, appendant and belon∣ging

to all the parts of the body, the first & chiefe originall of the Spirites oughte to be referred. For first, assoone as the meate is mynced & cha∣wed wyth the teeth,* 1.44 it descēdeth into the stomack, beinge thither attracted, then digested, and made substantiall and turned to the proper nourishmēt and encrease of the member. And such part or porcion thereof, as serueth not to this vse, it re∣fuseth and reiecteth. Here therefore the Spirite hath his first beginning. And if nature be good & stronge in this office of digestion, it happeneth thereby that the Spirites be made pure, cleare, and syncere:* 1.45 but if concoction bee hindred, or a∣ny other distemperatnes happen, thē is the meate altered and chaunged into vaporous belchinge, stinking fumes, and fulsome breathing, which as∣cending vp out of the stomack, disturbe and hurt the brayne and minde, insomuche y^• such persons are easely & quicklye prouoked to brawlinge, chi∣ding, strife and dissention. For when the Hu∣mours be not sufficiently and ynough concoted and attenuate, vnpure Spirites proceede out of them, enforcing a manifest alteration of the state, aswell of the body as of the minde.* 1.46 And therefore in anye wyse, cruditie is to be auoyded, because it maketh ill humours & troubled Spirits, aswell of meates of good iuyce, as of those y^• are bad: albeit the diseases engendred by want of concoc∣tion of meates hurtfull, bee worse and of more daunger. For they cause loathsome smelles and fulsome belchings, and make the body to breake

oute illfauourably in euerye place wyth scabbes, botches, blaynes, and mangmesse.

For when there is aboundance of humours in the body,* 1.47 it cānot be chosē but Agues must nedes bee engendred of that continuall obstruction and putrefaction: and stoare of diseases muste needes spring oute thereof, vnlesse those excrementes by continual labour and conuenient exercise be pur∣ged, and the humours reduced into good bloud. For then a sweete pleasaūt sente proceding ther∣out, comforteth the head and tempereth and con∣nenientlye moysteneth the brayne. Otherwyse, if concoction be troubled, there do strike vp into the head, grosse & fumie vapours, such as by exā∣ple we see greene woode to make, that is smered and couered ouer wyth pitch and talowe. And hereupon it happeneth that the minde sometime conceyueth straunge and absurde imaginations, yea sometimes falleth into dotage, rauing, mad∣nesse, phrensie, melancholy, furie or some other di∣stemperaunce.

But if the Stomacke do his parte and office throughly, if concoction be not altogether hinde∣red, and that the passages aboute the Lyuer, and the other partes of the body, do giue free passge to y^e humours, then y^e vaspours ascēding vp into the head, are nothing so hurtfull, neyther do they greatlye disturbe and trouble the inward minde: and yet is not a man altogether cleare and free from affections: but they be such (I saye) as hee hath in his owne power, easely to qualifye, stay,

and inhibite. Naturall Spirite therefore be∣inge made of the purest alimente in the Lyuer, is the beginninge of the residue. For by it is the vitall spirite and the animall also nourished, in∣somuch that the power or facultie animall, vseth the spirit natural as an instrument to these great affections and motions, whereunto (retec∣ting and litle regarding right reason) we are ma∣ny times prouoked. For euen as in a ciuill tu∣multe and sedicious vprore among the common people, y^e Magistrate hath much ado to appease and mollifye the wilfull peoples rage and headi∣nesse: so likewise reason is not able easely to sub∣due the lewd affections, and vnbrydled motions, that grow by immoderate gurmandyze, surphet, and dronkennesse.* 1.48 For who is hee, that be∣ing throughly whittled in drinck, doth not beast∣ly rushe into venerous luste, and filthy desires? For when the body is bumbasted wyth drincke, and bellycheere, the priuities and secrete partes do swel, and haue a marueylous desire to carnal coiture.

Hereof it commeth, that suche persons are de∣lighted wyth vnchaste Rhythmes, and songes of rybaldry, odious to honest eares, and pernicious to the mind, vndecent hopping and dauncing, vn∣seemely clipping and kissing, and much other fil∣thy behauiour. By this meanes that mynsing mynion, throughe her fyne and lasciuious daun∣fynge,* 1.49 caused the heade of holy Iohn Baptiste the forerunner of Christe, to be chopped of: for the

kingee mynde was so enchaunted wyth her fil∣thy and pernicious loue, that (cleane abādoning all reason and right iudgemente) he graunted to her the head of him, whose holsome admonitions and counsell hee was wonte before pacientlye to heare and well to like of. Which Euangelical example is a warning to all Noble men, and as many as haue the gouernmente of common wea∣les, that they cruelly rage not agaynste the inno∣cente neyther tormente and put to death, such as painefully and syncerely preach the truth, but ra∣ther by all meanes to wythstande and roote oute such as be fauourers of factions,* 1.50 & enter into any practises contrary to righte and conscience, onely to disturbe the publique tranquillity, and to pre∣iudice theyr Country.

The workemanship and frame of mans bo∣dy consisteth of manye partes, and therein as in the state of a Common wealth be conteyned ma∣ny orders and sondry offices.* 1.51 In the Common wealth there be the poore Comminaltie, lowest in degree, in which nōber are reckned drudges, Porters, Saylers, Coblers, Tinkers, Carters, Tipplers, handy Artyficers, filthy Bauds, But∣chers, Cookes, Botchers and such lyke: next in degree to them are Marchants and Trafiquers, amonge whom, some by crafte and subtiltie, en∣ueigle and deceyue others of meaner calling and ability: albeit, there be also of them, which prac∣tise theyr trade honestly and commendablye, not by collusion and fraudulēt dealing, but by godly

and necessary meanes. After them, are the high Magistrates and Peeres of the Realme, who by due admynistration of the Lawes and politicall ordinaunces, keepe the rude multitude in due or∣der of obedience, and see publique peace and trā∣quillity maynteyned. Last of all, are they whose office beinge of higher authority, do instructe and trayne vp the residue in the true knowledge of Christian religion: and to plant in them an vn∣doubted fayth, of theyr saluation at God the Fa∣thers hande, throughe his sonne Christe. The like order, comelynesse and agreemente is in the body of man, wherein euery part doth properly & orderly execute his peculiar office. And here∣uppon S. Paule by example of the harmonye and agreement of mans body,* 1.52 and all the parts ther∣of, taketh occasion to perswade and exhort euery man to do his office and duty,* 1.53 and carefullye to labour in his vocation. For all the members of the body be so lyncked and knitte together, and such participacion and cōsent is betweene them, that if one of the smallest toyntes, or the little toe be hurt or payned, the whole body is distempered and oute of quiet. And thus (as Chrysostome sayth). if the foote or one of the fingers endes bee pricked wyth a thorne or other sharpe thing, al y^e other mēbers are ioyntly greeued aswel as they, in so much that the head, which is the honoura∣blest parte of all other, stoupeth to beholde it, the eyes looke downe, the hands offer theyr diligent seruice to pull out the pricke, and to binde vp the

wounde. So lykewyse there is no part of the body, which in such case desyreth not to help his afflicted fellow member.

Aptly therefore and very properly (as Liuius witnesseth) did Menenius the Oratour for exam∣ple,* 1.54 vse this persuasion, at what time the commō people in a ciuill broyle, rebelliously disobeyed & stubbernelye maligned the Senatours and No∣bility: likening this theyr iarring and discorde, to the sedicious contencion and falling out of the members of mans body amonge themselues.

By which witty deuysed fable, he perswaded thē to forsake theyr mad enterpryses, and to returne euery man in peace home to his owne house. For as in the bodye, so lykewyse in a common wealth, mutuall sedition and ciuill variaunce, tendeth to the spoyle and ouerthrowe of the whole: but con∣trarywyse, Concorde keepeth and vpholdeth all things, & preserueth aswel the Common wealth, as the body of man in perfecte staye and order. Howe frendlye they all do agree together, and how of so many partes, euery member doth per∣fourme his office and duty, euery man in himself by experience seeth.* 1.55 For there is no part nor mē∣ber thereof (be it neuer so small) but it caryeth w^t it not onely a comly shape and proporcion, but al∣so otherwyse serueth for some necessary vse and purpose, of the whole body and euery part there∣of.

And first to begin from the lowest to the high∣est. The Foundement, Entrailes, Stomacke &

procure the sustenaunce and healthe to the chiefe members, by whose helpe & mynisterie, the meate being throughly digested, is proportionably di∣stributed by the veynes, vnto euery seuerall part of the whole body. But if the Entrayles (ap∣pointed for the concoction of nourishmente) bee weake and feeble, or if any other impedimente or fault be in them, whereby the meate concocted cā∣not haue due recourse and passage to nourish the body, thē doth al go to wrack, and turne into cor∣ruption, mynistringe matter and occasion to A∣gues, and all other kinde of diseases.* 1.56 Which by certayne tokens maye partly bee knowen and felt aforehand, that a man in such case commonly loatheth his meate, hath a puling stomacke, and is enclyned to gaping, vomite, stretching, & stiffe∣nes in his body.

And because the Spirits exhaled by humours, do participate w^t other qualityes, & therby distē∣per the brayne, it commonly happeneth that such persons become thereby wayward, testye, and ve∣rye easely caryed into sondrye other affections of the mynde. For natural Spirite being caused in the Lyuer, cannot be made pure, neyther atte∣nuated into ayrie substaūce, vnlesse that viscous∣nesse be clearely purged & free from all affection. But vitall spirite hath his originall procreation and beginninge of the naturall,* 1.57 which is spread and diffused from the hearte by Arteryes into all the bodye, & frameth in mā diuers maners, accor∣dinge to that grossenes or subtilitie which it re∣ceyueth

partly of the nourishmente, and partly of the condition of the Ayre, and state of the Regiō. So, they that dwell Northward and in cold re∣gions,* 1.58 by reason of grosse bloud and thicke Spy∣rites, are seene to be bolde and full of venturous courage, rude, vnmanerlye, terrible, cruell, fierce, and such as wyth very threatening countenaunce and manacinge wordes, make others to stande in feare of them. As concerning any daungerous exploite, they are not a whitte afrayde to hazarde theyr bodyes in the aduenture of anye perillous extremitie. Which courage and disposition of nature, is not to be founde amonge the people of Asia: for they be but mere meycockes, and persōs very effeminate, shrynkinge at the least mishappe that happeneth, and wyth the smallest griefe and feare that can bee, theyr hartes fayle theim, & they as white as a kerchiefe. Which difference of minde & stomacke, Lucane in the hurlyburlies of the ciuill warres, in these Verses expressed and vttered.

Such as in th'East and scorching Clymes are bredde: by course of kind,* 1.59 And Countryes influence, meycockes soft By daily proofe vve finde. The North, that colde and frostie it, Such vveaklings none both breede: The folkes there borne novvarres can daunt: of death they haue no dread. In this their errour happie they.,

vvhom greatest feare of all, (Of death I meane) cannot affray, nor courage once appall. They recke not they, vvhat brunts they beare, they feare not enmyes blade, These laddes dare venture life and lymme, in manly Martiall trade.

For whatsoeuer they be that haue thick grosse bloude,* 1.60 haue consequently corpulent and stronge spirites, and herevppon it groweth that they wil beare a grudge in memorye a longe time, and not easelye forgette those motions and heddines that they once take: & hereuppon also it happeneth y^t many of them being woūded or hurt in fight, vp∣pon the sight of their owne bloude, do runne vpō their enemy more fiercely and egrely, and bestow theyr blowes more vehemently, then afore.

But they that haue thinne bloude, haue also slender spirits,* 1.61 and suche as soone passe awaye. Such are soone angry & at the first very raging, but by and by theyr anger is asswaged and coo∣led, and assone as they haue a wound or see theyr owne bloude, they are readye to faynte and fall downe.

But to know how to qualifye, brydle, and sub∣due those greate affections and motions of the minde, that are engendred by greate heate of the spirites: I iudge it not amisse for euery man, to search oute, by what kinde of Spirit he is most

ledde, to what motions in dealinges hee fin∣deth himselfe most endaungexed, how feruente or how remisse the agitacions of his minde be. For by this meanes, may those thinges that con∣sist without mediocritie, be reduced and brought to temperatenes and moderation. Nowe, this diuersitie of Spyrites, oute of whiche springeth such and so great diuersities of natures and ma∣ners, conceyue and take sondry alterations at the humours. Thus the Soule (although it be sin∣guler, & as Cicero tearmeth it, vnigena, yet brin∣geth forth sondry and manifolde actions, accor∣ding to the nature of the Spirites,* 1.62 and differen∣ces of the instrumentes. Hence commeth such and so great variety & diuersity in the thoughts, desyers, affections, actions and perturbatiōs in mens minds, insomuch that reason and discreti∣tion wythoute a speciall assistaunce of heauenlye grace, can scarcely tame and represse the same.

For when the naturall and vitall facultie, toge∣ther wyth the naturall and inwarde Spirites waxe somewhat stronge,* 1.63 and partlye by aboun∣daunce, partly by the qualitye of meate and nou∣rishment, haue attayned strength and power: they reiect and cast away the brydle of reason, & draw the spirit animal also (for they be al deryued out of one fountayne) into their faction & disordered rebellion. Wherby it happeneth, that when any lewde deuyse or wilfull thoughte aryseth in the minde of man, he is prone ynoughe to runne into dissolute riot, libidinous lust, filthy and shameful

pleasures: & if he fortune to espy any pretie wēch or beautifull damsell,* 1.64 that liketh his phantasie, his minde is strayght wayes enflamed and set on fire wyth vnlawfull desyre of her person, for the satisfying of his vnbridled concupiscence: and by reason of the stoare of humours and cōcourse of Spyrites resorting thither frō euery part of his body, his priuities vndecētly swel, & his mēber of generatiō becometh stiffe, so y^t many times it hap∣peneth, mans mind to be ouercome & drowned in fleshly concupiscence, vnlesse by the speciall grace of Almighty God, and by meditating vppon the holsome preceptes expressed in his sacred Word, hee stoutlye wythstande the Sommons of suche naughtye desyres. This promptnes and in∣clination to euill, is naturally ingraffed in man. The imaginations and thoughtes of mans heart,* 1.65 (sayth Moses) are onelye euill and prone to vvickednes, euen from their youth and first be∣ginninges. But the blessed and most comforta∣ble comming of CHRISTE toke away this blemish, who by his precious death and glorious resurrection, abolished the calamitie, and cancel∣led the bondes of that myserye, whereto Adams transgression had brought vs.

The consideration wherof ought in y^s mindes of all men to worke thus much, that because their spirites are prouokers and prickers forwarde both to vices & vertues, euerye one shoulde wyth more carefull consideracion and heede, attende & loke to conserue and gouerne them orderly.

And althoughe the Animall Spirite be more excellent thē the other,* 1.66 and before the rest in dig∣nity, yet in order is it the later. For out of the na∣turall, which resembleth vapour, and proceedeth by vertue of the Lyuer, from bloud, it produceth the vitall, whiche is of Aerye nature, and myni∣streth vnto it nourishment. And the vitall doth procreate the Animall, which by reason of his thinnesse and subtility is ayrie. For it being la∣boured, prepared and made in the contexed net, celles and cornerie ventricles of the brayne, is greatly wyth sweete smelles nourished, and with fragrant things refreshed and cherished. From it is fetched and deryued al the power and facul∣tye which the soule hath, and from it do al actiōs issue and proceede, making the same appliable to all functions. Well worthy therefore is this animall spirite deemed the proper instrument of the soule to all the sences, for mayntenaunce of mouinge and nimblenes, and for preseruation of the strength, and firmitie of the Muscles & Sy∣newes: for it transporteth and diffuseth his ver∣tues and powers (as the workemaisters of acti∣ons) into the Synewes that haue the power of feeling and mouing.

All the instruments therfore of the Senses, indued wyth this power and vertue of the Spi∣rite Animall, attayne thereby stablenes, for the atchieuement of their functions and charges: as for example, If the wayes and passages whereby this spirite oughte to goe and haue passage, bee

stopped & affected, the power of mouing and fee∣ling is taken away, as we euidently note and see to happen in the Apoplexie, Palsey, Tetanus, and many diseases moe. And this spirite Animall is conueighed into the Synewes, euen like the beames of the Sunne through a cleare shyninge glasse. And euen as a fiery heate pearceth and en∣treth into a glowyng hoate yron, y^t is very hard, insomuche that the some therewyth becommeth softe and tractable: so dothe the Spirite that is finest and thuinest, slylte slyde into the Synewes. All thinges therefore that neede feelinge, mouing and agilitie, requyre the force, ayde and power of the spyrite Animall: As those that by nourish∣ment are to be maynteyned, continued, and kepte, requyre the naturall and vitall faculties and spi∣rites. Hee therefore that woulde preserue his spirites vndemnifyed, and them make moste syn∣cere and perfecte, must endeuour at any hande to keepe his body in right good plight and order.

For as Galene witnesseth: The keepinge of a good temperamente and order,* 1.67 is a singuler ayde and helpe to conserue the naturall faculties, and to cheerishe the spirites. And as vnkindly bla∣stes and vncouth whyrlewyndes, do sondrywyse affect our bodyes, and not of men onely, but also of Beastes, Corne and Plants, eyther throughe their tomuch moystnes or tomuch drynesse, or fi∣nally by their nipping cold or parching heate: E∣uen so the Spirites within vs, eyther throughe their aboundaunce or qualitie, engender & bringe

forth sondry affectes in vs, and manifestly alter y^• state aswel of body as of mind. For where the Spirites be grosse, thicke and cold, it happeneth the minde to be ouerclowded & (as the dymmed Sunne) not to shyne brighte out. And this is the reason, that persons in this sort affected haue duller wittes, and blunter capacities. For proofe wherof, we are to see and consider, such as are borne and bred neere to the Pole Articke & ycie Sea, who (for the most part are very huge & stronge bodyed, but for witte and learning, mere doltes & Asseheads: albeit this Nacion through the greate care & singuler wysedome of the moste noble Prince Erick kinge of Svveden,* 1.68 is nowe trayned to more ciuill order, & haue their mindes wyth goodlye qualityes right vertuously adour∣ned.

But such as haue their Spirits moderatelye cold, are persons constant, sted fast,* 1.69 and faythfull to deale w^tal, and euery thing which they atēpte, is aduisedlye and earnestly done, so that lightlye they wil not start from their once conceyued opi∣nion: but by reason of their coldnes & fayntnes of heate (excepte industrious education cause the contrary) commonly they be not very quick wit∣ted nor of very precise iudgemēt, neither yet cra∣ftye and deceitfull, nor such as by suttle driftes & wylinesse, seeke to supplāte and vndermyne their ennemie.

But they that haue moyst spirites (so that the* 1.70 same be moderate) eyther by the nature of the re∣gion

or quality of the ayre, where they dwell, are quicke and readye conceyuers of anye thinge, but not long retayninge the same in memorie, but for∣getting as quicklye, as they conceyue speedelye. Euen like to very moyst and softe waxe, that wil not easely take anye printe or forme.* 1.71 And there∣fore they bee oblyuious, sleepie, vnapte to learne Artes and oecupations, dull witted and grosse headed: and as they haue bodyes burlye, bigge & moyste, so is their memorie ill and forgetfull, which iudgement is also to be giuen of those bo∣dyes which bee constituted in a vehemente dry∣nesse.

And hereuppon it commeth, that olde men by meanes of their drynesse ioyned with coldnes,* 1.72 are obliuious, & so are Childrē likewyse, by reasō of theyr tomuche moystnes. And these qualities make men also fearefull, timorous and fainthar∣ted, in repulsinge and sufferinge mishappes and aduersitie, which is a thing peculiar to women∣kinde.

Notwithstanding, education, institution and discipline,* 1.73 altereth the vsuall nature, and ordi∣nary conditions of euery Region: for we see the common sorte and multitude, in behauiour and maners grosse and vnnurtured whereas the No∣bles and Gentlemen (altering theyr order & diet, and digressing from the common fashion of their pezantly countreymē) frame themselues & theirs, to a verye commendable order, and ciuill beha∣uiour.

But if this moystnes bee w^t measurable heate somwhat warmed, as it is in them which dwel in playne and open Countryes,* 1.74 where fewe Trees grow, as in Zeland, where cōmonly in wynter y^e people be greeuously nipped w^t cold, & in Sōmer scorched w^t parching heate, those countreymē (I say) as they haue bodies big, strōg, toyling, pain∣ful & laborious, burly limms, boisterous mēbers & rough skīnes: so likewise haue they mīds stub∣borne, churlish, testie, vncurieous, clubbish, & vn∣manerly: Notw^tstanding they be of iudgemente sharpe & of industrious forecast: for tradê of mar¦chan̄dise very ready and skilful,* 1.75 and in their dea∣lings right warie and cyrcumspecte. The rest of the Low Coūtryefolks, being better stored w^t Trees ouershadinge and defendinge them from wynds, and which dwell in soyles of holesomer ayre, wherin is lacke neither of pleasaūt running ryuers, or delightfull Springes of freshe water, to fructifye the same, are of mylder nature, & not so blunte as the others, but of them some be wyser and fitter to atchieue any waighty matter then other some be.* 1.76 So, the Flemynges for py∣thynesse in their speach and subtility of inuention are very excellent.

Brabanders setting asyde all sternenes and se∣uerity,* 1.77 wyth their decēt meery natures and frēd∣ly curtesye, winne the hartye good willes of men: yea wyth a certayne pleasaunte grace, facility of speach, and allurementes of woordes, they ordi∣narily enterlard their grauity.

But if the breast and brayne bee endued wyth* 1.78 a Spirite perfused wyth temperate moysture and heate, such as be of that speciall consti∣tution, are in their dealinges, watchfull, sharpe, industrious, in forecast, quicknes of wit, industry of nature, excellencie of learninge, notable vtte∣raunce, and flowinge eloqu••nce, surpassing other men.* 1.79 Finally such personnes wil beare in me∣morie a long time things past, and will not light∣ly suffer any grudge to grow out of remēbraūce. And if any wronge bee done vnto them, they will reuyue the memory therof after many yeares: yea so destrous bee they of reuenge, that they will not forgette a priuate grudge or offence euen amonge themselues. Which affection I do ascribe vn∣to heate, which doth so exceedinglye exulcerate & distemper their mynds wyth indignacion, that, humour and moystnes, is not able to alay, quēch and qualefye it. So vnstayedlye for the more parte be the myndes of this people caryed with wilful motions, somewhyle inwardly and closely keepyng within theyr owne brestes theyr concey∣ued deuises, and somewhyle openly to the world, bursting out in hoate termes of outrage.

VVith choler hoare, and raging fittes their brestes so boyle and svvell:* 1.80 That pipkins full of purging drouges, can neither quench ne quell.

Neere approching to them in quality (but yet

somewhat differing) are Englishmen:* 1.81 who being of heate more weake and lesse boylinge, (as the which is well enter medled, ouercome and quale∣fyed by moystnes) are of stature comely and pro∣portionable, & of body lustie and well complexio∣ned, But to the studies of humanity, not so great∣ly giuen, and in exquistie Artes not so well fur∣nished. But if they hold on their course as they beginne, I meane, to apply theyr mindes to wor∣thy and excellent matters, theyr dexterity for the attaynment of any notable atchieuaunce surpas∣seth, and theyr forwardnes to anye Artes or my∣steries, is foūd to be right apt & inclynable. And because they haue somwhat thick spyrits,* 1.82 slēder∣ly perfused wyth heate, they wil stomacke a mat∣ter vehemently, and a long time lodge an inward grudge in their heartes, whereby it happeneth y^t when theyr rage is vp, they will not easily be pa∣cifyed, neither cā theyr high and hauty stomackes lightly be conquered, otherwyse then by submissi∣on, & yelding to theyr minde and appetite.

But if the spyrite through heate of the hearte and quality of the ayre or region,* 1.83 be very hoate, it likewyse bringeth forth and causeth hoate and quicke motions, yet such as by reason of their te∣nuitie and thinnesse by litle & litle wil be cooled. And this is the cause, that some of them when their bloud is vp, will rashlye and vnaduisedlye attempte any thinge, and not eare for any perills so they may bring to passe, what their desire is to compasse. Also when they conceiue in minde the

doing of any thing, as they be at the beginninge, marueylous wilful & tooto heady with mighte & main to set forward their purpose, hardly admit¦ting anye counsel to the contrary: so againe, their minds many times be wauering, vnstedfast and vnquiet, except their inclinacions by the reyne of reason be the better bridled.

Their fickle and vnstedie heades, novv this novv that deuise: They flote in fancie to and fro,* 1.84 and vvrangle sondry vvise.

Which thinge is commonly incident to angry persons, and such as be desyrous of reuenge, and to suche also as haue somewhere fixed their loue inordinately, whose minds flootinge and ballan∣cinge vp and downe with varietie of phantasies, are easely and quickly caryed hither and thyther, by affection, neyther stedfast nor aduysedly resol∣uing vppon any certaine resolution. But this Countrye borne people,* 1.85 if they earnestly frame themselues to the attaynemente of anye Artes (though the same be neuer so hard and curious) yet do they profite in the same wonderfully, & ca∣ry away great commendation.

Such as haue thinne spirites temperatelye hoate, haue sharpe and ready wittes, and prompt and flowing vtteraunce:* 1.86 vppon whom also these gifts of nature are bestowed, that for deuyse and inuention they be very sharpe and ingenious: for

braue settinge oute and beautifyinge of a matter,* 1.87 plentyfull and copious: and suche as for the ex∣playning of their meaninges and purposes haue talke and tongue at will. And as touching the inward inclination of their mindes and maners, they be liuely felowes, lusty, dapper, nimble, lac∣kinge no grace of pleasaunte gesture. Manye of them which lacke good bringing vp and haue not beene trayned in learning and ciuilitie, are of dis∣position, wauering, vnconstant, captious, deceit∣full, falseharted, destrous of alterations and tu∣multes, babblatiue, and full of muche vaine tat∣tling: in consultacion and counsell so suttle and craftie, that whatsoeuer they once conceyue in mynde or purpose to do, without delay that do they iudge best, forthwith to be enterprysed, & out of hande to be atchieued: and whereunto so euer they addict their mindes, therin proue they right excellente.

Seing therefore, the diuersitie of spirits, and the differences of wittes and maners proceedeth of the condition and nature of the Place, Ayre, Countrey and nourishmente, let euery man fore∣see in himself, which way he may best prouide for the maintenaunce of his health, and to shunne all such thinges as may in any wise harme, annoye, crushel, or empaire either his health or Spirits.

It is therefore most expediente to obserue the best order of diet and life that conueniently maye be folowed,* 1.88 and to liue in the holesommest ayre. For these be the things that restore health when

it is decayed or empaired, and which make the Spirites most pure and syncere. For if the bo∣dye do abounde and be full of ill humours, if the Spirites bee vnpure, and the brayne stuffed full of thicke fumes proceedinge of humours, the bo∣dye and Soule consequentlye cannot but suffer hurte, and bee thereby likewise damnifyed. Hence proceedeth (as from the verye cause) such rauing dotage, & distraughtnes of righte witts, hence issueth blockishnes, foolishnes, madnes, and furie, in so much that they thinck sometimes to see those thinges that are not before their sen∣ses to see, and to heare suche woordes as no man speaketh. For imaginatiō in them is marred, common sense (which iudgeth and discerneth all thinges) is preiudiced, memorye decayed, sighte dymmed, their eyes dazelled, and all the faculties of the Soule (that is to saye) all the naturall po∣wers, whereby it accomplisheth all his functiōs, are enfeebled, & perfourme their offices, duties, and operations both faintly and remissely.

But if the Spirite animall be perfectly pure & ayrie, (such as is the sent of Bloud exactlye la∣boured) not onely the sight of their eyes is cleare and good, but all the other Senses both external and internall are perfecte, and perfourme their functions and ministeries orderlye, duelie, and conueniently.

