An introduction into phisycke wyth an vniuersal dyet, gathered by Christofer Langton.

¶Physyke speaketh in her owne person, to her mynisters and Phisicious.

AFter that Prometheus hadde stollen fyre out of heauen, the father and ruler of the goddes Iu∣piter, beinge sore offen∣ded with his malicious facte, swore by a great oth, that he wolde not on∣ly be reuenged vpon hym, but of all his posteritie, wherfore, commaun∣dyng his sonne Vulcanus to shape a beautyfull woman, called al the god∣des, and goddesses togyther, to whō he spake on this fassyon: what auay∣leth vs our scepter & crowne mooste

valiauntlye conquered, of our father Saturne? whom we deposed for ty∣rannie: what auayleth vs the notable victorye of Thiphocus and hys bre∣thren? or the punyshmentes of Titius, Tantalus, Siliphus, and Ixion? se∣ing that one can not be ware by an o∣thers harme. I am sure none of you be ignoraunt of our iniuryes, which we haue receyued of the handes of Prometheus: my wyfe and syster Iu¦no, for Paris his sake destroyed the whole natiō of the Troians, and my doughter Minerua burned an hole nauy of the Grecians, for one mans offence: and shall we Iupiter father of all the goddes, and ruler of heauē and earth, suffre our eternall fyre to be stolen out of heauen vnpunyshed? whyle he spake these wordes, Mul∣ciber his sonne brought in the ladye which was now already shapen, thā

Iupiter, cōmaundyng as well god∣des as goddesses, to trymme & decke her to the vttermost, named her Pā∣dora, bycause euery god and goddesse had gyuen her somthing, and he him selfe gyuyng her a boxe, wherin was enclosed al maner of diseases and ma¦ladyes, sent her to Epimetheus, by hys sonne and faythfull messenger Mercurius, which Epimetheus, al∣though he were warned of his bro∣her Prometheus to receyue no gyft from Iupiter, most louyngly retay∣ned her: and openyng her boxe, lette forthe abrode al maner of maladyes, and diseases, wherwith al mankynd was cruellye punyshed, vntyll suche tyme as Iupiters furour and indig∣nation was sūwhat slaked through the prayer of Esculapius, to whome he sente me as a remedye and medi∣cine, to all such euyls and gryeffes.

whome for his faythefull seruyce, I made a god. And I praye you, haue I not rewarded both Hypocrates & Gallene accordynglye? seinge that at this daye they are glorifyed in fame as moche as eyther Alexander Ma∣gnus, or any other notable prince? but out alas what cruell fate of fortune is this, that I somtyme the spryng & welle of al felicitie and goodnesse vn¦to man, am now cleane turned to the contrarye. For where as before I was authour of health, to euery māsekyng for me: now I am not onelye a cōmune murtherer, and a cōmune thefe, but also a mayntayner of Pa∣ricides, moche more vyle then y^e styn∣kynge whore of Babylon. For you that be my mynisters and Phisiciōs to you I speake: I praye you tel me, why doth euery man now vtterly ab¦horre my company? trumpyng eftso∣nes

in my waye, who is wyllyng to dye, let hym goo to Phisyke: who is wyllyng to be robbed of his money, let hym go to Phisyke, yf I be not a thefe & a murtherer? But what sayd I, did I cal you my seruaūtes? no, I knowe ye not, & moche lesse ye know me: wo shall be vnto you, which ra∣uyshyng me agaynste my wyll, hath thus brought me in captiuitie & bon∣dage, wo shalbe vnto you, which for youre owne lucre and aduauntage, hath made me an instrument of mis∣chefe: woo shall be vnto you whyche haue sclaundered me with the death of so many thousandes: woo shall be vnto you that haue robbed and pol∣led of theyr money so many nacyons. But paraduenture ye wyll saye that I wrongfully and without all cause do sclaundre you, laying the fault in me, that ye heale not as other, that

were my seruauntes and mynisters dyd, bycause there is not lyke vertue in me now, as was then: and wher∣of I beseche you cōmeth that? of me, or of you, which knowe me not? For what soeuer he be that hath not ex∣actly learned naturall Philosophye, be he neuer so well practised, he ne∣uer knewe me. Therfore whosoeuer wyll be my seruaunt, let him first be sure that he haue a good natural wit that he maye be able to practyse any thynge that is taught hym, and thā let hym be exercysed, euen from hys tendre age, in dialect, arithmaticke, and mathematicke, he must also be very payneful, settyng his mynde on nothyng but only on learnynge, and conferryng his studyes alwayes w^t the best, and ought alway to be a ve∣ry diligent sercher of the truthe, for∣sakynge all other thynges, and clea∣uynge

hollye vnto it. Moreouer he muste take an ordre in hys studyes, not begynnyng as the moost part of you do, wyth the symples, and pra∣ctyse at the fyrst, ouerleapynge the e∣lementes, the temperatures, the se∣ction of the body, with all the facul∣ties and actions of the same: then af∣ter he hath constitute an ordre, in his studyes, he must exercyse the same: & so doinge he shall not nede to seke on me, for I wyll offre my selfe to hym, without any sekyng. But as for you that haue not sought my seruyce of this sort, ye lytle knowe me: yet with your lying and craking, calling your selues excellent Phisitions, ye haue brought me in depe sclaūdre w^t you, but I counsell ye take hede, and leue your lying, lest I put you to a foule rebuke: and if ther be any of you that knowledgeth his faulte, and wolde

serue me, I haue alredy shewed hym a waye, without the which it is not possible to know me. Now ye know my mynde, beware how ye presume to my seruyce.

The .i. Chapter.

¶Of the diuersitie of se∣ctes in phisike, & which are to be folowed.

THe olde and aunciente phisitions, amonge the Grekes whyche passed al other in phisike were deuyded into .iii. sectes. They that were of the first sect, were called Empirici: and they that were of the seconde secte, were called Me∣thodici: the last and best were called dogmatici. Empirici were they that wroughte onelye by experience, and

thought it a great poynt of wisdom in no case to admyt reason, markynge very diligently, by what maner mea∣nes they had healed anye maladyes or diseases, in the whych yf they had lyke successe afterwarde by healpe of the same medicins, than they were bolde to call that same medicine, by the whiche they had holpen oftenty∣mes one kynde of disease, Preceptum fidele, whyche is as muche to saye as a faythfull precepte, and whan they had gathered of these a greate num∣bre, they called the whole gatheriges in greke, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉: whyche in Latyn woorde for woorde, is as muche to saye, as Intuitus proprius. and in oure vulgare tongue, it maye very wel be called a certayne memorye of those thynges, the whyche hath bene sene oftentymes to chaunce of one sorte, the whych also may very wel be cal∣led

experience, for it is nothynge, but an obseruation and memory of that whych hath chaunsed oftentymes af¦ter one fassion. Than after that they had gathered after th••s fasshion, a great many of experimētes, they did vtterly abolyshe, and condempne all reason as voyde, and of none effecte to the learnyng of phisyke. They dyd also nothyng regarde the tyme of the yere, the temperature of the wether, nor yet the powers of y^e patient, put∣tynge no dyfference betwyxte yonge and olde, weake or stronge, whote or coulde, drye or moyste, but thoughte that they might safelye venture that vpon one, wyth the whych they had healed another in lyke disease, and of thys secte was Thessalus, & Cor∣nelius Celsus, wyth all theyr scho∣lers. The seconde secte was called Methodica, the whych dyd nothing

regard the place affected, nor y^e cause of the gryefe, nor the age of the paci∣ent, nor the tyme of the yere: nor the temperature of the countrye, nor the habyte of the sycke manne, nor yet the kynde of hys former lyfe, & con∣stantly affirming that there was but two dyseases, the one the stoppynge of the pores, and the other the ouer∣muche openyng of the same: condem¦ned vtterly Hyppocrates, because he sayde that physike was a longe arte and that mans lyfe was very short: for they affyrme that it is clene con∣trary, that is to saye, that mans lyfe is longe, and phisyke is so shorte an arte, that yf all thynges whyche (as they saye) be superfluous, were cutte out: it myght be learned easely in .vi. monethes. They discent also from the fyrste secte of phisitions, in that they thynke there commeth no pro∣fyte

of expe••ience, vntyll suche tyme as they haue learned the vertues & faculties of medicines and remedies And moreouer that it is not possible to fynde any remedye or medicyne, by diligent markynge, seing that all remedyes, be gathered of suche thin∣ges as be euident to the sense, and of this secte and opinion was Erassi∣stratus, & Asclepiades with all theyr retinue. The thyrd and last sect were called Dogmatici, the which ioined experience alwayes with reason (cō¦syderynge very diligently the causes of the euyll, as well those that be ob¦scure, and harde to fynde as those al∣so, whiche are euydent and open to euery mans eye) and doth giue moch both to the nature of the ayer & wa∣ter, and region, where the sycke aby∣deth, stedfastly affyrmyng that it is moost necessarye for the Phisitions,

both to knowe and consydre the dif∣ferences of the same, & also to marke diligentlye his accustomed dyet, as well in meates and drynkes, as ba∣thes, exercyses, and other thynges. And to cōpare thynges that be past, wyth suche as be present, & to know perfytely the powres and vertues of medicines, by the whiche they maye take easely away the cause of al ma∣ladyes, and finally that he be suche a one the which cā proue and improue by good reason, that this medycyne hath this facultye of nature, to the whyche he maye attayne, by the helpe of Logycke, he muste knowe also (they saye) the internall partes, by dyligent searche, and cuttynges of bodyes, he must be sene also in na∣turall Phylosophye, Astronomye, Mathematycke, and Arithmatycke.

