The art of rhetorick concisely and compleatly handled exemplified out of holy writ, and with a compendious and perspicuous comment, fitted to the capacities of such as have had a smatch of learning, or are otherwise ingenious. By J.B. master of the free-school of Kinfare in Staffordshire.

THE Art of RHETORICK.

CHAP. I.

Sect. I.

RHETORICK is the ^a skill of using daintie words, and comely delive∣rie, whereby to work upon mens affections.

It hath two parts, Adornation and Action.

Adornation consisteth in the sweetnesse of the phrase, and is seen in Tropes and Figures.

A ^b Trope is an affecting kinde of speech, al∣tering the native signification of a ^c word.

In a Trope are to be considered, 1. The Kindes, 2. The Affections.

There be foure kindes of Tropes:

• 1. Substitution,
• 2. Comprehension,
• 3. Comparation,
• 4. Simulation.

The Comment.

a) That is to say, It is the Art of trimming, decking, garnishing the Oration, with fine, wit∣tie, pithie, moving, pleasing words, cla••ses, and sentences in the passages and style of speech.

b) This word Trope, is as much as to say, a borrowed speech, so that when any word leaves

his native, that is, his proper signification, ••••d assumes a borrowed, we say it is Tropicall: Although some speeches are grown so common, that they are taken to be proper; as, Correct me, O Lord, for Chastise me, O Lord, the Effect for the Cause: but so usuall, that few perhaps would note it. c) See Note 6.

Sect. 2.

* 1.1SUbstitution is a borrowed speech, by an accidentall ^a relation.

It is either Perfect or Elliptick.

^b Perfect Substitution is, when the word wherein the Trope lies, is cast away in the ^c Resolution. And it is fourefold.

1. First, of the Cause. 2. Of the Effect. 3. Of the Subject. 4. Of the Adjunct or Accident.

Substitution of the Cause, is two wayes: 1. First, when the ^d Efficient cause is put for the effect. Gen. 4.7. * 1.2 ^a Sinne lieth at the doore. Ezra 4. 7. The writing was in the Syrian ^a tongue. 1. Tim. 6. 6. Godlinesse is * 1.3 ^a gain. So when the Author, ^e Principall, or Fa∣mous in a thing is used for that which is wrought or brought in by him, or named from him. Act. 21.21. They are informed tha•• thou teachest to forsake ^a Moses. Psal. 14.7. * 1.4 ^a Iacob shall rejoyce, and ^a Israel shall be glad.

2. Secondly, when the Materiall Cause is used for the Effect. Psal. 105. 8. He was laid in ^• * 1.5 iron.

The Comment.

a) Relation is, when a thing in any respect hath reference to another. An accidentall Re∣lation I call that, which continues onely while they are Tropes, or otherwise they are not neces∣sarily considered together; as, Sinne is put for horrour & punishment, Tong•••• for language, Gain for gainfull, Moses for the Law, Iacob and Israel for the Israelites, Iron for fetters. Now, there may be sinne, where there is no hor∣rour or punishment considered. Gain may be considered abstractively, that is, by it self, and not in a subject: as there may be vertue, justice, though there were none just; so there may be a tongue without language, as in beasts: Iacob might have been, though no Israelites after him; Moses, though no Law; Iron, though no fetters. But in Synechdoches there is a true Relation considered,* 1.6 whether they be Tropes or no: the Genus must have his Species, and the whole his parts, and contrarily. These do subsist one in an∣other. In a word, Substitution is from things that have but an affinitie; Comprehension from things that have a consanguinitie.

b) Note from this example,* 1.7 that in some

Metonymicall Relations, the Cause and Effect, Subject and Adjunct may perhaps be hard to conceive: for unlesse to scholars, it is not so rea∣die to be apprehended,* 1.8 that gain is the cause of gainfull, though indeed it is: for what makes gainfull but gain?

c) The resolving of a Trope is the chan∣ging of it to a plain speech: for instance, The wri∣ting was in the Syrian language. This now you see is made a plain speech, by putting away the borrowed word tongue, and resuming lan∣guage, whi••h was meant by tongue. This I call a Perfect Resolution, because I come directly to my word again.

d) The Efficient Cause is, whereby a thing is made or done; & the Material Cause, whereof.

* 1.9e) Note that it is one thing when the Prin∣cipall is considered as the Cause, another as the Subject, another as a Part. Instance, Israel fought with Amalek. If here by Amalek and Israel I mean their succeeding race, them∣selves being dead,* 1.10 it is a Metonymie of the Cause: but if I mean by them their armies, themselves being at home, it is a Metonymie of the Subject. If I mean by them the Israelites and Amalekites, led by them into the field, themselves being partners in the battell, it is the Part for the Whole.

Sect. 3.

SUbstitution of the Effect is, when the Ef∣fect is used for the Cause. 2. King. 4.10. ^a * 1.11 Death is in the pot. Ioh. 11. 25. I am the ^g * 1.12 resurrection.

Substitution of the ^b Subject is, when the Subject is used for the Adjunct. Eph. 4. 22. Cast off the old ^c man. Thus the place, or seat, and container, are used for the placed, or contained thing. Psal. 78. 87. Their ^d heart was not right. Gen. 6. 11. The ^e * 1.13 earth was corrupt before God. 1. Cor. 11. 26. As oft as you drink this ^f * 1.14 cup, ye shew the Lords death.

The Comment.

a) Death is put for poyson, which is the effect of poyson. b) The Subject is that thing, whereunto something is said to appertain or be∣long: and the said appurtenance is called the Ad∣junct or Accident. c) Man is put for nature. d) Heart, for the affections there seated. e) for people. f) for wine. g) I think good here to note,* 1.15 that it will perhaps be difficult sometimes to hit upon a term whereby to resolve a Trope per∣fectly: for indeed when I first considered of this example, I could resolve it with addition thus, I am the cause or causer of the resurrection; but the term Raiser I could not think on a good while. And at first view I thought these Elli∣••tick also, Exod. 21. 21. Eph. 5. 16.

Sect. 4.