¶Of the Spirit vniuersall, generally inspired into the whole world, & all y^e parts therof. Which being from God aboue, breathed & put into man, infuseth and endueth his minde wyth speciall and peculiar giftes. And by the waye also, in this Chapter, is entreated of good and ill Angells, which being entermingled with the humours & spirites, cause sondry chaūges and muta∣tions in mens minds. The thirde Chapter.

THat power of the Spirite which is infused and breathed by God aboue,* 1.89 into these lo∣wer bodyes, is it, that disposeth and moueth this frame and masse of the world, fostereth, strēgthe∣neth and cheerisheth all that is wythin the com∣passe and coape of Heauen conteyned, stretchinge and extendinge his force farre and wyde. For why, this gouerneth and ruleth all thinges, ma∣keth all thinges fruitfull, and vnto the same im∣parteth vitall heate. Neyther is there anye cause why a man should thinck or perswade him∣self, that there is any other power able to do these things, then that Spirite, by whom from the ve∣ry beginninge,* 1.90 the world and all such thinges as are visiblie seene wyth the eyes, and sensiblie per∣ceyued by the sences, were brought into so comely

and beautiful order. For by the VVord of the Lord,* 1.91 vvere al things made, and by the breath of his mouth, al the comlynes, beautie and furniture thereof.* 1.92 For he doth maintayne and strēgthen al thinges, and giueth povver vnto euerye thinge to encrease and multiplye in their ovvne kinde,* 1.93 and to maintayne and conserue themselues.

Thus the wonderfull Creatour of Nature, by his word and Spirite, put into all thinges y^• were created, a power precreatorie, & the order of their encreasinge & propagation, for continu∣aunce of theyr kinde, posteritie, and succession: y^• is to witte: the Spirite of GOD beinge dif∣fused into euery Creature, susteyneth and mayn∣teyneth Plantes and all liuing creatures aswell man as beasts, by whom they liue and haue their beinge. There is nothinge therefore in the whole worlde, but it feeleth the strong power of God, & is satisfyed wyth the plenteousnes and fulnesse therof. For when Heaūe and Earth were made, and the first Elemēts, (y^t is, the first beginnings of things constituted) The Spirite of God mo∣ued vppon the waters: that is to saye, made moyste and liquide matter (otherwyse barreyne) to be fruitefull.

The very meaning of which saying, Basill sur∣named the Greate, did verye well and liuelye ex∣pound in these woordes: The Spirit of GOD (sayth hee) moued vpon the top or vpper face of the water.* 1.94 That is to say, did nourish and giue a vitall fruitfulnes and a quickeninge Soule to

the moyste Element and to all other Creatures, in such sort, that all thinges wyth the Spirite of God were moystened & warmed, euen as a Bird or Fowle that sitteth vpon her egges, who gy∣ueth vitall power and heate, to that whereuppon she doth sit and couer.

An example whereof we are to take at a Hen,* 1.95 which giueth life vnto her egges, & bringeth oute frō thence the shape of a perfect creature. Now, whereas the Spirite of God is said to swymme vppon the waters, or to rest vppon a moyst Ele∣ment, this is to be vnderstoode of the fecunditie, y^t is infused and put into it. But whereas the vniuersall nature of thinges, and all Creatures that breath and haue being, do enioy this gifte of Diuine spirit, & through the vertue thereof haue their essēce, yet namely and aboue al others, Mē, by singuler priuiledge & speciall prerogatiue are fully endued wyth all things, & haue their minds taken out of a porcion of Gods owne spirite, as Cicero sayth, or rather accordīg to the testimony of the holy Scriptures, haue receyued the breath of life, and an Image after the similitude of God himselfe. The Poet Ouid had from the He∣brevves a litle sparke of vnderstanding touching this opinion, and that did he vtter in these Ver∣ses.

Gods Spirite vvithin vs vvorketh still,* 1.96 His motions in our hartes vve finde:

This sacred feede directes out vvill,* 1.97 And vvith his povver enflames our mind.

Which sentence S. Paule beinge studyed in a more heauenlye kind of Philosophie, went about to inculke into the minds of the Athenians, with intent to draw thē, frō their old rooted superstiti∣ons & inueterate errours, & to perswade thē in be∣holding the goodly frame & beautiful workemā∣ship of the world w^t al the furniture and ornamēt therof (wherin Almighty God sheweth out to al men a taste or proofe piece of his diuinitie) ther∣by to acknowledge his diuine power, and by se∣inge his woorkes to agnyze his omnipotencie. For in this sort he preached vnto them: God vvhich made the vvorld,* 1.98 and all that are in it, and is Lorde of Heauen and Earth, dvvelleth not in Temples made vvith handes, neither is vvorship∣ped vvith mens hands, as though hee needed any thing, seing he himselfe giueth life and breath to all men euery vvhere. For in him vve liue, moue, and haue our being: as a certaine of your ovvne Poets sayth:* 1.99 for vvee are also 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Generation.

Now, man at the hands of his Creatour, being furnished wyth such excellent gifts and garnish∣mentes of minde, as first to be endued wyth a na∣tural and internall spirite, and then to be moued and inspyred w^t a Diuine spirite, hath also (not∣withstanding) externall spirites recoursing into his body and mynde. Men of olde tyme called

them by the name of Genij,* 1.100 the bookes of the ho∣ly Byble termeth them (in respect of their office and mynisterye) Angels: which is asmuch to say as Messengers: because they bringe the cōmaūd∣mentes and will of God vnto vs.* 1.101 S. Paule cal∣leth them, mynistring Spirits, appointed to cer∣tayne offices and purposes, and to mynister for their sakes which shalbe heyres of Saluation. Cicero and others that neuer knew God nor re∣ligion aright, calleth them familiar or domestical Gods, hauing vnder their protection the care of mans lyfe and safetye, and giueth them the name of Lares,* 1.102 or Penates, or Dij Tutelares. And of them they make two sorts, the good Angels and the badde:* 1.103 because the good pricketh a man for∣ward, to grace, goodnes, vertue & honesty: y^e other eggeth him to lewdnes,* 1.104 mischiefe, shame, villany, and all kinde of loose dishonestie. For this is their onely drift, and pretence specially, to plunge a man in as much mischeife as they can, & drawe him from God as farre as may be.

Now, for so much as Spirits be without bo∣dies, they slyly and secretly glyde into the body of man, euen much like as fulsome stenche, or as a noysome and ill ayre, is inwardly drawē into the body: and these not onely incense and pricke a mā forward to mischiefe, but also like most pestilent Counsellers, promyse to the party reward & im∣punitye. By this meanes the wylie Serpente enueigled Adam, Sayinge: You shall not die therfore, but ye shall be as Gods, knovving good

and euill. For the Deuill (hauinge his name hereof) is most subtile and crafty,* 1.105 and lacketh not a thousand sleightes and pollicies to bryng a mā to mischiefe. Yea, his fetch is slyly to insinuate himselfe into our mindes, cogitations, counselles and willes,* 1.106 albeit it is not easye for him to bring his purpose aboute, for so muche as Eod alone knoweth the heartes of men, and vnto him onely be all our deuyses and thoughts open and mani∣fest. Hee is (sayth Paule) the discerner of the thoughtes and of the intentes of the hearte:* 1.107 ney∣ther is there any Creature, vvhich is not manifest in the sight of him: but all thinges are naked & open to his eyes.* 1.108 Which thinge also Dauid de∣clareth: God (sayth he) is the tryer of the verye hart and Reynes, That is to saye, hee perfectlye searcheth out and knoweth all thinges, findeth a way into the most secrete corners, and innermost places. And hee bringeth in an example, taken from the intrayles that bee fardest of. For there is nothing in mās body, inwarder then the heart and Reynes: in somuch that the concocted meate must be conueyghed by many crooked bywayes & wyndings, before it can be brought thyther. Fur∣thermore he specially nameth those partes, for y^t, out of them chiefely the thoughtes and cogitaci∣ons of the mynde, and all lycentious lustes and dissolute desyers, do proceede and springe, which are not nor cannot lye hyd, or vnespyed of God.

Forsomuch therefore, as these deuilles bee ayrie spyrits, and aswell by long vse and practise,

as also by pollicie of nature are of greate experi∣ence and by long tryall know much:* 1.109 euen by con∣iectures and tokēs which they espy in the eyes, countenaunce, gesture and other motions of the body of man, they slylie gather and ghesse the in∣ward dispositions and thoughtes of the mynde, whych to a man of great experience and witte, is no great hard matter to do.* 1.110 And therfore euen as lewde and deceitfull marchaunts, practyse all wayes and meanes to spoyle others, leauinge no occasion vnattempted, to cyrcumuent and catche them at vnwares and vnprouyded: so lykewyse the deuilles lye in wayte to catche vs at a vaun∣tage, and the godlyer anye one in conuersation of life & maners is, the busyer and earnester are they wyth theyr poyson to stinge him. In such sorte, the deuill was not awhit afrayde by al maner of shiftes to tempte euen Christe himselfe, thinking to haue perswaded or inueigled him with Ambi∣tion,* 1.111 Gluttonie, or desyre of rule & Souereignty. Neyther was he ashamed to assaulte Paule also, partly carying him into a boastinge and pryde of mynde aboue measure,* 1.112 and partlye by incensynge his aduersaryes with spightfull rage and cruel∣ty against him.

The holy man Iob also was wonderfully sha∣ken vp,* 1.113 and driuen to suffer the violent brunts of his moste terrible temptations: but God who rewardeth and recompenceth all thinges, made an end of that conflict, prescribing the Feend his limitts, how farre he should extend his tyranny.

Whereby we are to learne and vnderstande, that deuils can nothinge preuaile against vs,* 1.114 neither do any further harme to vs, thē it pleaseth God to suffer and permit them to do.

Now, albeit their vse and fashion is, manye & sondry wayes to assault men which way to hurte them, yet specially they seeke & trye all such mea∣nes as they can, to vanquishe and seduce them, w^t those inclynations and properties that are pecu∣liar, naturall, and indifferente to all.

Thus, do they incite and egge those that a∣bound with Bloud,* 1.115 and be sanguine complexio∣ned, to riot, wātonnesse, drunkēnes, wastfulnes, prodigality, flithy and detestable loues, horrible lustes, incest, and buggerie. Them that be Cho∣lericke, to testines & anger, to brawling and chy∣dinge, contention, rayling, quarellinge, fightinge, murther, robbery, sedition, discord, and to put all these in proofe and practize, they will minister many allurements and sondry occasions. Them that be Melācholique, vnto enuy, emulation, bit∣ternesse, hatred, spright, sorcery, fraude, subtlety, deceipte, treason, sorrow, heauinesse, desperation, distrust, and last of all to a lamētable and shame∣full end. Them y^t be phlegmatick, they helpe for∣ward, to slouth, drowsynesse, bitternesse, sluggar∣dy, slacknes, sleapines, rechlesse vnhedynes, and to a despysinge of all vertuous and good exer∣cyses.

And furthermore as pure subtyle ayre brea∣theth into lyuīg Creatures & into greene herbs,

a liuely and holsome spirite: so likewise the good Angels imparte holesome ayre, and with a plea∣saūt sweete inspiratiō refresh our inward minds.

Againe as a pestilente winde induceth sicke∣nesse and infection: so do euill Spirites exhale & breath out a pestiferous poyson, & to the mindes of men bring mischiefe and destruction.* 1.116 For by them came the first spot, ruine and destruction of mankinde, so y^t there was no other way to bryng him to his first excellency, dignity and perfection, but onely by that most wōderful restorer,* 1.117 Christ. And because the imbecillitye & weakenes of mās nature is such, that hee is not able to withstande the subtile ambushes & deuises of this his moste raginge ennemy Sathan, Christe being ascended into Heauen, caused to be sent downe a Comfor∣ter, to hold vs vp, and giue vs inuincible courage against all the deuils crafty suggestiōs.* 1.118 This is he that inspyreth into our mynds sondry good giftes, assuringe vs of the good will of God to∣wards vs, and shakinge away all distruste, brin∣geth vs by Christ vnto the father. For he stir∣reth vp and comforteth our mindes, and encou∣rageth vs in such sort, that boldlye & with an as∣sured truste,* 1.119 we dare to hope and aske all thinges of him, and cry vnto him for helpe, by the name of Father. Moreouer y^• Spirite which God hath inspyred into our harts, doth certify and witnesse wyth our Spyrits, that wee be his Sonnes, and Heyres,* 1.120 yea Coheyres wyth Christe. The spy∣rite of God therefore, confyrming oure mindes,

doth engraffe in vs fayth, grounded vppon the word of God, which fayth engendreth an assured trust & confidence toward him, wyth an vndoub∣ted hope to obtaine his promises.

And forasmuche as these vertues be not ydle,* 1.121 they do produce and bringe forth moste plentifull fruites of Charity, to the perfourmaunce wher∣of, the holy Ghoste the Comforter, w^t his strēgth armeth vs, and with his ayde protecteth vs in the truth, to continue and perseuer constant, sted∣fast and immutable, wythout being seduced and caryed lightly into erronious opiniōs and super∣stition: which is nothinge els (as Eusebius witnesseth) but a false and counterfeyte shadowe of true Relligion,* 1.122 grounded vpon no sounde do∣ctrine or foundation of Scripture: In this sorte according to the saying of the Poet Horace.* 1.123

Most of v's Poets old and yonge, Mistake for vertue,* 1.124 vice and wronge. VVith cloake of vertue clad is vice, deceyuing many one: By bearing face and outvvarde shevve,* 1.125 of honestie alone. Seueritie it counterfaictes, in deede yet nothing lesse: Behauour, counmaunce, rayment, gate, All smelles of vertuousnes. Yea borovved names of honestie, and Vertue geeuen bee,

To vices: as, the cancard Chuffe, and Snudge vvith vvealth and fee, Is compted one that geuen is, to thrift and husbandrie.

And it oftentimes falleth out (sayth Cicero) that many in seeking after the best thinges,* 1.126 misse their purpose, and are deceyued, not so much vp∣pon wyll, as by mystaking theyr way, and vsinge a wrong course.* 1.127 Thus doth S. Paule deeme the Jewes not altogether forlorne, and estraunged from godlynesse, but ledde wyth a certayne fer∣uentnes and zeale to Godward, although not ac∣cordinge to knowledge: so that they do not alto∣gether erre in their affection towarde Godlynes,* 1.128 but rather vppon ignoraunce and lacke of better vnderstandinge: and because they go blindlye to worke and folter in their dealinges without any iudgemente, they are destitute of the Spirit of God. Wythin the leuell and daunger of this vice, are al they, that obstinately either maintaine or wilfully suffer anye olde inueterate errours, & such as can abyde nothinge of all that to be alte∣red, which by little and litle hath crept into vse, & by custome had some continuance. Which mē if they had within them this bounteous Spirite, no doubte there would not be such diuersity of o∣pinions and doctrine in mens myndes as nowe there be. But let no man thinck these thinges to be superfluously spoken, or cleane besyde the pur∣pose, neyther let him lay in my dishe this sayinge

of Horace.

A Flagon first began, VVhy comes novv out a pitcher small,* 1.129 or little pretie Canne.

For the heauenly Spirite, is the guyde & go∣uernour of the Spyrites of mans bodye, which are then more qualefyed, quieted, and kept vnder better order, when they be gouerned and ledde by the conducte and direction of this Spyrite. For if they once begin tumultuously to ruffle & styre vp sedition wythin the bodye,

This Spirite their fumishe fits restraynes,* 1.130 And them to quiet order traynes.

¶Of the Elements of Humaine body, and of the first qualities of beginnings of gene∣ration, where of man consisteth and is made. The fourth Chapter.

ALl the Complexion & temperamente of mās bodye proceedeth from the powers of the E∣lementes, and not of the Humours:* 1.131 and of them is the whole bodye tempered and compounded.

The Elements be in number foure, Fyre, Earth, Ayre, and Water, and vnto them are appendant so many qualytyes: Hoate, Colde, Moyst, Drye: which of the Ayre encompassyng vs, and of oure meates nourishinge vs, do take and conceyue ey∣ther profite or harme. For being eyther in ex∣cesse or defecte, the qualityes are depraued and corrupted, and throughe theyr corruption engen∣der many and sondry diseases.

But the thinges which dispose and affect our bodyes,* 1.132 are (sayth Galen) of two sortes: the one, takyng his beginning euen at our Natiuity and byrth, deryued and issuying from the very prynci∣ples of Generation as from a roote, which possi∣blie cannot bee auoyded: the other, such, as man may declyne, as thinges estraunged from oure bodyes, not naturallye in vs engraffed, but ex∣ternally happening, and yet (nathelesse) such, as are as apt and ready to disquiet and annoy oure bodyes, as those that be naturally planted in vs. And these bee,* 1.133 Meate and Dryncke, wherewyth wee restore all such ouerdrye or ouer moyste sub∣staunce, as to the body is requysite. And these twayne, if they bee eyther immoderately taken, or bee corrupte and vnholesome, they do engen∣der great stoare of excrements and sondry disea∣ses. Next vnto these is the Ayre, that compas∣seth and on eche syde enuyroneth vs, which be∣inge eyther extreemelye hoate or drye, or ouer∣much moyste or colde, causeth & enforceth a mani∣fest alteration in the state of the whole body.

But to come somewhat neere and more aptlye to declare this matter: it is to be vnderstanded, that the verye beginninges of mans nature and principles of his generation, is feminine Bloud & Seede generatiue. The one as it were of cer∣tayne apt, conuenient, and tractable matter, like moyst claye or soft waxe, is ready to fashion oute and proportion anye thing that the workemā em∣ployeth it vnto: And the Seede, is as it were y^e workeman himselfe. Both these thinges con∣sist and are made of the same generall Elements, and conteyne within them the qualityes aboue specifyed: but the difference amonge themselues is in the order and measure of their temperamēt. For in the seede,* 1.134 there is more of fierye and ayrie substance, that is to say, it is pertaker of aethereal Spirite. In the Bloud, there is more of watry and earthy: albeit in this last, the heate is aboue colde, and moyst aboue dry. For wee maye not say and affirme, that Bloud is dry, like boanes, but to be moist. Now is Seede dryer thē Bloud, and yet it is also moyste, fluible & liquide. Thus on both sydes, the oryginall of mans generation proceedeth of moyst substaunce, & yet so, y^t thence is laboured and made other partes of the bodye y^t be drye, as Synewes, Veynes, Arteryes, Bo∣nes and Grystles. Now, that which in the wōbe is conceyued, and together of those principles fourmed, waxing dryer, taketh (as it were) y^e first lineamentes and proportion of euerye member, & afterward comming to perfect shape, taketh fur∣ther

encrease, & so groweth to his iuste bignesse and decente quantitye. And when it hath raught to his ful growth and bignesse, (as when the boanes for want of nourishmente are no lon∣ger plyable) then doth a man ceasse from further growīg,* 1.135 & waxeth neither taller nor broader. For comely talnesse and length of personage commeth and is caused of the aboundaunce of heate and moysture, where the Spyrite is throughlye and fully perfused.

And if it happen that any, eyther old or yong, throughe sicknes or some other affect, to fal into a cold and dry habite or disposition, their bodies become and are leane, wrynckled, slender, illfa∣uoured, thinne and lancke, and their lymmes weake and crooked. It fareth by them, muche like as it doth by Horses, Oxen, or such like bea∣stes, that are skanted & nipped of their fodder & feeding: or as it doth by Trees and other greene Herbes, that lacke the iuyce of the ground, & not conueniently watered.

Therefore a fashiō that some Scholemasters & others that take the charge vpon them to teach and boorde yonge boyes, is (mee thinckes) both lewde & vnconscionable: who beinge at a playne bargaine and certaine stint of money, reasonably agreed vppon betweene theym and the childrens frendes, pinche theyr poore pupills and borders by the belly, and allowe them meate neyther suffi∣cient nor yet holesome, yea not onely beastly, slut∣tishlye, & nippinglye vse they the seely childrē, but

threatninglye enforce them to beare oute the la∣bour of theyr studyes,* 1.136 wyth a slender allowance, and small pittaunce of vnsauery resty fleshe, stin∣king fish, and hoary vinewed bread: which thing causeth them to be ill complexioned & coloured, the shape, comlynes and beauty of theyr bodies to degenerate & growe out of fashion, the quicknes, courage, lyuelynes and sharpenes of their wit to decay, theyr spirits to be dulled, & al y^e liuely ver∣tues & towardnes of y^e mynd, which before was in them (eyther by the benefite of Nature, or by y^e industry of the parentes,* 1.137 or finally by the onely & special gift of Almighty God) to be extinct & vt∣terly quenched: insomuch y^t neyther theyr mynd is enflamed w^t desire to attein & atchieue any worthy attēpt, nether frame they thēselues vnto those thī∣gs, wherūto they were inclinable, & by nature apt & towardly. As touching y^e outward case of their body, they cōmōly breake out, & haue their bodyes pinked ful of scabs, & by reasō of ill humours, o∣uerwhealed & engrayled with lothsome blisters, blaines,* 1.138 byles & botches. Wherby it commeth to passe, y^t in growth they seldom come to any perso¦nable stature, to y^e vse of their ful powers, to per∣fect strēgth & firmity of theyr members, or to any hādsom scature, or proper cōpo••••iō of bodily pro¦portion: & the cause is, for y^t in their tender & gro∣wyng age, being kept vnder by famine, and skan∣ted of conuenient meate and drincke, theyr natiue moysture which requyreth cōtinual cheerishing & mainteynaūce, was skāted & debarred of his due

nourishment & cōpetent allowance. Whereupon, the vital iuyce being exhausted & spēt, they arriue to old age sooner thē otherwise they should doe, & are snatched vp by death long before their time.

Now, that affect & plight which bringeth the body into a cold & dry disposition,* 1.139 is called Olde age, because it is the cause of corruption, decay & destruction of all aswell Creatures lyuinge, as Plants & herbes.* 1.140 For death is nothing els, but the extinction of nature, that is to saye, of the na∣turall Heate, & naturall Humour. In which two things, life consisteth: to which extinction & ende many are brought sooner then they should be, ei∣ther through want and defect of nourishment, or throughe vntemperate life, as toomuche carnall company with women, vnseasonable watchinge, heauines of mynde, thoughte, and manye other causes, which hasten old age, & bring death vnlo∣ked for, before his time, contrarye to the order of age and course of Nature. Do we not see many old mē,* 1.141 lusty, mery and wel complexioned, strong of limmes, good footemē, &. in their old dayes as fresh & actiue as many yong mē be: all which cō∣meth vpō no other cause, but that in their youth∣full dayes, they liued orderly & wel, and spent not their adolescencie in vnruly riot & lechery. A∣gaine, there be of youngmē a great nūber, weake, worne to the bare stumps, feeble, lame, fainte and impotēt, dry as a kixe, pale as ashes, & wāne colo∣red, for that they spent & exhausted all the pithe and strength of theyr youth and adolescencye,

in wanton sensuality, disordered riot, and immo∣derate vse of Venerous daliaūce, cōsuming ther∣in the very floure and prime of their lusty age. For euen as pleasaūt & gay March floures in y^e Springe of the yeare, with nipping weather and sharpe Northernelye wynds,* 1.142 do fade and wyther away againe: so likewyse, youth and flourishing age, by vsing ill order and fashion, is dryed vppe before his due time, and ere it come to his full rypenes.

Therefore, to decline and shunne such things as be hurtful, and to prolonge lyfe many yeares, and to bring to passe, that olde age shall not be te∣dious, cumbersome, and burdenous, but easye, pleasaunt, and delightful, it lyeth a man in hand, to take that order and trade, whereby health may be maynteyned and still preserued, or if it happen to be discrased and empayred, how it may againe be restored and bettered.* 1.143 The thinges that hin∣der and crushe it, and which do weaken, alter and corrupt the temperament that naturally is in vs, are not fewe. For the Humours of the body, re∣ceiue and take sondry qualityes accordinge to the faculties that be in our nourishmente, and in the order of our vsual diet. Wherunto are to be ad∣ded, Bathes, Heate, Exercise, Cold, Wearynes, Thyrst, Hūger, Sleepe, Rest, the state of y^e Ayre, and affections of the mynde: all which do sondry wayes, alter the habite and state of our bodyes, & for the most part, maketh them worse. By this meanes, the bodye that was hoate and moyste, is

by litle and litle broughte to be cold and drye, or to some other ill qualitye. Also as yeares & age steale on vs, as times come and go, as the world frameth w^t vs, eyther forward or backwarde, in prosperitye or aduersity, in good fortune or bad, manye thinges happē vnto a man which shake & shrewdly batter a mās good health. Vnto which effect, the Poet Horace, very aptly in my opynion wryteth thus:

VVhile yeres be fres he & gallant is our age, Full many ioyes and pleasures do vve tast.* 1.144 But elder yeares those iolie ioyes doth svvage, And disaduauntage to vs bringe as faste.

Wherunto accordeth y^t same sentence of holy Iob, where hee doth liuely expresse & set out the fraile, momentanie, vaine, & trāsiory state of mans life, and to how manye discommodities, daūgers aud chaunges, the same is subiecte and endaungered: A man (sayth hee) that is borne of a vvoman hath but a short time to liue and is full of myserie, he commeth vp and is cut dovvne like a goodlye flo∣vver,* 1.145 and vanisheth avvay like a shadovv, & ne∣uer continueth still in one state.

For as yeares do passe and mans age doth march forward, there still happen chaunges and mutacions. For age is no other thing but the race or course of life, or the time that wee haue to runne from oure Infancie till wee come to olde age, in which time, the state and constitution of

mans Bodye is altered, and steppeth from one temperamente to an other, and at lengthe (na∣tiue heate beinge extincte) by death is diuorced and broughte to finall dissolution.

Thus hath Infancie,* 1.146 (which of all others is the moystest) in it, great aboundaunce of na∣turall heate, and in the fourth or seuenth yeare suffreth mutacion, & in those yeares commonly we be in great daunger.

Nexte after it,* 1.147 is Childhoode, contynuinge till aboute the fiftenth yeare of oure Age, and the same subiecte to no few hazards and discom∣modities.

Pubertie,* 1.148 is prone and subiect to very manye inconueniences, which taketh his ende at the age of xviii. yeares.

As for wylfull and slypperye Adolescencie which endeth at xxv. yeares,* 1.149 is (as the others) subiect to sōdry casualties & mutacions, as dayly experience sheweth.

Youth or flourishing Age, wherein the body and mynde be in their chiefeste prime and iolitye,* 1.150 lasteth till a man bee xxxv. yeares olde: durynge which Age, Bloude beareth swaye aboundant∣lye, and Humours somewhat waste, whereby it happeneth that this temperamente in continu∣aunce and processe of time, beginneth to bee ta∣ken for Hoate and Drye, whereas Adolescen∣cye is aboundantlye stoared both of moysture, and heate.

Mans Age reacheth to the fiftyeth yeare or somewhat further,* 1.151 in which tyme man is in his full rypenes, and leauing former pleasures and delightes, his mynde aduysedlye, carefullye, and wysely dealeth in euery thinge that he enterpry∣seth. But the Bodye standeth at one staye, suf∣freth no great mutacion, till sixtie three, or sixtie fiue yeres of age: for then Age hasteneth on a∣pace, and draweth towarde his longe home, and then beginneth the bodye to be colde and drye, be∣inge the firste enteraunce and steppe into Oldeage, which is the nexte neyghboure to decrepicie and dotage, that standeth at the pittes brincke, neerest vnto death. Which as it is not rashlye to be wyshed for, so neyther is it amonge Chry∣stians at all to bee feared,* 1.152 consyderynge that the Soule beinge by Fayth assured of a better and sweeter lyfe, and hauinge an vndoubted hope of a Resurrection, oughte in this poynte to bee throughly perswaded, and be ful wylling cheere∣fullye to departe hence. In the meane space, whyle hee hath to runne his race in this worlde, euerye man maye so behaue himselfe and quale∣fye his dealynges, that through temperate vsage and orderlye moderation of lyfe in youth, hee maye bee furnished wyth helpes, and haue in stoare some of his former strenghte, the better to passe ouer his Olde Age, and therein to feele the lesse tediousnes. For whereas euerye other Age hath hys certayne tyme and prescripte

terme how longe it shall last: onely Old age, hath no time to it appointed, but to liue as longe as hee maye, and to wayte for death and bid it wel∣come when soeuer it commeth.