Of thys sect was Gallen, and longe before him Hipocrates, whom wold to God our Phisitions wolde sette as a glasse before theyr eyes, I wold then thynke, that Physycke shoulde not be so lytle sette by as it is. But alas, there is no mans Physycke so lytle regarded nowe a dayes as Ga∣lennes is, and in deede to saye the truthe, it maye very well be percey∣ued, by theyr doinges, that they werneuer Galennes scholers: for he tea∣cheth them, not to iudge all dysea∣ses by the vryne, where as the moste parte of them (I do not saye all) af∣ter that they haue ones sene the wa∣ter of the sycke, yea though they ne∣uer knewe hym, nor can not be en∣fourmed by the bearer in what state he is in, wyll not stycke to wryte the Appotecarie a byl for such maner of drugges, y^e if they were layed before

theyr eyes, they coulde not tell, whe∣ther they were the same y^t they write for, or no. How is it possible for these Phisitions, to do any lesse then kyll theyr pacientes, but it maketh y^e lesse matter, seinge they be hyred to it, wyth golde and syluer.

Well, I wyll saye no more at thys tyme, but surely, yf I were disposed I coulde proue that there is as moch iugglyng, and deceyuyng of the peo∣ple now a dayes amongest our phi∣sitions, I wyll name none (but eue∣rye man knoweth his owne weake∣nesse and infirmitie) as euer was a∣mongest the Popysh preestes, and a redresse myght be had, yf it pleased the kynges hyghnesse, y^t none might be suffered to practyse, but suche as be learned.

The .ii. Chapter.

¶Of the Elementes.

NOw after that I haue de¦clared and opened the se∣ctes and opynions of the mooste noble and moost auncient Physitions, I I thynke it verye mete to shewe the nature of the Elementes, whyche be iiii. in numbre: the fyre, ayer, water, and earth. But to auoyde ambigui∣tie, I wyl (by goddes grace) fyrst de∣clare the signification of this worde Elementum, which we maye verye well call in our tonge a begynnynge of any thynge: and thereof it cōmeth y^t the Alphabete letters be called ele∣mētes, bicause they are beginners of al maner of languages, & the princi∣ples also of euery arte be called Ele∣mentes, bycause they are begynners of the same. The Phisitions also do

call the veynes pulses, and bones, w^t all other suche partes as the Latyne men call similares, sensible elemen∣tes: bycause they are the fyrst begin∣ners of mannes bodye, as moche as maye be perceyued by sense. For the fyre, ayer, water and earth, (of the which all thynges vnder the moone be made) can not be perceyued by a∣ny sence: wherfore as they are y^e fyrst begynners of mannes bodye, so they are not the fyrst sensyble begynners. For yf they coulde be perceyued by sence, then euerye man as he passeth other in quycknesse of sence, so shuld he se, and feale moost fyne elementes as the Aegle, bycause his syght is moost perfyte, shoulde easelyest per∣ceyue the least Element, but percase some wyll saye vnto me, that there is no man so madde to saye, that the fyre, ayre, erth, and water, can not be

felte, and perceyued by sense: But whosoeuer shal moue this doubt, I wyll answer hym, of thys fassyon: that yf he meane our fyre, our water or our earth, I wyl saye as he sayth which is, that they may be felte and perceyued by sense. For in dede they are no Elementes, but thinges mixt and corruptyble: hauyng theyr com∣position of dyuerse thynges, where as the pure element is a body moost simple, withoute all generation or corruption. Nowe be it, of fyre made thycke, commeth ayer: and of ayer made thycke, cōmeth water: and of water made thycke, commeth earth. And yet here is neyther corruption, nor yet generation of the whole, for this is a mutatiō of the partes only. Then as I sayde before, Elementū in this signification is a body moost pure and simple, and the leest parte

of the same, wherin it is: whiche can not be deuyded into any other kinde, and of it all thynges naturall haue theyr originall begynnynge. This definition is taken both out of Gal∣len and Aristotle: therfore I truste, no man wyll be so impudent to con∣trary or impugne it. And there be al∣so as is aforesayd .iiii. Elementes, of the whiche the fyre is extreme hotte, and moderatly drie: the ayer extreme moyst, and moderatly hotte: the wa∣ter extreme colde, and moderatelye moyst: the earth is extreme drie, and moderatelye colde. In heate the fyre with the ayer, and in drynesse w^t the earth, in moysture the ayer w^t the wa¦ter, & in heate with the fyre, in colde∣nesse the water with the earth, & in moysture with the ayer, the earth in drynesse w^t the fyre, & in coldnesse w^t the water, doeth consent and agree.

And as y^e water to y^e fyre is extreme contrarye, so is the ayer to the earth. Of the myxture of these elementes, al natural bodies haue theyr compo¦sition, & yet it is nothing necessary y^t they be equally myngled in the body but accordyng to that, that hath do∣minion, the bodye is named eyther choleryke, sanguyne, phlegmatycke, or melancholye: and these names be gyuen of .iiii. natural humours, that is choler, blood, flegme, and melan∣cholie, whyche take theyr qualityes of the elementes, for choler is hotte and drye accordynge to the nature of the fyer, and blood is hote & moyste, accordyng to the nature of the ayer, flegme is colde and moyst, according to the water, and melancholye in no poynt dyssenteth from the earthe.

The thyrde Chapiter.

¶The differences of tem∣peratures.

HOwe that I haue de∣clared vnto you, howe all naturall bodyes be made by the mixture of the elementes, I thinke it most necessary, to shewe in as fewe woordes as I can, the differences of temperatures.

Temperatures in numbre are .ix. of the whyche .viii. do excede, & ther∣fore in my fantasie, they maye better be called distemperatures, than tem∣perate crases: the nynthe in dede is temperate, for it excedeth in no qua∣litie. Of the distemperate .iiii. be sim∣ple, and .iiii. be composide. the simple are heate, colde, drynes & moysture, of the whych coupled and ioyned to∣gyther, the rest whyche be distempe∣rate are made. The nynth is neither hote, colde, drye nor moyst, and yet is made of them all: and therefore the

grekes call it 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, whyche is as muche to saye in latyn, as Bene tempe¦ratum, and in Englyshe: wel tempe∣red. And this is that whyche Arith∣metricions call Temperamentū ad pon∣dus, whyche we maye cal in our lan∣guage, a complection measured by weyght, bycause there are as many degrees of heat, as there is of colde, of dryenes as of moysture: the other whyche are distemperate crases, be measured not by weyght, but by di∣gnitie, as in the heart wel tempered, heate doth excede, in the brayne well tempered, moysture doth exceade, in the fatte well tempered, colde: in the boones well tempered, dryenes.

And thys is called Temperamentum, secundum iustitiam distributatiuam.

Whyche is as muche for to saye, as a temperature measured accordynge to iustice, whiche gyueth euery man

hys owne. But peraduenture thys declaration shall seeme some what harde to suche as be vnlearned: and therfore I entende to declare y^e same agayne, bothe more largely and also more playnelye.

