The art of rhetorick concisely and compleatly handled exemplified out of holy writ, and with a compendious and perspicuous comment, fitted to the capacities of such as have had a smatch of learning, or are otherwise ingenious. By J.B. master of the free-school of Kinfare in Staffordshire.

The Comment.

a) Relation is, when a thing in any respect hath reference to another. An accidentall Re∣lation I call that, which continues onely while they are Tropes, or otherwise they are not neces∣sarily considered together; as, Sinne is put for horrour & punishment, Tong•••• for language, Gain for gainfull, Moses for the Law, Iacob and Israel for the Israelites, Iron for fetters. Now, there may be sinne, where there is no hor∣rour or punishment considered. Gain may be considered abstractively, that is, by it self, and not in a subject: as there may be vertue, justice, though there were none just; so there may be a tongue without language, as in beasts: Iacob might have been, though no Israelites after him; Moses, though no Law; Iron, though no fetters. But in Synechdoches there is a true Relation considered,* 1.1 whether they be Tropes or no: the Genus must have his Species, and the whole his parts, and contrarily. These do subsist one in an∣other. In a word, Substitution is from things that have but an affinitie; Comprehension from things that have a consanguinitie.

b) Note from this example,* 1.2 that in some

Metonymicall Relations, the Cause and Effect, Subject and Adjunct may perhaps be hard to conceive: for unlesse to scholars, it is not so rea∣die to be apprehended,* 1.3 that gain is the cause of gainfull, though indeed it is: for what makes gainfull but gain?

c) The resolving of a Trope is the chan∣ging of it to a plain speech: for instance, The wri∣ting was in the Syrian language. This now you see is made a plain speech, by putting away the borrowed word tongue, and resuming lan∣guage, whi••h was meant by tongue. This I call a Perfect Resolution, because I come directly to my word again.

d) The Efficient Cause is, whereby a thing is made or done; & the Material Cause, whereof.

* 1.4e) Note that it is one thing when the Prin∣cipall is considered as the Cause, another as the Subject, another as a Part. Instance, Israel fought with Amalek. If here by Amalek and Israel I mean their succeeding race, them∣selves being dead,* 1.5 it is a Metonymie of the Cause: but if I mean by them their armies, themselves being at home, it is a Metonymie of the Subject. If I mean by them the Israelites and Amalekites, led by them into the field, themselves being partners in the battell, it is the Part for the Whole.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Metonymia •• consentanels fit, Synechdo∣che Logicâ o∣ritur. 〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.2

  Note 1.
• * 1.3

  Though this would be mor•• readily resolved elliptically, the bringer of gain. And so i•• should be Sub∣stitution of th•• Effect. See Sect. 5.
• * 1.4

  Note 2.
• * 1.5

  •••• Imperator consideretur ut causa, &c. est Metonym. Referri au••em possunt hac exempla ad Synech. Diet. Rhe••. lib. 1.