Pythagoras very properly applyeth the foure quarters of the yeare,* 1.153 that is, Springe, Sōmer, Autumne and Wynter, (being times comprehē∣ded wythin the two A Equinoctia & the two Sol∣stitia) to the fower ages of man: Whose sayinge and opynion Ouid in Verses to this effecte des∣crybeth.

Do vve not see the yeare by course, in quarters foure deuided:* 1.154 Hovv iumpe it aunsvveres to our age, if vvell it be decided? For sucking Babe and tender Impe, the Springe resembleth right, VVhich into Sommer glides apace, like blade deuoyde of might. VVhen Spring is past, then marcheth on, the Sommer tricke and gay, VVhich likened is to lusty youth, strong, dapper, lacking stay. VVhen youthfull fancies mellovved be, then Autumen steppes in place, Tvvixt yong and olde, of iudgement ripe, vvith medley hayres on face. Old crookebackte Hyems last of all, vvith trembling pace appeares;

VVith furrovved face, cleane bald, or els All vvhite and mylky hayres.

This chaungeable alteration, this conuersi∣on, mutabilitye, inconstancye, and inclination of thinges from one to an other, in the whole course of nature, doth manifestlye argue and proue all thinges to be momentanie, vaine, transitory, brit∣tle, ruinous and vanishinge, & as a flower of the field quickly fading away.

Seinge therefore the bodye continuallye sly∣deth into worse and worse case, suffreth many de∣trimentes, whereby our strength and powers be empaired, and manye wayes both inwardlye and outwardlye enfeebled, it standeth vs vppon, not negligently, but carefully to loke to the conserua∣tion thereof, and so carefullye to prouyde for the same, that it may continue in state sound & health ful, so long as nature hath limitation. Here is no neede of anye examples, reasons or proofes, (sithens euery man is therein throughly experi∣enced and perswaded) how vnwillinge al men in generall bee, to leaue the sweetenes of this lyfe, w^t what greate care, study & industrye euery man will striue to keepe his body in health, and ridde it from sicknesses and diseases, which do not one∣ly for the time greuously assault, bruise, torment & afflict the body with paine and doloure, but also set before oure eyes a certayne representation or shew of death it selfe.

I will not here speake of the disquietnes and

trouble, wherin the mynde thereby is plunged, & of the manyfolde affections at such a time speci∣ally oppressing the same. Who is he I pray you, that being in these so great and so many calami∣ties turmoyled, in these vexatiōs, miseries, griefe and shortnes of life so charged and ouerwhelmed, would not gladly seeke some remedy and mitiga∣tion of his dolors, and prouyde for some helpes to comfort & ease his irksome labours? Which thinges who soeuer is desyrous to seeke and ob∣tayne, must not thincke, that things momentany,* 1.155 as wealthe, rychesse, honours, Lordshippes, greate possessions, fayre houses, sumptuous and costly apparell after the brauest guyse and maner wrought and deuysed,* 1.156 can helpe him thereto: but a quiet & well stayed mynde, free and cleare from all perturbations: and next to that, a sound and healthfull body, that is free from sicknes: which be the best and chiefest things that a mā can aske and haue at the bountefull hands of God, so lōg as hee hath in this world to continue his pylgri∣mage.

¶The fift Chapter, describing what Cra∣sis or Temperamēt is: wherin consisteth the plighte, state, constitution, and complexion of euery mans bodie.

CRasis or temperamente (for the order of oure worke requyreth the same by definition to be declared) is an agreemēt,* 1.157 and conueniencie of the first qualities & Elementes amonge themselues: Or, and equall mixture or proportion of the qua∣lityes of the Elements, wherin no excesse blame∣worthy or faultye is to be founde. Contrary∣wyse, Intēperature is that,* 1.158 which is compact of the disagreeable and vnlike powers of Elemēts and qualities, and swarueth from moderation. And as in Musicall Instruments there is per∣ceyued a certayne accord of times and a sweete a∣greeable harmonie in stryking the stringes, y^t no vnpleasaūt discord or būgling iarre, dislyke y^e cu∣rious eare of the hearer: so lykewyse in a tempe∣rate habite of the body, there is an apt and conue∣nient mixture and temperature of the Elements and qualities, insomuch that no one qualitye can by it selfe be shewed, but a constante, absolute and perfect composition, & minglinge of the qualities and Elements all together. And as in makinge Salades, Sauces, or medicines of many & sōdry herbes, the Compounds be al mingled together, and euery of the ingredients becom as one, inso∣much y^t no one thinge appeareth or can by it selfe be discerned or perceyued: so likewyse happeneth it in y^e qualities of the Elemēts, of whose mixture cōmeth & is made at our creatiō & natiuity, y^e first original of our substāce. In which tēperatures & mixtures, there be ix. seueral differences, wherof one is temperate, & in eche respecte absolute, lac

nothing that is thereto requisite, in the which no one of the clementall qualityes exceedeth or pas∣seth an other, but be in an equal measure & euen proportiō, w^tout any thing amysse or any distēpe∣raunce at all. Eyght bee intemperate, whereof Foure be symple, and Foure compounde.

That temperature which is only hoate (wher∣in heate surmoūteth cold) is the equality of moy∣sture and drynesse. Cold, wherein coldnes bea∣reth dominton: Moyst, wherein moysture chief∣ly ruleth: And dry: where drynesse is aboue moy∣sture, the reste beinge a lyke and equall, that is to say, tempered wyth hoate, and cold.

The compound temperatures which be com∣poūd of two qualities together, are these: hoate & moist, Hoate and dry: Cold & moyst: Cold & dry: of whom the constituion of the bodye (which the Greekes do call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and the common sort, Complexion) amonge the Phisitions is named and termed, of that which in the myxture, beareth chiefest swaye: For wyth them, that body is cal∣led hoate, where is moste stoare of heate. Drye, wherin drynes raygneth. And lykewyse of the re∣sidue. So, the composition of medicynall drouges, wherin be sōdry ingredientes, hath hys name of some such one of the same as is chiefest, and more of force then the other: as Dianucum, Diacappar.* 1.159 Hiera picra, Diaphenicum, Oleum Vulphinum. &c.

Now, because I would haue this matter ex∣actly vnderstoode (as a thyng not onely to Phy∣sitions,

but to all y^• destre to lyue in health) right holesome and auayleable, I will as farre as I am able, and as diligentlye as I can, declare and set out the reasons, order and effecte of euery one. And first wil I begin with the state of the Tem∣perate nature, or at least, I will pourtraict & set before your eyes, a patterne and image thereof, first cōceyued in mynd or imaginatiō: not y^t there is any such to be shewed in the whole world, nei∣ther can any such be found in deede (vnlesse per∣aduenture (as a man should say, that God speci∣allye and originallye had priuiledged some suche from heauen:) but I wil set it downe, for y^• all y^t other natures in mē are & ought hyther to be re∣ferred, & by this rule to be tryed: that euery man may perfectly behold, what in himself is to much and what too litle. Neyther let a mā be ouer∣rash and hasty in seing a body that is of hoate ha∣bite, to iudge heate in the same, to be aboue moy∣sture, or colde to preuayle aboue drynesse: vnlesse hee haue a very diligente and carefull respecte to this perfecte temperature, and first set it before his eyes as a marke whereunto to leuell and direct his dealing and iudgement.

¶Of a Complexion, perfectly and ex∣actly temperate. The Sixt Chapter.

THe temperate state of bodye that is in ech re∣spect perfecte & absolute, requyreth very di∣ligentlye to be handled, and throughlye to be dis∣coursed, for that I would haue the whole mynde therevnto to be directed, & al the rest of the states or habites of the body to it applyed and leuelled, as it were by rule & lyne, y^• euery man may note and obserue in himself howe farre he is of, from good & sound disposition, or integritye of tempe∣rature, & what way he were best to take, to bring himself (as neere as he can possibly) into his for∣mer state againe. For the farther from this, that any man is, in worse case of health is hee, and a great deale readier to fall into diseases of body, & perturbatiōs of mynde. A body y^t is in eche re∣spect perfect & sound, may most aptly be termed & called Polycletlabus Rule.* 1.160 Which prouerbe is appli∣able to al such thīgs as are done most perfectly & wel, wherin there is nothīg lacking nor amisse: so y^t all other thīgs ought by it, as by a Touchstone to be tryed. The Metaphore is takē of one Poly∣cletus an excellent & skilful Image maker, whose cunning & grace of workmanship (as Fabius wit∣nesseth)* 1.161 farre surpassed al others. He in ihs art of Imagery so artificially hādled his worke, & fini∣shed the same w^t such excellent perfectiō, that al o∣ther Caruers & Statuaryes in proportioning & framynge theyr Images, set hym before them as an absolute Patterne for imitation. This Pro∣uerbial fygure or phrase of speach, vsed Galen in his booke De tuēd. valetud. Where he describeth and setteth downe the best state of body that may

be as Polycletus Rule, that is to say, so neately & comely set out, w^t such iust congruēt Symmetry & proportionable commensuration, as to beholde is right pleasaunt and delyghtful. And there∣fore such thinges as are wrytten of the beste state of body, worthely and by good reason ought to be referred to a thing y^• is most perfect & absolute. Whereupon wee heere do describe and set oute a state and habyte of body after such a sorte, as Ci∣cero & Fabius do an Oratour, whom they would haue to be ymitated, & after such sort as S. Chry∣sostome and Erasmus do describe and furnish out a Preacher:* 1.162 to thend that such as study Eloquēce or as are appointed to instruct & preach to the ig∣norāt, should frame thēselues (as neere as possi∣bly they may) after the exāple & patterne there set downe before them. And although he do not in al points throughly attaine to y^t perfection that hee doth conceiue in mind, yet ought he, & reason it is that he should go forward therin: and although y^e things which we study & seeke for, be very hard & difficult, yet ought we not to despayre of y^e obtay∣ning our purpose, nor cowardly to recoyle & faint in industry. Many mē (sayth Cicero)* 1.163 being in de∣spayre & out of hope euer to com to thend of their purpose, are afraid to giue any onset, or to put the matter in any tryal & practise: because (forsothe) they haue no hope euer to winne it. For the best things, ought not vpō dispairt to be giuē ouer, & in things y^t be excellent, those are to be accōpted great, which are next & neerest to y^e best.

Therefore haue I thought good to set downe & to shadow out the best state of Bodye, that by the view and paterne therof, diligently imprynted in mynde, and stedfastlye marked by eye, euery man may imitate & expresse the same, or come as neere thereunto as possibly he may.

Such a body therefore,* 1.164 whose patterne wee do here exhibite and shewe, hath all his Senses fresh & perfect, euery of y^e faculties natural, duelie doing his office and function wythoute stop, im∣pediment or greeuaūce. His memory is stedfast and holding fast, for that, his brayn is neither too moyst nor too drye: his mynde quick, sharpe and industrious, wyselye and cyrcumspectly dealinge in euery thing that he taketh in hand, his maners and conuersation honeste and vertuous, in none of his doinges and conuersacion, digressing or swaruing from comelynes, his witte singuler and excellent, of nature quiet, curteous, and sub∣iect to no ill affections, abandoninge all rashnes, and workinge all things by good iudgement and consideration, of notable and surpassing toward∣nesse, plenteouslye garnished wyth many singuler gyfes and commendable qualities, in lyfe and cō∣uersatiō, vpright & vnreprooueable, in so much that hee maye well serue for a notable paterne of vertue (that is to say) a most absolute perfection of nature in euery point. For in him plentiful∣ly appeareth and is euidētly descryed, humanity, gentlenes, frugality, equitye, modestie, and a con∣tinent moderation of all affectiōs: in attemptinge

and atchieuing his affayres and busynes, neither rash and heady, neyther slow and lingryng, as one that forsloweth and delayeth his businesse from day to day: but in forcasting and forscinge what may betyde, vseth aduyse & counsaile, and in brin∣ging y^e same to effect & passe, adhibiteth cōuenient speede and quickenes: in the mutable happes & sodayne chaunces of fickle Fortune, hee is not lightly dismayed, nor brought into feare, & there∣fore neyther puffed vp w^t swellinge pryde in pros∣peritye, neyther throwen downe and vtterly dis∣couraged in aduersitye, but suffereth all the dis∣commodityes of lyfe with a mynde stoute, cheere∣full and inuincible, and such a one as will not at any hande be drawen away frō his cōstancy and settled determination. To which effect, this say∣ing of the Poet Horace aptly agreeth:

A man thats armde vvith Constancie, and vertue hath in price,* 1.165 Cares not a rushe for frantique fits, of peoples fonde deuice. Ne frovvning brovv of Tyraunt dreads, no chaunce can him dismay: Though Heauen and Earth runne all to vvracke, he still is at one stay.

Unto which disposition S. Paule framed himselfe,* 1.166 and requireth the same affection in all them that are ingraffed in Christe, and haue con∣secrated themselues to embrace his truth and re∣ligion,

that euen as he was for his part, so euery mā semblably should certaynly and vndoubtedly be resolued & perswaded, that nothing (be it ne∣uer so dreadful and terrible) should be able to se∣perate and pull vs frō the loue of God which is in Christe Iesus, to whō wee haue addicted and surrendred our selues by profession.

Such a one therefore as we do here shadow out and describe, is in heart and mynd so well settled and perfectly stayed, that he is not to be drawē to either party, or to wauer and totter this way and y^• way, but perseuereth still in one stay of stedfast∣nes & cōstancy, without any kind of alteration or mutability. In him there are (in deede) affectiōs, but yet such as bee natural & not discōmendable,* 1.167 as, loue and zealous affectiō to his wife, Childrē and such as hee wisheth wel vnto, whom as hee doth not fondly cocker and suffer to runne at rā∣don, or to haue the ful scope of theyr owne wan∣ion wils: so againe, is he not to thē bitter, strait, rigorous, spightful, wayward nor stubborne, but so, that in familiar communication and company with them, he vseth a gentle mi••••es, seasoned w^t an earnest and reuerend grauity, wythoute much prattling & tatrlīg, wythout byring skoffes, & vp∣brayding tauntes, ••••oural vncomely and vnciull ies••••hinge, pleasauntlye conceyted, and meerye wyth honestye, not Vsing therein anye filthynes or rybauldrye: and as hee is moste farre of from all malapert scurrility and scenicall gesture, so is he

agayne most farre from sulleyne sterne seuerity, & from Stoycall indolency: for who wyll not iudge them boyde of all humanity, and wythoute anye sense of mans nature?

VVhom gentle speach and language svveete,* 1.168 no more can mollyfie. Then if they Flint or Marble vvere, that grovves in Marpesie.

Lykewyse in maners & order of lyfe hee is al∣together vnlyke both to Democritus and also to Heraclitus: whych two persons in nyppinge Sa∣tyre, were by the Poet shaken vp and set oute in theyr cōlours. For

To gygling laughter geeuen vvas* 1.169 Democritus alvvay: Contraryvvise, Heraclitus to vveping night and day.

And not onely in the inward mynd of man, do these ornamentes and giftes of nature appeare & expresselye shew out themselues, but euen in the outward shew, shape and behauiour of the bodye there is euidētly descryed and perceyued a come∣ly grace and portlye dignity. For in the counte∣naunce, whych is the Image of the mynde, in the eyes, which are the bewrayers and tokentellers of the inward conceiptes: in the colour, linea∣mentes, proportion and feacture of the whole

bodye, there appeareth a kinde of heroicall grace and amyablenes, insomuch that the very viewe & sighte thereof, allureth and draweth euery one by a certayne secrete sympathie or cōsent of Nature to loue it, wythout any hope of profite or commo∣dity thereby to bee reaped or receyued. The bo∣dy is decently made & featly framed, conteyninge an absolute construction and comely frame of al the parts together. The head not aslope cor∣nered, but rounde and globewyse fashioned, the hayre of fayre aburne or chesten colour: the for∣head smoth, cheerefull and vnwrynckled, beauti∣fyed wyth comely eyebrowes, and greatly honou∣red wyth a paire of amyable eyes, not holow, but delightfully standinge out. The colour freshe, sweete and pleasaunte. The cheekes and the balles therof steygned and dyed in a perfect hew of whyte and redde, and that naturally, speciallye in the lusty yeares of Adolescencie. The porte & state of the body bolt vprighte, the gate or goinge framed to comelynes, not nycely affected nor cu∣riously counterfaicted, as it were Players & dis∣guysed Masquers,* 1.170 who by a kinde of vpstarte & stately gate, hopeth the rather to winne credite, e∣stimation and authority, and to be made more ac∣compte of, amonge the common people. The tongue prompt and ready, distinctly and sensibly able to pronounce and deliuer out his meaning, in wordes of gallant vtteraunce.

There are besyde these, certayne other things, necessarily and according to the condition of mās

nature, requisite. For in eating and drinking he vseth moderacion, and through holsome exercise, concocteth well his meate and distributeth the same to the good nourishment of the body: for the better perfourmaunce wherof, he eyther vseth a liuelye & straynable voyce, or els conuenient wal∣kinge. Whereby it happeneth that in the bodye there is gathered very small store of excrements, and sleepe is the quieter and sounder, not distur∣bed, not empeached, nor troubled w^t anye absurde and troublesome dreames. And if anye shapes, fourmes or likenes of thīgs do vissblye seeme in dreames, to appeare and offer themselues to his mynde, when the night is well spent, and the cō∣coction of meates throughlye finished, such re∣presentations surelye happen not withoute some diuination, that is to saye, they import & signifie no vayne, nor friuolous predictiō or foreshewing of thīgs to come, but earyeth a presage that is wel to bee considered, and not lightlye to be neglec∣ted.

But in this frayle and transitory lyfe of man, in this so great corruptiō & inclinatiō of nature, I do not see, to whō these thīgs ought more apt∣ly to be applyed thē to Christ himselfe, of whom Dauid prophecyed: calling him,* 1.171 Fayrer then the childrē of mē, ful of grace & sweetenes of words, vnto whō no mā may be thought cōparable. For as he, aboue al others in all kindes of vertues a∣boundātly garnished, with integrity of lyfe, mild∣nes of maners, excellencye of doctrine, straunge∣nes

of myracles, and vnspeakeable diuinity, drew and allured y^e greatest part of the World into an admyration and loue of him: so also hee wanted nothing of all those things that can eyther be de∣uysed or in mynde conceyued.* 1.172 Who therefore doubteth, but that he which had al gifts, had also a body most beautifull & comely? And although his Diuinity be rather to be respected and consi∣dered, and the vse and purpose for which hee was sent and giuē vnto vs: yet is there nothing to the contrary, but wee may in mynde suppose & iudge that there was in him such an excelling forme of bodelye shape, as for such a dignitye and maiestie was fit and worthy. For his outward port and heroicall stature was agreeable to his worthy∣nes, and consonante to the Diuinity and inward gifts of his mynd,* 1.173 which he bountefully powred oute vppon vs. And therefore in descrybing an exact constitution of the bodely state of man, wee ought to chose no better patterne, nor set any per∣fecter exemplar before oure eyes, eyther for the bodye or the mynde, then him alone. For in hym (as S. Paule sayth)* 1.174 are hidde all the treasures of knowledge and wysedome, and in whom dwel∣leth corporallye all fulnesse of Diuinitie. For no blemishe nor faulte was in him,* 1.175 to no sicknes or sinne was hee prone and subiect.

Nowe, whereas wee reade, that someiyme he was in speache very earneste and hoate: in repro∣uing vyces,* 1.176 very vehement, & sharpe: wyth teares and weepinge to haue sorrowed and lamented,

and in angry moode to haue testifyed howe much he detested the haynousnesse of some lewde facte: the same was a token and argumente of his sin∣guler gentlenes, gracious fauoure and hartye goodwill that he bare to all men. For, hee be∣inge wonderfullye desyrous of the Soule health of all mankinde, was angrye and sorye that ma∣ny, (whose amendemente and not destruction hee so earnestlye wyshed) did so wilfullye and stub∣bernelye persiste in theyr errour,* 1.177 refusinge and despysinge such a fitte occasion to repente, and attayne theyr Saluation, there so freely and fitly to them offered.

Let this suffice, as touching the absolute state and perfecte disposition of mans bodye. Nexte whereunto is that age that is fresh, flourishing, & in his chiefe prime: specially that, which from ve∣ry infancie hath bin well instituted, and commē∣dablye trayned vp, which (yet notwythstanding) doth euen strayghtwayes fade, & in continuaūce cannot but at length vtterly faynt & passe awaye. For as in other thīgs, so likewyse in mās nature, all things that had beginning, do dye and decay, and things that had increasing, waxe also olde, & after a certaine race of time here runne, do hasten towards their death, & vanish away to nothinge. Which mutability & inconstancie is a good war∣ninge & lesson for euery one of vs, to despyse these fraile and transitory things, which so soone passe away, & to lift vp our hearts and mynds, to such thinges as are parmanent and eternall.

Which thing S. Paule, goeth earnestly about to beate into our heads, where he sayth: If yee be rysen againe vvith Christe,* 1.178 seeke those thinges vvhich are aboue, vvhere Christe sitteth on the righte hand of God: Set your affections on hea∣uenly things and not on earthly things.* 1.179 For vve haue not here any abyding Citie or place of con∣tinuall dvvelling, but vve seeke for one to come, vvhose builder and maker is God:* 1.180 VVho (as S. Peter sayth) hath called vs out of darckenes into his merueylous lighte and appointed vs to life e∣uerlasting.* 1.181

¶Of a hoate Complexion. The vij. Chapter.

AMonge those that digresse from a meane, and differ from temperatenes, the hoate com∣plexioned bodye is first to be spoken of. For as it is the first in order, so for cōseruation of health, it is better then the reste.* 1.182 And hee namely is to be thoughte and accompted hoate, in whom that quality of heate aboundeth & excelleth the other that be moderately constituted, that is, those that be tempered wyth moyst & drye. Of which state and condition if a man bee disposed throughly to searche oute, and marke all the notes and signes, he shall by proofe finde, that whosoeuer is of that Complexion & constitution, is of stature comely

and of shape and beauty agreeable and consouāte to manly dignitye:* 1.183 of body not grosse sat or cor∣pulent, but reasonably & faste fleshed For heate dissolueth and dissipateth all fatte things: of con∣ler red or (if bloude be too hoate and boyling, as in them that dwel in hoate regions and parching countryes) browne or tawnie. For there be in euery bodye (accordinge to the condition of the ayre and region (sondry degrees of heate,* 1.184 and di∣uers considerations and differēces, both of this and of the other qualities also. The Indians, AEthiopians, Moores, Asians, AEgyptians, Pale∣stines, Arabians, Greekes, Italians, Spanyatds, Po∣lonians, Muscouites, Germaines, Frenchmen, Duchmen, &c. are of sondry and different Com∣plexions, & euerye one in his kinde hath of heate, seuerall and sondry differences.

For euen as fewel and matter combustible for Fier, is some hoater and more burning then some other is, and as the fier panne or hearth wherein is burnt eyther Seacoales, fattie turues of the nature of bitumen, the burning lyme of chaulkye clay called Naphtha, oyle, pitch, rosen, or (finally to speake of wood,) Oke, Hornebeame, Larche, Byrch, Elme, Popler, Wyllow, the fier is vehe∣menter and the hearth is of heate sometime ex∣treme, sometime more soft & mylde: So likewyse in euery mās body according to the nature of the place, and order of lyfe and dyet, this heate is en∣creased or dyminished, and this is the very cause that men be of so sondry colours, and of hayres so

diuers & differēt: for in euery hoate Cōplexioned body mixed with moderate humour, the skīne is rough & hayrie, the beard fayreand comly, but the hayres of the head somwhat differ, & by reason of heate, are of other colour. For hayres being gene∣rated of a fuliginous & grosse excremente of the third concoction,* 1.185 become black, when as (the va∣pour being aduste by force & power of heate) the excrement is turned into an exact fuliginousnes.

Curled and crooked hayres proceede of a dry∣nesse of Complexiō,* 1.186 caused through immoderate heate: or els, by reason of the straictnes and nar∣row issue of the pores, where y^e rootes of the hay∣res be fastened. For then haue they much adoe to peepe vp and finde any right way to appere out, whereby it happeneth that they growe crooked, curled & frysled, & specially in them, in whō it so happeneth naturally, beīg not artyficially procu∣red nor by toto superfine curiostly frisled: as some nyce dames & Prickmedainties, which curiously combe & bring theyr hayres into a curled fashion and crysped lockes, therby y^e more to set out their beauty, & to cōmend themselues (as they thinck) after a more glorious shewe to the beholders.

Therfore all they y^t dwel in hoate & dry regions, haue hayre black, & of smal growīg, curled, crisp, and as the Egyptians, Spaniardes, AEthiopians, Moores, and all other which in nature and con∣dition, ars lyke vnto them. For we see many in e∣uery region, yea of them that dwell Northwarde towarde the Pole Arctick, which (if we consider

theyr hayres, colour, & cōplexiō of their whole bo∣dy) seeme rather like foreyners & straūgers, then Con̄trey borne people. So amōg y^• Netherlāders & low Duchmē bordering vpon y^e Sea, many be black & curle heyred, & tawnyskīned, specially they which in Sōmer are much in y^e heat of y^e Sūne, & vse much labour: howbeit this variety of bodyes may be referred to sondry causes,* 1.187 as eyther to the nature of the Coūtrey & Regiō, or to the power & facultie of theyr meats & nourishmēt, or els final∣ly to the hiddē ymaginatiōs of the womā or, mo∣ther. Which ymaginations are of so great force & efficacie,* 1.188 that the things by her in mynd earnestly ymagined in & at the very instant time of her cō∣ceptiō, is deryued into the infant & child then be∣gotten. For this Sexe being wanton,* 1.189 toying, & stedfastly eying euery thing y^t is offered to sight, it happeneth that the naturall facultie being then in workinge & formyng of the child, directeth her cogitatiōs & inward cōceiptes y^• way, & bringeth vnto y^e Infāt, an other forein shape & forme, in na∣ture & cōditiō altogether vnlike y^e right parēts.

This euen in oure dayes and of late yeares hath bin by experience found true:* 1.190 at what time y^e Emperour Charles, y^e si••t of y^t name, coming out of Spaine into y^• lowe Countryes, arryued there wyth a wel appointed nauy of royal shippes, ha∣uing in his cōpany a goodly trayne of noble Gē∣tlemē & yeomē. Many womē therabout, being thē great w^t child, through much beholdīg & wel eying those galāt Spaniards, after ix monethes brought

theyr Infantes and children, hauing eyebrowes and hayres blacke and curled, and in all respects coloured like Spaniards. And this happened not amonge filthye Corteghians & common bro∣thelles (whom it might well be thought to haue bin vnderlinges & hackeneyes to those hoate na∣tured and lecherous Nation) but the same fell so oute also, among right honest & tryed Matrones, (whose approued chastitye and vertuous dispo∣sitiōs were so irreprooueable, that they were not to be once charged wyth the lest suspicion of any such lewednes) and yet these affections and im∣pressions in theyr children tooke place accor∣dingly.