Fyrste ye shall vnderstande, that these .iiii. heate, colde, dryenes and moysture, whych are called the first qualities, because all other come of them, haue eche of them .iii. diuers significations. Whansoeuer ye fynd heate, colde, drynes or moysture, ab∣solutely and simply spoken, than vn∣derstande that it is meante by those simple bodyes, which be hote, colde, drye and moyste, in the hygheste de∣gree: and that is onely the fyer, wa∣ter, earthe and ayer, whyche be the .iiii. elementes whereof we spake be∣fore. And whan ye fynde the same qualities myxt in any natural body,

by the which it is named eyther hote colde, drye or moyste, than suppose y^t it is spoken eyther by comparison, as hote for hotter, colde for coulder, dry for dryer, or moyst for moyster, orels that it is hote, colde, drye or moyste by nature, as whan there is in one bodye, more heate than colde, more drynes than moysture, or otherwise. as Summer is called hote, bycause it hath more heat? than colde: Win∣ter also is called colde, be cause that it hath more colde than heate: & here∣of it commeth, that one bodye is cho¦leryke, because in the myxture of the foure humoures, whyche is choler, blood, flegme and melancholy, there is more of choler, than of anye other, and therfore choler hath the domini∣on, causynge the bodye to be named cholerycke after it: and in lyke maner doth eche of the other, where he bea∣reth

rule & gouernaunce. But he that wyl knowe perfectly howe to iudge the differences of bodies in tempera∣ture by comparison, must constitute in euery kynde of thynges, that same temperate meane, whyche before we called Eucraton to the whiche he must referre the same bodye or complexiō, of the whyche he dowteth, and than yf it doe excede the meane, eyther in heate, colde, drynesse or moysture, it shall take name therof, and be called eyther hote, colde, drye or moyste, be∣cause it exceadeth the meane whiche is named Eucraton, whan it is ey∣ther hote, colde, drye or moyste.

Somme do vse to iudge the diuersi∣tie of complexions, by comparynge one distemperate bodye, to an other of the same kynde distemperate also, as in mannes kinde, Socrates com∣pared with Aristotle, is hote, because

he is hotter than he, but in respecte of Aristippus, he is colde, bycause Aristippus is muche hotter, & thus one man compared to dyuers, maye be bothe hote, colde, drye and moyst: And some by comparynge distempe∣rate bodyes of dyuers kyndes lerne to knowe y^e constitution, as a dogge compared wyth a man is hote, w^t a lyon, is colde, and w^t a shepe, is drye: wyth a pysmyre or a flye is moyste, and of thys fashion contraries maye be in one bodye, and none otherwise. Howe be it (as I thynke) the beste waye is to seke out the meane, to the whiche al that be of the same kynde, ought to be referred, and afterwarde as he excedeth in any quality to haue his nomination accordyng to y^e same But percha••ce ye wyl say it is hard to fynde in euery kinde a cōplexioned body measured by weyght, which is the meane, I graunte y^t, for in dede

there was neuer any suche, nor shall be, yet as that secte of Philosophers whyche were called Stoykes, what tyme they defyned a wyse man, dyd descrybe suche one, as was not pos∣sible to be founde any where: and as Quintilian descrybeth hys oratour, so we, to bryng our purpose aboute, muste ymagyne suche an one in oure mynde by cogitation, as neuer was made, neyther is lyke to be, by con∣sente of nature, as thus. In the hole kynde of lyuynge thynges, that that is moste temperate and perfecte, is as a meane to the rest, whych by the hole consente as well of the philoso∣fers, as of the phisitions, is man, by cause any of the other kyndes compa¦red wyth hym, is distemperate, than yf ye wyll proue man also to be di∣stemperate, ye muste seke amongest the hole kynde, the most perfecte and

temperate: and he that is perfyt and temperate, and worthy to be a mene to the rest, is neyther ouer thicke, nor sclendre, nor very full of heer, nor yet smooth and without heer, nor softe, nor yet harde, blacke nor whyte, hote nor colde, drye nor moyste: and to be shorte, kepyng a meane wythout all excesse. Yf ye can fynde suche a one in the hole kinde, then are ye sure of the complexyoned bodye measured by weyght, whiche we spake of before. In case ye can fynde none suche, ye must imagyne a like in your brayne: and ye must not do this onely in mā∣kynde, but also in other naturall and lyuely creatures, as wel in the kinde of lyons, dogges, elephauntes, and wolues: as also of byrdes, fysshes, wormes and trees, cōparyng euery one in his owne kynde. But in case ye wyl fynde what of all thynges is

moost temperate: then must ye go a∣gayne to the man before sayd whych is neyther hotte nor colde, and the skynne in the myddest of the insyde of hys hande, is of all thynges most temperate. For the temperatest part of euery mannes body, is the skynne in the myddeste of the paulme of the hande: then the temperatest parte of the moost temperate man must nea∣des be the mooste temperate thynge in the worlde, seing that of al lyuyng creatures man is moost temperate.

Now that I haue shewed howe by comparison made, in euery kinde, the differences of the bodye may ease lye be knowē, there remayneth behynde to declare how to fynde out the same wythoute comparison. Where as I sayde before, that euery qualitye, myght be taken thre dyuerse wayes as heate in the hyghest degree, is on∣lye

in the fyre, and in a naturall bo∣dye myxt of the Elementes, it is ey∣ther referred to an other, by compa∣rison: as hotte for hotter, or els it is so of nature, whyche maye be taken two maner of wayes, as hotte in acte or in power. Thynges that be hotte in acte, maye easelye be iudged by sence of fealynge: for who hathe so dull sense in fealynge, that he can not perceyue the fyre to be hotte: yf he put hys fynger in it. But to know whych is hotte in power is a thynge of more difficultye. For it can not at the fyrst brunt be perceyued by anye sence, neyther of fealyng, smellynge, hearynge, seinge, nor tastynge. For who can perceyue by anye of these, y^t castoreū, or euphorbiū or nasturciū is hotte, or that Mandragora, Sa∣lamandra or Papauer is colde. But in case ye take any parte of them in∣wardlye,

eyther as meate, drynke, or medicine: then ye shal easely discerne whiche is hotte and whiche is colde. But peraduenture ye wyl condemne this profe as noughte, bycause it is daungerous medlyng with poysōs: I graunt that, & therfore it is moch safer, to laye them as a playster, to some vtter part of your skyn, where as they can not hurte, and after that they haue lyen there a whyle, they wyll shewe theyr power and quali∣tie, which shalbe perceyued quycklye by sense in felyng. But to iudge thin∣ges moyst, or drye, I can shewe you a mochesurer rule, what soeuer thing is soft, and moderately hotte, that of nature is moyst: whatsoeuer is harde and moderatly hote, y^t of nature and power is drye: and this is alwayes true, as well in lyuely bodyes, as is other thynges.

The .iiii. Chapter.

¶The geueration of the liuer, bert, and brayne.

FOr asmoche as there is no∣thyng so necessary to attayne to any perfyte knowledge in Phisicke, as to be perfyte bothe in cuttyng and in openynge the bodye, and partes of the same. And seing it is shame for a manne to be learned in so manye artes, and haue know∣ledge of so manye thynges (as the mooste parte of men nowe a dayes haue) and be ignoraunt in his owne bodye, the whych he shoulde mooste perfytely knowe: I thynke it no lesse then my bounden dutye, to employe my laboure and diligence to the fur∣theraunce of the same, that suche as be but begynners as yet verye rawe in Physycke, whose bryngynge vp hath not ben amongest learned men

of the vniuersityes, wherby they are destitute, bothe of dialecte, naturall Philosophye, and other artes, with out the which Physycke can hardlye be learned, maye haue some helpe by this my lytle rude boke, bothe to at∣tayne some learnyng in Physycke, & also to knowe theyr bodye. Bloode and the seed of the man be beginners of our generatiō, of the whych blood is the substaunce and matter wher∣of our body is made, and the seed of man is nexte vnder God, the maker and fashyoner of the same, and these same be made of the same elementes whyche I haue spoken of alreadye, whyche is the fyre, ayer, earth, and water, and these two dyffer one frō an other in temperature. For in the seede there is more of fyre and eyer then of water and earth, and in the blood there is lesse of fyre and ayer,

then there is of water and earth: and yet in the same there is more heate then colde, and more moysture then drynesse. After that these two be re∣ceyued, and .vi. dayes retayned w^tin the wombe of the woman, the great heate which is there doth so bake the seede & blood being mirt togyther, y^t it cōpasseth them about w^t a skyn, or a crust, not vnlike the vtter cote of an egge, whiche the Grekes call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, & in latin is called secūdine, or secūdina: what oure mydwyues call it I can not tel: how beit, it may very well be called a skyn wherein is wrapped y^t that is cōceiued, and this is made in y^e fyrst .vi. dayes, with diuers pulses and veynes, as fyne & small as anye thredes, whiche serueth afterwarde to nourysh the infant by the nauyll. For in this same skynne, whiche be∣fore is called Chorion, there are many

