CAP. II. Of the differences of those tumours which happen besides nature. DE DIFFERENTIIS TVMORVM, QVI PRAETER NATVRAM INCIDVNT.

THERE be many and sundrie differences of tumours besides nature, which commonly are called by this generall name Apostumes: the difference wher∣of,* of the later Chyrurgians are obserued to proceed, either from the substāce of the sore, or from the matter thereof, or from the Accidentes, or from the affected partes, or else from the efficient causes. The differences, which they desume from the substaunce, are supposed by Auicene and his sect to be two, either the greatnes of the swelling, or the littlenes thereof. Amongest the bigge tumours, they doe recken phlegmone (which appeare commonly in fleshie places, which are fit to be distended) and aedema, erysipelas, and schirrhus, which all doe growe vp to a great bignes & quantitie. Little tumours are called of them little eminences or appearings, or breakings out called pusshes, which are commonly seene in the skinne, and the vttermost partes of the bodie, as the Greekes leprosie, the scabbe, the ringworme, and such other like, of the which we will speake more at larg hereafter. The matter of the aforesaide tumours are the foure humours,* as well naturall, as not naturall (that is to saie) fleame, melancholie, cho∣ler, and those humours which are altogeater besides nature, sometime the soundnes of cer∣taine bodies, and sometime a yealowe or pale humour, the handling of all which diffe∣rences we will referre vnto another place. The symptomates or accidentes, which are commonly incident to these tumours are,* griefe, heat, softnes, hardnes and such like: from the which they will deriue some differences: but those which they take from the members and from the affected partes, as ophthalmia, the inflammation of the eye, the squince, the inflammation of the throte,*phyma, phygethlum, and those inflammations which we terme glandulae and bubones. But the efficient causes from the which certaine differences be bo∣rowed,* are congestion and fluxe, and crisis (that is to saie) iudgement thereof which hap∣peneth in diseases: there be also certaine other causes both internall and externall, wherof we wil dispute more copiouslie and earnestly in that which follow. But yet truely all the di∣uersities and differences of these kindes of swellinges chauncing aboue nature,* haue their beginning from the nature and substaunce (which prouoketh the swelling) of that which floweth (as witnesseth Galen in his booke which he wrote of Tumours happening aboue nature.) Likewise in his seconde booke that he wrote vnto Gluco. cap. 13. meth. med. in which places he declareth that the varietie of all swellings which are aboue nature, doth a∣ryse Page  201 of the nature of that which floweth: for when (sayth he) a flatuous matter hath more free accesse, then also the tumours are made more flatuous: but they are more like vnto phlegmone when as bloude aboundeth: as likewise Erysipilas, when melancholie hath his course: and they be also more vexed with aedema, when fleame or reume discending from the heade doth raigne. Also they be grieued with the disease Scirrhosis, when either a thicke or too colde a humour is settled in some parte thereof. Therefore all tumours doe chaunce (as Galene affirmeth) besides nature which proceede either of humours, or of a flatuous and windie spirite, which is gathered sometime vnder the skinne, sometime vnder the thinne filmes that couer the bones, somtime in the bellie, somtime in the intrailes, often∣times in the middest of these, and of the peritonaeum. The Greekes call it Emphysema:* A∣uicene termeth it a windie apostema. If such swellinges happen of humours, then they are either hote, or colde, or mingled togeather.* Hote tumours come of the best bloud (that is to saie) which is parfectly ruddy, and of a meane soundnes and moderate qualitie, and then the Greekes call it phlegmone, the Latines, inflammatio: or they proceede of yealowe choler or of burning and thinne bloud, or else of those thinges which be hotter then bloud or choler. They terme this euill Erysipelas, but these name it Sacerignis. But cold swel∣linges are prouoked either through thinne fleame, and then the Greekes call it aedema,* but our Phisitions terme it laxus tumor: the interpreter of Auicene vndimia, or else it is caused through the humour of choler, or through thicke, colde, and clammie fleame. They call this Scirrhon, the Latines, durities, the Arabians, sephirus.