SUbstitution of the Adjunct is, when the Accident is used for the Subject. 1. Tim. 4. 16. Neglect not the gift given by the hands of the ^a * 1.16 presbyterie. Gal. 6. 14. God forbid that I should glorie save in the ^b crosse of Christ. Thus the Adjunct of time is put for the sub∣ject measured by it. Iob 32. 7. I said ^c dayes should speak, and the ^c multitude of yeares should shew wisdome. So the signe or ^f circumstance is used for the thing betokened. Rom. 13.4. He beareth not the ^d sword in vain. So also the qualitie is put for the subject. Ecclus. 10.6. ^g * 1.17 Follie is set in great dignitie.

The Comment.

* 1.18a) First let me note, that in some examples it skills not, which you call the Subject, which the Adjunct: for instance, Let their table be a snare, that is, Let their meat be a snare. Table may be either the Subject or Adjunct. And let me note further from the first example set down,* 1.19 that some Tropes may be variously resolved, ac∣cording to mens severall judgements. As some may think Presbyterie, here being put for Pres∣byters, to be the Effect for the Cause; for what makes the Presbyterie, but the Presbyters? though I rather take it to be an Adjunct to Pres∣byters. b) Crosse, for sufferings. c) Dayes and

multitude of yeares, for the aged. Whence note,* 1.20 that the borrowed speech lieth sometimes in more then in one single word. For there is a single word, which Logicians call Vox incomplexa, as Peter, an horse, vertue, gentle, &c. And there is a double word called Vox complexa, as Peter the Apostle, an horse all white, despi∣sed vertue, gentle in behaviour. These you see runne into one, and do of divers single ones make up double ones; so that having said, A Trope is alwayes in one word, I mean not that it must al∣wayes be in one single word, but sometimes in a double word, which, upon the matter is but one word; as here the double word multitude of yeares, is in purpose no more then the single word Dayes. And as the words of the Trope are some∣times complexive; so also are the words of the Resolution, as in Proverbs, or otherwise. d) Note hence,* 1.21 that a choice word may best befit a Trope, where in the Resolution the same word cannot serve: as Sword is put for Authoritie, being a signe thereof; yet we cannot say, He bear∣eth not the Authoritie, but he hath not the Au∣thoritie in vain: so that in Resolutions sometimes there must be alterations in some joynt words of the clause, which yet agree well to the Trope. e) By signe is meant any token, or resemblance, as the ornament, habit, title, ceremonie, &c. f) See the tenth note. g) That is, the Fool.

Sect. 5.

ELliptick Substitution is, when the Cause and Effect, or Subject and Adjunct do meet in the Resolution.

This is also, First in the Cause. Heb. 11. 39. They received not the* 1.22 ^b promises.

2. In the Effect. Gen. 25.23. ^c Two* 1.23 nati∣ons are in thy wombe. Thus when an Epithet implies a Cause. Psal. 100. 1, Make a * 1.24 ^d joyfull noyse.

3. In the Subject. 1. Cor. 10.4. That rock was * 1.25 Christ. And so when that is spoken of the Subject, which is intended of the Ad∣junct. Deut. 32. 10. He found him in the ^e howling wildernesse.

Also when the Subject is put for the Sub∣ject so qualified. 1. Cor. 16.13. Quit your selves like* 1.26 ^f men. So when an Epithet implies the signe. 1. Sam. 14.2. Put on * 1.27 ^g mourning apparell.

4. In the Adjunct. Deut. 9.21. And I took your * 1.28 ^h sinne, the calf that you had made, and stampt it to powder, &c.

Thus when that is spoken of the Adjunct which is intentionally referred to the Sub∣ject. Mal. 2. 15. She is the ⁱ wife of thy * 1.29 ⁱ covenant, and the wife of thy ⁱ youth. Deut. 33. 2. From his right hand went a ^k fiery law.

The Comment.

a) Ellipsis is as much as to say, a leaving out: I call therefore those Ellipticall Substitutions, wherein some word is left out, and in the Re∣solution therefore must be added again. It is true, that the defect of words in the language is the cause of some Ellipticall Substitutions: as if there were any word promiseds, the first ex∣ample would be perfect. It is true also, that a man may resolve some perfect examples Ellipti∣cally, if he please; as, Death is in the pot; that is, the cause of death is in the pot: but Ellipticall examples are such, as must of necessity be res••l∣ved with addition, so that in the Resolution both the Substituting and the Substituted word are mentioned together, as in the examples fol∣lowing.

b) Promises, for fruits* 1.30 of the promises:* 1.31 for they did receive the promises; but the fruits or accom∣plishment of them was in the time of the Gospel.

c) Two nations, for the fathers.* 1.32 of two nations* 1.33

d) joyfull, for joyfull* 1.34-making.* 1.35 An Epithet is any Adjective joyned to a word to expresse his signification. So here joyfull signifies making joyfull, and so implies the Cause in the word ma∣king: for noyse it self cannot be said to be joyfull. e) Howling is here attributed to the wilder∣nesse,

and meant of the wilde beasts, which are an Adjunct to the wildernesse: as if you should say, Wildernesse* 1.36 of howling beasts.* 1.37 f) Men, for valiant* 1.38 men.* 1.39 So we say, Will you come to supper with those hands? meaning those foul* 1.40 hands.* 1.41 g) Mourning, for signe* 1.42 of mourning.* 1.43 h) Sinne, for the subject* 1.44 of your ••inne.* 1.45 For it cannot here (though otherwise it might) be re∣solved perfectly thus, I took your calf, &c. be∣cause of the subsequent clause. i) Here wife is attributed to covenant and youth, which are but accidents to the person: as if he should say, the wife of thee* 1.46 by thy covenant* 1.47 in thy youth.* 1.48 k) Fiery is here given to the law, which is intend∣ed of the Subjective place of deliverie; as if he should say, The law* 1.49 from fiery Sinai.* 1.50 So you see that Ellipticall Substitutions are but a kind•• of half Substitutions, one word being put for more, not one word for another, as in perfect Substitu∣tions.* 1.51 l) For signe* 1.52 of Christ.* 1.53

CHAP. II.

Sect. I.

* 1.54COmprehension is a borrowed speech by a naturall relation. It is foure-fold. 1. Of

the Genus. 2. Of the Species. 3. Of the Whole. 4. Of the Part.