fyne holes, moche lyke the lytle ho∣les in the small lamparie heedes, by the which the nauyll after the seuēth daye, doth drawe vnto it both spirite and blood, to the nourishment of the infant. Then in the meane seasō the rest of the seede boylynge all hotte, doth make thre lytle bladers, which is the place of the lyuer, herte, and brayne. For a veyne whiche is stret∣ched ryght vpwarde from the nauil dothe drawe vp the grossed bloode, which for lacke of heate easelye con∣geleth in y^e seede. And there is made also a double forked veyne, and to one of the forkes of the same veyne is fashyoned this forsayde congeled blood, which is the liuer: and lyke as from the nauyll, the veyne bryngyng grosse bloode into the forsayde lytle bladder was cause of the generation of the liuer, so lykewyse a pulse or an

artery bryngyng fyne blood and spi∣rite, commynge from the same place, sumwhat nere y^e backe, into another lyke bladdar, is cause of makynge of the hearte, whyche is made of verye sounde fleshe, thycke and grosse, mete for suche a pourpose, and of the most fyne and subtyle blood, that cōmeth from the hearte, the lyghtes be made and the whole brest also wherin thei are closed. In to the thyrde bladdar, whyche is mencioned before, a great parte of the seede beynge full of spi∣rite, is driuen, the whych to kepe him selfe moyst, doth drawe a great parte of the seede to it, and maketh a lytle sell, whiche is the brayne, to y^e which ther is added afortres of hard bone. And thus the brayne, is made of the seede only, that he myght be furnys∣shed wyth most fyne spirites, whom the brayne conserueth and altereth,

the whiche are the cause of sense, and voluntarie mouynge, as shall be de∣clared more playnely hereafter.

Nexte to the brayne groweth y^e ma∣rye of the backebone, whyche the A∣rabians call Nucha, it is of the same nature, that the brayne is, and diffe∣reth very muche from the marye, of the other partes.

I haue shewed to you nowe, thoghe very rudely, the original begynning of mannes body▪ Of the sede is only made all the bones, gristels, veynes, pulses, strynges, synowes, tyinges, selles and skynnes, whyche be called Spermatyke partes, because they be made of y^e seede and not of the blood. They are the verye same, whyche I sayde before that the Latyne menne called Partes similares, and the Phi∣sitions, sensible elementes, al the rest be made of the bloode, as the lyuer,

the hearte, and the lyghtes, wyth al the flesshe, and fatte of the bodye.

The infant whyles he is within his mothers woumbe, is nourysshed of that blood whyche is called Sanguis menstruus. drawynge it at hys nauyl, and after he is delyuered, it is tour∣ned all to mylke, whych is his meat long after, and therfore there is ma∣nye conduytes from the woumbe, to the pappes.

After that the infant is fully propor∣tioned, & figured, ī the first monethes he pisseth by the conduyte, that com∣meth through his nauyl, in the later monethes that is shut vp, and he pys¦seth wyth hys yerde, he auoydeth no excrementes at hys fundament, be∣cause he receyueth no norysshemente by hys mouthe. There is a skynne, muche lyke a puddynge, whyche re∣ceyueth

hys vrine and excrementes, lest they shulde hurte eyther hym, or els hys mother. I shulde seme bothe to longe and also to tedious, yf I de∣scrybed the hole bodye, but bycause the action of the instrumentes, canne not be vnderstande, excepte I shulde touche y^e most principal partes, ther∣fore it was necessarye to entermedle wyth the descryption of the bodye, in the whyche I wyll not be so scrupu∣lous, as to reherse euery lytle part or the scituation or fygure of euery bone and vayne, no nor the knyttynge of e∣uery muscle, (for why shulde I make me more cūnyng than I am) in dede it passeth my learnynge as yet, but I entende to shewe, and sette forthe the greatest, and moste noble partes, the whyche he muste nedes knowe that wyll profyt in physicke.

The .v. Chapiter.

¶The sections of the bodye.

THere was no nede in y^• olde tyme, to wryte of the body, for than chil∣dren were excersised in their yonge and tender age, daylye in cuttynge and openyng of the same, but nowe that thys dili∣gence is vtterly extyncte, we haue ve¦ry great nede of wrytynge, wherfore I haue taken this lytle payne vppon me, whyche I shall thynke wel besto¦wed, yf it shall eyther healpe the stu∣dyes of those that be rude and rawe in physicke, or satisfye them that be learned. And fyrst I wyl declare (by goddes grace) suche partes as coue∣reth the head wythout, & afterwarde those that be w^tin, begynnyng w^t the heares thogh they be but excremen∣tes, & superfluities, nexte vnderneth

the hear, there is a skynne somwhat thycke and fleshye, wherein the hear is rooted: vnderneth thys skin, there is a lytle flesshe, aboute the browe & temples. Than next vnderneth, ther is a fyne kell, whyche is made of sy∣nowes and tyenges, commyng tho∣rowe the seames of the scull, whyche the Grekes call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, vnder the whyche immediatly, is the skulle, in greke called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, & for the defence of the brayne, it is made lyke an hel∣met, the latyne men call it Caluariam, and it is not one hole continual bone but is deuyded by certayne semes in to seuen bones. Then within y^e head vndernethe the sculle, is Dura mater, which Galen calleth Crassum 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 it is a thycke and harde kel or skinne made of many stronge sinowes and bondes, to the entent it myght holde vp and susteyne the veynes, whyche

nouryssheth the brayne: After thys is pia mater. whyche is an excedynge fyne skynne, made of synowes, not onely compassyng the hole sub••tance of the brayne, but also penetratyng into dyuers partes, that are wythin the brayne, & noryssheth it as muche as the skynne whyche before we cal∣led Chorion, doth nouryshe the sede, & because it is made of synowes, it gy∣ueth sence to the brayne. At the laste we be come to the brayne, the which whan I consyder that it is made of the seede, I can not chose, but mar∣uayle, howe all our cogitations & y∣maginacions shuld come frō thence & howe the brayne beyng so grosse and massye of substance, shuld hang as it doth w^tout any stey or vndersettyng, in such holow & wyde places, we se y^• housen be vnderset w^t postes, or els they wold ouerwhelme y^e floure vn∣der

thē, but the brayne being vnderset w^t nothyng, how fortuneth it, that so longe as lyfe remayneth in the body it choketh and ouerwhelmeth not the wyde holowe chambers vnderneth▪ Whan I dydde depely consyder the cause of thys, I thoughte the brayne had a certayne similitude of the sky. For as the skye beynge a great & hea∣uye substance without any proppes, or vndersettes, doeth not fall, nor is stroken out of hys place: so the brayn by a certayne diuine nature y^t it hath doth consist wythout any stay or for∣tresse that can be perceyued by sence, and thereof it commeth that man is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, whyche we maye call in our touge a lytle worlde, & su∣rely the bryght spirites which come from the brayne to the eye, doeth de∣clare, that there is a certayne cogna∣tion or kynderede betwene the skye,

and mannes brayne, whiche though it be made of the seede (as I sayd be∣fore) yet it is some diuine and cele∣stiall thynge: yea and the nature of y^e seede is so moche the more to be mer¦uayled at: how moche it passeth our knowledge and capacitie, to shewe & declare the causes whereby it wor∣keth suche wonders in the brayne, which is ful of holes, as eyes, reple∣nyshed with spirite, maye very well be the cause why the brayne falleth not downe. Howbeit, bothe the sub∣staunce of it, and the wonderful mo∣tions also may better be maruayled at, then descrybed. This I dare say, that it is made of the fynest parte of the seede, and of that, that is fullest of spirite, and is deuyded into two partys, by that same skynne whyth before is called Dura mater, y^e one ly∣eth before and the other behynde.