* Also swellinges sometimes do chaunce by reason of a late taking awaie of superfluous bloud, as hereafter shall be decla∣red. Tumours are saide to be mingled, when such kinde of humours are tempred to∣geather, and if one maistereth the other, from that which exceedeth in the mixture,* is the name giuen to the swelling, as in bloude ruling choler, we will call phlegmone the prin∣cipall, to be Erysipelatodem, and also because of melancholie gouerning, Erysipelas is saide to be phlegmonôdes. Nowe of other mixtures there is the like interpretation, both Scir∣rhus phlegmonosus with phlehmòne scirrhosa: and aedema phlegmonosum with phlegmone aedema∣tôsa. And after this example you shall name the other tumours, although there chaunceth commixion togeather of three or foure humours at once. Moreouer, if the humours be of like force, and equally incorporate, so that the one can not ouercome the other, then we will name the tumours by the coupling togeather of those humours, which they stirre or rayse vp. As if bloud be equally mingled with choler, that euill may be called, by reason of their ioyning togeather phlegmone and erysipelas, or (as Galen hath it) it may be termed a meane in the kinde and nature of phlegmône & erysipelas.* These truely be the chiefe swel∣linges and tumours, which are recyted in Galene by the flowing of humours: (that is to say) phlegmone, erysipelas, aedema, scirrhus: vnto the which innumerable other tumours, ex∣ceeding the measure and boundes of nature are reduced, and comprehended vnder them, although they haue chosed to themselues diuerse names according to their sundrie causes. Therefore, there partayneth vnto a kinde of phlegmone, phygethon,* which is called panus (Celsus being the authour) but of our men phyma and tuberculum, also it is named of the same Celsus terminthon of Oribatius, the kindes or species of phyma, but of Aetius, phigethlum: also they be called dothienes, which Celsus doth call furunculi, felons. Likewise gangrena of some member, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (that is to say) mortification but not absolute, and also sphacelus, which is called of the Latines syderatio, & of Auicene ascachilos. Carbunculus also called of the Greekes Anthrax: whereof Auicene writeth in the chapter de pruna & igne persico. But vnto erysipelas are referred herpetes,* which in kinde be two manner of wayes (that is to say) miliares and exedentes, byting and gnawing, which the Greekes do call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. He which expoundeth Auicene hath called both the kindes formicae,* but he being deceiued with the likenes of the name, hath mixed thē in the same chapter by great ouersight, with those verrucae, which the Greekes call mirmeciae, the Latines formicae. Celsus seemeth to haue comprehended those herpete vnder the name of ignis sacer: but the Chirurgians of la∣ter time haue numbred them among the cholericke pustules (as they terme them.) There commeth also of choler almost those diseases called of the Greekes phlyctaenae, and therefore they belong vnto erysipelas,* whereof Auicene doth intreate in his chapter de vesicis & in∣flammationibus.Page  202 Vnto the tumours caused of fleame, that is, vnto aedemata, are referred cer∣taine tumours, comprehended of the Greekes vnder the name of apostema which be called of Auicene nodi, of Haly abbas, selaa, and dubeleta phlegmatica, of the Latines abscessus: whereof there be diuerse kinds according to the diuerse matters conteyned in them. More∣ouer in Galene there be three such kindes of abscessus chauncing verie often whereof euery∣one hath borrowed his proper name of the Greekes: those be, atheromata, steatomata, me∣licerides, which in deede be called after the likenes of bodies conteyned in them, as we wil hereafter declare more at large. There is also a kinde of apostema, that is, of abscessus, wher∣in are other thinges conteyned, which do represent not onely the proprieties of humours: but also of certaine sound bodies: but these (sayth Galene) chaunce verie seeldome. And of these also we will speake hereafter, when we shall intreat of abscessions. But now vnto the saide kindes of abscessus, there appertaine certaine names of tumours being deuised of the latter sort,* and neuer as yet founde out amongest auncient writers, as testudo, which is a soft swelling cleauing to the whole heade of a man, and talpa: the one seemeth to be∣long vnto atheroma the other vnto melicerides. But vnto stratomata doth belong a certaine swelling without paine, which they call nata, or napta, whereof we will speake in his place. Hitherto also doe pertaine the euils called of the Greekes ganglia, of Auicene glandulae, which doe differ from the aforesaide nods. There commeth also of fleame that which the common sort call scrofula, and therefore they are reduced vnto aedemata. These be called of the Greekes charades, of the Latines, strume. Notwithstanding Galene in a certaine place amongest the diseases named scirrhi,* doth take it for durities. Also vnto aedema is re∣ferred in Galene that kinde of Hydrops, which is named of the Greekes, leucopblegmatia, and hyposarca.