Comprehension of the Genus is, when the ^a generall word comprehends the particular. Psal. 72. 8. He shall have dominion from the * 1.55 river to the ends of the earth.

Comprehension of the Species is, when the particular word implies the generall. Matt. 23. 24. They devoure ^b widows houses. Isa. 2. 13. The day of the Lord shall be upon every ^• cedar of Lebanon, and every ^b oak of Basan.

The Comment.

a) A Generall word is that which compre∣hends singular words under it:* 1.56 as a Beast com∣prehends an Horse, a Cow, a Lion, &c. A Stone comprehends an Adamant, a Flint, a Peble, &c. So River here, which comprehends Thames, Trent, Tyber, &c. is put for Euphrates. b) They did not onely devoure widows houses, but any sort of poore people; and not onely houses, but any kinde of goods. The Prophet meaneth every Cedar, and every Oak, though he addeth a seeming limitation:* 1.57 & commonly when to a gene∣rall word a limitation is added,* 1.58 it makes it par∣ticular. If I say, The disciple, for Iohn, it is a Synechdoche of the Genus; but if I say, The be∣loved disciple, for Iohn, it is a Particular, and no Trope. Note,* 1.59 that sometimes in English,

though I cannot directly finde it so in Latine, one particular word is put for another: as Matt. 5. 33. Whosoever putteth away his wife, ex∣cept it be for fornication, &c. where forni••a∣tion, being one manner of Incontinency, is put for another, viz. Adultery. For the married by uncleannesse are guilty of adultery properly•• not fornication. So also one part is put sometimes for another. Psal. 16. 11. Thou wilt not leave my soul in hell; where soul is put for bodie. Note also,* 1.60 that Rhetoricians make such speeches be∣long to this Trope, as we finde 2. King. 5. 27. He went out of his presence a leper as white as ••now. He might (say they) have said•• As white as wooll, milk, chalk, &c. so that by ••now is meant any white thing. But I rather think this is no Trope, because he is not tied to mean any other thing; nor need I seek any such Resolution of the word to understand his me••••∣ing.

Sect. 2.

COmprehension of the whole is, when the whole implies the part•• Acts. 2. 2. It fil∣led the whole ^a house where they were sitting.

Thus the plural•• number for the singular•• Ma••t. 27. 14. The same ••hings also the ^b theeves cast in his teeth.

Comprehension of the part is, when the part implies the whole. And this is five wayes.

• 1. When a piece or member is put for the whole bulk or body. Ephes. 4.9. He descend∣ed into the lower parts of the ^c earth.
• 2. When a set number is put for an uncer∣tain. Levit. 26. 8. ^d Five of you shall chase an ^d hundred. Rev. 12. 5. Of the tribe of Iu∣dah were sealed ^d twelve thousand.
• 3. The singular number for the plurall. Num. 24. 22. The ^e Kenite shall be wasted.
• 4. One circumstance for another or more. Deut. 28. 30. Thou shalt marrie a wife, and another man shall* 1.61 ^f lie with her. 1. Sam. 24.3. Saul went in to ^g cover his feet.
• 5. One or few of a companie, band, sect, &c. for many, or all. Exod. 17.13. ^h Iosuah discomfited Amalek.

The Comment.

a) House is put for chamber. b) Theeves for thief. See Luk. 23.39. c) Earth for world. d) He means, A few of you shall chase many•• and by twelve thousand, S. Iohn understands a great number. This may also be referred to a Synechdoche of the Genus; one number being put for another of the like kinde. Much ado there is about the reference of these Synechdoches, whereas indeed it is more triviall then deserving a controversie, there being little excellencie in them, unlesse when they are Hyperbolicall. Some

of them need not to be reckoned for Tropes, for like reason that I gave of others in the last note of the last section: as, Twentie good turns will not win the ungratefull; for I may mean just twentie. e) Kenite, for Kenites. f) Not onely tie with her, but defile her: for both these circum∣stances are intended by that one. g) The action of covering the feet is not intended it self, but expresseth another circumstance, viz. doing the office of Nature. Note,* 1.62 that if that circum∣stance which is put for another, be a naturall, that is, a necessarie circumstance, which alwayes accompanies the action it intends, then it belong∣eth to this Trope: but if it be but an accidentall circumstance, with which, or without which the action useth to be done; then is that circumstance an Adjunct, not a Part, and belongeth not to a Synecdoche, which is by a naturall Relation, but to a Metonymie, which is by an accidentall Relation, as I have said: Instance, Prov. 17.18. A man void of understanding striketh hands, and becometh suretie. Here by striking of hands is meant, gives his word. This circum∣stance is accidentall, and therefore an Adjunct unto promising: for without it a covenant may be made. h) Iosuah is put for himself and his armie. Note,* 1.63 that sometimes those that are but a part by Relation, are put for all; as, Gen. 20. 7. God healed Abimelech: the plague that was

removed was barrennesse, so that the women one∣ly could be healed; he was of their number by re∣lation meerly. So the Lawyers speak in the cause of their Client, as if it were their own, though meer relation make them a part. And if this seem rather an accidentall relation then a natu∣rall, you may referre it to a Metonymie of the Adjunct, as some Rhetoricians do. Note also,* 1.64 that there is an Ellipticall Resolution in many Synechdoches: as, Paul puts the palace indefi∣nitely for Neroes palace. Note again,* 1.65 that there are Synechdoches in Epithets, when that is attributed to the whole, which is intended of the part, or contrariwise: as, What naked and cur∣led gallants are these? that is, What gallants are these with curled hair and naked breasts? So, I opened your letter with doubtful hands.

CHAP. III.

COmparation is a borrowed speech,* 1.66 car∣rying the force of a ^• comparison. Ier. 5.8. Every man ^a* 1.67 neighed after his neighbours wife. Hereto appertain all ^b Anthropopathies. Gen. 6.6. It ^b * 1.68 repented the Lord that he had made man, and it ^b grieved him at the ^b heart. All Pronominations either from the Person, Nation, or Place. Matth. 17. 12. ^• Elias is

come alreadie. Ezek. 16.3. Thy father was an ^c Amorite, and thy mother an ^c Hittite. Rev. 18. 2. ^c Babylon is fallen. Parabolicall and Pro∣verbiall speeches, and all of ^g like nature. Mark 4.3. The ^e * 1.69 sower went out to ^e sow. E∣zek. 18.2. ^d The * 1.70 fathers have eaten sowre grapes, and the childrens teeth are set on edge.