That whiche is before, (as it is of the finest and moost pure substaūce) so it bryngeth out most fine and sub∣tyle synowes, and is the place of rea∣son and intelligence: the other (as it is course of substaunce) so there gro∣weth of it greate and stronge syno∣wes, not vnlyke them that growe of the mary of the backe bone, and it is thought to be the place of memo∣rie: now that after a rude fassyon we haue descrybed the brayne, there re∣mayneth behynde the description of his selles, and chambres, whiche in numbre be .iii. in the former part of y^t heed, there are .ii. depe holow places, not vnlike y^e figure of the moone whē she is newe chaunged, and of y^e byg∣nesse of an egge, reaching downe al∣most to the eares. The same cauities (though they be .ii. of them, one on y^e right side & another on y^e left side) yet

for the most part they be called y^e first chaumbre of the brayne, whyche al∣waye is full of spyrite, hauynge his sydes couered, and cladde, wyth the same rymme or skynne, whyche be∣fore is called Pia mater, which is ful of veynes and pulses for y^e nutrimēt of the brayne: vnder eche of these chā¦bers ther is (if I may so cal it) a long rope, which is made of veynes & pul¦ses, couered w^t a fine skyn y^t groweth of Pia mater, these small longe ropes hath ioyninges, wherby they claspe, & be red, moche lyke wormes, wher∣fore they be called wormes, and do extende in length as farre as the ea∣res, and the myddle chaumbre of the brayne, whome they replenysshe wyth spirit. In the same place at the ende of the first cauities, vnder them is an other cauitie. For at the latter ende of the forsayd wormes or ropes

there are two lumpes, whych of the verye similitude of buttockes be cal∣led Nates, and be cladde w^t the skyn of the wormes which whē the sayde cauitie or chābre: is drawē togyther do touche one an other, and when it is open, they also be seperate. This chambre or selle is as bygge as the yolke of an egge, and being couered rounde about with the brayne, is cal¦led the myddle chābre or sell, whiche is shut w^t a pessule or barre of the by∣gnesse of a lytle walnut, and therfore it is called in latyn Glanduia or, cona∣rium, and it is iust betwyxt the myd∣dell chambre, and the entryng into y^e thyrde, his offyce is to sustayne, and beare vppe, the veynes and pulses, whiche brynge spirite to the myddle chambre. The thyrde chambre is be∣hynde in the laste parte of the heed, whiche before we supposed to be the

place and seet, of the memorye, and in this chambre is a greate parte of the brayne, whiche the Grecians call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in latyne it is called Ce∣rebellum: in oure tungue we haue no propre name for it, whiche I can do no lesse then count the negligence of our Phisitions to be the cause of: for yf they had wrytten of theyr arte in theyr mother tunge, as they do in o∣ther places, why shulde we lacke en∣glysh names, more then we lacke ey∣ther Latyn names or Greke names? and yet to saye the truthe, it is better for vs English men to haue English names, then eyther Latyn or Greke. Of this part of the brayne groweth the mary of the backe bone, which is called ••••cha, vnder the mydle cham∣bre, th•••••• is an holow cauitie, which receyue•••• the excremētes and super∣fluyties of the brayne, the which be∣ing

turned into spettyll, cōmeth oute after at the nose, the Grekes cal this cauitie 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Latyn men infuso∣rium, or infundibulum, we haue no pro∣per name for it: howe be it it maye be called a droppyng pan. Next vnder∣nethe be the iawes, furnyshed wyth xxxii. teeth: the foure formost of eche syde be called deuiders, bycause they teare the meate: the next of eche syde be called dogteeth, bycause they be lyke tuskes: all the rest inlatyn be cal∣led Genuini, or Molares, which we cal gūmes: and they haue two rootes at the leest, where as the other haue but one: with those teeth the mouth is cō¦passed rounde aboute, and defended: wherein as a precyous Iew••ll in a stronge towre or fortresse, is ••••closed the tungue, whyche is ma•••• of very soft and rawe flesh, full of ••••les and

full of pulses, veynes and synowes: full of synowes, to the intent it maye moue dyuerselye, and also feale and taste: full of pulses or arteryes, by∣cause it hath great neade of spyryte, and naturall heate, seinge it hath so manye dynerse mouynges: and it is full of veynes, that it maye be well nouryshed. There is also added to it a certayne moysture, lest it shoulde waxe drye, bycause it is moued day∣ly: aboue y^e tunge, is a pype, whych the Grecyans vse to cal 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and the Latynistes call it Gulam, the vn∣learned or ignoraunt call it the we∣saunt, and it is a longe pype, ha∣uynge two skynnes or cootes, the whych drawe downe the meate and drynke into the mawe or bagge, and the vtter cote helpeth the stomacke to vomyte.

There is also in the former parte of the neck an other pype, which (to the intent that nothyng shoulde go that waye, but only ayer) is couered with the roote of the tunge, and it is made of harde grassels, ioyned togyther lyke rynges, and doeth conduct one∣lye ayer and spirite to the lyghtes, and herte, being nothyng so long as the other, which draweth meate and drynke, downe to the stomacke or mawe, and it hath a great knobbe al mooste at the ende, nexte the iawe, which the Grekes cal 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in latyn Nodus gutturis, which in Englysh is the knotte of the throte, and whenso¦euer we swalowe any thyng, it goth vp aboue the iawe. The wynde pipe is the formoost parte of the necke, to the intent it maye take ayer and spy∣ryte the easelyer. And the wesaunt or meate pype (for why shoulde we be

ashamed of these names, seynge we haue no better) is put farre whythin the necke, because it shulde haue the more heat, howebeit we wyl omytte to speke of it vntyl suche tyme as the lyghtes and hearte, wyth all that is contayned in the breaste, whyche the Phisitions call the myddle bellye, be declared so well as my simple wytte and learnyng wyll gyue me leaue.

To the loweste parte of the wynde pype, (for it is as well the instrumēt of brethynge, as of speakyng) be fast¦ned the lyghtes, whych beyng made of lyght, and moste subtyle and fyne fleshe, not vnlyke the fome of chole∣ryke blood congeled, hath the fygure of an oxe houfe, clouen in to .ii. par∣tes, and doth compasse the hart, roūd about with .v. globes .iii. on the right syde, and .ii. on the lyfte.

And loke as the pulses doth conserre

and kepe temperat the natural heat, thoroweout the hole body, so y^e ligh∣tes preserue the hearte from choking by the receyuynge of externall ayer, whyche least it shulde hurte the hart wyth colde commyng sodeynly vpon it, is tempered ther before, so that I can neuer wonder ynough at y^e hygh and diuine prouidence of god, which foreseyng al these thynges, hath con¦stitute suche an order in mannes bo∣dye, as I dare saye was neuer in any publyke weale. For what publycke weale, eyther is there, or hathe bene, syns the worlde beganne, in whiche the subiectes haue bene founde euer obedient wythout all grudgynge to theyr lorde and prince, were he neuer so noble or valiaūt? yet in mans bo∣dye though there be infinite subiects ther can be founde no disobedience to theyr lorde and gouerner, whyche is

the hearte: for yf anye poyson be ga∣thered there wythin the bodye: or o∣therwyse, whyche wyth hys venym, wolde pearse the heart, I praye you is not euery parte readye to defende him? though it be to the vtter destru∣ction of them al for euer? and to say truthe, he is worthy to haue no lesse homage or seruyce, seyng he is auctor of lyfe to al the rest, helpyng his sub∣iectes & seruauntes, at al such tymes as they be in daunger.

And to the entent that no one parte, myght be destitute more of help then another, by reason of the distance be∣twene hym and his gouernour, Na∣ture hath prouyded the hart to be set so egallye in the middest of the brest, as is possyble to be deuysed, by al the mathematikes in the worlde, whych is compassed aboute wyth a cote, the

whych Galen calleth 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 it is made of synowes so thycke, and so strong, that it is softer than a bone and yet it is sufficient to defende the hearte, it is tyed to the skynne which couereth the rybbes, and to the myd∣ryfe, and the heart strynges, contey∣nynge a lytle quantitie of water that neuer dryeth vp, vntyll such tyme as lyfe and all naturall heat is departed from the bodye: There is also a lytle fatte, leaste the hearte thorough hys contynual mouynge, shulde be dryed vp: wythin thys foresayde cote, in∣closed as a mooste precious iuell, the heart, hauynge .ii. chambres, one on the ryght syde, & an other on the lefte. To the chambre on the right side, the great mayster vayne, whiche grow∣eth on the lyuer, doth brynge blood, that is distributed in to .iii. partes, y^e subtylest and moost choleryke, to the

nutrimente of lyghtes: The seconde parte, is caryed in to the chambre of the lyfte syde, where by the vertue of the heart, it is formed in to vytal spi¦rite, the thyrde and last parte is reser¦ued to the nourysshement of the hole bodye, after that it hath receyued of the hearte bothe vitall heat and spi∣rite. And lyke as from the chamber of the ryght syde, the greate mayster vayne, bryngeth blood thorough the hole bodye, so from the least chamber the master pulse bryngeth vitall spi∣rite, of the whyche the lyuer taketh hys power, and facultye, wherby he nourysheth the body & brayn, by his vertue, by whych he gyueth bothe fe¦lyng and mouyng to the same.