In lyke maner, whē y^• Emperour Maximilian (who was descēded of the house of Austrich) had also the gouernment ouer the Low Countreyes, the women being much in compaignie and sighte of the Germaynes, brought forth theyr Children with yelowe flexen hayres, and in eche poynt lyke to Germaynes. For they and all other as many as are borne and bred in cold and moyke Coun∣tryes, haue hayres fine, streight and somewhat ruddie, and beardes of the colour of brasse: for y^t the heares are neyther adusted by the Sūne, nor yet by any inward heate: for hauinge moysture plentifully and issues oute at the poores easye y∣nough, the aboundance of the excrements, wher∣wyth they be nourished, maketh the hayres thick, and the adustion which causeth the colour to bee blacke, it maketh weake. Blacke hayre therfore

commeth of vapour by heat aduste, when the ex∣crement is wrought and turned into an exact fu∣liginousnes.* 1.191 The cause that produceth yellow hayre, is when the vapour is not much adust and heated, for that which is then impressed in the skinne,* 1.192 and seeketh eruption, is the feculent ex∣crement of yelow Choler, and not of Melancho∣lie. But white hayre cōmeth of Phlegme and of a humoure cold and moyst.* 1.193 Redde hayres, as they be meane betweene yelow and whyte,* 1.194 so doth the generation of it proceede of a certayne nature, meane betweene Phlegme and Choler.

Now, they that dwel in countryes temperate and betweene these, haue of hayre much stoare, stronge, somewhat blackishe, meanely thicke, and neyther altogether thicke and grosse, nor altoge∣ther streight & plaine. Which differēces Galene applyeth to euery seuerall age. For as touching the colour,* 1.195 he ascrybeth such hayres as yong In∣fantes haue, to the Germaynes: of suche as be in their best flourishynge yeares, to Spaniards and Mauritanians: and of them that be Spryngalds or in the beginning of theyr Adolescencie, to such as inhabite temperate Countryes. In the na∣tures also of bodyes, the hayre is of forme & co∣lour according to the difference and respect of A∣ges and Countryes.

For tender age and Childhoode is bare with∣out hayres on the bodye,* 1.196 or els wyth verye smal, soft and mosye hayre onelye, because eyther there be n•• pores in theyr skinnes for the exhalatiō to

euaporate and grow to the bignesse of hayres, or els there wanteth effluxe and fuliginous excre∣ment, wherewithall the small threads of the hay∣res, are wont to be drawen and produced oute. But when they bee come neere aboute the age of xiiii. yeares, they beginne to bourgen and shewe forth, lytle and weake. Lustye and flourishinge Age, hath hayres stronger, fuller bushed & blac∣kishe, for that, the pores and passages then be∣ginne to open and be enlarged: and finally stoare of fumous exhalation aboundeth in those partes of the bodye, which are apte to generate and pro∣duce hayre, as the Heade, Chinne, Arme pittes, & Priuities. For although the Breaste, Armes, & Thighes, in some that be of very hoate complex∣ion & abound with fuliginous vapoure, be seene to be rough and hayrie, yet do those hayres grow, neither so copiouslye nor to anye greate length: which thing (for example sake) in certayne drye and musculious places of the bodye, as the eye∣browes & eyelyddes may euidētly be perceyued.

Therefore the muche stoare and thicknes of hayre commeth of aboundaūce of humours:* 1.197 and the colour thereof is according as the heate is of greatnes. Therefore all those partes in mans body are most rough and hayrie, which abounde in moste heate. For it attracteth the vaporous fumes that issue from humours, and fashioneth the same into a hayrie nature. And for this cause, many Springhaldes haue not in that Age anye heardes, neither any other partes of their bodies hayrie.

My order is (to such as resort to me for aduise and counsell, howe they maye make their beardes to growe) to open and make wide their pores & passages, by applying and geeuinge to them such thinges as stirre vp heate in those partes, & bring out humours, altering & concocting the same in∣to the vse of hayres. The Lintment that I custo∣mably make for this purpose is this.* 1.198 R. of Reede or Cane rootes, Brionie rootes, Beete, Radish, Floure de lice, Onions, of ech alike, viz the quan∣tity of foure Ounces, sixe fatte figges brused & stamped very small, Maydenheare, Sothernvvod, Dill, of eche one handfull: seethe these all toge∣ther in sweete and well relyced wyne, then force & wringe out the licoure and streine it throughe a strayner, then put to it freshe butter neuer salted, pure honie, Ana. ii. oun mces, Oyle of Almonds both sweete and sower, Oyle of Sesama about the quantity of i. oūce, Oximel Scyllitic. halfe an oz. the powder or meale of Lineseede, Nigella, Fe∣nugreke, wel sifted and throughly boulted in a fine boulter, one Pugil or smal graspe, of y^e gūme Labdanū one oūce. Let al these be set vpon y^e fier and stirred with a sticke til they be thick ynough to make a Limment withall. To what part of y^e body soeuer this liniment is layd and applyed, it maketh hayre to grow: and if the Chinne or bare Cheekes bee therewith annoynted, the same wil quickly be hayrie and haue a comely bearde.

For it openeth and relaxeth the skinne be∣ynge thycke, and maketh the passage and

and euaporaciō for y^e humours, of whō throughe the helpe and operation of heate, the first buddīg out and generation of hayres proceedeth. And if the baldnes or barenesse of hayre proceede not eyther of eldershippe in yeares, or els by reasō of some sicknesse, or vicious humours as bodyes infected wyth some lothsome disease, or wyth French Pockes, commonly are (for the bo∣dyes of such persons euen in the secretest partes, become in eche place pylde, and sheedeth all their hayre like vnto Trees, whose leaues fall of, if in the roote raigne anye saltishnes or venemous li∣coure) this liniment is a present helpe and reme∣dy: but the body must first by Purgation be clē∣sed from all ill and filthy humours inwardly.

But to proceede in my purpose & matter: wo∣mē by y^e very same reason that yong Stryplings are, haue no hayre on theyr bodyes, but be smothe and slicke skinned, sauinge onelye theyr heades & crowne where their hayre groweth in maruey∣lous great plentye,* 1.199 for that the vapours do very much & aboundantly ascend vpward. In their other partes their skinne is smothe and vnhay∣rye, because moysture is aboue heate. Sauing y^• in and about theyr secrete pryuityes,* 1.200 where also hayrinesse appeareth, such women as be greatlye destrous of carnall lust and copulacion, be verye roughe and thick growenr with hayre thereabout, and the more lecherous, the more hayrie & fruict∣full. And the cause whye some women (other∣wyse aboundinge wyth generatiue seede) do not

conceyue and beare children, is nothing els but y^• want of heate. For euen as a fenny and very wet grounde beareth no corne but choketh it vppe, so likewyse a wombe that is slypperie,* 1.201 is not fit for conception. In like maner also, there be some yonge men, who maryinge to soone, and ere they be fully rype, are vnfruictfull and not able to get any children, for that they lacke manly strength, & theyr seede to cold and thinne. It is therefore by reason of heate, that men be hayrie and bolder then women be. But if heate encrease in mans body vnmeasurably and aboue a mediocrity, and that through Choler y^e bloud be styrred and too∣much enflamed, it oftentimes turneth into meere desperate rage & furie.* 1.202 And hereof it commeth, that many beinge angred and theyr bloud eyther wyth publicke or wyth pryuate iniuryes styrred, in theyr desperate moode, will Bedlemlyke runne vppon theyr Ennemyes wyth myndes en∣raged. The hoater of complexion therefore y^• euery man is, and further of from moderate tem∣perature, the hayryer is his bodye, and the fiercer is his courage. Which thinge by Iuuenal is right well expressed, where he sayth:

A busshie Beard, and Armes ouergrovven vvith bristled hayres, Sat. 2. declare In man, a sauage cruell mynde deuoyde of any care.

For vehemēt heate maketh men stoute of cou∣rage,

rage, fierce, testie, crafty, suttle, industrious, poli∣ticke, of which sorte of men wee fynde in wry∣ting, some, that not onely in their outward parts, but in their very Entrailes and inwarde partes, also haue bin found rough and hayrie.* 1.203 Plinie maketh mention of one Aristomenes Messenius, who by his subtyle Stratagemes and warlicke shiftes is sayd (being alone) to haue put to flight, whole Bands of men. Which thing is a plaine Argumente and tokē aswel of his craftinesse and suttletie, as also of his excellente and wonderfull fortitude. This man after he had slaine CCC. Lacedemonians, was by them once or twyse takē captiue & cast into prysō, but escaped their hands by creepinge oute at a litle narrowe hoale in the pryson as Foxes and Weesels do.* 1.204 Beinge a∣gayne taken he espyed conuenient time when his keepers & Iaylers were well whittled w^t wyne & faste ••ulled, & then crawled & rolled himself to the fler, and there burninge a flonder the Cordes and Gyues wherewyth he was tyed, together wyth y^• parte of his body where they were fastened, esca∣ped agayne. Being taken the third time, the La∣cedemonians his ennemyes, meaninge to make sure woorke wyth him, and desyringe to see what was within him, ripped his breast, and foūd his heart to be ouergrowen wyth hayre.* 1.205 Hereby we are to coniecture and gesse, what māly heate and strength there was in Sampson, who w^t the Iaw bone of an Asse slue a Thousād persons, and pul∣linge vp the Doares of the gate of the Citie, the

two syde poastes, wyth the barres and all, layed them vpon his shoulders and caryed them vp to the toppe of an hill: Who breaking a sonder the coardes & bandes wherewith he was tyed, bold∣ly and wythout any feare set vppon them y^t lay in wayte for him: and pulling downe the mayne pil∣lers of the house, oppressed and slue a wonderful multitude of his ennemies. No lesse notable & wonderfull was the stoute valiaunce of Dauid,* 1.206 who flercelye flyinge vpon a Lyon, and likewise vppon a Beare that came with open mouth to haue deuoured his flocke of Sheepe, slewe them both, and afterwarde vanquishinge and foylinge that proude and despiteful Philistine Goliah, cut of his head, and brought the same wyth him into the Cittie as a worthy Trophee and Monumēt of his noble Prowesse and victorie. For this cause also is Sangar the sonne of Anath in Sa∣cred Chronicles registred & enrolled,* 1.207 who flew of the Philistines vi. hundred men wyth a Ploughe share, or (as some do translate it) wyth an Oxe goade. And althoughe such men as these for the most part be of strength and courage inuincible, yet is it manye tymes seene, that a great sorte of them are ledde and caryed headlonge by wilfull affection and vnrulynesse of mynde, to committe and attempte thinges neyther honest nor allow∣able. Whose inclination being such, that (if they woulde be guided by vertue) they were able and of power to compasse right worthy exployts, and lacke no meanes nor helpes for the atchieuinge

and furtheraunce thereof, yet do they oftentimes take the worse waye, geuing themselues to nota∣ble vyces, and by craftines, subtilitye, coseninge, filching, murther, and bloudshedding, seeke to en∣riche themselues and to come by wealth, domini∣on, power and authority. These men quighte a∣bandoning the vertues, of Maguanimitie & For∣titude, desyre rather y^e name of harebrayned bold∣nes and cruelty, then of valiaunce and stoutenes.

In the attempte and aduenture of anye daunger,* 1.208 they shewe themselues couragious and hardy, but this theyr courage and hardynesse ten∣deth not to any commodity or profite of their com¦mon wealth and Country, but of a certayne pry∣uate luste, affection, and disorderlye outrage in themselues, to feede theyr owne sensual phanta∣syes, and wylfulnes: and so they maye haue theyr willes & theyr turnes serued, they make no great conscience, how the common state of theyr Coun∣try fareth.

Thus, manye times by proofe wee see, yonge men of ryght good hope and towardnes, through lewde compaignie of disordered Rakehelles,* 1.209 to degenerate frō the vertuous inclynation of theyr owne maners, into lewdenes and villa••••••e and whereas by foldwing y^e disposition of theyr owne vertuous nature, they mighte full well thryue, & be in great likelyhoode to become righte worthy and famous members of their Countrey, they seeke to compasse and bringe the same to effecte, through ill Artes and discommendable meanes,

in the learninge and practise wherof, they shewe themselues as industrious and take as greate paynes, as woulde conducte and bringe them to matters of better excellencie, and a greate deale worthier renowne.

And as dull spirited, heauy, slouthfull & slea∣py persons, commonly do not bringe to passe nor atchieue anye memorable acte, either for goodnes or harme notorious, neither attempte any greate feactes or noble enterpryses: So contrariwise these persons are sit and apt to euery thinge, that they set theyr myndes vnto, whether it be good or badde, vertue or vice: neither is anye thinge so harde and cumbersome, but (if they bende thereto their minde and industry, they will compasse and ouercome it, and therein attaine to a notable ex∣cellencie. And therefore in my opinion Plato iudged right wisely,* 1.210 in saying that, horrible wic∣kednes, and gracelesse desperate villanie procee∣deth not of a lowtishe and dull nature, but rather of a noble and excellente minde, that is marred & corrupted by ill custome and lewde education. And such persones as these, bee of a hoate com∣plexion and disposition of bodye, which pricketh them forward to do and execute such pranckes. For they that be cold (because they be fearefull & dastardly) neuer yet (as the prouerbe sayth) de∣serued tryūph for any worthy exploite done, nei∣ther dare to giue the onset and enterprise, to anye thing wherin is any great difficulty, daunger, or odde singularity.

They therefore that haue hoate bodyes, are also of nature variable, and chaūgeable, ready^prōpt, liuely, lusty and applyable: of tongue, trowling, perfect, & perswasiue: delyuering their words di∣stinctly, plainlye and pleasauntlye, with a voyce thereto not squekinge and slender, but streynable, comely and audible.* 1.211 The thing that maketh the voyce bigge, is partlye the wydenes of the breast and vocall Artery, and partly the inwarde or internall heate, from whence proceedeth the earnest affections, vehemente motions, and fer∣uent desyers of the mynde. But if ciuil and ver∣tuous education be lacking, they many tymes be∣come cogging shifters, crafty cosoners, slye make∣shiftes, nymble conueighers & foystinge filchers, troublesome and seditiously natured, vncon∣stante, waueryng, fraudulent vntrusty and facti∣ous.

VVho taketh ioy and pleasure still, In vvarres,* 1.212 in shiftes, and vices ill.

And for that their loynes be verye hoate, they are also for the most parte greatlye geeuen to lea∣cherie and whoorehunting, and thrall to all other pleasures of the body. Unto which vyce if they muche yelde and addicte themselues, frequen∣ting it excessiuely aboue measure, it happeneth y^• by reason of ouermuch profusion and wast of hu∣mour, they become bald and pilde on the forparte

of their head sooner then otherwyse they shoulde: their colour also fadeth away and decayeth, their eyes waxe dimme and bleared, their temples fall down, their legges & buttocks waxe thīne & wea∣rish, their lustines fayleth, their face is lanke and leane, and finally all the beautye and comelynesse of the body thereby decayeth and perysheth, be∣syde a greate many of other discommodyties and inconueniences whereunto they be subiecte: As first, to Consumptions and ill fauoured habites or lyking of the bodye, Feeuers hecticke, which takinge once holde in the inwardest partes, and throughlye settling in the boanes and marowe, bryngeth the body into apparante consumption. But if men of this constitution and complexion do circumspectly looke to theyr health, and order their bodyes and minds well and conuenientlye, they are healthfuller and lustyer then anye other men, and seldome happen to be sicke, or to gather anye superfluous aboundaunce of ill humours, which bringe putrefaction and corruption to the whole body. For the moderate substaunce of naturall heate, defendeth and maketh them free from all sickenesses and greeuaun∣ces.

It is expediente therefore and behoouefull, to vse a ryghte orderlye diet and good trade of life. And besyde these, that serue to the con∣stitution of Mannes bodye, there be Sixe thinges which beinge carefully looked vnto, and

diligently obserued, are able to keepe vs in good health,* 1.213 so that wee vse and not abuse the same, o∣therwise then orderly and conueniently. For the will of God the maker of all things, hath put these thinges to dispose at our owne choise and election. Galene calleth them, causes con∣seruatorie, because they serue & are able to keepe our bodies in good state,* 1.214 if they bee orderlye and conuenientlye vsed. The Phisitions of later time call them by the name of thinges not natu∣rall: not for y^t they bee withoute nature: but for y^• they be thinges that be not naturally within but wythout vs: and for that, by theyr vse and effect and by the order of their qualitye and measure, they do empaire and dainnyflte nature if they bee not well and aptlye vsed. Of the which sorte are these: Ayre that enclooseth vs, Meate and Drincke, Exercyse and Reste, Sleepe & Watch, Euacuation and retention, and the Affections of the mynde: all which, natural heate requireth as things necessary and needefull to her conseruati∣on and healthfull mayntenaunce.

First the Ayre doth somtime slyly and closely, sometime manifestlye and apparantlye,* 1.215 enter and breathe into y^e bodye, where it either corrupteth or els refresheth the spyrites within, sometime w^t corrupt and stinking sauour, and sometyme wyth holesome and sweete afflation.* 1.216 And this is to be noted, that vnholesome Ayre, and contagious or pestilēt sents, do more harme to sound health, then meate that is of veuemous qualitye. For

the meate may by vomite be cast vp again, wher∣as the Ayre and all thinges liquide, if they once catch possession in the vitall partes, and enter in∣to the veynes, they settle so surelye and take suche strong possession, that hardlye it is to remedy and againe thence to dispossesse them. Seing therfore, that the Ayre encompassinge and conteyning vs, doth so diuersly affecte our bodyes (for beside the pestilente exhalations that slylie by it bee conuei∣ghed into the lappes of the lunges, it either hea∣teth, dryeth, cooleth or moysteneth to much) euery man is to stand surely vppon his owne gard and diligently to loke to himselfe, that he be not ther∣by harmed. For as to temperate bodyes, hole∣somest ayre is fit and requisite: so to bodyes lac∣king of temperatenes, that ayre is to be accomp∣ted best, wherein contrary qualityes excel. Thus to a body that is hoat, cold ayre is to be applyed: to moyst,* 1.217 drye best serueth: for cold, hoate: and for dry, moyst: and if the same may not otherwyse be had, it is expediente by Arte to procure it. And therefore in hoate and drye diseases, or in verye soultery hoate weather,

VVhen schorching Doggedayes extreeme heat••: VVith parching drought and sicknes great,* 1.218 In scovvling Skie doth rage and raigne, And putts poore seelie vvightes to paine.

The better to qualefie and mitigate this hea••e,* 1.219 it shalbe verye good to sprinckle on the pauemē is

and coole the floores of our houses or chambers wyth springing water, and then to strew them o∣uer wyth Sedge, & to trimme vp our Parlours with greene boughes, freshe herbes or vyne lea∣ues: which thing although in the Low Coūtrey it be vsually frequented, yet no Nation more de∣cētly, more trymmely, nor more sightly then they do in Englande. For, not long agone trauey∣linge into that flourishinge Ilande,* 1.220 partlye to see the fashions of that wealthy Countrey, wyth mē of fame and worthynesse so bruited and renow∣ined, and partlye to visite VVilliam Lemnie, in whose company and weldoing, I greatly reioyce (as a father can not but doe) and take singuler cōtentatiō inwardly, euen at my first arryual at Douer, and so alōg my iourney toward London, which I dispatched partly vppon Horsebacke, and partly by water, I sawe and noted manye thinges able to rauishe and allure any man in the worlde, with desyre to trauatle and see that so noble•• Countrey. For beinge broughte by D. Lemnie (a skilfull Phisicion and w••l thoughte of there for his knowledge and experi∣ence) into the companye of honourable and wor∣shipfull Personages, euerye Gentleman and o∣ther woorthy Person shewed vnto mee (beinge a Straunger borne and one that neuer, had beene there before) all pointes of most fre••dly curtesye, and taking me first by the hand louingly embra∣ced and badde me righte hartely welcome.

For they be people very ciuill and wel affected to

men well stryken in yeares, and to such as beare anye countenaunce and estimation of learninge, which thing they that halfe suspect and haue not had the full tryall of the maners and fashions of this countrey, wil skarcely bee perswaded to be∣leeue. Therefore,* 1.221 francklye to vtter what I thincke of the incredible curtesie, and frendlinesse in speache and affabilitie vsed in this famous Royalme, I muste needes confesse, it doth sur∣mount and carye away the pricke and price of al others. And besyde this, the neate cleanlines, the exquisite finenesse, the pleasaunte and delightfull furniture in euery point for household, wonder∣fully reioyced mee, their Chambers & Parlours strawed ouer with sweete herbes, refreshed mee, their Nosegayes finelye entermingled wyth son∣dry sortes of fragaunte floures in their bedchā∣bers and priuie roomes, with comfortable smell cheered mee vp and entierlye delighted all my Sences And this do I thinck to be the cause y^t Englishmen, lyuing by such holsome and exqui∣site meate, and in so holesome and healthful ayre, be so freshe and cleane coloured: their faces, eyes and countenaunce carying with it, and represen∣ting a portly grace and comelynesse, geueth out e∣uident tokens of an honest mind: in language ve∣rye smoth and allectiue, but yet seasoned and tem∣pered within the limits and bonds of moderati∣on, not bumbasted with any vnseemely termes or infarced w^t any clawing flatteries or alluremen∣tes. At their Tables althoughe they be verye

sumptuous, and loue to haue good fare, yet ney∣ther vse they to ouercharge themselues wyth ex∣cesse of drincke, neither thereto greatly prouoke & vrge others, but suffer euery man to drincke, in such measure as beste pleaseth himselfe, which drinck (being eyther Ale or Beere) most pleasaūt in taste and holesomely relyced, they fetch not frō foreine places, but haue it amonge themselues brewed.

As touching their populous and great haū∣ted Cities, y^e fruictfulnes of their ground & soyle, their liuely Springes and mighty Riuers, their great Heards and flockes of cattel, their myste∣ries and Art of weauing and clothmaking, their skilfulnes in shootīg, it is needlesse heere to dis∣course: seing the multitude of Marchaunts, ex∣ercysinge the traffique and Arte of Marchaun∣dize amonge them, and Ambassadours also sense thyther from forraine Princes, are able aboun∣dantly to testifie, that nothing needeful & expedi∣ente for mans vse and commoditie lacketh in that most noble Ilande.

But to fal into my matter againe, from whēce I haue a little digressed: we must be no lesse wa∣rie and precise in choise of the Ayre, wherein wee liue, then of the meate and drincke wherby we be fedde, susteyned and nourished. Wherefore, to defende the bodye from being lightly and easelye attainted with Sicknes,* 1.222 or frō being made sub∣iect and open to Agues, it standeth vs vppon, to acquaint and accustome our selues to the beste

meates, and such as encrease or engender no ill iuyce nor corrupt humours: the same meates to be taken at due houres and seasonable times; and also in good order and moder••te quātity.

For (as Columella sayth) like as it is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the fielde or ground arable to be weaker then the husbandman that tilleth and breaketh it vp,* 1.223 least if the ground be stronger and p••euayle, the tyller or husband be crushed or ouermaystered •••••• like∣wyse expedient and meete it is, that the meate be weaker and vnder the powers and ••••aystrye of nature, both that the stomacke be not ouer••loyed and charged wyth superabundance or excesse, & also for the speedser concoctiō and better digesti∣on thereof. Which thinge is hardly brought to passe, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the stomacke is too muche pampered and 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and the meates either ill and vnhole∣some, 〈…〉〈…〉 diuers and repugnaunt qualities amonge themselues: or finallye when neyther re∣spect, order nor mean•• of 〈◊〉〈◊〉, custome, houres, age, nor 〈◊〉〈◊〉 is obserued.

These c••••cumstances also thincke I good to bee prescribed in the Acte of carnall copulation, namely to yong 〈◊〉〈◊〉 folkes, who vppon their new ma••y••g••, wyth vnaciable beastlynesse and frequ••••ci•• of coiture, thincke to ouercome and tyre their wyues, whereas they yet remayne still vnsatisfyed, and the men vtterly spend and soked. In diet also and order of lyfe this thing is to bee obserued, specially where the body passeth not the bounds of temperaunce and moderation, that as

neere as is possible, nothing be eaten & vsed, but those things that be lyke or as very agreeable to nature as conuentently may be: for to feede vpon contraryes is a thing righte hurtfull and daun∣gerous, which thinge in eche seuerall age, tyme, countrey, and custome (which altereth a man frō his owne nature to an other) is greatly to be re∣spected, wayghed and considered.

Thus no children requyre moyst nourishmēt,* 1.224 and thinges that be very hoate and dry are not to be prescribed and giuen to them, because y^e same is a hinderaunce to there growth. For which cause Plato and Galene do forbidde Children y^e drinkyng,* 1.225 yea the••••stinge of Wyne, because the drinkinge thereof setteth their bodyes in heate, filleth their heads wythfumes, & bringeth great annoyaunce to their myndes.* 1.226 Yea they be of o∣pinion, that for bigge Stryplings of full growth to drincke wyne, is not allowable, except: it be ve∣rye sparinglye and litle ••••e cause it caryeth them headlonge into anger, maketh them prompte and readye to pursue ••centious lustes and inordi∣nate affections, and also dulleth and troubleth that part of the mynde which is rationall. But they that be entryng into mās state (because they then consyste and be in theyr best temperamente) requyre such dyer and nourishmente as is hole∣some and temperate. As for example, Veale, Muttō, Porke, Henne, Kydde, Egges, fine Mā∣thet bread of the best and cleanest Wheate. For Youth and mās Age, because, they draw 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ard

heate and somwhat to drynesse:* 1.227 and for that their bloud waxeth hoate, speciallye in Sōmer season: it is best to alay and qualefie y^• same heate, wyth thinges that be moderately moyste: such as these, Buglosse, Orrage, Mallowes, Spinach, y^e herbe Pacience, Lactuce, Purselane, Melons, Cucum¦bers, Cheeries, Corncile berryes, and of these many, for hurtinge and annoyinge the stomacke, may be boy••ed: or if we eate thē raw in Saletts, it shalbe righte good to myngle & put vnto them, Rocket, Cresses, Mynte, Watercresses & Gardē Dragon worte, which nowe a dayes groweth in a maner in euerye Garden. By this meanes shall wee bringe to passe that heate shall not too much preuayle or get the vpperhand by ouermaystring naturall moysture. Therefore when a man of a hoate complexion, or of an other constitution, beginneth to grow into distemperature, it shalbe expediente for him to alter nature to her contra∣tyes: for by thinges lyke,* 1.228 are diseases procured, and by distemperaunce nourished.

Therefore at anye time, when soeuer thou art disposed to alter y^• state of thy bodye and to driue away sicknes, enioyne to thy selfe a contrarye or∣der of Dret and vsage, but yet so, that nature bee not in posthaste, but leysurely and by litle and ••••∣sle translated to an other custome. For as it is a wysemans parte (sayth ••ullye) by litle and li∣tle to wy••d oute himself and shyft of those frend∣ships which he greatly lyketh not:* 1.229 so likewise an

old rooted custome may not be hastely and sodēly chaūged, but softly, leysurely, and discretely. For sodaine alteration and chaung bringeth the body into daunger, and is very preiudicial to health. But this is specially ment of the body: for in the state of the mynde, there ought to be neither stop nor delay, but immediately and oute of hand to a∣bandon and banishe all lewde maners and disho∣nest enormities.