The Comment.

a) A Metaphor is nothing but a compari∣son drawn into a word. His comparison is drawn from horses, which neigh for lust. b) Anthro∣popathies are speeches attributing to God ac∣cording to the manner of men, as properly God hath no heart, neither can be said to repent or grieve; but these things being said of men, God is expressed to us by them. c) Pronominati∣ons are proper names that are borrowed, as Iohn Baptist hath the name of Elias for the likeness•• of their gifts, being such an one as Elias was. So Israel is said to have the originall from the Amorite and Hittite, from the similitude of their conditions with these nations.* 1.71 So Rome takes the name of Babylon, from the paritie of their manners. d) The fathers have sinned, and the children are punished. e) A preacher went out to preach, &c. g) By such like speeches, I mean any that have a comparative exposition; as mysticall speeches. S. Iohn calls Warre the

red horse, Famine the pale horse, Death the black horse. So types, emblemes, riddles, fables, when we use them comparatively.* 1.72 Note that sometimes a speech is borrowed, though but sup∣posed of the thing from whence it is taken: as Psal. 78. 25. Man did eat Angels food. An∣gels have no food, but as supposing they had, of the daintinesse it was so called.

CHAP. IIII.

SImulation is a Trope,* 1.73 whereby under co∣lour of one thing a man insinuates ano∣ther, or else derides. 1. King. 22.15. ^a * 1.74 Go & prosper. 1. King. 28.27. Either he is ^a * 1.75 talk∣king, or he is ^a pursuing, &c. Ioh. 9.25. Whe∣ther he be a sinner or no, ^b * 1.76 I cannot tell; but this I know, he hath opened mine eyes. 1. Cor. 3. 4. ^c Who is Paul? who is Apollos?

The Comment.

a) As under colour of saying, Go and prosper, the Prophet means the contrary, Go and perish. And that was but a pretended speech of Eliah: for he meant not as he spake, but spake in mockage. b) The simulation which lies in this speech, is apparent from the 31 verse: for the blinde man contendeth to prove, that Christ could

not be a sinner: and the speech is like unto this, I know not whether this iron be hot, but I am sure it hath burnt my fingers. So there are I∣ronies in contradictions, O holy idolatrie! O prodigious vertue! He blushes like a black dog. He quakes like an oven. c) The si∣mulation that lies in this speech is this, that whereas the Apostle, to avoid exception, nameth himself and Apollos, his intent was (as appear∣eth chap. 4. vers. 5) under colour of those names to touch those Ministers whom the Corinthians did too much applaud, and to whom they did a∣scribe above what was meet: for Paul and Apol∣los were not magnified amongst them, but rather despised: under colour of these names doth the Apostle tax the preachers they extolled. So that there are Ironies in a Person, as in a Metaphor, when I call an hypocrite a Nathanael, a coward an Hector: or by an Inversion, as, How chance you beat your master to day? Or by In∣sinuation, as, I am so proud, none of my neigh∣bours may speak to me: or by insinuative In∣terrogation, as, Was I e're burnt i'th'hand? or by Negation, as, I never took money to for∣swear my self, meaning it still to him or of him we speak: or by * 1.77 Preterition, as, I will not tell you how drunk you were yesterday, how you swaggered and staggered, and the boyes flockt about you, &c. when yet I do tell him

thus. So in these speeches, Perhaps you may finde him from the Alehouse. So, He is the wisest man in the town, when all the rest are out; when I mean, He is the veriest fool in the town. So, They were alive, They were rich; when my purpose is not to say what they were, but thereby to insinuate what they are now. So when I say, If I had said so, I had lied; when I in∣tend that he lies in saying so.

CHAP. V.

THe Affection of a Trope is the qualitie, whereby it requires a second resolution. These Affections are five:

• 1. Abuse.
• 2. Duplication.
• 3. Continuation.
• 4. Superlocution.
• 5. Sublocution.

Abuse is when a Trope is very farre fetcht.1 1.78 Heb. 12. 1. Seeing we are compassed with a ^a* 1.79 cloud of witnesses. Exod. 13.19. Thou shalt not seethe the kid in his ^a mothers milk.

Duplication is,2 1.80 when there is a pluralitie of Tropes in one word. Matth. 21.10. All the ^b * 1.81 citie was moved. Mal. 4. 2. The Sunne of righteousnesse shall arise with healing under his ^c wings.

^d Continuation is, when Comparation is con∣tinued.3 1.82 Matt. 3.10, Every ^d * 1.83 tree that bring∣eth

not forth good fruit, shall be hewen down, and cast into the fire.

4 1.84Superlocution is, when a Trope is stretcht beyond moderation. By way of amplification, Psal. 119. 136. ^e * 1.85 Rivers of waters run down mine eyes, &c. Or by way of extenuation or restriction. 1. Sam. 24.14. After whom doth the king pursue? After a ^e * 1.86 dog? After a ^e flea?

5 1.87Sublocution is, when a word speaks below the intention. Matth. 25.24. Lord, I knew thee an ^f hard man.

* 1.88Note that these two latter Affections are found without Tropes. 2. Sam. 2. 18. Aza∣hel was light of foot as a * 1.89 ^g wilde roe. Isa. 49.2. I have laboured in ^g * 1.90 vain, I have spent my time for ^g nought. Iude 14. Behold, the Lord ^h co∣meth. So also in Sublocution, 1. Cor. 10.5. But with many of them God was not ⁱ * 1.91 well pleased. Hos. 4. 4. This people are ⁱ as they that strive with the priest. This Sublocution either in a Trope, or out of a Trope, is when we mean a thing by way of eminencie. Mal. 2.14. She is thy ^k * 1.92 companion.