I wolde not nowe that any manne shulde thynke, that I do defende the errour of Aristotle, whyche thought that the hert, as he is author of lyfe,

so to be the gyuer bothe of felynge & mouynge, to the hole bodye: for that the synowes growe of the brayne, e∣uery man hauyng hys syghte, maye perceyue easelye, and that they gyue bothe felynge and mouyng to the bo∣dye: ye may knowe if ye take a dogge and tye bothe hys pulses and veynes and let hym go, & he shal both feele & runne, so long as y^e animal spirit la∣steth, whych is all redy in hys syno∣wes, but in case ye tye hys synowes, he shall not be able to styre one foote. Thys is a very manyfest profe, that the hearte gyueth not sence and mo∣uynge, to the bodye, yet as I sayde before, bothe the brayne, and also the lyuer, take theyr power of the heart, for after that the hearte hath engen∣dered vytall spirite, parte is caryed to the lyuer, and parte to the brayne.

The lyuer of hys, engendreth newe spirites, called naturall, the whiche he doeth distribute by hys veynes, thoroghout the bodye so the nuryshe¦ment of the same.

The brayne also tourneth those spi∣rites whyche he receyued of the hart, in to other spirites, called animall & these beynge dispersed amongest the synowes, is cause bothe of mouyng and feelyng.

Sythens that I haue accordyng to my promyse made before, declared by what meanes the brayne gyueth sence and mouynge to the bodye, I wyll as bryefelye as I can descrybe the residue of the partes, whyche I thynke most necessarye to be knowen begynnynge there, where as I lefte wyth the hearte, whyche besyde hys chambres, hath also twoo eares, the

whiche be grassels made of synowes beynge full of wrynkles and foldyn∣ges, and they be also called the selles or butteries of the hearte.

I promysed before to declare as nere as I coulde, those partes y^t the brest whyche is called the myddle bellye, doth conteyne, and I haue al redy so to my lytle power, descrybed both y^e hearte, the lyghtes & the instrumen∣tes of the voyce, and brethyng wyth the partes & couerynges, of the same therefore nowe there remayneth the mydryfe, whyche in latyne is called Mediastinus. and the skinne, that com¦passeth the rybbes, whyche in Greke is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 & the heart strynges, whyche in greke is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 The mydryfe doth deuyde the breast 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in lengthe, and maketh .ii. chābers one on the ryghte syde, and an other on the lefte syde: And because it is a

very stronge skynne, it doth fashyon both veynes, pulses and synowes to the brest, and it is tyed before to the brestbone, and behynde to the ioyn∣tes of the backebone. The seconde skynne is that, that is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which couereth the rybbes on the in¦syde, and the muscles also that be be∣twyxt the rybbes. Next vndernethe this is 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which the Latyne men call Trausuersum septū, or p̄cordia: we may cal it an ouerthwart bridge or the hertstrynges, it is made of sy∣nowes & fleshe, couered with .ii. fyne rymes, made to moue the lyghtes, & also to drawe in and let out ayer, and to separate the lowest belly from the mydle bely, vnderneth the hertstryn∣ges, somwhat toward the ryghtside the mawe or paunche, whiche before we called the lowest bellye, beinge rounde, with a greate bottome, and

somthyng narowe towarde the left syde is fastened to the .xiii. ioynte of the backe bone, and in the same place the wesaūt that before we called the stomake, is tyed to the mawe, whych hath .ii. mouthes, one at the lowest parte of the wesaunt, and the other in the ryght syde of y^e mawe or pāche The mouth by the which the meate is receyued into the mawe, doth shut the nether parte of the wesaunt, and is called, the hyther mouthe of the mawe: the mouthe that letteth oute the meate, shytteth the nether parte of the mawe, and is called in Greke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latyne Iauitor, in our tung a portar or a keper of the gate, and bothe these mouthes (to the intente that the meate and drynke maye not fall oute at any tyme vnconcocte) be set in the syde of the belly or pauche, which be fast shutte as soone as euer

the bellye hath receyued meate, and therby naturall heate is very moche encreased wythin the mawe, beynge made of synowes and of flesshe, and it hath also two cootes, of the whych the innermoost, hath more synowes then flesshe, and it is very thycke and rough, ful of wryncles, by the which the meate is drawen downe and re∣tayned. The vtter cote is more flesh, and serueth onely to expell that, that the bely refuseth and hath done w^tal. The temperature of the belly is cold and drye, accordyng to the nature of synowes, wherof it hath abūdaunce that it may be delyted w^t such thīges as be cōueniēt & mete for it, and may abhorre suche as be noyful & hurtful vnto it. I haue spoken somewhat brefely of the bellye and mawe, but before we descrybe the liuer, I wyll first reherse .ii. cotes or coueringes of

the bely, which (nature by her diuine and hygh sapiēce) hath prouyded for the defence of the belly and entrailes The fyrst coueryng is called iu latyn Omentū, y^e Grecians do cal it 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 our bouchers call it the kell, and it is wouen lyke a nette, of veynes, pulses and senowes, beinge couered with a great deale of fatte, to the intent that it maye holde in, the naturall heate, which is in the mawe and guttes, for it couereth all the belly from the top to the too, the next cote or couerynge the Grekes call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, whiche co∣uereth not onelye the bellye, but also the liuer, mylte, and reynes, & it gro∣weth of the bladder, being thycker in some place then in some, it tyeth the lowest partes of the belly to y^e backe, and doth sustayne the muscles of the belly, which the Latyn men cal Mus∣culos abdominis, vpon the which mus∣cules

is a great deale of fatte, & then the skynne that couereth the whole body. Next vnto the mawe, immedi∣atly downewarde be the guttes and entrayles, the whiche although they be all one whole and continual body yet they maye be decerned bothe by theyr figure, situation, and action.

The fyrst, whyche is fastened to the nether mouth of the mawe, is called Duodenum, bycause it is .xii. ynches longe, and it is in the ryght syde, in the region of the lyuer. Nexte vnto Duodenum is I eiunium, whiche is so called bycause it is alwayes emptye. For to this gutte there cōmeth moch choler from the lyuer, and bycause it of all the rest is nexte the liuer: ther∣fore the lyuer draweth from it verye quycklye by hys small veynes, suche iuise as came from the stomake be∣fore. And from this gutte there com∣meth

choler into the rest, to expell the excrementes. The nexte is called of Galene 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, whyche hath manye circuites and boughtes, bycause it shulde retayne the iuyce longer, and it doth farre passe all the rest: ioyned vnto thys, is the gutte called Cecum, whych doth receyue the excrementes and it is called Saccus, bycause it is the wydest of all. Then foloweth 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉▪ beynge two cubytes of length, hauyng dyuerse boughtes▪ and com∣passynges, lest the excrement shulde fall strayte out: and in this gutte the excrement taketh hys coloure. The last gutte whiche we call the funda∣ment begynneth vnder the left reyne and is stretched downe euen to the very hole in the tayle: it is tyed to the great back bone, being large & wyde to the intent that the excrement may go down more at ease. Sith I haue

descrybed the guttes & entrayles, I wyll adde somthyng as cōcernyng y^e matter that they be made of. They be made of flesh & sinowes, hauīg brode strīges, by y^e which they expel the ex∣crementes. There is a certayne skyn mixt amongest the guttes, which is no gutte but a fortresse or a stay for y^e smal veynes which come frō y^e lyuer and it is called in Greke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, & thervpon al the small veynes be cal∣led Mesaraice, and it is a fyne and sub¦tyle skyn, made of very smal veynes gathered on an heape togyther, amō∣gest the whyche there is a lumpe of fleshe, lyke vnto a kernell, whiche we call the swyt bread. Underneth y^e ba∣stard ribbes in y^e rightside of y^e maw or stomake is y^e liuer, whose substāce is red flesh, not moch vnlike cōgeled blood beinge replenished w^t veynes, which be y^e braūches of y^e great ma∣ster

veynes, y^t is of y^e veyne which is called Porta, & also of y^t, that is called Caua vena, we haue no names in our tungue whych be propre or peculier to them onely, but muste be fayne to call them master veynes, and in dede so that we vnderstande the thynge, it shall make but lytle matter for na∣mes: howbeit Gallen sayth, that the one is called Porta, bycause that the iuyce commeth through it, from the stomake to the liuer: and the other I thynke is called Caua, bycause it is a great hollowe veyne, well what so euer it be called, it groweth of the li∣uer, and carieth blood from the liuer to the hert, and thoughe it to be byg: yet there groweth many fyne & smal veynes, both of it, and of the other, whych be dispersed throughout the whole body of the liuer, to the intent that the iuice maye more easelye be

turned into blood: for the very dutye and office of the lyuer, is to engendre blood, for the nouryshmente of y^e bo∣dye, and therfore it is hote and moyst accordynge to the nature of blood.

