A most excellent and learned vvoorke of chirurgerie, called Chirurgia parua Lanfranci Lanfranke of Mylayne his briefe: reduced from dyuers translations to our vulgar or vsuall frase, and now first published in the Englyshe prynte by Iohn Halle chirurgien. Who hath thervnto necessarily annexed. A table, as wel of the names of diseases and simples with their vertues, as also of all other termes of the arte opened. ... And in the ende a compendious worke of anatomie ... An historiall expostulation also against the beastly abusers, both of chyrurgerie and phisicke in our tyme: with a goodly doctrine, and instruction, necessary to be marked and folowed of all true chirurgie[n]s. All these faithfully gathered, and diligently set forth, by the sayde Iohn Halle.

Of the bones. The fyrst Chapter.

WHerfore after the example of good buylders, (who be∣gynne at the foundation ascendyng vpwardes) I will begyn at the bones, (whiche are the foundations wheron

all other members are supported and borne) and so procede outwarde in order to the reste.* 1.1 The doctryne of bones ob∣serued in anatomye is called of Galen Osteologia and O∣steotome. The whole frame whereof beyng dryed and reser¦ued to anatomye, is cauled Sccletos in Latine Cadauer assicca¦tum and vulgarlye Sicca anatome.

The bones then called in Greke Ostea,* 1.2 and in Latyn Ossa are symple members, similare, spermatyke, colde and drye of complexion, insensible and inflexible, that is, withoute felynge, and not able to be bowed. Of bones there are ma¦nye and diuers in mans bodie, aswell concernyng theyre number as theire forme or figure, and that because of the nede or necessitie of their dyuers & variable offices, whiche they haue in the bodie: their connexions and ioyninges to∣gether, being also diuers, haue dyuers names accordingly. Whiche ioynynges are deuyded, Fyrste into .ii. speciall sorres.* 1.3 The fyrst is called in Greke Arthrosis and in Latyn Articulatio, whiche is the moste open and euident maner of Joyning.* 1.4 The seconde, whiche the Grekes calle Symphisin, is named in Latyn Vnio naturalis, and in Englyshe a natu∣rall vnion, whiche is a more hydde, and obscure ioyninge.

The fyrst maner called articulation is also farther deui∣ded: fyrste into two sortes, as a priuie or hydde connexion (such as are sene in the bones of the sculle) called in Greke Synarthrosis,* 1.5 and in Latine Coarticulatie: and a plaine conspi∣euous maner, as in the armes and hyppes, called in Greke Diarthrosis and in Latyne Dearticulatio.* 1.6 This dearticulation is farther of the Grekes deuyded into .iii. maners, as Enar∣throsis, Arthrodi•• and Gyng••ismos.* 1.7 Enarthrosis is when the large holownes of one bone receyueth the fullnes of an others eminence,* 1.8 as in the hippes. Arthrodia is when y^e sha∣lowe holowne•• of one is moderatlye aperynge vpwarde, the headde of the other depressed downe into it: as ye se be∣twene the spondilles, and the rybbes. Gynglismos is when they so Joyne, as it semeth they enter mutuallye one in to an other, as the spondylles one to an other, also the shoul∣der, the cubyte, and the mydle Joyntes of the fyngers.

Coarticulation is also triplie deuided,* 1.9 as Sutura, Compho∣sis & Hormonia▪ Sutura is when bones ioyne lyke a seame Se¦wed in moste euident & conspicuous maner, whiche in the heade maye diuerslie be sene. Comphosis is when bones are infixed one to an other as are y^e tethe in the iaw bones.* 1.10 Har¦monia called also Comssura is a ioyning by a simple line with out indētinges, as in the Chin, the Share, & some bones of the heade.* 1.11 But note here that chirurgiens cōmonlie call al seames in the head comissures: which comon maner I al∣so haue obserued in my generall anatomie, lest y^t otherwise I should of the moste part of readers not be vnderstanded.

The second speciall maner called Symphysis hath also .ii. differēces:* 1.12 as in soft bones, which excrescentlie or musherū like ioyne simplie together: & in harde bones which by som¦what cōming betwene, are so by nature vnited & cōioyned, that thei cleaue together. & this later maner is of iii. sorts,* 1.13 called of the Grekes Synchondrosis, Synneurosis, & Syssarcolis. Syn¦chondrosis is, when grystles beneficially enter betwene thē, as in the wrest & diuers other partes.* 1.14 Synneurosis is, wher si∣newes helpingly go betwene the bones, & Syssarcolis (so cal∣led of Galen) is when by the helpe of flesh goyng betwene bones are ioyned together. And as bones haue variable names according to their places formes & offices,* 1.15 & likewise their ioyninges: so haue their partes formably also. As the sclender processes or forthe goynges of bones are called in Latyn Ceruices & colla as we may say the neckes of bones,* 1.16 whose extremes beyng blunte and rounde, are called Capita Nodi,* 1.17 & Condili, the headdes or knottes of bones: and suche is the thighe bone, wher it entreth the share bone. But y^t which endeth in a pointed processe without a rounde head, doth also cease to be called Ceruix,* 1.18 and is called in Greke ••o¦rone or Coronon, the crown or toppe of a bone.

The holownes of a bone (receyuing the heade of an other) beyng large and depe,* 1.19 is called in Greke Cotyle, in ••atyne Acetabulum, and vulgarlie Pixis, in Englishe, the bore or cup of the ioynte. But suche a holownes as is more superficial and shalowe is called of the Grekes Gl••ne,* 1.20 of the lykenes it

with the bosome of the eye, whiche is the holowe entrance towardes the eye.

The number of bones in mannes bodie, after Auicen. are. 24 8. but other whiche more preciselye number the bones in the handes & feete,* 1.21 cauled Sesamina or Sesamiae••ossa, with diuers other acompte them to be. 370. and I fynde reaso¦nable causes, whye that the bones are so diuers, and many in number: namelie that one member maye moue, and re∣moue withoute an other. I meane that an other be not for∣ced to moue with it: Whiche otherwyse coulde not be, yf there were not diuers bones. Secondlie that some (hauing their forme or figure for that vse) myghte defende, as the walles of a stronge defenced forte, the principall mem∣bers: and those are the bones of the heade, and the breste. Thirdlye, that some shoulde as foundacions beare vp and susteyne all the reste: and those are the bones of the rydge (called in Latyne Spina,* 1.22 in Greke Acantha, and particularly Vertebra, in Englishe Spondilles or tournyng ioyntes) and also those of the legges. And finallye, that some maye ful∣fylle and strengthen holowe places, as doe the bones of the handes and fete.

Notes

• * 1.1

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Sicca anatome cadauer assic∣catum.
• * 1.2

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. i. Os.
• * 1.3

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Articulatio.
• * 1.4

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Vnio naturalis
• * 1.5

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Coarticulatio.
• * 1.6

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Dearticulatio
• * 1.7

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.8

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.9

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. i. Sutura 〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.10

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.11

  Comssura.
• * 1.12

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.13

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,
• * 1.14

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.15

  Ceruix 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Collum, Capita Nodi.
• * 1.16

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 i. Tuberculū.
• * 1.17

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Apex a∣lic••ius rei.
• * 1.18

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, id est Pixis.
• * 1.19

  Acetabulum a••que o••••e cauum.
• * 1.20

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.21

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Os sesaminū uel sesamiaeū.
• * 1.22

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. i. Spina, Sentis, uel Aculeus, Vertebra