The Comment.

a) Which you may understand by resolving the severall examples following: for there is found in them not onely the borrowing of the word, but that joyned with a further Rhetoricall

vertue: as a cloud of witnesses is not onely to be considered as a Metaphor, but as an unusuall, strange, and streined Metaphor, not obvious and congruous. The like is to be said of mother, which is very abusively given to a dumbe crea∣ture; yet these abusive speeches skilfully drawn, do adorn much. b) City is first put for Ie∣rusalem, by a Synechdoche of the Genus: and then Ierusalem for the Ierusolomites, by a Metonymie of the Subject. c) Wings is put for beams, a Catachresticall Metaphor; & beams for merits, another Metaphor. d) Rhetoricians teach that Tropes of any one kinde coming toge∣ther make an Allegorie; yet again they give this rule, that the term of the same comparison may not be changed: as to say, These plants may be∣come corner-stones one day. Now I say, if it spoil an Allegorie, onely to change a piece of it, how can words of no dependance at all make an Allegorie? Therefore an Allegorie is, when Me∣taphors are continued, or else heaped together in the same comparison; as here tree, that is man; fruit, that is works; hewen down, that is, condemned; cast into the fire, that is, thrown into hell. All these are in one comparison. And in the 12. of Eccles. From the second verse unto the fifth, there are divers Metaphors, but all upon the same subject, to wit, the description of old age: yet if any will contend, that the prosecuting

of particular Metonymies, and will not say of Metonymies or Tropes in generall (a•• Rheto∣ricians have affirmed) do also make an Alleg••∣rie, I will not altogether gainsay them: for it is indeed comely to continue still Metonymies also of the same kinde: as in this example, it is more pleasing to say, The scepter as well as the sheep-hook must go to the grave, then to leave out one of the Adjuncts, and say, The scepter as well as the shepherd must go to the grave. But I leave it to the judgement of the reader. e) Rivers is a Metaphor; so dog, and flea. f) And Hyperbole and Tapinosis are directly contrary: for that is when we do over∣speak, and is ever discerned by a limitation, or restraining, whereby to resolve it in such like words, Nay not so; as, Nay not rivers, though abundance of tears: Nay not a dog, or a flea, though a mean person. But a Tapinosis is an un∣derspeaking, when we mince, or forbear to speak to the full; and is discerned by an assenting, or an enforcing to resolve it by, in such like words, With a witnesse, At least, I may well say: thus here by hard he means a rigorous and au∣stere man, as Luke expresseth it, chap. 19. 21. Therefore well might he say hard. And as there is Amplification, and Extenuation in an Hyper∣bole; so there is in Tapinosis: as this, A living of an hundred pounds per annum is worth

thanks, is Extenuation: But this, This Cure is not worth above an hundred pounds, is Amplification. g) For there is many times this Affection of over or underspeaking, when other∣wise the words are all plain: As swift as a wilde Roe; there is none of the words borrowed, onely there is an over-reaching in them: he was very swift, but so swift he could not be. So, not alto∣gether in vain, though for little good. h) Here also is an over-reaching speaking in the present time. i) Here is onely an under-speaking. He might well say, Not well pleased; for he was highly provoked. So he might well say, They were like those that contended with the priest; for they were very those. k) The wife is the companion indeed, for she is the mans chief, principall, and nearest companion.

CHAP. VI.

THus much of the Tropes. Now follow the Figures.

A ^a Figure is an affecting kinde of speech without consideration had of any borrowed sense. A Figure is two-fold: Relative and Independent. The ^bRelative figures are six. 1. Repetition. 2. Variation. 3. Gradation. 4. Correction. 5. Allusion. 6. Composition.

Repetition is the recitation of somewhat in the sentence, sometimes by Continuation, Iudg. 5. 12. ^• Awake, Awake Deborah, ^• Awake, Awake. By Transition, Hose. 2.••1. I will heare the ^• heavens, and the he••••ens shall heare the earth, and the earth shall he••re the corn, &c. By Amplification, Psal. 145. 18. The Lord is nigh to ^c all that call upon him, to all that call upon him in truth. By Con∣nexion, Isa. 3. 24. ^c In stead of sweet smell, there shall be a stink; In stead of a girdle, a rent; In stead of well-set hair, baldnesse; In stead of a stomacher, a girdle of sackcloth, and burning in stead of beauty.

Variation is a pleasant fruitfulnesse of words, added onely for varieties sake. Psal. 14.7. ^d * 1.93 Iacob shall rejoyce, and Israel shall be glad. Isa. 1.4. ^f A sinfull nation, a people la∣den with iniquitie, a seed of evil doers, children that are corrupters. And verse 17. ^• Relieve the oppressed, judge the fatherlesse, plead for the widow.

* 1.94Gradation is, when the immediate succeed∣ing clauses transcend each other in significa∣tion. 1. Iohn 1. 1. That which we ^h * 1.95 have heard, and that which we have seen, and our hands have handled of the word of life. Iudg. 5. 30. To Siserah, ^• a prey of divers colours of needle-work, of divers colours of needle-work on both sides••

Correction is the reenforcement of the clause last uttered,* 1.96 by the subsequent. Gal. 3. 4. Have ye suffered so many things in vain? ⁱ if it be yet in vain.

Allusion is a delightfull harping upon words. 1. Tim. 6. 6. ^k But godlinesse is great gain. Matt. 8.22. Let the ^k dead bury the dead. 2. Tim. 4. 2. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 ^k * 1.97 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. 2. Cor. 4.8. ^k 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. 2. Cor. 6.10. As ^k poore, yet making many rich; as having nothing, and yet possessing all things. 1. Tim. 3.16. God was ^k manifested in the flesh, justified in the spirit, seen of Angels, preached unto the Gentiles, beleeved on in the world, re∣ceived up into glory.

Composition is a smooth linking together of select words and clauses. Psal. 3. 24. In stead of sweet smell, there shall be a stink; in stead of a girdle, a rent; in stead of well-set hair, baldnesse; in stead of a stomacher, a girdle of sackcloth; and ^l burning, in stead of beauty.

The Comment.

a) The learner must carefully distinguish be∣tween a Trope and a Figure; though in our com∣mon speech we confound the Terms, and the dif∣ference between them is this, that a Trope cannot be without a borrowed sense; but a Figure may be, whether the words are borrowed or proper.