Moreouer it is the very fleshe of the lyuer, whyche doth change the iuyce in to blood, makyng it redde lyke vn∣to it selfe. Althogh that sūme thynke the harte to be the well, and original sprynge of blood, notwythstandyng I had rather saye as Galene sayeth, that it is the fleshe of the liuer, which engendreth blood, althogh the lyuer receyue both vytall heat, and spiryte of the hearte, and therefore from the great master pulse, whyche in greke is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, there commeth manye lytle pulses to the lyuer, bryngynge w^t them vitall spirite, but so sone as y^e iuyce is concocte, it is made blood, and purified in y^e middes of the lyuer 〈2 pages missing〉〈2 pages missing〉

receyueth choler, of the smal veynes, in the middes of the lyuer, whyle the blood is purifyinge and cleansynge, whyche conduyte or waye, yf it for∣tune to be stopped, by anye maner of chaunce, so that the choler can not be seperate from the bloode, then there foloweth hote fyeuers, or els the ye∣lowe Iandies.

On the lyfte side, the splene or mylte enbraseth the stomacke, which being blacke of colour, is made of subtyle & rare flesshe, and is the same, whyche before is called the receptacle of me∣lancholie, it is tyed vnto the backe a∣boute the myddes of the bastard ryb and doth drawe vnto it melancholye or blacke choler, by a veyne whyche commeth from the lyuer, receyuyng heat of the heart, to digest the forsaid blacke choler, by certayne pulses an∣nexed vnto it. From the mylte also

there is a conduyt to the vppermoste mouthe of the stomacke, bryngynge melancholye thyther, partly to draw togyther the mouthe of the stomake, and partlye to prouoke appetyte.

There be .ii. kydneys that be called in latyne. Renes, of the whych one is set vnderneth the lyuer toward y^e backe and the other is set on the other syde, ryght agaynst y^e mylte, they be made of soude and thycke flesshe, least they shulde be dissolued of the water, that they drawe dayly from the blood, by two veynes, whyche be called Mul∣gentes, and in oure tongue, suckynge veynes, there is drawen also, besyde the water, sūme blood to the norysh∣ment of the reynes or kydneis, in the myddes of the whyche there is as it were a lytle pāne, into the which the forsayde kydnies doe sweat oute the water, whych they receyued of y^e suc∣kynge

veynes, and in thys panne the vryne taketh his colour, from whēs it is brought doune, after the concoc∣tion had therbefore, by certayne con∣duites that be called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 in greke and in latyne, Vrinarii, we maye calle them the conduytes of the vryne, frō the raynes to the bladdar. The blad¦dar in man ioyneth to the taylegutte or fundiment, from whens the necke of it recheth to the yarde, but in we∣men it is set vpon the mouth of theyr woumbe, & therfore they haue bothe shorter and wyder necked bladdars than men haue, and also be lesse dise∣sed w^t stone in that place, It is made of skynnye synowes, and there cum∣meth to it, bothe veynes and pulses. the necke onely is of flesshe, and hath certayne turnynges and boughtes, that it maye houlde the water more

easely, there is added a muscle to the mouth of the bladder, to the entent y^t we maye eyther letout or retayne the water, at our owne wyll & pleasure. But howe smal and fine the holes be by the whyche the water is receyued into the bladder maye easelye be per∣ceyued, because that whan it is taken out of any dede bodye, that there ap∣peareth none at all, more than that, whiche is in the necke, to let oute the vrine or water.

Manne surelye hath great profitte of the bladar, for if that same superflu∣ouse water, shoulde not be caryed a∣waye, but be permitted to runne to gyther in the vaynes, with the blood after that the bodye were ones fulle, mooste parte of the membres shulde cracke, and breake and man shoulde be suffocated or choked.

Therefore the bladder is made for thys pourpose, to receyue the super∣fluous watry substance of the blood and reteyne it so longe, vntyl the due tyme of lettynge of it out, be come.

Nowe I haue descrybed all y^e par¦tes of the lowest bellye, so well as I coulde, sauyng the priuy partes both of man and woman, whyche for dy∣uers causes I wylle omytte at thys tyme, fyrste because I wyll gyue no occasion to youth of wantōnes, and then that I wyll offende no honeste eares, in descrybynge them playnlye and seyng my promyse was to tuche but certayne partes, I thinke I may as wel omyt them, as a great many that I haue spoken nothyng of.

The .vi. Chapiter.

¶Of veynes, pulses, and synowes.

VEynes be cōdytes with thinne cotes, which caryeth the thyc∣kest blood, throughout the bo∣dy, wherwith it is nouryshed, & they growe all of the liuer, for the master veyne (which passeth all the other in largenesse and wydenesse) commeth from thence. Aristotel thought y^e hert to be the authour and begynner of y^e veynes, but Hypocrates thought o∣therwise and Galen also (whom we folowe) hath euidently confuted Ari∣stotels opinion. Pulses, or arteryes, be conduytes that growe of the hert, and do carye vitall spiryte, and some parte also of the fynest bloode, ther∣fore it was necessary that they shuld be both thycker and stronger, then y^e veynes, lest the spirite being so fyne of substaūce, myght breake out, wher¦fore nature hath enclosed it in .ii. co∣tes of the whiche the inner is .v. ty∣mes

as thyck as the vtter, and yet is it as thicke as any cote of y^e veynes, y^t encloseth y^e grosse and thickest blood: Veynes, & pulses be so nygh cosyns, y^t there is no veyne in any part of the body, without his pulse: nor no pulse without his veyne, to the intent that the veynes may minister nourishmēt to the spyrites. And agayne the spy∣rites may refresh the blood w^t lyuely heate: and as ye se in a lāpe, y^e flame to be nouryshed w^t oyle or waxe, so y^e spirit plucketh to him blood out of y^e veynes, with the which he is fed w^t. And here (as me thinke) nature hath shewed vs a marueylous notable ex¦ample of doinge one for an other, in this ciuile lyfe. Synowes growe of the brayne, & also of the marye of the backe bone. From whence they bring sense and voluntary mouynge to all partes of the body. There hath bene

moche to do amongest the olde Phi∣sitions, whether the synowes haue any holownesse or cōcauitie in thē, to receyue the animal spirit, wherwith they gyue mouyng & fealing to y^e bo∣dy, or els whether they take their po∣wer of the spirit, as the lute or harpe strynge doth of the fynger: howbeit, it is now cōcluded, y^t ther is none ho∣lowe, but only .ii. which bring spirit to y^e eyes, & be called Optici, and y^t the rest do take their power of y^e spirites There grow of y^e brayne .vii. paire of synowes, of y^e which, som be distribu¦ted to y^e sēses, & some to other partes: as to y^e stomake or maw, and those y^t growe of y^e brayne be moche fyner & softer thā those y^t grow of the backe, which be not only y^e instrumēt of sēse but also of volūtary mouyng, & there be of thē .xxx. paire, which be disper∣sed euery where through all y^e body.

The .vii. Chapter.

¶Of humours.

ALthough that the spryng & well of humours maye then best be perceyued, when the maner and waye how to nourish the body is delared, yet bycause we be styll occupyed, in descrybynge y^e par∣tes of the body, I am not wyllyng to omytte the differences of humours, which be .viii. in numbre .iiii. natural and .iiii. vnnaturall. The naturall is blood, fleume, yellowe coloure, and blacke, & the vnnatural is the same al¦so, turned by putrifaction, or els som otherwyse, from theyr owne natyue qualities. As concernynge the gene∣ration of the naturall humours, I haue some deale mentioned before, wherfore I wyll omyt at this tyme to speake or reasō any further in that matter, sauyng y^e I put you in remē∣braunce,

that the same foode whych is receyued by the wesaunt into the stomake, for the preseruynge of the bodye, is the matter and substaunce, whereby, by the vertue of the liuer, they be made and engendred.

The .viii. Chapter.

¶Of bloode.