Furthermore as in yong men all thinges are to be reduced to the perfection and syne of tempe∣rature, and euery way to be attempted for the a∣mendement of that which in them is amysse, and for framyng of their bodies to a right proportion or agreeablenesse: so in Aged persons nothinge ought to be rashly taken in hād or inconsiderate∣ly attempted: for that, it is a great deale better for that Age, still to continue in such thinges as they haue been trayned vp and accustomed vnto,* 1.230 (yea although they be somewhat butifull) then to be∣ginne any newe alteration in their diet and order of lyuing. Contrary wyse yong men must striue and assaye to alter, and bringe themselues from those things y^t be nought and hurtfull, although they haue ben vsed therto euen since they were children. For their strength and powers are wel ynough able to suffer a moderate alteration: and because they may lyue a longer while, it is to bee hoped that they (by chaunginge and framynge themselues to a better custome and order) maye receyue therby profite, and be otherwyse benefici∣all

to their countrey:* 1.231 But an olde man, if he goe aboute to shake from him or to chaunge that or∣der of life, which by long vse and domestically hee hath frequented, doth but loose all his labour, & trauayleth therein all in vayne. For althoughe he proceede somewhat forward therin, and seeme to haue wonne thereby some parte of his desyre, yet shal he lacke tyme and space to gleane and en∣ioy any fruite of his wyshed estate.

He doth heerein much like to him that (being spent in yeares & euen at the pittes brincke, care∣fully and busely saueth and purueigheth (the nee∣rer y^t hee cōmeth to his iourneyes end & hath lesse way to go)* 1.232 greater store and foyson of victual for his wayfaring expences: a thinge, in the opinion and iudgemente of Cato so absurde, as nothinge more. In which doinge hee wasteth all his la∣bour and dealeth much like (sayth Galene) to •• man that in his old doating and decrepite dayes,* 1.233 goeth aboute to learne some Arte or occupation: whereas more meete it were for such a one to cal to remembraunce what a small time by course of nature he hath here to remaine, and that his cō∣tinuaunce here cannot be long, but muste be pac∣king awaye and depart to his long home.

Seinge therefore olde Age is to enioye and take no commoditie by chaunginge vsuall diet & ordinary custome of lyuing, it is better by euerye maner of way to cheerishe and comforte it, and to heate and humect his colde and drye bodye wyth nourishment conueinente, then doubtfully and by

haphazard, and otherwyse then that age permit∣teth, to begin any new order: sythence olde age is weake and feeble, and not well able to beare oute euen the least disdiete that maye bee: but if it fall thereinto, hardly and with very much adoe can it escape and recouer it selfe out againe.

But forasmuch as naturall heate by mo∣derate motion or exercise is encreased and strēg∣thened,* 1.234 and the Body and mynd of man (weary∣ed wyth troublesome busynesse and cares) is de∣strous with reste & quietnes to bee refreshed, & to haue some reasonable truce & relaxation: euen as good heede and greate regard hereof in euery se∣ueral Cōplexion would be had (for according to euery mās nature, is y^e same sonderly to be vsed) so in this hoate state & Cōplexion of body for the better maintenaunce and conseruation of health, it would be well loked vnto and cyrcumspectyle considered. Nothinge is holesomer nor more a∣uayleable for health, then seasonable Exercyse & conuenient motion. For by it the quicknes and vigour of the mynde is reuyued, the faynt drow∣sye Spyrites styrred vp and awaked, the soule and mynde checred and exhilarated, all the parts of the body & all the senses both within and w^tout made nimble, actiue, perfect and ready to do their proper functions: the colour fayrer & fresher, ap∣petite prouoked & sharpened, y^e possages & pores opened, & y^e cōceptories of the Veynes enlarged and made bigger, (whereby humours haue freer passage & way into euery seuerall part of the bo∣dy)

excremēts commodiously purged, concoction speedelyer finished, & the iuyce or humours (be∣ing well cococted) better distributed to the suste∣naunce and nourishmente of euery member in the body: last of all, when the mynd is quyet & calme, then is sleepe sound and quiet also, and not inter∣rupted nor broken wyth phantastical dreames & nightly imaginations, yea then be al things duly, seasonably, and orderly vsed and done, when the meate is throughly concocred and excrements by euacuation purged: which by too vehement mo∣tion are drawen into the disposition or habite of the body, & stop the streit & narrow, pores therof.

When a man is disposed to exercise himself,* 1.235 it shalbe good to prepare his body therto by bēding and bowing thereof, & to stretch out his synewes and other parts of his body, which peraduēture for want of exercise are stiffe, thereby to make thē nymble & plyable. By this meanes shal hee wyth no greeuaunce or wearines vse exercise, and so lōg is it good for him to bestirre his body, til his lymmes begin somewhat to swel, & a fresh ruddy colour in his face & body, w^t sweating to appeare: which so soone as it happeneth & is plainly to be perceyued, it behoueth streightwayes to ceas frō exercise, & to chafe y^e body no further: for if it be cōtinued lōger & not stinted, by & by y^e colour va∣nisheth awaye, & the body becōmeth dry & lancke. And like as hoat cōplexioned mē, if they vse vehe¦ment & swift motion, & wyth exercise heat & chafe thēselues throughly, they haue thereby bodyes

slender and (by reason their naturall humoure is spent) somewhat enclyning to drynesse: so againe,* 1.236 if they liue idly or giue themselues to drawsynes, or to spending their time in riot; distemperaunce, loytringe, slouth, wantonnes, ease & nyce delytes, they growe full of humours, and ware woude∣rous grosse, fatte and corpulent. I maye perad∣uenture seeme to the s••••emish and full stomacked Reader, to bestawe herein ••o wo••••des then for such a matter are needeful, but le•• him vnderstād that our purpose herein tēdeth to this onely end, to admonish al men in general and namely Stu∣dents and men of honourable byrth,* 1.237 a••d such as further and fauour goad Studies and vertuous Arts and disciplines, not to meddle with painful and vehemente stronge exercises (specially when they be fasting or immediatly after meales;) ney∣ther to sit at their Bookes at vnseasonable hou∣res, wearing away themselues still wythin doo∣res, and greatly wassing their animall spirites & the faculties naturall of their bodyes. For in both these sortes; I see measure or meane in them wantinge: whereof I purpose more at large to speake, when I come to the discourse of the drye Complexion. Furthermore forasmuch as there be sondry and diuers sorts of Exeraise, and euery sort not apte & decente for euery Age: let euerye man trye and consider in himselfe whereto hee is by nature most apt and inclinable.* 1.238

Hovv much his shoulders carye maye, And vvhat they can not vvell vpstaye.

As for Wrestling,* 1.239 Coytingo, Tennis, Bow∣linge, Whorlehattinge, liftinge greate waightes, pitching the harre. Ryding, Running, Leapinge, shooting in Gunnes, swymming, tossing y^e Pyke, Tyltinge, Barryers and Tourney, are reckened amonge the exercises of strong men: albeit some, of them (because they are violently and forciblye, done, haue of a mery beginninge, a heauy and la∣mentable endinge: as of late yeares it happened vnto the French King Henry the seconde of that name,* 1.240 & stoute Prince and of courage muincible: who in a royall. Iusting or running at the Tylt, for the more solemnization of a nuptiall Pompe thē prepared, receyued his deathes wounde, with a splint or shyuer of a broken speare, which pear∣ced & gotte in at the sight hoales or beauer of his Helmet, and stroke the king into the eye, and so to the braine, whereof he sodainly fell into an Ague, and after a few dayes dyed.

There be other kinds of exercise not of so great trauaile as these,* 1.241 and lesse troublesome: as to bee caryed in wagons, or to be rowed in Boates: sō∣drye sortes of frictions: walking eyther softly or apace, Singinge and Musicall melodie, chaun∣ted eyther with liuely voyce,* 1.242 or played vpon swete Instrumentes, to the eares & mynde righte plea∣saunt and delightfull, dryuing awaye heauynes, and cheering and reuyunge the Spyrites, when they are damped wyth thoughtes, and carefull pensiuenes. And if thereto be vsed a cleare and lowde reading of bigge tuned sounds by stoppes

and certayne Pauses, as our Comicall felowes now do, that measure Rhetorick by theyr peeuish Rhythmes, it will bryng exceeding much good to the Breast and Muscles. No lesse ease and pro∣fite lykewyse shall a man thereby finde for the o∣penyng of hys pypes, and expelling thence al ob∣structions, specially if hee vse himselfe a litle to holde in his breath, and pinching together his lyppes, wyth his cheekes full blowen, to let his breath gushe oute wyth a full & sturdye sounde.* 1.243 But this, in yonge men (sayth Galene) is to bee moderated till they be at consistente Age, and in mornynges when the body is emptye and not in∣farced, neyther wyth the nightly exercyse of vene∣rous pastimes afore, wearyed and weakened.

This Exercyse also of al others is most chiefly cōueniēt & good for them y^t eyther by imperfectiō* 1.244 of nature or by negligēce of Nurses are crooke∣backed: For y^e Muscles of their bulke & breast, and the lappes or bellowes of theyr Lōges being drawen together & crooked toward, theyr backs, causeth thē to be shortwynded, which by this mea¦nes is greatly eased, & they therby made to fetche their wynd a great deale better & w^t more facility. Horses of good courage & breed••, when they feele the Spurre, with coursinge, tramplinge and f••tching the capre, caryre, or curuetty, do y^e very same thinge naturally, with their snuffing Nose∣thrils (a tokē wherby to know & good coragious Horse) which men do, when they holde in theyr breath, & stroute out their C. jeekes. This trick

to make thē snuffe, y^• Horscorsers vse, by pinching them by the Noses:* 1.245 and if thereupon they forth∣wyth puffe and blowe, they take it for a certayne signe and sure token that the same horse is good, and hath in him no hidden nor secrete fault. For if he pace not well, if he fling oute wyth his hee∣les and kicke, if he haue a stiffe legge or a blynde eye, and such like outward impediment, it is eui∣dent by sight and loking on to be perceyued, & by other outward tokens, ought and may easelye be found out and tryed.

I could heere repeate a great sort of other ex∣ercises moe,* 1.246 as Dyce, Tables & Cardes, but be∣cause they bee the pastimes & recreations of ydle persons & to be done standing still or sittinge, and againe, be not in y^• nōber of cōmendable delights, & laudable solaces, I haue spared in this place to speake anye thing of them. For men of good nature and disposition, when they haue any spare time from their other earneste busynesse, desyre & frequente such solaces & sportes as are ioyned w^t honesty,* 1.247 such as are the pleasures of y^e countrye & practize of husbādry, which brīgeth w^t it not only pleasure but profite & gaine also, & y^e plentifully & w^tout any dislykīg toyle. For the master or owner of the ground needes not w^t his owne handes, to moyle & toyle, digge and delue, plough, and carte, sow, harrowe, & breake cloddes, to digge aboute his trees and cleanse awaye the superfluous and hurtful earth, sithence he may take lesse paynes, by committing the doing thereof to his Hindes

and meigniall Hyerlings whom he may dayly o∣uersee and by word of mouth, berke, or figne, ap∣pointe what he will haue to be done and taken in hand. Which thing is meant by Terence, where he bringeth in one old mā reprouing an other, for drudging and moylinge in his grounde himselfe, saying thus: The toyle and labour vvhich thou takest vvith thyne ovvne hands,* 1.248 if thou vvouldest bestovv the same in ouerseeinge thy folkes, and setinge them to their busynesse, thou shouldest haue more vvorke done by a great deale.

The owners foote maketh a fruitfull fielde, (sayth the Prouerbe) and the Maysters eye fat∣teth the horse. Now when we leaue of from ex∣ercyse and come to our meate and drincke, which restoreth strength, we must be very wary & care∣full that we ouercharge not our stomackes wyth superabundaunce and saciety. For as too much abstinence and hunger is oftentymes hurtfull,* 1.249 so too much fulnes and saciety is neuer profitable & holesome: for there wyth the Stomacke is too-much stuffed and distempered with cruditye, en∣gendring oppilation and putrefaction, the verye breeders and procurers of Agewes and al other diseases. To maynteyne & preserue bodely health in perfect stay and soundnes, all thinges are to be done in due order and by right choyse of iudge∣ment, so y^t according to the precept of Hyppocra∣tes,* 1.250 Labour or Exercyse, Meate, Drynck, carnal Acte, all muste be vsed in measure, and be done in their due time and order. Hereby wee see, that by

his opynion, healthynes must take his beginning at Exercyse, after which meate and drincke com∣meth next,* 1.251 then: Slepe and last of an carnall Act, meetest for them (sayth Galene) •• vsually haue recourse thereto and feele sheve by leaste harme, & that is for 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Age: for so Olde age and dry bodyes it is exceedingly hurtfull and most per∣nitious.

Neyther ••••it without daunger and harme, to be frequēted of those that be of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Complexi∣ons, specially being vsed oute of season or immo∣derately, or when the weather is hote. In the Spring time it is more tolilerable and holesome, after that the bodye is with moderate 〈…〉〈…〉 meate and brincke heated and moystened, and be∣ing also before sleepe. For by this meanes, the wearynesse 〈…〉〈…〉 doing, is by Sleepe incontineutly 〈◊〉〈◊〉 cased, and re∣payred.

¶Emptynesse and Repletion.

THis moderation is in other thinges also to be obserued, as when the body requyreth w^t meate and brincke to the refreshed, or being wyth humours app••ete, defyreth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 prouided alwayes that good consideration be had, what strength the bodye is of, what nature is able to beare, and how farre herein a man may safely ap∣uenture. Which thing also in well and cyrcum∣spectly to be waighed and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of, in ope∣nyng

of Veynes, in prouokinge sweate, in procu∣ring laskes, in skowringe and purginge the En∣trailes, and prouokinge vomites: for in these, re∣gard and respecte muste be had both of time, age, custome, nature and Countrey.

Neither ought any man of custome to vse and try any of these experiences rashly vpon himself, except great cause therunto moue him, or that he be troubled with much aboundaunce of noysome humours, which requyre eyther by purgation or els by euacuation to bee expelled.* 1.252 For in euerye Coūtry almost there be some, which at all seasōs of the yeare vse to be let bloude, or els by scaryfy∣inge the skinne to be cupped, to the no small hin∣draunce daunger and empechmēt of their health: for together with the bloude (which is the trea∣sure of lyfe)* 1.253 there passeth out no smal deale of the vitall Spirite; whereby the whole bodye falleth into great coldnes, and nature weakened, & ther∣by made lesse hable to performe her woorke and function.* 1.254 So likewyse, others without any ad∣uyse of the Physitions wyll swallowe Pylles & dryncke Purgations, whereby they enfeeble their strength and hasten old age before the time.

The same now and then happeneth to sondry in prouoking vomite,* 1.255 wha thinke it good & hole∣som once or twyse in a Moneth, to cleare, & emp∣tye y^e filthy sincke of their gorged. Carkasses this waye: whereas it is at no hand expedient & good for them that be in health, to haunt this beastlye custome, neyther to be ruled by anye that shoulde

thereunto counsell them.

And whereas some take hold of a certaine say∣ing in Hippocrates,* 1.256 whereby they ground the vse hereof to be good, such men in my opynion do not throughlye conceiue and vnderstande his full meanyng in that place. For he beinge dayly cō∣uersaunt and practizinge Physicke, amonge such a Nation and people, whose fashion and ordina∣rye custome was to keepe reuell rexe, and vse all kinde of ryotous and ingluuious guimandyze, did not prescrybe vnto them any lawes or orders for vomitinge: but if they shoulde fortune to o∣uercharge themselues wyth excesse and surphet, he iudgeth it a better way for him that hath vsed himself to vomite euery Moneth, to continue the same two dayes together, that the seconde daye maye make cleare ryddaunce of the remaynder of the first daye, rather then at the ende of xv. dayes eftsones to renue the same. For by that meanes shall hee expell and sende oute the humours that were engēdred of his former surphet and distem∣peraunce, & kepe his body free from future sicke∣nes. So that this reuerente and Aged Phisti∣tion in that place exhorteth no man to vomite,* 1.257 for anye holesomenes that is therein, but iudgeth suche manet of euacuation to bee expediente for them that wyth excesse and immoderate feedinge haue surphetted or whose stomackes throughe crudity & corruptiō of the meate, & drincke before eaten, betch vp sower stynkinge fumes, whereof y^• one cōmonly happeneth in cold stomackes, & the

other, in hoate. So the wyse Hebrevv, Iesus the sonne of Syrach, in euery place exhort̄g to fruga∣litye & moderation,* 1.258 willeth thee if thou feelest thy selfe to haue eaten too muche and more then thy health cā well brooke, to aryse and go thy wayes and to cast it our of thy stomacke, least otherwyse thou bring thy body in daunger of Sicknesse, but he would not haue any man customably to vse it. Let not him that desyreth to lyue till hee be olde,* 1.259 vse vomytinge often, specially if hee be longe and round necked, eyther very slender or verye grosse bodyed, or streict and narow brestes. But hee y^t leadeth his lyre temperatelye, shall not neede to seeke anye helpe at vomytinge for conseruation & mayntenaunce of his health.

Sleepe and Watch.

SLeepe and watche are after one lyke reason & waye to bee considered of, which being mode∣ratelye vsed, & within the bounds of mediocrity frequēted, are very auayleable to health, & bring wyth them most needefull commodityes.

Sleepe is nothing els but a restinge of the Ani∣mal facultie, and a Paws••ng from the actions and busynes of the day, wherby the vertues of the bo∣dyes being faynt, and the powers thereof beinge resolued, are reuyued and made fresh againe, and all the wearie members & Senses recomforted. For when the powers natural be fresh and lusty, natiue heate gathering it self inward, is of more

force and strongly applyeth concoction, perfour∣ming the same not onely in the Stomack, but al∣so through the whole body besyde, whose vapour and pleasaunt sent moysteneth the brayne, & brin∣geth asleepe the Instrumentes of the Senses.* 1.260 Nothing therfore after meate moderately taken, is to the body holsommer thē seasonable Sleepe: for it refresheth the wearyed powers of the body, styreth vp the Spirites, recreateth the mynde, putteth away sorow, & bringeth a man into good and quiet temper. Neyther can health in anye wyse be continued and maynteyned in any parte of the bodye, withoute this amyable recourse and due vse of watch and Sleepe: whereby we wyth∣draw our selues for the time, from oure earneste busynesse, and at seasonable houres geeue recrea∣tion to our wearyed Spyrits. And after sleepe, fal againe to our busynesse and affayres, whether they be to be done wyth labour of the body or in∣dustry of mynde. For howe could mans mynde continue still in his perfect vigour and strength, if these thīgs by turnes be not vsed, if this varie∣tye of lyfe and quiet resting after labours of the day, be not intermingled? These make the state of oure life the lesse yrksome and burdenous, and vs to be thereof lesse wearye & cloyed. For as Ouid doth rightlye say,

That thing that lackes alternal rest, continue cannot long,* 1.261 It makes the povvers of bodye fresh, and vvearyed members, stronge.

The Sūne beīg once vp, sōdry delightful sights appeare, & innumerable galant spectacles of the world & nature, presēt thēselues vnto vs, to chase & driue troublesom fācies, dūps, & cogitaciōs, out of our careful & p̄ēsiue minds. And loke what cō∣modity we reape by the dayes trauaile, that doth Sleepe in y^e night coūteruayle & requite.* 1.262 For as the day seruīg for watch & dispatch of our neede∣full busynesse, doth exercise the body, & in hope of Sleepe maketh al thinges lighter and easyer: so the nighte being appointed for rest, bringeth w^t it a forgetfulnes of the dayes toyle, & a sweete end of y^e labour therof. Wherfore we may not be neg∣ligent, remisse and slacke in the due consideracion of these thinges, but carefully beware y^e they bee not, eyther vnseasonably, disorderly, or vnmeasu∣rably frequented. So that Sleepe (which belon∣geth to* 1.263 y^e night) may be continued neere about the space of 8. houres, or (if Supper were somewhat large and full) somewhat longer. Howbeit in some persons it is not to be measured, so much by the nomber of houres, as by the soundnes & pro∣fundity of Sleepīg, as Porters, Whyrrimē, ve∣hement Laborers,* 1.264 Caryers, Saylers &c. For these & such lyke (for that, their braynes are very moyst) do sleepe marueylous soundlye and cānot be awaked but with much adoe: because their na∣turall vertue being resolued wyth ouermuch ex∣ercyse, desyreth by Sleepe, to be refreshed, and w^t the humydity y^t descendeth from the brayne, to be repayred & restored: whereby it happeneth that y^t vertue Animall, and Instrumentes of the Sen∣ses,

being lulled in ease and fast deteyned, Sleepe most soundly seazeth vppon them. And y^t thing which wearynesse causeth in greate labourers & such as vse much exercyse,* 1.265 y^e same doth moysture and refrigeration in children and dronken folks: for in both of them, heate recuyling to the hearte, (which is the welspring of y^e vitalfaculty) & the head likewise stuffed w^t tumosities, sleepe hap∣peneth and stealeth vpon them.

But they y^• haue the nookes & celles of theyr brain slēderly moyst,* 1.266 are ready to awake at euery litle styrīg or waggīg, for y^t the thinne vapour & smal fume which possesseth y^e head, being nothing thicke, doth quickly vanish & passe away. For I haue knowē mauy, worne in a maner to y^e stum∣pes, partly by ouermuch study, partly by Agues & Uenerie, who in their sleepe, plainly & perfect∣ly vnderstoode euery word spoken by the stāders by, insomuch y^t beinge awaked w^t the least noyse y^• might be, they could recōpt & rechearse y^e most part of those things which had bin there spoken & vt∣tered. Not after the guise & fashiō of some, which of set purpose at bāquets will coūterfaite thēsel∣ues dronken & a sleepe.* 1.267 For these good fellowes vnder colour of being cupshot & heauy headed, do slily vndermine, espie & marke what euerye man sayth at y^• boord, specially of such words, intētes & meanings, as mē being heated & wel whytteled in wyne, do then report, and vnaduysedly vtter. This trick not they only, but promoting Catch∣poles,* 1.268 and crafty Scoutes, that raung about the country, to espye how men liue & what they doe,

notīg the dealings and narrowly sifting the lyfe, behauiour, and maners of other men, whereby they gleane to themselues no small gaine & com∣moditye. For the fourth parte of the goodes, for their catchpollinge, falleth to them, for their lot and share: which thing maketh them to be very prying, double diligent, and inquisitiue, where to haue a purchase, and by other mens losses to en∣rich and greaze themselues. The Poet Iuuenal (a very precise and notable reprehender of vyces, and one that would neuer go behind the doore to tell men their faults) sheweth that this was a cu∣stome vsuall and ordinary amonge Baudes and Cuckolds (nay rather wyttoldes) which for hyre would be contented to let out theyr wyues to opē prostitution, or whē they had anye persons in su∣spicion and iealousye. And to the intent the A∣dulterous Lecherers mighte the more freely and licentiouslye haue the vse of their wyues bodyes, these fellowes as thoughe they had beene busyed in other matters, and looking an other waye, or as thoughe their myndes, eyes, and facultyes animal had bin earnestlye fixed and bente vp∣pon other cogitations, tooted and gazed into the toppe of the house and vewed some trimme fee∣lings, or Images and pictures, liuely paynted & set out in their Parlours and Chambers. For thus doth the Poet depaynt and set forth in his colours, one of this generation: and by this one, geueth a light to lead and dyrect our coniectures to iudge of the rest.

To his ovvne vvyfe, a Baude and Pandar vyle, A vvittold,* 1.269 feigning sleepe and vvynking many a vvyle, VVho can his lyrypoope, and gaze full manerly For birdes nestes in the roofe, vvhile others syckerly, Dubbes him an horned knight, and that right vvorthily.

The very same thinge also setteth downe O∣uid, and to the same purpose, albeit by other oc∣casion taken.

If that the goodman haue an heauy noll,* 1.270 Or els a Burdeaux hammer beating in his head, Both time and place shall vs direct and toll, Till vvith his vvyfe, our purpose vve haue spedd.

But now againe to fal into my byas, and lea∣uinge this digression to retourne to my purpose: I say, nothing doth so much conserue, renue, re∣uiue and cheerish the powers of body and mynd as Sleepe in the night, takē about an houre and a halfe after Supper.* 1.271 At which time it is best, first to lye on the righte syde, that the meate maye descende and approche better to the Lyuer, and be the easelyer digested. Howbeit it is not alto∣gether amysse nor vnholesome for them that haue feeble digestions, to lye somewhat groueling and prostrate on their bealyes, specially if their Sto∣macke bee charged wyth anye superfluity. The commoditye whereof, to them whose bellyes bee somewhat swelled and styffe, is right profitable,

both for the digestiō of the meate, & asswaging of all inflation and paine of the Stomacke,* 1.272 & casing of ache and gryping in the bowelles. Lying flat vpon the backe is most hurtful and daungerous: for so manye as sleepe after y^• sorte, lye wyth their mouthes open, their eyes staryng, their eyelyddes vnclosed, sleeping very vnquietly, and without a∣ny refreshing or ease, by reason that the Muskles of their breast & necke be drawen hard together. And besyde diuers other discommodityes, they be oftentimes troubled with the night Mare, and falling sicknes, and are also subiecte to Palseys, Crampes and Apoplexies: which diseases also are incidēt to them that sleepe at Noone, or myd∣day vppon their beddes.

Let no man therefore of custome vse himselfe to sleepe in the day time,* 1.273 vnlesse he be thereto dri∣uen by wearynesse and lassitude gotten throughe heate or labour, or when hee hath ouerwatched himselfe the night before. For in such case, a nap at noone may without harme be allowed & borne w^tall. And euen as Sleepe vnseasonablye or vn∣mesurably takē either by day or night maketh mē dull,* 1.274 obliuious, lazye, faint, heauy, blockishe, and marreth both wtt and memory: so agayne, wat∣ching being not within medtocrytie and measure vsed, dryeth the brayne, affecteth the senses, em∣payreth memory, dymmeth eyesighte, marreth the Spirites, wasteth naturall humour, hyndereth concoction, and finallye consumeth all the grace, beauty, comelynes and state of the whole body.

The Perturbations and affections of the mynde.

VVHat harme and inconuenience the mynd suffereth throughe perturbations & vn∣ruly affections bearing sway in the same, as Ha∣tred, Anger, Wrath, Enuy, Feare, Sadnes, im∣moderate ioy, anguish, pensiue cares & thoughts, wyth many other troublesome motions, repug∣naunt and greatly squaring from reason, there is no man but he hath eyther in himselfe by experi∣ence tryed, or by obseruation in others sufficient∣ly noted. For what man in this so great imbecil∣lity and frowardnes of nature, is not wyth some of these tempted and assayled?* 1.275 And althoughe some bee better able then other some, eyther to withstande or to qualefie and subdue his affecti∣ons, yet is there no mā so perfect y^t is not to some of them thrall and subiecte. How violent and vn∣rulye these affections be in some, which yeld their natures whollye to the impatencie thereof, and how greatly they disturbe and bring out of frame both the mynde and body, by manyfest examples is daily seene For many haue procured to them∣selues present death & destruction throughe rage,* 1.276 anger, shame and immoderate ioy: by reason, that the heart being lefte destitute of bloud and vitall Spirite fainteth, shrynketh, and is dissolued. Which felfe same thing (albeit by an other and diuers reasō) oftētimes happeneth also in feare,

sorrow and sodaine frightes, at which times the heart is oppressed wyth too much abundaunce of bloude, and the vitall Spirite choak••d and stop∣ped. Angre (which is a passion so lyke to fury and madnesse,* 1.277 as nothing in y^e world more) what force it hath, and how much it altereth the state & outward shewe of the body, appeareth chiefly by countenaunce, colour, grymme visage, cruell and fierye eyes, puffinge & wrynkled nosethrilles, byting lyppes, enraged mouth, trembling & sha∣kinge lymmes, vnsteadye gate, stammerynge and fearefull voyce. This affection or rather per∣turbation of the mynd, when it once reiecteth the rule of reason, and groweth into disordered out∣rage, is offensiue and troublous to others, but chieflye and specially, the party himselfe (therew^t affected) throweth himself into perill of death, or at least into diseases very daūgerous. The mynd therfore must be reyned by reason, and curbed by temperaunce, that it yeld not to affections, but procure to it selfe quietnes & tranquillity,* 1.278 which (as Tullye witnesseth) is the chiefeste pointe that helpeth vs in this lyfe to lyue well and happely.* 1.279 Which none can haue, sauing he, that can subdue and mayster his affections, and shake of the ty∣rannous yoke of lewd vices: & this is by no other meanes to be brought to passe, but by a fyrme & assured truste and beliefe in God onelye, and the same to bee stedfastly grounded vppon his holye Worde and Heauenlye Spyrite: by whose direc∣tiō a mā shal not fayle to haue the gyft of Tēpe∣peraunce,

to qualefye all his wilful affections,* 1.280 & to withdraw and keepe him backe from all licen∣tious lust,* 1.281 Insolencie, immoderate ioye, excessiue myrth, hatred, angre, desyre of reuenge, greedye scrapyng, couetousnesse, and all other victous af∣fections whatsoeuer. And by this meanes both the partes of man, that is to saye, both Soule & Body, (which by a certayne Sympathie or mu∣tuall consent and conspyracie agree together) shal be in perfect state and soundnes withoute beinge wyth any Sicknesse, or greeuous malady distem¦pered.