Rhetoricians indeed gave this difference, that a Trope was in a word, and a Figure in a clause or sentence; but observe all the examples, and this will be found false. b) These five first I call Re∣lative figures, because in every one of them there is a reference of words which makes the elegan∣cie. The other Independent, because no part of the clause brings in another; but the whole clause is joyntly & independently cons••dered. c) These examples of Repetition, though they be of se∣verall sorts, need no explanation. d) This you see is the very same thing, but spoken in divers terms. f) Here he also expresseth the same pur∣pose with varietie of words. g) One of these terms Relieve, judge, or plead for, would have served the severall clauses; but to varie terms is farre more pleasing, for using the same words breeds satietie. h) Here is a climbing of the speech; To see is more then to heare, and to handle is more then to see. A work of divers colours is somewhat; of needle, that is more; on both sides, that is yet more. i) Here the lat∣ter clause is so inferred, that it recalls the for∣mer, and causes it to take a deeper impression. But indeed Revocation is more powerfull, when there is a direct Revocation; as thus,* 1.98 We are now redeemed, justified, sanctified, glorified in him. Redeemed, justified, sanctified, glo∣rified? What things are these? And M^r. Smiths

personation of Nebuchadnezzar hath in it a prettie Revocation: Did I call it great Babel? I will call it great Babel: Did I say, I built it? I will say, I built it: Did I adde, For the ho∣nour of my Majestie? Let it go, For the ho∣nour of my Majestie.* 1.99 Note that some speeches have a spice of Gradation and Correction toge∣ther. Rom. 8.34. It is Christ that died, yea rather that is risen again. Yea, and in some speeches, two, three, foure, or more Figures may be compact together: the same speech may carrie both an Exclamation, Diversion, Reservation, Allusion in it, or the like. This thou canst not choose but note in the examples throughout, and wheree're thou readest. k) Allusion is a very large and wittie figure. Sometimes we allude to what is forespoken: as in the first example the A∣postle alludes unto the speech verse 5. So we al∣lude in the mentioning of anothers words, or of our own that are known words; as if one should beginne a speech thus, If I had not ploughed with your heifer, &c. alluding to Samsons words: so in the inversion of a clause, as, The poore have ever lived hardly, but now they hardly live. Sometimes we allude unto the sense, when the word hath a double construction, as in the second example. So in these,* 1.100 The Rhei••ists can no more abide that proposition convert∣ed, then themselves; The ash is an embleme of

unprofitable prelacie, which bears nothing bu•• Keyes.* 1.101 We are all saints by calling, and some of us but by calling. Physicians live by other mens pains. Sometimes we allude unto the sound, as in the third and fourth examples: yea if it be but the keeping of the letter, as thus, There is a diffe∣rence betwixt the sinnes of weaknesse, and the sinnes of wilfulnesse. Labour not to please the eare, but pierce the heart. Sometimes we allude to sense and sound both; as, Those things we ••hould most set-by, we most set by. Sometimes we al∣lude in the choice of words, that have a pretty correspondence, answering and suiting with one another, as in the fifth example; and so thus, Go and seek thine entertainment, where thou hast lost thine honestie. How much better were it to be with the sheep of Iethro,* 1.102 then with the wolves of Israel! If he had said, with the ti∣gers or bears of Israel, it had been all one for his meaning, but had been nothing so neat. Some∣times we allude to the pace or measure of words, as in the last example; The clauses are all of alike size, which makes them runne very plea∣santly. Sometimes we have allusions both of the sound, sense, and pace together. l) There are •• vertues in this Figure; the one intimated in the word smooth, that is, such a collocation and well-ordered disposition of the word, as doth a∣v••id harshnesse, and pleaseth the eare with a••

harmonious consonancie of syllables, as in the example is plain: For if the last clause had kepe the form of the precedent thus, And in stead of beautie, burning, it would have sounded more unpleasantly, but that transposition of the words gives a grace unto them. The other vertue inti∣mated in the word select, is a judicious choice of words, sometimes of a monosyllable, dissylla∣ble, or more syllables, sometimes being more full or fit in regard of more consonants or vowels for the place and use intended, although other∣wise of equall ••ignification. So that this compo∣sure of words is like some frame of joyned ware, the joynts and parts whereof are so truely propor∣tioned and fitted, that the whole coupleth fightly together, without gaping or unevennesse.* 1.103 Now true it is, that to teach election of words, when to use long words, when short, where to choose a word that begins with a vowel, where with a consonant, which to make the precedent, which the subsequent, I say, though for this end sundry rules might be given, as also in all other Figures and Tropes, so that the multitude of rules would have sweld a volume too big: yet because little but the Theorie of Rhetorick can be learned by Art, and the Practick is the gift of Nature, I have thought it a fruitlesse, yea an hopelesse at∣tempt (as is discoursed in Tullie de Oratore) to teach the practise of Rhetorick. For ever

when it is not naturall but affected in us, to dra•• and compose Tropes and Figures, we fall so farre short of the goodlinesse of Oratorie, as a forced action from a naturall deliver•• So that herei•• onely Discretion, Observation, and Exercise must be our guides. And the notions of Rheto∣rick (as hath been proved and approved) are herein fully discovered, that the ingenuous con∣sulting with any sch••lar, may attain the exact understanding of them.

CHAP. VII.

THe independent Figures are six. 1. De∣scription. 2. Diversion. 3. Reservation. 4. Exclamation. 5. Personation. 6. Insinuation.

* 1.104^a Description is a ^a complementall dilata∣tion of speech, which is two wayes. 1. By ^a Circumstance. 2. By ^a Circumlocution. Ec∣cles. 10.20. A bird ^a of the * 1.105 aire shall carry the voice, and ^a that which hath * 1.106 wings shal tell the matter.

* 1.107Diversion is, when abruptly breaking off the matter in hand, we speak of another. Gen. 49.18.^b* 1.108 I have waited for thy salvation, O Lord.

* 1.109Reservation is an abrupt breaking off, with∣holding part of our minde. 1. King. 21.7. ^c* 1.110Dost thou now govern the kingdome of Israel••—Arise, &c.