BLood is hotte and moyst, and the greatest parte of y^t that nourysheth the body. For notwythstandynge, that other humours be caryed togy∣ther with the blood to nourysshe the body, as blood delayed with fleume, both greatly nourysh suche partes y^t be colde, and moyste, as the brayne: and coleryke bloode the lyghtes, and melancholycke blood the bones, and splen: yet the especiall part of the no∣ryshment, is that that is properlye

called bloode. For the nouryshmente ought to be swete, or els delayed w^t swete iuice, and suche is the blood.

The .ix. Chapter.

¶Of fleume.

FLeume is a watrysh humour colde and moyst, which is be∣gone to be altered into blood, and is not yet throughly cōcoct, ther¦fore it is whyte, thynne, and vnsaue∣ry: not fatte, nor coloured like blood, it serueth to mittigate the outragy∣ous heate of the bloude, and noury∣sheth the blood, making it thinne and beinge myngled with the blood, con∣forteth suche partes as be flegmatik.

The .x. Chapter.

¶Of choler.

CHoler is the fome or floure of y^e blood, which is made of the hot¦test and driest partes of y^e blood or iuice, after that it is boyled, wher¦fore

it is also hote and drye, and of a bytter taste, & therfore it is called of Galen 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which in latyn is Amar{us} and in Englysh bytter. Natural cho∣ler is as wel red as yelowe, & whē it is mixt w^t the blood, it openeth y^e vey¦nes, & doth norysh cholerike partes, as the lightes: nor it is not caryed al with the blood, but the more part of it is reserued in the bladder, vnder y^e mydle globe of the liuer, to clense the lowest bellye, or entrayles: ye maye, (and ye wyll) call them guttes.

The .xi. chapter.

¶Of melancholye or blacke choler.

BLacke choler or melancholie is a thycke terrestrial humour that in the blood falleth downe to y^e bo∣tome, verye lyke vnto olde red wyne, that is thicke and blacke, & it is colde and drye: part of it is caryed with the blood, both to make it thycker & also

to helpe, and encrease the power retē∣tyue, in the veynes and other places where it cōmeth, and also to nourysh the melancholyke partes, as the bo∣nes and splen.

The .xii. Chapter.

¶Of the vnnaturall humours.

NOughty humours be called vnnaturall: & they be made nought, or corrupted eche of them two maner of wayes, eyther bycause the substaunce of them with¦out the admixtiō of any other, doth degenerate: or elles, that they be myngled, with suche as be alreadye putrifyed and corrupted: bloode is made nought, and goeth from hys kynde when he putrifieth in the vey∣nes, bycause the pores be shurt, or els when he is myngled w^t some other euil humour, as in the dropsy, where he is myxt wyth water.

The .xiii. Chapter.

¶Of noughty flegme or vn∣naturall.

VNnaturall flegme is a rawe wateryshe humour, colde and moyste, redoundynge in that body, where as is a weake concocti∣on, and it is sumtyme muche thinner than spyttle, that falleth from the mouthe or nose. There is an other kynde of naughtye and vnnaturall flegme, whyche is salte in taste, that commeth of the mixture of choler w^t flegme, whyche is plentiful in suche bodyes, as feede for the moste parte of salte meates.

The xiiii. Chapiter.

¶Of vnnaturall yelowe choler.

YElowe choler, degenerateth from hys nature, whan it is bourned blacke, and is made thycke and bytynge, or whan sumo∣ther

humour is mixt wyth it as wa¦trye flegme, and this is called citrine choler, Galene calleth it pale choler, because it is of the colour of leade. But yf it be thicke flegme wherwith it is myngled, than it is called of y^e la¦tynes, Uitilina bilis bycause it is lyke in coloure, to the yolke of an egge, & of thys kynde of choler, for the most parte are engendred all fyeuers ter∣tian.

The .xv, chapter.

¶Melancholy, or blacke choler vnnaturall.

MElancholye or blacke cho∣ler, is made vnnaturalle, whan other humoures, or elles it selfe, is burned as drye as a••••hes. For Hypocrates saith that bothe blood and red choler wyl be turned soone into Melancholye,

whan for lacke of ayre, they be smo∣thered in the veynes, & the stoppyng also of the pores, doth make a bodye whyche all redye is sanguine or cho∣lerycke of nature, melancholye. And hereof commeth so manye kyndes of madnesse. For yf Melancholy, be de∣layed wyth a lytle blood, it maketh a manne merye madde, yf it be mixte wyth a great deale of red choler, thā it maketh hym starke woode, as Her¦cules & Aiax was. But yf it be mixte with flegme it maketh hym slothfull wythout all meane or measure.

If melancholye it selfe, wythout the admixtion of other humours be bur¦ned, than it maketh hym sad and so∣litarye, as Bellerophon, whyche as Homer sayeth, beyng full of sorowe and care, forsoke all companye, and wandered in desolate feyldes solita∣rye al alone.

Howe be it the same humoures hath not lyke effecte in euery bodye, for in summe they are not so outeragious, as in summe: Homer hym selfe dyed for sorow, that he coulde not dissolue a certayne hard question which was propounded vnto hym: and the olde philosofer Haracletus, beyng borne an Ephesian, dyd alwayes lamente wyth wepynge, the manyfolde mise¦ries of mannes lyfe, whych as The∣ophrastus sayth, was of nature me∣lancholye, because he lyued solitarye alone, and wrote confused & obscure thynges, wel at the last thorow hys fylthy and vnclene lyuing, he caught the dropsie, wherfore trustyng to dry vp the water that was betwyxt his skynne and flesshe, commaunded hys bodye to be annoynted wyth doung of oxen, and layde abrode in the hote sunne, from whence he was brought

dead. Yet Democritus madnes was sōmewhat more pleasaunte, whyche laughed alwayes at mennes folysh∣nes, whereby he prolonged hys lyfe an hole hundred yeres.

Empedocles was so outeragious madde, that he lepte alyue in to the burnynge fyer of the hyl Ethna, but Sophocles madnes was much swe¦ter, the whyche dyd ease the incom∣modities of olde age, wyth makyng of verses. Marius whan he was madde, fantasied nothyng but fygh∣tynge. But Lucullus beyng madde, was mery, full of game and sporte.

The .xvi. Chapiter.

¶Of Spirites

SPirite is a subtyle vapour of the blood, whyche by the vertue of the hearte, gyueth power to the body, to doe all maner

of workes and actions, and althogh there is but one well or spryng of all spirites, yet they be diserned by their places. Vitall spirite is a flambe in the heart, made of blood, carying vi∣tal heat to y^e other partes: the pulses be made to carye this spirite, whose dignitie and worthines may be este∣med herof, that euery part of the bo∣dye hath nede of vitall & lyuely heat, to y^e conseruation of theyr substaūce And thys vitall or lyuelye blood, is preserued & kepte, by that same lytle sparc••e of vitall spirit, whiche in olde tyme wise men dyd so moche maruel at, that sūme thought it to be mānes soule, and summe the instrumente of mans soule. And Aristotle sayth that death is nothyng but the quenching and puttynge forth of lyuelye heate, and therof it commeth that so manye preceptes be gyuen of the phisitions

for the conseruation and instauratiō of spirites, the whyche doubtles be corrupted and extincte, eyther wyth euyll dyet, orels wyth disease, & sick∣nes, or with the weaknes of y^e hart, in mouynge affections, or finallye with immoderate labour.

The .xvii. Chapiter.

¶Of animall spirites.

SPirite animall, is a spirite that by vertue of the brayne, is made bryghter and conue¦nient to the woorkes of the senses, & also to moue and styrre the sinowes. For I houlde well wyth them, that affyrme constantly, the hart to be the fyrste authoure and begynner of spi∣rite, and afterwarde, to take a newe nature of the brayne.

And in dede there appereth a certeyn affinitie betwene the vital & animall spirite: For loke with what spirites the heart is beste tempered, the same in the brayne, brynge forth most no∣ble and excellent affectes, how be it for all y^t there is differences betwene them, because they haue dyuers of∣fyces and effectes. For the vitall spi∣rit ministreth heate to the bodye, the animall spirit styrreth vp the senses, & moueth the synowes. S••me adde vnto these another kynde of spirite, called naturall, whyche nourysheth the blood in the lyuer: But Galene douteth of it, sayeng, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, id est Si spiritus naturalis est a∣liquid, whiche is as muche to saye, as yf the naturall spirit be any thynge. For althoughe it can not be chosen, but that there muste be spirite in the lyuer, yet it is brought thyther by y^e

pulces, which is a token that it com∣meth from the hert, but I wyl deter∣myne or constitute nothynge of thys matter: leauynge euery man to hys owne iudgement.