¶Of a cold Complexion. The viij. Chapter.

BEcause the cold Cōplexion is cleane cōtrary and opposite to the hoate Constitution: and for that, this is the worst of al others, & furthest from y^t state which is perfectest & best: I wil ad∣dresse my next speach to discourse vpon it, to thēd (if it be possible) it may be amended and brought to a better case. For sithens lyfe doth consist in a temperature of hoate & moyste, whereby bodies encrease to their growth, and attaine to manlye strength and stature: worthelye and by good rea∣son, may this be accompted of al others y^e worst, for that, in euery point and respecte (that tendeth to the furtheraunce of strength & mayntenaunce

of health) it helpeth no whit, neyther geeueth any encrease thereto at all. For consideringe that in it there lacketh heate, and all the powers and fa∣culties naturall, it is not able for the weakenes of the Instrumentes and Organes, to attracte & digest that nourishment y^• is moyste, nor to make it lyke and consubstantial witht he body and mē∣bers.* 1.282 And euen as naturall heate of all the fa∣culties in the bodye is strongest to do his functi∣ons: so, Cold is cleane contrarye vnto it, and fit for no function, specially concerninge the Acte of Nature in the alteration of nourishment.* 1.283 For in it, is no maner of vtilitie or help touchīg the con∣seruation & maintenaunce of the bodye, eyther in the offyce of concoction and digestion, or in anye of the other vertues or powers of Nature. But yet,* 1.284 in this quality (although it wāt of integritye and temperature) there is alwayes some heate, but the same is very fainte, weake, and throughe colde, blunte and feeble. For if heat shoulde to∣tallye fayle, or bee vtterlye extinguished, life coulde not continue. Therefore in this body, heate is not altogether consumed and wasted, but cold is aboue it and ouercommeth it, and in the mixture of y^e other qualityes,* 1.285 is more in quā∣tity and stronger then any other, and thereuppon hath it his name to be termed, Cold. And there∣fore so longe as lyfe remayneth in man, and anye portion of vitall heate in the body, it is good and expedient by al wayes and meanes to styrre vp & cheerishe naturall heate with nourishment & ex∣ercyse conuenient, that it be not through cold, op∣pressed

and troden downe. For there is no grea∣ter enemyes thereto, then Slouth, ydlenes and cold meats: as hereafter shalbe more at large de∣clared. Some (I thincke) do marueile how men of this constitution and complexion can continue and liue, sithens their bloud being cold, theyr ver¦tues Animal and Spirable be decayed and dead.* 1.286 But let euery mā note, that there be many Crea∣tures of most cold nature, as the Salamandet, the Fyer worme, the Torpedo of the Sea, and many fishes moe, wherof some be of nature so extreeme colde and chillinge, that if they touch fyer, they streightwayes quenche it, as it were yce: & some do so astonne the lymmes of them, that touche them, that they haue no feelinge nor sense in their handes or lymmes a good whyle after.* 1.287

There is no kinde of Fyshes (which by myne owne experience I am able to aduouch and testi∣fye) that hath warme bloud, sauynge Whorle∣pooles, Porpeses and Seales, or Sea Calues, which haue hayrie skīnes, Tonyes, Dolphines, and as many as are rough skinned or thicke lea∣therye hyded, such as (amonge those that liue as∣well vppon land as in water) are the Beuer and the Otter.* 1.288 These haue warme bloude, but all others haue cold. And for this cause Monsters of the Sea being taken oute of the Water, do by reason of theyr inward heate and store of warme bloude, liue longe: whereas other sortes of fi∣shes aswell of the Sea, as of fresh waters, as∣soone as they bee taken oute of the Water,

or cast on shore geeue but certaine gaspes and die immediatly: which is an vndoubted argumente and certaine token, that in them is very muche cold and congealed humour, and of heate very li∣tle. For which reason, they bee not able to bee kept longe, but will soone putresse, if they be not streightwayes salted,* 1.289 or put in pickle.

By this may easie contecture be made, of what plight & bodely state, those persōs be, which stil eate fyshe, and lyue a solytarye life, withoute kee∣ping company with others, and being forbidden fleshe (which the Father of Nature hath created and appointed wyth thankesgeeuinge of all men* 1.290 to be eaten) do commonly feede vpon rotten stin∣king Saltfysh.* 1.291 Which kind of people (for ma∣ny of that stampe and disposition haue for many yeares vsed may aduyse in Phisicke) I am wont to perswade & counsell, that they shoulde drincke after them, good, stronge and pure wyne, and a∣bandoning all idlenesse and slouth, vse continuall Exercise.

I haue knowen sondry of them that throughe grosse and claminie glewysh phlegme, haue got∣ten the Letharge or drowsse euill, the Apoplexie, the Crampe,* 1.292 Polsey and W••ye mouthes. There is none of these persons, but hee aboundeth and is replete wyth much Phlegme, and Phlegma∣ticke excrementes, which maketh them lumpish, and sleapie, forgetfull, ••low of body and mynde, & pale coloured, except some time at the comminge of some of their especiall frendes they bee heated

with wyne, and thereby haue dumpes dryuen out of their myndes. For by this meanes their co∣lour is made fresher, and all heauie drowsynesse banished and chased out of their myndes.

If therfore thou desyre to haue a paterne of a colde complexioned person, ryghtlye pourtrayed oute vnto thee, set before thine eyes, men that by profession of lyfe, liue in this order, and by their former wonted trade of dyet, are broughte vnto this habite, yea although aforetime they were of a disposition and maner of lyfe cleane contrary.

These men doe liue,* 1.293 but their life is like the Periwinkle or Snaile, whose substaunce consi∣sting of a congealed licour, & concrete moysture, is liquefied and resolued into the same. Which thing is to be tryed and prooued by castinge vpō them Salt, or glasse, or Alume: for therwith they presently resolue and consume into a liquide sub∣staunce.

And as men and mute Creatures, so also son∣dry Plantes and great stemmed hearbes,* 1.294 are en∣dued with this quality: which by reason of their deletory coldnes bringe destruction vnto Crea∣tures, as ••ēbane, Mādrake, Napellus, Solanum Mortiferum, Aconitum, the iuyce of black Popie called Opium, which although in respect of their temperament and clementary qualitie, they bee colde in the fourth and higheste degree, yet by the benefite of vitall heate dissusing it selfe from cele∣stiall thinges into these lower bodyes, they doe liue and flourish in a freshe verdure. For in e∣uery

nature, & especially humayne, there is a cer∣taine celestial or diuine vertue, ouer & beside that which is constituted of feede and of the feminine bloud. For y^e warme & calefactiue Spyrit, which a litle afore we sayde was infused into the whole worlde, and into all the particuler parts thereof, laboureth vppon the Elementes, and geeueth life to all thinges, and finally woorketh in them that vertue and efficacie, whereby throughe propaga∣tion they encrease, and procreate kindes like to themselues, and produce a Creature of the same nature they themselues be. For the first procrea∣tion of lyuing creatures being produced & made of Elementall concretion and of the Parentes Seede, which is a portion or parte of the purest & best concocted bloude, then doth nature, (whose skilful workmāship no hand nor curious craftesmā is able by imitation to resēble or reach vnto) hauing her original, diuine & supernal, ap∣plyeth the woorke she hath in framynge, bringeth her thinges to perfect passe, conueigheth the po∣wers animall, wyth the Spyrites vital, and ver∣tues effectuall into the matter she hath in hande, by whose mynistery shee perfectly finisheth all the lymmes, proportioneth all the lineaments, fitteth them to the rest of the mēbers of the bodye, & gy∣ueth such shape & proportion to the thinges ani∣mated, as daily we see represēted & set before our eyes. This wonderfull force of nature which we elswhere haue shewed to yssue & flow frō the most abundant fountaine of Diuinity, beinge diffused

into ech part of y^e whole bodye, moueth & slyrreth the masse thereof, directeth & gouerneth the mynd and vnderstanding, & maketh the same applyable to sondry actions: by whose benefite and help euē those thīgs do liue & haue their being, which are stiffe and nummed w^t cold, althoughe heate in thē be faint & feeble: which (least it should altogether droupe & be vtterly extīguished, & least y^u cold qua¦lity, wherto y^e drye is of affinity should toomuch preuaile & encrease) must be styrred vp & excyted w^t hoate fomentatiōs. For whē natural moysture is all wasted & inward heat extinct, thē death ap∣procheth & the whole frame of the body tēdeth to dissolution & ruine. It cōmeth thē to passe euē as Salomō by an elegāt & apt similitude describeth,* 1.295 y^t when the cōposition & knittinge together of the body is lewsed a sonder & strēgth decayed & gone, thē shal mā be tourned again into dust, frō whēce he was taken & made, & the Spirite shal retourne into his euerlastinge dwellinge, & to God which made it. But to theud euery mā may perfectlye know the nature & cōdicion of this cōplexion and constitucion. I wil compendiously as it were by the way, set downe certaine marks & tokēs wher∣by it shal easely be knowen.* 1.296 A cold Complexiō if it be cōpared to a hoate, hath al properties cō∣trary. For euē as heat beīg diffused into ech part of y^e body imparteth his quality vnto y^e humours & maketh y^e body, & y^• parts therof to be of colour ruddie: so cold imperteth his quality vnto y^e mē∣bers & humours, & maketh y^e body of colour pale and vnsightly.

But if we be disposed particulerly to marke & obserue al the notes and tokens thereto incident, we shall finde in the colde complexioned body, all things contrary and diuerse from the hoate. For the bodye is pilde and smoth, the hayre loose and soft, of colour partakinge wyth redde and white, and quickly shedding. The skinne in touching, cold,* 1.297 & vnder it, some store of fatnes. For when heat in mās body is faīt & dul, fatnes engēdreth: which, as it much happeneth to y^e feminine Sexe, so also breedeth it in many others that liue ydle & at ease, withoute labour or exercise. And for this cause through immoderate coldnes y^e bodye wax∣eth grosse, fat, and corpulent: againe, by immode∣rate heate, (which melteth awaye and dissolueth fat) the body is made leane and drye.

For there be manye thinges not comminge to man by nature, or from his natiuitye and begin∣ning, but accidentally and otherwise procured: as eyther by chaunginge of the ordinary custome of life, or by alteration of diet, or by heate, labour, slouth, solitarinesse, lumpishnes, feare, sorrowe, care and sondry others: many wayes chaunginge the state of the body: making it somtime slender & leane, sometime fat & corpulent. Which thinges also to the making of the colour of y^e face & bodye fayre or foule, good or badde, are of no lesse force, and efficacie.* 1.298 For what thinges soeuer do excite and stirre vp natiue heate, as Laughter, myrthe, exercise, wyne &c. do make the face pleasauntlye & freshlye coloured: but such thinges as be cold, &

suppresse heate,* 1.299 as cold ayre and nypping wynd, toomuch drynkinge of water, immoderate sleepe, ouermuch eatinge of cold meates, feare, sadnesse, carefulnes, & such like, make the body to be white coloured.

Thus, they that be of cold Complexions, are white coloured, vnlesse this quality grow & sur∣mount to an excesse and great intension. For then it declyneth to aswart and leaden colour,* 1.300 such as we see in men in the cold Wynter, the wynde be∣ing at North, whose cheekes, Noses, lyppes, fyn∣gers and eares are swart and wanne, wyth stiffe cold benummed. But yet this commodity they haue by colde, that it maketh them very hungry & greedye of meate, and not easely satisfyed, albeit they do not well digeste nor concocte it. And if the tunicles of their Stomack together wyth the cold, haue in them any sowrish or sharpe humour, they are in eating insaciable and very rauenous feeders:* 1.301 which affecte is called Canina appetē∣tia, the Dogges appetite, or y^e hungry Sicknes: which is qualefyed and taken away by drynking the purest & strōgest Wyne. To proue y^t appetite is sharpened wyth colde,* 1.302 maye well appeare by Salades and sondry other sower and tarte Con∣dimentes, which wee vse in Sommer season to prouoke appetite wythal. And as natiue heate maketh men nymble and actyue,* 1.303 so cold causeth them to be slouthfull, loytering, sluggishe, drowsy and vnapt to any labour or exercyse: because they lacke the Instruments wherwyth to do any such

functions.

Such persons haue foltering tongues, and no∣thing ready in vtteraūce, a nyce, soft, and womā∣nish voyce, weake & feeble faculties of Nature, ill memory, blockish wit, doltish mynde, courage (for lack of heate & slendernes of vital spyrit) feareful and tymorous, & at the wagginge of euery strawe afrayed. These and such like defects and wāts of Nature,* 1.304 must we to y^• vttermost of our power study to amende, by vsing a wholesome diete and exquisite trade of lyuing, which consisteth in a tē∣perament of hoate and moyst.

In this body especially it is expediēt to excite and cheerishe natiue heate w^t exercyse, and wyne y^t is pure & good, and with meates y^t be calefactiue: of which sort are such Byrds as bestyrre & much exercise themselues w^t flying,* 1.305 as Sparrowes, Ly¦nets, Chaffinches, Culuers, Partriches, Phe∣sauntes, Blackbyrdes, Thrushes, Figgebyrds & (among those that be homish and tame) Capons and Cockes: for Duckes, Swānes, Geese, Coo∣tes, Gulles, Hearneshoes & other Water foules, requyre a very strong stomacke to digest them. Of foure footed beasts fittest for this nature, are Veale,* 1.306 Mutton, Pigge, and Conye. Amonge fruicts and such as the earth by tillage and indu∣strye of man bringeth forth, y^e best are these, Al∣monds sweete & sower, Peachkernelles, Dates, dry Figges, Reysons y^• kernels being taken out, Coraunts, Pyne apples.

And because the increase of our Gardeins lē∣deth

vs many helpes to this vse and purpose, I thincke it good also not to omit them, for y^t they be easye euery where to be had & neither costly nor chargeable:* 1.307 of which sort is Parseley, certayne kinds of Carrets, Seahollie, Skirwyke rootes, Thystle, Artichoke, Nauew, radish, Chichpease, Cresses, Rocket, Mynte, Wormewodde gentle, & such as in Wynter serue for Cōdiments & sauce, Onyons, Garlicke, Leekes, steeped in water to take away their ranke sauour & strōg smel: or els for them y^t cannot wel abyde the strong ayre & sent of these, maye put into their meate outlandish and forraine spyces, as the Germaines and Englishe Nacion cōmonly vse: as Ginger, Saffron, Pe∣per, Graynes, Cassia Cynamome, Nutmigges. And persons of meaner callinge & smaller abili∣tie, & such as are not wel able to beare out the cost of these things, may take out of their owne hoo∣mish gardeins & groūd, such things as in strēgh and operation counteruayle these aforesayd, y^t is to wit, Rosemarie, Basil, sauerie, Organie, Ma∣iorame, Dill,* 1.308 Sage, Baulme &c. For w^t these & many others of like sort, may the defects of Na∣ture be beaten down, & y^e faults therof of ouercome, and therby y^e body by litle & litle, maye be to a bet∣ter and quieter state reduced. For if drynesse or Siccity should līck in & ioyne w^t this quality, thē truly life (which consisteth in hoat & moyst) cānot long continue: but needes must out of hand, come to finall ende: whereof in the Chapter folowing I purpose somwhat more at large to discourse.

¶Of a Drye Complexion. The ix. Chapter.

FOrasmuche as that disposition and habite of bodye which is drye, is muche like to that state and complexiō which is cold, yea next vnto it: I will briefly declare, what I thincke thereof, & by what meanes it maye be expunged and bet∣tered. These ii. qualityes bee in a maner alike distant from perfecte and good temperatenes, in what age soeuer they happen: howbeit in Olde∣age this drye distemperaunce, can hardelyer and wyth much more adoe be qualefyed and vanqui∣shed then in Youth, whē the same ill habite com∣meth through Sickenes or incontinencie of lyfe. For as Oldmen by reason of theyr age and long continuaunce of yeares haue bodyes drye, bar∣reyne and forworne: So lykewyse Yongmen by dissolute lyuing, vnseasonable watching, and im∣moderate Venerye, brynge their bodyes before their due time to a cold and drye distemperaunce: & hastening their owne deathes by wasting theyr vitall humour, arryue to their last endes, and dye by naturall death aswell as Oldmē do, although in deede sooner then otherwyse they might do.

And it is called naturall, because it is common to all men alike, and not able by anye meanes to be declyned. For Oldage or the laste cast of mā, is not to be accompted naturall, in such sorte as

encreasing & nourishing be, which are the workes of nature, and whereby the naturall facultye con∣tinueth and maynteyneth it selfe: but because it so falleth oute necessarily and by the due course & right order of Nature. For this is natures de∣creed order, that all thinges hauynge beginning, must also haue endyng, and arryue to their finall decaye: for otherwyse death should vnproperlye and vnaptly be termed Naturall, consideringe it is rather against Nature, and a professed enemye to our life.

For if Sicknesse (which I accompt as a step or as a Summer to death) be an habite & state cō∣trary to Nature,* 1.309 either deprauing or at least hin∣dring the actiō therof: how much more is Death to be deemed a thing contrary to Nature, which quight abolysheth and vtterly despoyleth lyfe?

For nothyng is more repugnaūt to the lawes of Nature, then to dye, & to be depryued of this most pleasaunt light and breath. Which thing euerye man maye trye, and in himselfe fynde most true, when soeuer hee calleth to mynde, and deepely wyth himselfe falleth into anye cogitacion of the same:* 1.310 for it dryueth a certayne fearefulnes, ter∣rour & dread into his mynde, that (were not his mynde armed & strengthened wyth an vndoub∣ted hope and expectation of an other better lyfe hereafter) there could nothing be more miserable nor in worse case, then mans life is. For what thing could delyuer vs out of feare, carefulnesse, desperation and distruste, sauinge onely a firme

trust in Gods mercy, that our Soules after this corporall dissolution, shalbe trāsported to a place of eternal ioy and felicitie? As for death, it was not brought into the world by Nature: for y^• vg∣lye face of Sinne,* 1.311 and the wilful transgression of Gods preceptes at the beginninge of the worlde gaue vnto vs this deadly wounde, & wrapped vs in: all this mysery. Therfore death is called Na∣turall, not in respecte of Nature, but of the conse∣quence: because it hangeth indifferently ouer all mens heads,* 1.312 as common indifferently to all, and sparing none: yea all thinges be wythin the com∣passe and reach thereof.

Now forasmuch as there be two sorts of death, the one Violente & the other Natural:* 1.313 that kind of death is of Philosophers & Physitions called naturall, which happeneth vnto Oldemen & such as are in that bodely state that Oldemen be: that is to say Cold and Drye, wythout sense or feeling of any payne: for in them, their languishinge and forspent body forsaketh their Soule, and not the Soule their body. Insomuch that they dye in a maner as though they fell softly asleepe, where∣as others (dyinge by meanes of casualty, ruine, fyer, sword, Squinste, Pleurysse, Inflāmatiōs of the Lunges or other diseases happening to a mā in his fulnesse of humours) dye a violent death, struggling painfully, and long languishing in ex∣treme agonies before they giue by the Ghost. So that the Soule is perforce compelled to abandō and forsake the body, lyke a Ghest that fleethout

of a ruynous house, that is weatherbeaten and much shakē w^t force of tēpest, only to auoyde fur∣ther daūger. And hereupon doth Cicero very no∣tablye wryte,* 1.314 that Yongmen and suche as bee in their flourishinge and lustye Age and full of hu∣mours, do dye and take their ende muche like as when a great flaming fyer is sodeinlye quenched with great stoare of Water: Againe, he sayth that Oldmen decease like fyer, that of it owne ac∣cord quencheth and wythout anye other violence goeth out. What a deale of smoake, what soote, what sparkles do we see fly vp into y^e ayre? what crackling & noyse doth the great nūbre of sparkes make, when we assay to quench a light burninge flame? or with powring great abundaunce of wa∣ter, to slecke a great heape of woode layed al vp∣pon one fyer? Wherby we may coniecte, what vehement and painefull struggling, what sharpe conflicte, what raginge sturre and stryuing is in a Yonge bodye: when as throughe violence of Sicknesse or other destenie, the lustynesse of his Nature (being not yet spent) & his warme heat, and lyuely Spyrites be oppressed and stifled.

To this ende, is that elegante and apt compari∣son of Cicero: For (sayth hee) as rawe and vn∣rype apples are not plucked from the Tree but by violence and force: but beyng rype, fall downe of theyr owne accord, or wyth little touchinge: So lykewyse the lyfe of Yonge men is taken a∣way with force, but of Oldmen, by maturitie and rypenes.

This thought I good heere to enterlace, as a thing not greatly besyde my purpose, diligentlye aduertyzing all men euen from theyr infancy and childhoode to shunne and declyne all such things as are preiudiciall to their bodyes and harmeful to theyr health, whether the same procede of out∣ward or of inward causes.

Whosoeuer therefore is desyrous to keepe him∣self from beynge toosoone Old,* 1.315 and to prolonge his lyfe as longe as may be, must very diligently take heede of many lettes and hinderaunces that damuifye and lye in wayte to preiudice hys lyfe, but namely and specially let him haue a carefull eye to keepe himselfe from this Dry plight & state of body. And by what mennes he may so do, af∣ter certaine ••••tes first geeuen, whereby to knowe what person is of this Complexion, I will brief∣ly and compendiously geeue plaine instructions: asking to all Students and personnes politick, (doubtlesse) right 〈◊〉〈◊〉 me, profitable and expe∣di••••t to be know••••.

All they therfore that eyther of the Nature of their owne bodelye state and Complexion,* 1.316 or by any defect in their Parents at theyr byrth & pro∣creation, or finally by any accidentall myssehappe or custome of lyuing, as by wāt of foode, thought, watch, heauynes of mynd, or immoderate labour, haue commonly bodyes slender and thinne: and their shinne (where drynesse is great) skuruye, rugged, vnseemely and lancke, like vnto hunger∣starued horses, that lacke meate and attendaunce:

of colour ill fauoured, swarte, and yelowe as a Kites foote, and at the last grymme visaged, so∣wer coūtenaunced, faced lyke death, fylthy, looth∣some, and leane as a Rake: to conclude, in all respects resembling the Physsognomy and shape of Enuye, described by Ouid.

A face like Ashes pale and vvanne, a body skraggie leane, A learning looke, and teeth all furde vvith drosse and fylth vncleane:* 1.317 Her Stomacke greenish is vvith Gall, her Tongue vvyth venime fraught, And neuer laughes, but vvhen missehappe or harme hath others caught. No vvink of Sleepe comes in her eyes, and rest she can none take, For fretting carke and cancred care, her vvatchfull still doth make. Full sore against her vvill it is, that any man should thryue Or prosper in his busynesse: For that doth her depryue Of all her rest and quietnes, thereat the hellish Elfe, Doth stampe and stare, doth fret and fume, and pynes avvay herselfe. And to her selfe a torment is, for seeking to annoye The vvealth and state of other folkes, herselfe she doth destroye.

And because drynesse feedeth vppon, and wa∣steth all their humour,* 1.318 they be thinne hayred and waxe soone bald, crooke nayled, their voyce feeble and slender, and sometime squeakinge, (by mea∣nes that drynes exasperateth their vocall artery) their pulses beatīg faintly, slow gate, holow eyed, pale lypped, shrunken temples, hanging cheekes, cold & crūpled eares, of stature not greatly tal, & of sleepe (which is a most sweete refuge, release, & truce from laboures and cares) through distem∣perature of the braine, very litle. And if theyr braine be altogether drye and hoate,* 1.319 then is theyr Memory nought and in a maner none at all: then be they very oblyuious, blockeheaded and heauye spyrited. For sythens the Spyrits fayle and be defectiue, which (as cleare & syncere vapoure) proceede out of purest bloud by y^e benefit of heate & haue great force & vertue in directing & mouīg forward actiōs: it is not possible y^t the faculties & powers naturall beinge destitute of their forces, should performe & rightly discharge their due & peculiar functions. But if the vertue or power Animal be perfect & vigorous, & the brain not al∣together destitute of heate, thē is y^e memory sted∣fast, firme & retentiue, for as immoderat moyst∣nes causeth forgetfulnes & doltish folishnes, as in yong Children & dronkards appeareth: so mo∣derate drynesse w^t the helpe of measurable heate, maketh a good and faithfull Memory,* 1.320 & highlye furthereth toward the attainment of Prudence & Wysedome. For a drye brightnes, induceth a

mynde full fraught wyth wysedome: & the more store of moystnes that is therein, the lesse is the wit: which thing wee do also note and see to come to passe by the ayre, when y^e weather is skowling and not cleare. For the Starres shine not bright out, when the ayre is wyth cloudes and foggye mystes ouercast and darckened.

Nowe the cause why manye in their Oldage, doate and become very forgetful (albeit this Age be sayd to be most dry) yet y^e same happeneth not by reason of drynes, but of coldnes: which mani∣festly preiudiceth and hindereth all the vertues & offices of y^e mynd. For out of it spryngeth mad∣nesse, losse of right wits, amazednes, rauing, do∣tage, and wante of the righte vse of the Senses, whereby the vertues of Nature be so oppressed & ouercharged, y^e they be thereby eyther altogether disabled from perfourming their functions, or at least, do the same very faintly and feeblie.

Therefore when Memory is perished or affec∣ted, it procedeth of some cold distēperature,* 1.321 which must with things moderately hoate▪ be remoued and expugned. For to humect or to arefie, is not the best way. But if coldnes be ioyned w^t moyst∣nes, then to vse arefactiō: & if it be lynked w^t dry∣nesse, then to vse humectacion. Now, if this quality be not throughly settled and rooted, these signes and tokens aforesayd, do not exactly aun∣swere to this descriptiō: but as the distēperaūce by litle & litle groweth & encreaseth, so do they ap∣peare & shew forth thēselues euery day more and more.

Which happeneth namely to them that be affec∣ted wyth this habite, not naturally but casuallye and accidentally, or by some sicknes of the bodye, or by some vexation of mynde. For Tempera∣mentes are subiect to many and sondrye alterati∣ons: In some, heate wasting & spending vp moy∣sture, induceth a dry distemperaunce, and manye tymes too much stoare of moysture quight quen∣cheth heate: and manye there are, vnto whom ve∣hement coldnes bringeth drynesse: which is the worst distemperuance of all others, and to Na∣ture moste hurtfull: for that it hastenethe Olde∣age and bringeth a man to death longe before his time.