Exclamation is a speech expressing some conceived passion or affection of anger,* 1.111 joy, desire, admiration, doubt, scorn, insultation, objurgation, &c. Psal. 42. 2. ^d When shall I come and appeare before God! Rom. 12. 33. O the depth of the riches, both of the wisdome and knowledge of God! How unsearchable are his judgements, and his wayes past finding out!

Personation is,* 1.112 when we feigne a person ^e speaking or hearing; or a thing, as a person. Psal. 16. 10. ^f Thou * 1.113 wilt not leave my soul in hell, &c. 2. Sam. 1. 25. ^g O * 1.114 Ionathan thou wast slain, &c. Iud. 9. 8. ^h The trees said unto the Olive, Do thou reigne over us; but the Olive tree said, &c. 1. King. 13. 2. ^• O Al∣tar, Altar, &c.

Insinuation is a subtil winding into the Affections to beget good liking, attention, or consent. By ^k Compellation, ^k Occupation, ^k Appeal, ^k Anticipation, &c. Rom. 12. 1. I beseech you brethren by the mercies of God. 1. Tim. 2. 7. I speak the truth in Christ, and lie not. 1. Cor. 11.13.* 1.115 Iudge in your selves, is it comely, &c. Acts 26. 29. I know that thou beleevest.

The Comment.

a) Description here I take larger then Peri∣phrasis, for that indeed is but Circumscription;

and by Complementall dilatation, I mean ••ine spreadings and fillings of speech•• either by Cir∣cumstance, which is an addition of words in the setting forth of a thing, not expedient for the matter, but for ornament; as in the former of these clauses it had been sufficient, and all one for the matter, to have said simply, A bird shall carry, &c. that addition of the aire is but a neat Complement, or filling of speech: and these cir∣cumstances are many times comprehended in an Epithet; as if he had said, A flying bird shall, &c. Flying is but a superfluous circumstance to the mat••er, yet it adorns much. So in these speeches, Blessed shall Iael be among women in the tent. David vows to kill all Nabals house, to the dog that lies at his doore. Or by Circum∣locution, which is a phrase of speech: a fowl is in this wise described, that which hath wings. So that description of dying, by David, I go the way of all the earth; and that of Solomon, Man goeth to his long home, are very fine Peri∣phrases. b) Iacob was foretelling what should befall the severall tribes: in the midst of his pro∣phesie, he suddenly breaks off into this ejacula∣tion, which depends not upon the precedent mat∣ter.* 1.116 Note here also that there is an elegant Di∣version in the person. Psal. 34. 12. What man is he that desireth life? Keep thy tongue from evil: he should have said, Let him keep his

tongue from evil: but he turneth to the second person; for the more personall any application is, the more forcible it is. c) Betwixt Israel and Arise, to make the sense perfect, there wants some such words as these, And canst not get a vineyard? and those words are much more for∣cible by the reservation of these. For it is not every Eclipsis that makes a Reservation, as some idlely teach. In play-books, where these Fi∣gures are much used, they are noted thus—d) This Figure is plain enough,* 1.117 and is com∣monly noted with this (!) Note that of the na∣ture of an Exclamation is a pithie sentence in the close to winde up the passage, which Rhetori∣cians call Epiphonema: as, Psal. 49. 20. where the Prophet having discoursed of the li∣centious folly of self-admiring worldlings, shuts up thus, Man being in honour, and understand∣ing not, is like the beasts that perish. e) Any way speaking, whether objecting, answering, or communing. f) This David speaks not of him∣self, but personating Christ. See Act. 13.35. g) Here David speaks, as if it were to Ionathans face. h) Here Iothan brings in the trees speak∣ing, as if they were men. i) Here the Prophet speaks to the altar, as if it were a person, and heard him. k) Compellation is loving, sweet, and beseeming language, as you see in the first example. Occupation is not (as many ••each)

the bringing in of an objection, for that is rather a personation; (as, O but we are not book-learned: Thus the Preacher objects many times, personating ignorant cavillers) but it is when we slily forestall prejudicate thoughts, as in the se∣cond example the Apostle prevents by that prote∣station, the scruple of misdoubting his calling•• The other examples be plain.* 1.118 Now lastly you must note, that happily there may be some exam∣ples added to most of the Figures, that will be found somewhat after another manner,* 1.119 even as there is some difference betwixt the examples gi∣ven. For instance; To Repetition I might adde a repetition in manner of the burden of a song, as in the 136 psalme. To Correction I could adde correction by way of counterfeit mistake, as thus, These Iebusites, Iesuites I would say. To Al∣lusion I might adde allusion by a purposed mis∣take, as Summers said to King Henry, Your Frauditours, Conveyers, and Deceivers, and such officers, get all your money; for Auditours, Purveyers, and Receivers. To Insinuation I might adde insinuation by concession, apologie, simulation, &c. And so of other examples and other figures; all which are so plain and so easie to be apprehended, that doubtlesse the distinguish∣ing of them into so many species would rather obscure them, and puzzle the learner, then be any help to the understanding thereof.

CHAP. VIII.

THus much of Adornation; a word of Action.

Action is a part of Rhetorick exercised in the gesture and utterance.

Gesture is the comely carriage of the bo∣die; whereof nothing is needfull to be spoken.

Utterance is the sweet framing of the voice; of which we will note onely that which we call ^a Emphasis, which is the eleva∣tion of some word or words in the sentence, wherein the chief force lies. Psal. 76. 7. ^• Thou, Thou art worthy to be praised.

The Comment.

a) As in every word some syllable is pro∣nounced more acutely; so in every clause some word is uttered with more vehemencie then the rest, as the first 2 words in this clause must be. Now when we put many Emphases together, the sentence is very moving. Rom. 8. 38. Nei∣ther death, nor life, nor angels, nor principa∣lities, nor powers, nor things present, nor things to come, nor height, nor depth, &c. all these must be pronounced Emphatically.