The body of euery one is then inwardly drye,* 1.322 when it is neyther able to attract and draw nou∣rishment into the Veynes, neyther sufficiently a∣ble to digest and enioy the benefite therof: wher∣by it happeneth, that the pryncipall partes and Entrailes (appointed for concoction of the mea∣tes) be dryed vp, & the resitdue (seruinge to purge excrementes) do abound wyth Phleginatick hu∣mours. Which thing hath made many to stum∣ble & ouershoote themselues, who haue thoughte Old men to be moyst of Complexion, whereas me solide parts, the Arteryes, Panicles, skinnes synewes and muskles are not moyste, but the ca∣pacities, receptoryes and pores which stande the body in steede, to expell superfluityes, are endued wyth some moysture: and hereupon the body (by reason of weake and feeble heate) ceasseth to bee

nourished, and is finally brought into an exteme drynesse. And therefore not without good reason doth Galene thinck that this is the worst plight* 1.323 and state that the body can be in. For the same thinge that happeneth to men aged and stryken in yeares, happeneth to manye Yongmē euen frō their first beginninge. And therfore it is needeful to humect and warme them with moderate exer∣cyse, moyst and hoate nourishment, but speciallye with hoate and sweetish wyne: for sower & harde wynes be hurtfull to this Complexion,* 1.324 & namely to Old men, excepte they be well sweetened wyth Sugar or honie. This thing also ought to be obserued in the eating of Mylke,* 1.325 which is made for them a greate deale better and holesomer, if it be well seasoned with these or such like con∣dimentes. For by this meanes, shall no ob∣structions by eating therof be engendred, neyther needeth the Stone and grauel in the reynes ther∣by to be feared: And for doubte of beinge at anye time wyth the same troubled, (because it cōmeth and is bredde of grosse toughe humour and meat of hard digestion) such thinges should be prescri∣bed vnto them, as open obstructiōs and prouoke Uryne,* 1.326 of which sort these Herbes, Garden∣smallage, Sperage, Alkakēgie, Cheruyle, Saxi¦frage, Christa marina, Betonie, Maydenheare, Rosemarie flowers: and (if the bealy be bound or costiue) Mercurye Fumitorie, bastarde Saffron with a Prysane, Sea colewortes boyled in broth wyth fat flesh, Malowes, Arrage, Elite, all sorts

of Dockes, Nettles, Hoppes, yong Elderbuds, specially in the Spring time of the yeare, or such other as be in their chiefest vertue in Sommer & Autumne, as Cheries, Plummes, Figges, and Mulberyes being eaten at beginning of Meales. For whereas Horace in a learned and elegante Verse commēdeth vnto vs Mulberies, thinking the same best to be eaten last and at the lat••er end of dinner, he did it not by way of any Phisicke or holsomnes y^• is therein (being so taken,) but for that, the common vse and custome, was so to eate them. His Verses be to this effect:

At ende of Dinner, Mulberies, vvho vseth still to eate, Ech morning earlye gathered,* 1.327 himselfe in Somers heate Shall safely keepe in holesome plight, deuoyd of Sicknes all, VVhereby no kinde of maladie, attach his body shall.

For these and also Grapes, Peaches, Corneil∣bearies & such as will not be kepte long in Sō∣mer, oughte to be eaten before other meates, for if they be otherwyse preposterously taken or oute of order, they putrefie and corrupt the bodye and fill the bealy full of wynd. In Wynter season also there are many things y^t make the bealy solu∣ble and skowre y^e Gutts & Entrailes: as Muste, dry Figges, & great Reysons, Damaske prunes,

eyther stewed or steeped in some licoure, puttinge thereunto a good quantitie of Sugar or honie. Wherunto are to be added, these that haue an ex∣pediēt vertue in medicines, Sene, Polipodie, Manna, Epythyme, Cassia, Rhabarbe, and the in∣fusion of Hebene or Lignum Indicum, Miroba∣lanes, Thamar or Dates of India, and all these to be geeuen eyther in Whaye, or in the broath of a Henne.

And forasmuch as for preseruation of health, and dryuing away diseases not onely in Oldmē but in all others that be subiect to any sicklie af∣fection, there cannot be any holesomer thinge then Turpentine,* 1.328 it deserueth also to be reckened in y^e number of these aforesayd. For it not onely mol∣lyfyeth and looseth the healy without all harme & daunger, but also purgeth and skowreth all the Entrailes, and inwarde partes, as the Lyuer, Mylte, Reynes, Lunges and Lightes: but it must be of y^e best sort and cleare shyning through, not counterfecte nor paltered withall.

And y^e best is that, which issueth out of y^e Larch, the Pyne, or the Firre tree. I haue proo∣ued this to bee of moste effectuall and soueraigne force to prouoke Vryne in them that coulde not well pysse, to breake the stone and grauell: in the Strangurie: and in the fylthye & vlcerous drop∣ping or effluxion of y^e Vryne, called of the Duch∣men Den Druyper: in the Goute aswell of the hands as feete: in curing the loathsome botches, &

contagious pollutions of the Priuye members & secrete parts, gottē by hauing carnal knowledge w^t cōmon Brothelles & Pocky harlots: in curīg and helping al inwarde grieues & infections ac∣cōpanying the same disease: wherof many settle so deepely w^tin the boanes, y^t the pellicles, rymmes, Synewes, Muskles, Tēdons or Chords throu∣ghe outrage of humours are shrunkē, crumpled, spoyled, & haled a sonder. And albeit Galenes vse was,* 1.329 to mynister the same in the bignes & quātity of a Fylberd Nutte, sometime of two & sometime three: yet my custome is (because I would that it should the better penetrate and searche into all the Veynes and parts of the body) to make it af∣ter the maner of a Potion, myngling wyth it som distilled water, or els some wyne. For it wyll become liquide without any fier, and through cō∣tinuall chasing it wyll easely be brought to a no∣table whitenesse, and that is this sorte to bee done:

First I take an oūce or two of right and per∣fect Turpentine (wherein is neyther fraude nor legter du mayne vsed)* 1.330 it doe I bruyse & dissolue wyth a Pestil in a Mortar, and adde thereto a li∣tle of the Yolke of an Egge: then do I myngle and put to it two or three ounces of the water of Alkakengie or Smallage,* 1.331 or some other licour, accordingly as the Nature of the disease, or state of the person seemeth to requyre: All these do I beate together, till they be wel myxt and incorpo∣rate: the myxture wilbe of such a pleasaunt myl∣kye

whytenes as though it were Creame: yea my pacientes are perswaded that it is soe in deede, & none other thing which I giue them to drincke. I also vse to make it into litle round Pilles, and rouling it in fine vnleauened wafer Past, to giue it them to swallow downe, or els in y^• softe pappe of a Quince, but first must the Turpētine be wel washed in Rose water, or Fenel water, to take a∣way his resinie tallage.

And because nothing to this Cōplexion which we heere describe,* 1.332 is holesomer then sounde and quiet Sleepe, (for therwith all the members are generally moystened, and w^t conuenient warmth refreshed) it shalbe good for a person thus com∣plexioned, to take his full ease and sleepe in a soft bedde, largely and somewhat plentifully: For Sleepe in the night is the refreshing & makinge lusty agayne both of the body and mynde.

The invvard peace of mynde, is Sleepe. To vvearyed bodye; ease it brings. By it, themselues men lusty keepe, And fresh to doe their needefull things.

And when Sleepe is shaken of, it shalbe righte commodious to vse rubbing or friction, neither soft nor hard,* 1.333 but meane betweene both, the profit whereof to them that vse it is almost incredible: For it styreth vp vital strength, it calefyeth mo∣derately, and maketh distribution of the nourish∣ment into the body easyer, and readier, speciallye

if it be done with the wette hand, or with a moyst and course cloth. For who doth not perceiue y^t the hands, cheekes, armes, neck and cares, being rubbed, will waxe ruddie, and with heate gather bloud into those parts.

And although the vse of rubbing and annoyn∣ting, amonge vs nowe a dayes be cleane growen out of custome, yet in tholde tyme men vsed it ve∣ry often, as a meane to keepe themselues in per∣fect health, and to strengthē their bodily powers. So Augustus Caesar on a certayne tyme espyinge his old compaignion Pollio, being aboue an hū∣dreth yeares olde, demaunded of him what order he vsed in conseruinge himselfe in such perfecte sounde strength, and in so lustye and greene olde age: vnto whom his aunswere was, that he came to it, by vsing, within, Wyne: wythout, Oyle,

Men in tholde time did not riottouslye abuse oyntmentes and Oyles, to satisfye their effemi∣nate delicatenes & nyce wantonnes, but for safe∣gard and preseruation of health, thereby the bet∣ter to keepe themselues from Sicknesse. For vnctions and Frictions orderlye and duelye vsed (for there by many sorts thereof as Galene wit∣nesseth) eyther indense the body,* 1.334 that the Ayre & wyndes should not batter and damnyfie it: or els rarefie it, that it be not stopped and inwardly pe∣stered, which abūdaunce of fullginous humours and oppilacions.* 1.335 Hard Rubbing doth snarle to∣gether and condense the body: Sost, lewseth and resolueth it: Much, doth extenuate & dimynishe:

Meane, hath a power to make it encrease & fill: Rough draweth out humours to the vtter parts: Gentle and smooth taketh away nothing, but re∣teyneth his force and power in the parts. Among these sorts of frictions, that which is in a medio∣critie, is most behoouefull for those persons y^t be olde and leane. For as hard and styffeleathered bootes y^t haue lyen lōg vnoccupyed, by being sup∣pled in Oyle are made softe: So likewyse y^e bo∣dyes of Fol & Dry persōs, being stroaked ouer & humected inwardly w^t Wyne, & outwardlye with Oyle, lay asyde al seueritie, z loke w^t a cheerefull and liuely countenaunce.

To proue that this vse of vnctions in the old time was of diuers sorts, beside the testimony of sacred Scriptures,* 1.336 besyde y^e reporte of Solinus, & Plinie. Strabo in his description of the maners & fashions of the Indians doth sufficientlye testifye.* 1.337 Physicke (sayth hee) amonge them consisteth in meates, not in medicines: and of Medicines, they best allow of vnctiōs & Cataplasmes: al other be∣ing (as they thinck) not voyde of harme & annoy∣aunce. Therew^t they customablye propulse sick∣nesse, mitigate heate, driue away lassitude & wea∣rynesse, reuiue their wearyed powers & feeble Spyrites, refreshing themselues therewith, euen as we by sweete smelles do recreate our inward soule, and restore the faint faculties of naure.

No lesse commodious and profitable to this body,* 1.338 is a warme Bathe of sweete water: for it doth humect and calefie, it dissolueth lassitude, it

mollyfyeth hard and stiffe partes, it disperseth by euaporation the abundaunce of humours, it re∣solueth wyn••yn••sse, and procureth Sleepe: for y^t it humecteth the brayne wyth a pleasaunt vapo∣rous and deawye moysture. But the naturall Bathes,* 1.339 which haue all their vertues of Alume, Yron, Lyme, Ockre, Brymstone, Saltpeter, Bi∣tumen, Leade, Brasse, Copper &c. are not so hole∣some for this Complexion and Nature, vnlesse y^e party do first aske aduyse of some fkilfull and trusty Phisition, openymge vnto him the whole state of his body, whereby he may vppon the cons∣sideration therof, geeue iudgement whether it be good and expedient for him to aduenture into the same.

Carnall lust and Venerous Act,* 1.340 as it is an vtter ennemye to all drye Natures, so especially to it moste hurtfull to them that besyde drynesse are also cold. No lesse hurtfull is ouer much ex∣ercyse, wearynesse, watch, carefunesse & thought, longe abstynence from meate and drincke, heauy∣nes of mynde and anger, wherewyth such com∣plexioned mens myndes are seldome styrred: but when they be throughly chafed & angred, hardly will they be pacifyed and quieted againe.

And because vnseasonable Study is a thinge that greatly wearyeth & weareth Students,* 1.341 ma∣king, when leane, and exhausting their bodyes: a measure and meane also would be therein vsed. For we se•• many great and painfull Studentes, still sitting at their Bookes, wythout taking any

regard to their bodily health (by the helpe wherof the good state of the mynde is holden vp & main∣teyned) to looke wyth wearyshe faces, pale and without bloude, nothing almost on their bodyes, but skinne and boane, the ventricle and stomacke feeble & vnable to digest their meate their strēgth and powers cleane worne out and exhausted.

For by wearying themselues wyth late watchīg, and sittinge at their study till farre in the nighte, their Animall Spyrites through toomuch intē∣sion be resolued, and their natiue humyditie dry∣ed vp. Wherefore it is requisite to vse there∣in a moderacion, and narowlye to looke to the preseruation of health,* 1.342 least otherwyse throughe continuall poring and study▪ the body chaunce to pyne away & fall into some Consumption. For as Plutarch sayth: Of al the good thinges that learninge bryngeth to man,* 1.343 nothinge more ex∣cellent can be geuen to the body, then to be in per∣fect health, and wythout impedimente, eyther for the attaynmente of the knowledge of Vertue, or for the necessarye vse of lyfe. For if sicknesse or gyddynesse of the head hyppē, streightwayes the mynde beinge destitute of the helpe of the bodye, drowpeth,* 1.344 quayleth, and is neyther lustye nor ac∣tyue in doynge his ordinary functions: but toge∣ther wyth his Companion and fellow of all his labours the bodye, is mutuallye affected and a∣lyke distempered. For which cause Pla••o hys counsell is right commendable, aduysing vs nei∣ther to exercyse the body wythout the mynde, nor

the mynde without the bodye: but to keepe as it were an equal poyze of matrymoniall cōsent and agreemente together betweene them, as it were betweene man & wyfe.

Forasmuch therefore as the inwarde and na∣tiue heate by exercyse and motion, is encreased & strengthened, and the mynde reuyued and made lustyer: it standeth all Studentes vppon, and as many as be sickly & of wearish or quaysie health, to vse themselues thereunto, and namelye to such kinde of exercyse as bryngeth wyth it no weary∣sōnes or lassitude, but which is stayed w^tin y^• boū∣des of mediocrity: of which sort is a decēt stray∣nable and cleare voyce, and reading or declaming wyth a lowde and bigge sound, which is as expe∣dient and as profitable a thing as any, to open y^e breast, to stirre vp the Spyrites, and to cleare the heart from all grosse and fulsome vapours.* 1.345

Notwythstandyng, this must by the way diligēt∣ly bee obserued, that they maye not streyne theyr voyce to speake ouerbigge and lowde, when they be eyther throughly harneysed wyth wyne, or ful gorged wyth meate. For the Spyrit and breath ouerreaching and streyning it self wyth toomuch and too violēt braying out, exasperateth the vocal Arterie, and many tymes causeth eyther inflam∣mation in the throate, or els by breaking some of the small veynes, maketh them to spit bloud.

There be other sortes of recreations, where∣wyth men of this calling and vocation, may wel refresh themselues, takinge (for y^e tyme) reasona∣ble

truce wyth theyr other appoynted studyes & busynesse:* 1.346 as moderate banquetting and making mery among honest and pleasaunt conceipted cō∣pany, such (I meane) as know how to vse them∣selues in eche respect, and can frame theyr talke, & place their wordes according to time,* 1.347 age, person present, and to some profitable purpose of Iyfe: in earnest and graue matter vsing graue speach,* 1.348 and in sporting myrth, merye deuyses and pleasaunte cōferēces: hauīg in their mouthes no kind of la∣uish talke, but onely such as to the hearer may be both pleasaunt and profitable. In which poynt, many digresse from comelynesse, & do not greatly delighte theyr Audience, for that theyr table talke neyther serueth for the tyme, neither is to the hea∣rers eyther pleasaunt or commodious. For whēanye wayghty & perplexed matters be in questi∣on, or among them debated, these busie tāglers be euer buzzinge. Thus, many euen in their Wagons, at the Myll, in the open streates and crosse wayes, in theyr Wheries & Boates, yea e∣uen vpon theyr Alebenches, will take vpon them to reason of the holy Scriptures, and to dispute of Religion. But how? forsooth, euen after such a sorte as men, whose bellyes be full paunched, & bumbasted as much as the skinne will holde, doe argue and reason of frugalitie & thryft. Which kinde of people, right aptly & worthely (although in a matter of lesse accompt) the Poete Persius in his tyme quipped and rahated, where hee sayth:

Ech Peazante novv vvith pamperd paunch, on Alebench and at vvyne,* 1.349 Dare chaunt and prate of Sacred lore, and Mysteries Diuine.

But let them rather yelde to the holesome ad∣monition of Horace, wryting thus:

Discusse not matters mysticall, vvhen stoare of Bellycheere, And daintie fare, the Tables gay* 1.350 doth furnishe eu'ry vvhere.* 1.351 Learne (Frends) but yet in due time learne, not vvith the Stomacke full, VVhen belching fumes of surphetting, your eyesight maketh dul. VVhen mynd thats prone to vvickednes, and follovving of vvill, Reiecteth Vertue stubbornely, and vice frequenteth still. Come sober, and not ouerchardge vvith gurmandize I say, VVhen so ye euer meane of search, the true and perfect vvay. And vvhy? forsooth I vvill you tell (at least vvyse if I canne:) A brybed Iudge, that gapes for gaine, the truth to•• yft and skanne Is farre vnmeere and eke vnlike, to iudge tvvixt man and man.

Hereuppon it commeth, that many vtterly ig∣norant and meere blinde in the Holy Scriptures and matters touching the state of their Soules, suffer themselues so wilfullye and headlongly to be faryed away by theyr owne sensual affections: for that, they busye themselues where they should not,* 1.352 and leauell not at that mark wherevnto their mynde ought principally to direct it selfe, enter∣medlyng and troubling their braynes wyth scru∣pulous quiddities and diffuse questions, hauing such spyced consciences, that sometime they are myered and sland in doubt of things most plaine and manyfest: and lodging once w^tin their harts any erronious doctrine or superstitious opyniō, wauer n Fayth, and doubt in conscience, & mys∣syng the ryght Hauen & sure Ankerholde, where∣vnto they shoulde onely truste, runne vppon the rockes of humaine tradicions, and throwe them∣selues wilfully vppon the daungerous Shelues of mens phantasticall traditions and inuented trumperyes. And therefore because, the mynde of man is euer busye and diuerslye iarring and vn∣settled wythin it selfe, and neither in word, deede, opyniō, nor in the whole order of life so firme and constant as is to be wyshed: I woulde aduyse & counsell euery one, that desyreth to liue in tran∣quillity of conscience and quietnes of mynde, to dispose all his actions, purposes, deuyses and meaninges, into tymes and oportunityes thereto conuenient, doing euery thinge in his due order, & apoyncting to ech function his proper turne, and

tempestiuitye: and not confusely to shuffle vp and myngle one thing wyth an other in disorder, nor to wrap and entangle himselfe in many matters at once: which thing is ment by these sayinges of the Preacher,* 1.353 where hee appoynteth conueniente seassons and orderlye times for eche functions of this lyfe, and assigneth to euery thing his proper and due office: so that the nighte which is a time appoynted for rest (banishyng all phantasyes) is to be passed and spente in Sleepe, & not to be en∣termedled wyth those busynesses & cares which belong to the daye. The tyme to eate his meate, the time to relaxe and sport his body, the tyme to refresh his powers and reuyue his Spyrites, let him so precysely and orderly obserue: that laying asyde (for the time) all other cares and cogitati∣ons, he onely attende to his meate,* 1.354 meerilye & de∣cently cheerishyng his body, not suffering himself to be interrupted, or otherwyse disquieted du∣ring the time fo his ordinarie repaste, and vsuall meales.

Thus, whē we resort to the places of publique prayer, to heare godly Sermons, when we pray, and offer vp vnto God our deuout meditations, al such things as may in any wise hinder our de∣uotion, ought then to be secluded and layed asyde from vs, that our mynds may onely erect it selfe vpward to Godward, and to thincke on nothing but heauenly thinges. This also both in pub∣licke and pryuate matters, in common Pleas & domestical Affayres, in the traffique and trade of

Marchaundize, when a man hath dealings with himselfe or bargaining wyth other men, oughte circūspectly to be obserued: for by vsing this or∣dinarye custome and trade of lyfe, hee shall reape great commodity and feele great ease in himselfe, al the dayes of this his earthly Pylgrimage.

¶Of a Moyst Complexion. The X. Chapter.

BEcause radicall or originall humour is the maynteiner and feeder of naturall heate, and the thinge that preserueth and maynteyneth lyfe, euen as Oyle doth nourish the flame in the Can∣dlewieke: therefore the Complexion that is ther∣of constituted is not ill, neyther to be myslyked. For both Phisitions & Philosophers cōmend y^e temperature which is moyste, as not altoge∣ther disagreeing and straunge from naturall dis∣position. And although in yong yeres it be not all of the best:* 1.355 Yet when further age and heate be ioyned to it, it becommeth much better and per∣fecter. For moystnes will quickly conceyue and take heate, and is both ready and plyaunte to be wrought and framed which way a man wyl, euen lyke moyst clay that will take any maner of print or forme. It helpeth therefore wonderfullye to nourishment, and is of very great force and effi∣cacy touching y^e height, talnes & growth of man.

For albeit moystnes hindreth the other functiōs, and of it selfe helpeth them in executing theyr ac∣tions nothing at all, but is rather altogether weake, and vneffectuall, (because it is neyther fit to attract, neyther to reteyne, neyther to expell:) yet being ioyned and perfused wyth heate, it hel∣peth and bringeth something to passe, and furthe∣reth the other qualitye in the alteracion of those thinges which bee conioygned amonge themsel∣ues.

For as water being no lesse cold then moyste, through heat of fyer, boyleth things that be raw: making the same wholesome foode for mans bo∣dy: Or, as Oyle in the fryinge panne, throughe the heate of fyer & burning coales,* 1.356 becōmeth most skaldynge, & boyleth & fryeth fishes fitte & meete for the sustenaunce and meate of man: So like∣wyse moystnes in a mās body ioyned wyth natu∣rall heate, worketh many effects in the body, euen as the Moone doth in y^• Earth, through the light that shee boroweth at the Beames and shyninge rayes of the Sunne.* 1.357 For as this Planet in her monthly course refresheth woods and fields, geeuing to all earthly things growth & encrease, causing y^e Sea to obserue his tydes in Creekes, Hauens, Roades and Shoares, and to ebbe and flow according to her course and motion, & as she is neerer or further of, sometime wyth swellynge floudes filling them, sometime wyth lowe ebbes emptying them, as she also doth Oysters and all shelfish beside: So lysewyse this wholesome vital

humour, moystening eche mēber in the body, ma∣keth the same full of iuyce and moysture: & there∣fore they that bee of this nature and complexion, are long liuers, if they keepe themselues within moderation, and that the moystnes for wante of heate, growe not toomuch oute of square and be∣yonde measure. For as toomuch abundaunce of water quight quenche fier: so too much stoare of moysture oppresseth naturall heate.

But if these ii. qualities, concurre and meete together in a moderate temperatenes, and that neyther moysture be too abundaunt, neither heat too remisse and faint, thē (certes) all the offices of nature are most exactly perfourmed. For when heate hath moystnes plyant, ready and obedient, it attracteth the meate, and verye well concocteth the same: and beinge reduced and broughte into the likenesse or fashion of deawe, distributeth and disperseth the same into the verye innermost and secretest partes of the whole body, geeuinge nou∣rishment to the members, wherevnto it is made like and consubstantiall.

Moystnes therefore throughe the helpe & fur∣theraunce of heate is of wonderfull force in gee∣uing nourishmente to the body, causinge it to en∣crease and grow vppe, in other functions beynge weake and feeble. For in it, is neither vertue attractiue, concoctiue, alteratiue nor digestiue, but yet it is of some force as touching the vertue expulsiue, by reasō of the slyppery nature which is in it.

For wee commonly see that those persons which be grosse, corpulent and moyst of body, are for the most part loose bealted and soluble, by reasō that their power retentiue is not fyrme and stronge, & because their pores and passages are made open and wyde, for the humours to passe out.

In Bodyes which be hoate and drye, al things happen contrary, because in them the power re∣tentiue is strong, but the expulsyue (by meanes of drynesse, and for that, the passages be empayred & decayed) is faint and weake: whereby it happe∣neth that in their auoyding of excrements, going to the stoole and skowringe theyr Entrailes, they strayne themselues sometime all in vaine wyth Coughing, hawkinge & vomytinge, & yet be not able by euacuation to ease themselues.

Thus the moyst Complexion being aduersa∣ry to the dry, hath all things and propertyes in a maner from it contrary, euen as the case standeth betweene Children and Olde folke. For in Childhoode, heate by litle and litle encreaseth, & hauyng more store of moystnesse, groweth more & more, til they come to ful age and mans strength. But in Old age, this heate by litle and litle de∣cayeth, and when moysture is all wasted a man falleth into a cold and drye distemperaunce, and finally thereby brought to his death. The con∣ditiō of which qualities, as we haue a litle before described, so in this place the order of our present matter now in hand, craueth to haue some cer∣taine argumentes and tokens shewed, howe and

whereby to knowe a moyste Complexion. Hee that is of this Constitution and temperature,* 1.358 (cleane contrary to the dry disposition) hath a bo∣dy soft, not rugged and roughe, whyte skinned, and withoute hayre, the veynes and ioyntes not standinge oute nor greatlye appearinge, heyre plaine and flatte, and for the moste parte thicke withall, which in women euidently appeareth. For yong damselles and Maydens, beinge anye thing growē in lustie age, haue their heads thick heyred, and longer then Yongmen haue.

Albeit manye tymes it happeneth to this bo∣dye, as it doth to plashie wet grounde, wherein by reason of ouermuch moystnes and wette, no yong trees, no Shrubbes, nor grasse groweth, as it also falleth out in very dry and hungry groūd, where no moysture is at all. For where toomuch wette is, there the hayres grow thinne, because heate wanteth power and lacketh strengthe, to bring out the pores and worke the humour vnder the skinne into hayre: and for this same cause, happeneth it also that the heyres bee of coloure Whyte, bright, Yealow or Redde, which in conti∣nuaunce of tyme and space of yeares (as heate more encreaseth) begynne a litle to incline to blacke colour: theyr countenaunce and foreheade pleasaunte and cheerefull,* 1.359 their eyes Greye and bright, standing out forwarde, liuely and quicke, and by reason of the purenes of theyr Crystalline humour, cleare, brighte, amyable and smylinge: all which bee tokens and signes of a good

nature and vertuous disposition, a quiet mynde, plaine, simple & vprighte dealinge, and finallye of such good towardnes as geeueth an vndoubted and certayne proofe of curtesye and humenity.

For in them is no gallie bitternesse, as is in Cho¦lericke persons,* 1.360 whose malignaunt humours in∣cite and pricke them forwarde into sondry incon∣uenient affections: whereas they that be of moyst complexions are not so lightly angred, nor so fu∣mysh and desyrous of reuenge. And forasmuch as heate doth not incende & set on fyer moysture,* 1.361 the mynde of these mē is nothing so easely heated and chafed, but rather is farre more quiet, calme and myelde.

Now, as touching the shape, feacture, propor∣cion and forme of their bodyes:* 1.362 it is to be bee noted that these complexioned personnes be of stature meane, bigge set, rather then tall, graunde paun∣ched, & stroutingly bellyed, which commeth part∣ly by nature, and partly by the custome and order of lyuing, by ydlenesse and ease, wante of exercise, bolling, swilling, longe sleepe, and manye wayes besyde, whereby the body groweth and becom∣meth burly, fat and corpulent.

I could heere recite al the other tokens of ech seuerall part of mans body, that is of this moyst constitution and complexion, as y^e Nose in a ma∣ner camoysed and flat, wyth the grystlie end blūt and bigge, swollen and blowen Cheekes, rounde Chinne, & many signes moe: but they do shew the

seuerall nature and quality of ech singuler parte by it selfe, and not of the whole bodye in generall:* 1.363 so that we may not by one small part geue iudg∣ment of the whole body, but of euery proper in••∣ber, speciall consideration must be taken: albeit for the most parte, they resemble and participate in nature and temperament wyth their chiefe and principall Entraile, that is to say, the Heart and Lyeuer.