FINIS.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Metonymi••.
• * 1.2

  2. Cor. 9.5. Micah 7.9.
• * 1.3

  Isa. 60.17.
• * 1.4

  Psal. 6••.••.
• * 1.5

  E••cl••••. 1••.••.
• * 1.6

  Metonymia •• consentanels fit, Synechdo∣che Logicâ o∣ritur. 〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.7

  Note 1.
• * 1.8

  Though this would be mor•• readily resolved elliptically, the bringer of gain. And so i•• should be Sub∣stitution of th•• Effect. See Sect. 5.
• * 1.9

  Note 2.
• * 1.10

  •••• Imperator consideretur ut causa, &c. est Metonym. Referri au••em possunt hac exempla ad Synech. Diet. Rhe••. lib. 1.
• * 1.11

  Deut. 28.61. Psal. 53.5. Eph. 5.11.
• * 1.12

  1. Ioh. 5.4. Ezek. 18.30.
• * 1.13

  Act. 18.18.
• * 1.14

  Prov. 1.14.
• * 1.15

  Note 3.
• * 1.16

  Rom. 11.7.
• * 1.17

  Iob 15.34.
• * 1.18

  Note 4.
• * 1.19

  Note 5.
• * 1.20

  Note 6.
• * 1.21

  Note 7.
• * 1.22

  Acts 8. 28.
• * 1.23

  Lev. 17. 14.
• * 1.24

  Luk. 11.14. Isa. 17. 11.
• * 1.25

  Exod. 12.11.
• * 1.26

  Matt. 6. 24.
• * 1.27

  1. Tim. 2.9.
• * 1.28

  Psal. 71.5.
• * 1.29

  Ezek. 23. 3.
• * 1.30

  Effect.
• * 1.31

  Cause.
• * 1.32

  Cause.
• * 1.33

  Effect.
• * 1.34

  Effect.
• * 1.35

  Cause.
• * 1.36

  Subject.
• * 1.37

  Adjunct.
• * 1.38

  Ad••••••c••.
• * 1.39

  Subj••ct.
• * 1.40

  Adjunct.
• * 1.41

  Subj••••••.
• * 1.42

  Adjunct.
• * 1.43

  Subject.
• * 1.44

  Subject.
• * 1.45

  Adjunct.
• * 1.46

  Subject.
• * 1.47

  Adjunct.
• * 1.48

  Adj••••••••.
• * 1.49

  Adjunct.
• * 1.50

  Subject.
• * 1.51

  This ex••••ple was forg••t to b•• ••xpl••ined in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 place.
• * 1.52

  Adjunct.
• * 1.53

  Subject.
• * 1.54

  ••ynechdoche.
• * 1.55

  Ph•••• ••. 13
• * 1.56

  The G••nu•• here is tak•••• sometimes for the logicall Spe∣cies, though Keckerman be more curi••••s.
• * 1.57

  Quoties limi∣tatio additur, Tropus tolli∣••ur. Keck.
• * 1.58

  Rhet. But it is where the limi∣tatio•• is inten∣ti••••all also, not meerly verball.
• * 1.59

  Note 8.
• * 1.60

  Note 9.
• * 1.61

  Iohn 12. 32. 1. Sam. 14.26. Deut. 16. 9.
• * 1.62

  Note 10.
• * 1.63

  Note 11.
• * 1.64

  Note 12.
• * 1.65

  Note 13.
• * 1.66

  Metaphora.
• * 1.67

  Iob 1.10. Heb. 12.29. Deut. 32.14.
• * 1.68

  Mal. 3.16. Act. 17.3••.
• * 1.69

  2. Sam 12.2.
• * 1.70

  Eccl. 4.12.
• * 1.71

  ••ue pertinent omnes Para∣bolae in Evan∣gelio proposi∣tae, Fabulae AE∣sopi & Poeti∣••••••, quae nihil ••liud sunt quàm Meta∣phorae allego∣••icae. Di••t. ••lib. ••. Rhet.
• * 1.72

  Note 14.
• * 1.73

  Ironia.
• * 1.74

  1.Sam. 25.3••
• * 1.75

  1. Cor. 10.12 Insinuation and Derision are both in that example Iob 12.2.
• * 1.76

  Gen. 3.22.
• * 1.77

  St Phil••••. 19.
• 1 1.78

  Catachres••s.
• * 1.79

  Deut. 32.24. Luke 12.50. Hos. ••4. 2.
• 2 1.80

  Metalepsis.
• * 1.81

  Phil. 1. 16••
• 3 1.82

  Allegori••.
• * 1.83

  Ma••••••. 3.1••
• 4 1.84

  Hyperbole.
• * 1.85

  Num. 23.10••
• * 1.86

  Psal. 22.6
• 5 1.87

  Tapinosts.
• * 1.88

  Note 15.
• * 1.89

  Iohn 21. 25. Heb. 11. 12. ••ud. 20. 16.
• * 1.90

  Psal. 105.15. Hyperbole and Tapinosis being ••found•• without T••opes, are to be judged Tropes themselves, be∣cause they bring in a borrowed sense.
• * 1.91

  Psal. 68.8.
• * 1.92

  ••sther 3.10.
• * 1.93

  Psal. 7.16.
• * 1.94

  ••••nax.
• * 1.95

  Exod. 15.9. ••udg. 5. 27. ••ude 12.
• * 1.96

  ••panosthes••
• * 1.97

  Rom. 12.
• * 1.98

  ••r Harris in ••ezekiahs ••••∣••very.
• * 1.99

  Note 16
• * 1.100

  ••ish. Hal••••
• * 1.101

  The Vulgar ••all this des∣ca••ting upon words.
• * 1.102

  ••ish. Hall.
• * 1.103

  Note 17
• * 1.104

  ••eriphr••si••.
• * 1.105

  Rom. 6.12. Iudg. 5. 24. Iam. 1. 23.
• * 1.106

  Deut. 32.25.
• * 1.107

  ••postrophe.
• * 1.108

  Iudg. 5. 21.
• * 1.109

  ••pos••opesis.
• * 1.110

  Isa. ••. 19.
• * 1.111

  ••epho••o••••••••
• * 1.112

  Prosopopoei••••
• * 1.113

  1. Cor. 15. 32. Eccles. 7. 16.
• * 1.114

  Psal. 11.1••
• * 1.115

  2. Cor. 11.••1. Ac•••• 26.8.
• * 1.116

  Note 18.
• * 1.117

  Note 19.
• * 1.118

  Note 20.
• * 1.119

  As apples of the same t••ee may differ in colour, figure, bignesse, and perhaps some∣what in taste. ••••e the epist.