Concerning the inwarde notes and tokens of the mynde: Men of this Complexion, as theyr mynde is nothinge quicke,* 1.364 so neyther is theyr tongue (being the interpreter of y^e same) prompt, readye or quicke, because it is so drowned in o∣uermuch moysture, that it is not well able to ad∣uaunce and set out it selfe in good and cleane vt∣teraunce: their wit neyther sharpe nor fine, theyr courage base and nothing haultie, not attēptinge any high enterpryses, nor caryng for any glorious and difficult aduentures: and the cause is, for y^•, heate whych is the thing that pricketh forward & emboldeneth to take in hand worthy attempts, is in them very weake and small: for this cause, are mē quicker witted,* 1.365 deeper searchers out of mat∣ters, and more diligente and rype of iudgemente then women: for a woman compasseth and doth al thinges after a worse sort, and in goyng about affayres and making bargeins, hath not the lyke dexterity and seemelynesse that a man hath. And vnto this ende apperteyneth and may be referred that saying of the wyse man.* 1.366 It is better to be

vvith an ill Man, thē vvith a frendly VVomā. &c. Whych is by reason and effecte of heate, which whosoeuer lacketh, or els haue feeble and faynt, are for the most part persons effeminate, nyce, tē∣dor, wythout courage and spyrite, sleepie, slouth∣full, weakelings, meycockes, and not apt nor able to beget any Children, because their Sperme is too thinne and moyst, and therby vnable to peece and ioyne together wyth the womans seede ge∣neratiue. For albeit the desire of carnall know∣ledge and venerous actes for the most parte pro∣ceedeth of a slypperie & moyst dispositiō of body, and is to persons of this temperature lesse hurt∣full then to others: yet forasmuche as this moyst∣nes & humour is slowly forced forward by heate, and the members of generatiō not filled w^t swel∣ling spyrit, it foloweth y^t they be vnto carnall coi∣ture fūbling, slow, & not greatly therto addicted, neither therein take anye greate delectacion or pleasure. And hereupon it happeneth, y^t fat womē and corpulente, haue greater desire to fleshly con∣cupiscence and bodely luste in Sommer,* 1.367 then in Wynter: because in Sōmer, heat enkindleth moy¦sture & styrreth vp Venus, but in men (cōtrarily) it quencheth it: for manly strength, by immoderat heate, is resolued and enfeeblished.

Likewyse these herbes,* 1.368 Thyme, Rue, & many others that be very hoat & dry, quēch and take a∣way in men all desire of carnall lust, because they wast the generatiue humour, whereas women therby are much prouoked, & stirred to venerie, by enforcing heat into theyr secret parts & pryuities.

And for this cause, whē y^• Genitoryes or mēbers of generation begin once to grow into coldnes, & y^t y^e generatiue humor is not forced nor calefyed by natural heat, then are such things good to bee mynistred to the parties, as are of power able to stirre vp the loynes & w^t a certaine tickling cōcu∣piscēce to prouoke the genital seede w^t desire to be expelled. Now, how such persōs may keepe thē selues in bodely health, cleare & free frō sicknes, heere meane I briefly to decy••hre.

First,* 1.369 because health consisteth in a tēperamēt of hoat & moyst, this cōstitutiō ought to vse a moyst diet, y^t is to saye, such nourishment & foode as is therunto famyliar & much of affmity: & such whert in is reasonable good store of heat, of which sorte is sweete wyne, Mylke, Rye breade, Rere egges, Veale, Porke, Pigge, bigge lābes waterfoules, beanes, Chestnuts, Chitchpease, Dates, Reyss, Figges, Almonds, Pyne apple kernels, hāginge & sweete grapes, such as Muskadell grapes are, Sea fish, Braynes. Amōg garden or pot herbes: Lettice, Arrage, Rape, Parseips, Carets, Me∣lons, Cucumbers, but good heede must be takē y^• he vse not to eate to••much of any of these, for feare of making the body excede to much in moystnes. For by ouermuch moyst diet & fare, Phlegme & cold ••āmy humours, causing sundry daūgerous diseases be engēdred, to wit, y^• Apoplexie, Crāpe (through fulnes or, els abundante of Phlegme) browsy euil, Palsey, fallīg Sicknes, Astonmēt & insensiblenes, of the lymmes, when as the power

Animall is so venummed and depryued of his function, that all sense of feelynge and moouinge is taken away,* 1.370 and a man sodainly thereby (as it were by some presēt reueng sent to him by Gods great wrath) is styfled. This bodye therefore must be conserued wythin the boundes and ru∣les of healthynesse and temperaunce, vsing expe∣dient exercyse, and shaking away al slouth and y∣dlenes: specially, it shal behooue him to haue good regard orderly to euacuate and purge his bode∣lye excrements, to go to the Stoole, to pysse, to a∣ryse betymes in the morning, and frequente some conuenient exercyse, and by vsing a somewhat ve∣hemente motion or walkinge, to styre vp his in∣ward or naturall heate.

As concerning Sleepe, in this body it ought to be moderately vsed,* 1.371 not exceedinge the space of vi. houres at the furthest. For it is better to Sleepe lyttle and somewhat wyth watching to soke away humous, then immoderatly to bolne,* 1.372 swell and therewyth throughly to be cloyed. As for example, we see those which geeue themselues too much to bellycheere and Sleepe, to become therwyth so grosse and corpulent, y^t their Chinne hangeth downe danglinge, and ioyneth to theyr breast, and as the Poet Persius sayeth:

Their paunch and gullet vvith fat beares out,* 1.373 A good foote and halfe, of assise about.

Whereby it happeneth that suche persons are

oftentimes euen vpon the sodaine cast into disea∣ses. For their veynes and arteryes being slender and streict, and also voyd of bloud and Spyrite, theyr natural heate is quickly and for euery light cause oppressed and styfeled, which thing is ment by Hyppocrates where he sayth:* 1.374 They that be by nature very porzy & grosse, liue as long as they that be slender bodyed: because theyr pores bee wyde, and their conceptacles of bloude large, so that lightlye no outwarde or inwarde causes can greatly hurte them. Which persons althoughe with dainty fare, idle life and much Sleepe, they bring themselues many times to this porzynes & corpulencie, yet they be not so daungerously sicke, whē any discrasie happeneth, as they that be of y^e same constitution and state from their firste be∣gīning. For although some which in their youth were slender & leane, happen afterward to be fat, grosse, and fleshie: yet their veynes, Arteryes and other passages and cunduites of their bodyes re∣maine still large and wyde: which thing plainlye appeareth, whensoeuer they (feeling themselues not wel at ease) haue any occasion to be let bloud. For in this accidentall habite of body, althoughe the party be fat and forgrowen, yet the veynes lye not hid & vnappearing, as in them that natural∣ly be grosse: but swel out and plainlye appeare to the eye, offering thēselues to the Laūce, by incisiō hāsomly to be cut. Therfore although this moyst Cōplexion, being cherished by heat, be laudable & good, for that it prolongeth life, differreth and

keepeth away Oldage, & suffereth not the body to grow into drynesse: yet if it exceede toofarre, or stand in the point of extremity, it is daungerous. For when by reason of the veynes beinge ful, the body ceasseth to be nourished, and the faculties of nature (which distribute nourishmente) intermit their office and cannot worke, in this case needes must the body go to wracke and incurre inconue∣nience, so that eyther sodaine death therupon en∣sueth, or els (al least) some rupture of y^• Vessels and veynes happeneth.

These things being considered, it shalbe good, speedely and in time to forsee & breake this habite and disposition, and by y^• meanes of moderate e∣uacuation, abstynence, and watchinge to preuente further daunger: vsing such a prescripte diet and ordinary, as best serueth to reduce the bodye into a safer and lesse daungerous Constitution. For this is genera lye to be noted, y^t a bodye is not to be accompted & reckened moyst,* 1.375 in respecte of a∣bundaunce of excrements and humours, but of a temperate moystnes of all the parts and of the whole, proportionably together: wyth which tēperate moysture, naturall heate is fedde and nouryshed, and life therby ma∣ny yeares prolonged.

Finis Libri Primi.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Lib. 2. Offic.
• * 1.2

  Mainteners of health.
• * 1.3

  Health.
• * 1.4

  Sickenes.
• * 1.5

  Soule.
• * 1.6

  Sat. 10.
• * 1.7

  True goods.
• * 1.8

  Health pas∣seth gold.
• * 1.9

  Hor. lib. 1 Epist.
• * 1.10

  Epist. ad Albium.
• * 1.11

  Nosce te ipsum.
• * 1.12

  Eccles. 7
• * 1.13

  Death by ill diet many times haste∣ned before his due time
• * 1.14

  Lib. 2. Georg.
• * 1.15

  The minde.
• * 1.16

  ib. 8. ca.
• * 1.17

  7.
• * 1.18

  Mago made Liō tame.
• * 1.19

  VVhat ma∣keth good digestion.
• * 1.20

  Eccle. 31.
• * 1.21

  VVhat ma∣keth a man merie.
• * 1.22

  The nature of Lupines.
• * 1.23

  A dead man heauier thē a lyuing.
• * 1.24

  Hor lib. 3 Oda 21.
• * 1.25

  Euery man must search out his ovvn inclination and nature.
• * 1.26

  It is some•• •• time good to chaunge nature.
• * 1.27

  Lib. 12. Cap. 1.
• * 1.28

  Genes. 2.
• * 1.29

  The com∣moditie of matrimony.
• * 1.30

  Three most holsome thinges.
• * 1.31

  Georg. 3,
• * 1.32

  The bodye consisteth in thre things.
• * 1.33

  Humour.
• * 1.34

  Heate.
• * 1.35

  Spirite.
• * 1.36

  Pers. Sat. ••.
• * 1.37

  Things hurt full to the spirits of man.
• * 1.38

  Prouer. 17
• * 1.39

  Eccle. 30.
• * 1.40

  Things cō∣fortinge the Spirits.
• * 1.41

  What Spi∣rite is.
• * 1.42

  The heart is the foun∣taine of life.
• * 1.43

  Foure natu∣ral povvers.
• * 1.44

  The office of digestiō.
• * 1.45

  Howe affe∣ctions are caused.
• * 1.46

  Cruditie hurtfull.
• * 1.47

  Oppilation and putre∣faction, the original cause of dis∣eases.
• * 1.48

  What riott bringeth a man to.
• * 1.49

  Matth. 14 Iohn Baptist beheaded.
• * 1.50

  Disturbers of publique peace ought to be roo∣ted out.
• * 1.51

  The fourme of a cōmon wealth.
• * 1.52

  1. Cor. 12.
• * 1.53

  Members of mans body.
• * 1.54

  Li. 2. Dec. 1.
• * 1.55

  No mēber in the whole body, but it serueth to some neces∣sary vse.
• * 1.56

  Signes wher¦by to know when a man is not wel at ease.
• * 1.57

  Vital spi∣rite.
• * 1.58

  Northern people.
• * 1.59

  Lib. 1.
• * 1.60

  Grosse blud
• * 1.61

  Thin bloud.
• * 1.62

  Whēce the diuersitie of natures cō∣meth.
• * 1.63

  Rebelliō in the body.
• * 1.64

  Levvde thoughts.
• * 1.65

  Gen. 6. & 8.
• * 1.66

  Spirite a∣nimal.
• * 1.67

  12. Meth.
• * 1.68

  Erick kinge of Sweden.
• * 1.69

  Germans
• * 1.70

  Hollāders
• * 1.71

  Hollanders forgetful & sleepie.
• * 1.72

  Old men & children, forgetfull.
• * 1.73

  Education altereth na∣ture.
• * 1.74

  Zelāders.
• * 1.75

  The nature of such as be borne and bred neere the Sea.
• * 1.76

  Flemyngs
• * 1.77

  Braban∣ders.
• * 1.78

  Italians.
• * 1.79

  Italians wil couertly beare a se∣cret grudge in mynde a great while.
• * 1.80

  Pers. Sat. 5
• * 1.81

  English¦men.
• * 1.82

  Englishmen and Scottes haue greate stomacks & angry.
• * 1.83

  Spaniard••
• * 1.84

  Vir. lib. 4. A Enei.
• * 1.85

  Spaniardes haue good wittes.
• * 1.86

  French∣men.
• * 1.87

  Frenchmen prompt and ready wit∣ted.
• * 1.88

  Good diet, & holesome Ayre.
• * 1.89

  Spirite of Nature.
• * 1.90

  The Spi∣rite of the Lord.
• * 1.91

  Psalm. 33
• * 1.92

  Genes. 1.
• * 1.93

  Iohn. 1.
• * 1.94

  Hexa. lib.
• * 1.95

  Gen. 1.
• * 1.96

  Lib. 3. de Arte amā¦di.
• * 1.97

  Lib. 6. Fast.
• * 1.98

  Actes. 17.
• * 1.99

  Aratus in Pheno.
• * 1.100

  Angels.
• * 1.101

  Hebr. 1.
• * 1.102

  Lares.
• * 1.103

  Good An∣gels.
• * 1.104

  Ill Angels.
• * 1.105

  Daemō, à sciendo.
• * 1.106

  2. Para. 26
• * 1.107

  Hebr. 4.
• * 1.108

  Psalm. 7.
• * 1.109

  How the de¦uil learneth the thou∣ghts of mē.
• * 1.110

  One man a deuill to an other.
• * 1.111

  Matth. 4.
• * 1.112

  2. Cor. 12.
• * 1.113

  Iob. 30.
• * 1.114

  Howe farr•• deuils are a∣ble to hurte vs.
• * 1.115

  Humours giue occasi∣on to vices.
• * 1.116

  Sapien. 1.
• * 1.117

  Gen. 2.
• * 1.118

  What the Holy Gh•••• worketh 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vs.
• * 1.119

  Gal. 4.
• * 1.120

  Rom. 8.
• * 1.121

  Fayth brin∣geth forth workes.
• * 1.122

  De prepa∣rat. Euāg. lib. 1.
• * 1.123

  Super∣stition.
• * 1.124

  Art. Poet.
• * 1.125

  Iuuē. Sa∣ty. 14,
• * 1.126

  Tuscul. 3.
• * 1.127

  Rom. 10.
• * 1.128

  Zeale with∣oute know∣ledge.
• * 1.129

  In Arte Poet.
• * 1.130

  A Eneid. lib. 1.
• * 1.131

  IIII. Ele∣mētes.
• * 1.132

  Tuēd. va∣let. lib. 1.
• * 1.133

  Meate and Ayre a like neces∣sary.
• * 1.134

  The nature of seede and bloud.
• * 1.135

  Cause of talnesse.
• * 1.136

  ••••ildren ••••ulde not s••āted of e••r victu∣••.
• * 1.137

  Naughty & vnholesome meate spil∣leth nature.
• * 1.138

  Shorte sta∣ture how it commeth.
• * 1.139

  Olde age.
• * 1.140

  Death, what it is.
• * 1.141

  Lustye olde age wherof it cōmeth.
• * 1.142

  ••hat ma∣••th yonge ••e weake.
• * 1.143

  What thīgs are hurtfull to health.
• * 1.144

  Art. Poet.
• * 1.145

  Iob. 14.
• * 1.146

  Infancie.
• * 1.147

  Childhod
• * 1.148

  Pubertie.
• * 1.149

  Adoles∣cencie.
• * 1.150

  Youth.
• * 1.151

  Mās age.
• * 1.152

  Death to the faythful not to be feared.
• * 1.153

  The times of the yeare compared to the ages of man.
• * 1.154

  Metam. lib. 15.
• * 1.155

  Trāquillity and quiet∣nes of mind
• * 1.156

  Tempera∣ment.
• * 1.157

  Tempera∣ment.
• * 1.158

  Intempe∣ratures.
• * 1.159

  Compound drouges na∣med of some one of the chiefest In∣gredientes.
• * 1.160

  Polycleti Regula.
• * 1.161

  Lib. 20. Cap. 10.
• * 1.162

  De Sacerd. De ratione conc••onan∣di.
• * 1.163

  De Ora∣tore.
• * 1.164

  Notes or markes of a body per∣fectly tēpe∣rate.
• * 1.165

  Lib. 3. Ode. 3.
• * 1.166

  Rom. 8.
• * 1.167

  Affections naturall.
• * 1.168

  A Enei. 4.
• * 1.169

  Iuuenal. Sat. 10. The nature of Democri¦tus and He∣taclitus.
• * 1.170

  Counter∣faite gate.
• * 1.171

  Psalm. 45.
• * 1.172

  Christ a pa∣terne of per¦fection.
• * 1.173

  Ioan. 1.
• * 1.174

  Collos. 2.
• * 1.175

  Heb. 4.
• * 1.176

  Ioan. 11.
• * 1.177

  Christ voyd of all ill af∣fections.
• * 1.178

  Collos. 3.
• * 1.179

  Heb. 13.
• * 1.180

  Heb. 11.
• * 1.181

  1. Pet. 2.
• * 1.182

  Hoate com∣plexion.
• * 1.183

  Tokens of a hoate Com∣plexion.
• * 1.184

  Degrees of heate in man.
• * 1.185

  Black hay∣tes.
• * 1.186

  Curled hay∣res.
• * 1.187

  Varietie & diuersity of body.
• * 1.188

  Imagina∣tion.
• * 1.189

  VVomēs intempe∣raunce.
• * 1.190

  A true re∣port.
• * 1.191

  Black hayre
• * 1.192

  Yelovv.
• * 1.193

  Whyte.
• * 1.194

  Redde.
• * 1.195

  Lib. 2. de Temper.
• * 1.196

  Why chil∣dren h••••e no bea••des.
• * 1.197

  Much store of hayre how it com¦meth.
• * 1.198

  To make the bearde grow.
• * 1.199

  Women ful of hayres on their head.
• * 1.200

  Hayrie wo∣men, leche∣rous.
• * 1.201

  Barenuesse inwomē & vnablenes in men to get Childrē.
• * 1.202

  Heate cau∣seth hold∣nes.
• * 1.203

  Lib. 11, Cap. 37
• * 1.204

  The suttlety of Aristo∣menes.
• * 1.205

  Iudie. 15. & 16.
• * 1.206

  1. Reg. 17.
• * 1.207

  Iud. 3.
• * 1.208

  Bold rash¦nes.
• * 1.209

  Vertues de∣faced and marred by vices.
• * 1.210

  Lib. 6. de Rep.
• * 1.211

  Bigge voyce.
• * 1.212

  AEnei. 1.
• * 1.213

  Things not naturall.
• * 1.214

  Artis Me∣dicae 85.
• * 1.215

  Ayre.
• * 1.216

  Fulsome & pestilēt ayre more hurt∣ful then pe∣stilent meat
• * 1.217

  Contraryes are reme∣died by their cōtra∣ryes.
• * 1.218

  A Enei. 10
• * 1.219

  Dogge∣dayes.
• * 1.220

  Englande praysed for clenly trim minge their houses.
• * 1.221

  Learned me and aged greatly re∣uerenced in England.
• * 1.222

  Meate & drincke.
• * 1.223

  Lib. 1, Cap. 3.
• * 1.224

  Moyst nou∣rishmēt fit∣test for chil∣dren.
• * 1.225

  Lib. 2 de leg lib 1. de tuend. Vale∣tud.
• * 1.226

  Wyne hurt full to chil∣dren.
• * 1.227

  Qualefiers and al••yers of the heate of bloud.
• * 1.228

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.229

  Li. 1. Off.
• * 1.230

  Ill customes must by lit∣tle and litle be taken a∣way.
• * 1.231

  Chaunge in olde men, daūgerous.
• * 1.232

  Cicero in Senect.
• * 1.233

  Lib. 5. de tuēd. Val.
• * 1.234

  The profite th••t cōmeth by exercise.
• * 1.235

  Order of exercise.
• * 1.236

  Slouthe and ease hurtful.
• * 1.237

  Aduertise∣ment to the s••••dious.
• * 1.238

  Horace in Arte Poet.
• * 1.239

  Sortes of exercise.
• * 1.240

  Frēch king killed in runninge at the Tylt. 1559.
• * 1.241

  Gentler ex∣ercises.
• * 1.242

  Musick che∣re••h & ma∣keth meerie the mynd of man.
• * 1.243

  De valet. lib. 5.
• * 1.244

  A fit exer∣cise for crokebac∣ked persons
• * 1.245

  To try good horses.
• * 1.246

  Recreatiōs not commē¦dable.
• * 1.247

  Husbandry praysed.
• * 1.248

  Heau. sce. 1. Act. 1.
• * 1.249

  Saciety or fulnes of Stomacke to be eselie∣vved.
• * 1.250

  Epidi 6. Aphor. 5.
• * 1.251

  The harme of Venerie or Carnall Copulatiō.
• * 1.252

  Bloudlettīg not rashlye to be enter pryled.
• * 1.253

  Bloud & spi¦rite the trea¦sure of life.
• * 1.254

  Not good for men in health to vse medi∣cine.
• * 1.255

  Vomite sel∣dome to be prouoked.
• * 1.256

  De ratio∣ne vict. lib. 1.
• * 1.257

  When to vomite.
• * 1.258

  Eccle. 31.
• * 1.259

  To what per¦sons vomy∣ting is hurt¦full.
• * 1.260

  The com∣modities of sleepe.
• * 1.261

  Epist. 4.
• * 1.262

  The day ap∣pointed for labour, and the night for rest.
• * 1.263

  Eight hours for Sleepe.
• * 1.264

  Sound Slee∣pers.
• * 1.265

  Whye chil∣dren and Dronkerdes be sleepye.
• * 1.266

  Who bee soone awa∣ked oute of sleepe.
• * 1.267

  Wylie win∣kers.
• * 1.268

  Catchpoles.
• * 1.269

  Iuuen. Sat. 1.
• * 1.270

  Lib. 1. Amor.
• * 1.271

  The maner howe to lye in bedde.
• * 1.272

  Lying vpon the backe very vnhol∣some & daū¦gerous.
• * 1.273

  Sleeping in the day hurt¦full.
• * 1.274

  The harmes of ouerwat∣ching.
• * 1.275

  All mē sub∣iect to affe∣ctions.
• * 1.276

  The greate hurts of af∣fections.
• * 1.277

  Angre.
• * 1.278

  Tuscul. 5.
• * 1.279

  Tranquility of mynde.
• * 1.280

  Temperāce.
• * 1.281

  Goddes ho∣lye spirite subdueth & qualy fieth outragyous affections.
• * 1.282

  Heate the stayer and maintener of lyfe.
• * 1.283

  Cold the de¦cay & spoile of life.
• * 1.284

  Cold cou∣pled wyth heate.
• * 1.285

  In cold bo∣dyes heate doth not al∣together lacke.
• * 1.286

  Creatures in touching cold.
• * 1.287

  The bloude of Fishes is cold.
• * 1.288

  What sorts of fishes be¦inge taken oute of the water liue longest.
• * 1.289

  Eatynge of fishe hurt∣full to them that are gi∣uen to be solytarie.
• * 1.290

  Genes. 1. Act. 10.
• * 1.291

  1. Tim. 4.
• * 1.292

  Solytary ly∣uers subiect to the Apo∣plexie.
• * 1.293

  A Snayles life.
• * 1.294

  Venemous Herbes.
• * 1.295

  Eccle. 12.
• * 1.296

  Tokens of a colde Com∣plexion.
• * 1.297

  Idlenes ma∣keth the bo¦dy fat and cold.
• * 1.298

  Heate ma∣keth good colour.
• * 1.299

  Cold wa∣steth and ta∣keth awaye colour.
• * 1.300

  Wanne co∣lour.
• * 1.301

  The hungry Sicknesse.
• * 1.302

  Cold things stirre vp ap∣petite.
• * 1.303

  Cold persōs drowsie and vnweldie.
• * 1.304

  The help & cure of a cold body.
• * 1.305

  Foules hard of digestion
• * 1.306

  Meates fit for cold per¦sons.
• * 1.307

  Gardeine store.
• * 1.308

  Hoat Con∣dimentes.
• * 1.309

  If men bee loath to be sicke, it fol∣loweth that they be loth to die.
• * 1.310

  Death dreadfull.
• * 1.311

  Sinne the cause of sick¦nes & death
• * 1.312

  Sap. 2.
• * 1.313

  2. Kindes of death.
• * 1.314

  De Se∣nect.
• * 1.315

  To be long lyued.
• * 1.316

  Notes of a dry Cōplex∣ion.
• * 1.317

  Lib. 2. Metam.
• * 1.318

  Baldnes cō¦meth for lacke of hu∣mour.
• * 1.319

  Dry brayne causeth ill Memory.
• * 1.320

  Good Mē∣morye.
• * 1.321

  Restoring•• of the me∣morye.
• * 1.322

  Galen lib. 5. de tuen. Val.
• * 1.323

  Lib. 6. de tuend. val.
• * 1.324

  Hard wynes or of the se∣cond sort.
• * 1.325

  Mylke.
• * 1.326

  Herbes ha∣uing vertue to make one to pisse,
• * 1.327

  Lib. 2. Sat. 4.
• * 1.328

  Turpentine holesome.
• * 1.329

  Lib. 3. de tuen. Val. lib. 5. tuē. val.
• * 1.330

  Preparīg of Turpē∣tine.
• * 1.331

  To make Turpentine liquide and potable.
• * 1.332

  Sleepe.
• * 1.333

  Friction.
• * 1.334

  Lib. 2. de tuen. Val.
• * 1.335

  Sixe sorts of Frictions.
• * 1.336

  Lucae. 7.
• * 1.337

  Lib. 15.
• * 1.338

  Artificiall Bath.
• * 1.339

  Naturall Bathes.
• * 1.340

  Carnal dea∣ling wyth womē very hurtfull to dry and cold complexiōs
• * 1.341

  Studying by night and Candlelight hurtful,
• * 1.342

  Bodelye health.
• * 1.343

  De tuēd. Valet.
• * 1.344

  Bodye and mynde sick and wel to∣gether▪
• * 1.345

  A holesome exercise for students.
• * 1.346

  Moderate banquetting not discom∣mēdable.
• * 1.347

  Recreation of the mynd
• * 1.348

  Comelye mirth at the Table.
• * 1.349

  Sat. 1.
• * 1.350

  Lib. Ser.
• * 1.351

  2. Sat. 2.
• * 1.352

  Curiosity in searching to high miste-ries.
• * 1.353

  Eccle. 3.
• * 1.354

  Eche thinge ought to be done in his due time & right order.
• * 1.355

  Moyst Cō∣plexion.
• * 1.356

  Heate in mā likened to the Sūne, and moy∣sture to the Moone.
• * 1.357

  The influ∣ēce & force of the Moone.
• * 1.358

  The tokens of a moyste body.
• * 1.359

  Graye eyes.
• * 1.360

  Moyst com¦plexiōs not geuen to be malicious & spightful.
• * 1.361

  Moyste na∣tures not fu¦mish and te¦sty.
• * 1.362

  Tokens of a moyst com∣plexioned body.
• * 1.363

  Euery parte of the body is by it selfe seuerally to be conside∣red & hath his proper tempera∣ture.
• * 1.364

  The state of the mynde in moyst cō¦plexions.
• * 1.365

  Why men be wyser then womē.
• * 1.366

  Eccl. 42
• * 1.367

  Carnall lust in Sommer to mē hurt∣full.
• * 1.368

  Rue prouo∣keth lust in women, but taketh it vt∣terly awaye in men.
• * 1.369

  Diet meete for a moyst Cōplexiō.
• * 1.370

  Diet ouer moyst, hurt¦ful.
• * 1.371

  Moderate sleepe good for moyst persons.
• * 1.372

  Moyst folks must sleepe but very li∣tle.
• * 1.373

  Sat. 1.
• * 1.374

  Lib. 2. Aphor. 44.
• * 1.375

  Moystare feedeth & nourisheth heate.