* But the swellinges or tumours which partaine vnto choler, and which be com∣prehended vnder the saide schirrbus, are cancri, which of the Greekes be called carnici, & carcinomata: Notwithstanding Celsus maketh a difference betweene cancer, and carcino∣ma, that he might saie, that it did come and proceede by little and little of those thinges which do chance outwardly, & that it is engendred within (some member being corrup∣ted). The same Celsus deuideth cancer into many parts or kindes (that is to say) into erysi∣pelas,* gangrena & vlcus nigrum of this kind also is elephantus or, elephantia, or elephantiasis, cal∣led of the common sort of Physitions lepra, & of some sancti lazari morbus. Therfore the name of lepra signifieth with Auicene and with the vnlearned company, a most grieuous and deadly disease, when yet with Gal. Paul. Aegineta, and with other grecians it is coun∣ted but a light griefe not much differing from that which we call scabies, which is called of the same writers ps•ra. Among this hard swelling kinde of tumours, are accounted the diseases called in the Latine tongue of the interpreter of Auicene, verrucae, which be swellinges like vnto little hillockes appearing in the skinne,* whereof they haue this name, being called of the common sort porra.* To this kinde also may be referred myrmeciae, as if one should call them formicula, and acrochordones, which of our countriemen are termed pensiles verrucae and clauus also, which in forme is like to a harde rounde pillar called of the Greekes 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, of Auicene they are called almismar, Thymion, or thymon representing the knobbie toppes of the herbe thyme. Auicene semeth also to haue giuen it this name tusiū, or (as another translation hath it) tarsecum. Also among the diuerse kindes of verrucae, there be euils called of Auicene cornua, so called, because they being verie long, are tur∣ned againe croked like vnto hornes.* In like case also there be calli which the Greekes call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, these are engendred by meanes of the skinne being obdurated & hardened through much labour. Vnto choler also there seemeth to partaine this euill, which the grecians call dracontion,* the Latines dracunculus, according to the liuely similitud or likenes of that name, Auicene calleth it vena medeni, Haly Abbas, vena saniosa. Whereof Paulus Aegine∣ta intreateth cap. vltimo lib. 4. This disease is not great rife with vs. Besides these tumours which we now haue rehearsed, there chaunce other also, affecting oftentimes the super∣ficiall partes of the bodie (that is to say) certaine small appearings,* which they call pustulae, and bothor. Which although they differ both among them selues, and also from those tu∣mours, which we haue aboue recited, yet they are caused of the same humours, of the which also they are now called great tumours. Therefore they onely seeme to differ from them Page  203 in respect of their greatnes and smalnes. But that such little tumours (which truely a chy∣rurgion ought not to be ignoraunt of) might appeare more manifest, and easie to be cō∣ceiued of euerie man: I haue thought it expedient, and a thing worthy the labour, to set downe in this place the names of them, both in Greeke and Lataine, and also their barba∣rous title, with a certaine rude discription thereof, as we haue alreadie done in the grea∣ter. Therefore that we may enter into the matter it selfe, there are of the kinde of pustu∣les or pushes, lepra, so called of the Greekes and retayning the same title amongest the La∣tines, and ps•ra called of the same writer scabies, being truely diseases verie neere of affi∣nitie among them selues: for there is roughnes and sharpnes of the skinne with itching & pritching in the bodie, comming of the same humour (that is to say) of choler. Not∣withstanding they differ in this,* because lepra doth consume the skinne with manifest sca∣les somewhat deepe, as it were in a circle: but ps•ra doth onely hurt the outward part with diuerse formes and doth vnlose a cer•aine scurfe of the bodie. Hitherto also doth pertaine that light infection of the skinne, called of the Greekes licene, of the Latines impetigo, in English the ringworme and commonly of some (as Manardus reporteth) they be called volatica. This chaunceth by reason of the mingled putrefaction of wilde bloude being thinne and sharpe, with other that be thicke: and verie often and easilie it doth turne it selfe (Galene affirming the same) into the aforesaide euils (that is to say) into lepra and scabies, which they call ps•ra. Yet there are some which thincke, that that, which the Greekes call lepra, is called of Celsus impetigo. But truely, seeing he doth write specially of impetigo, appointing foure kindes thereof lib. 5. suae medicinae, it is euidently apparent, that he meant some other thing by this worde impetigo, then licene amongest the Greekes,* see∣ing that truely we neuer read in any Greeke authour, that there were so many kindes of licene euer agreed of or acknowledged. Therefore if we will with Galen speake properlie lepra & lichene or impetigo, cannot be one and the same euill:* otherwise the same should be chaunged into it selfe. That I may therefore draw the whole matter into few words: when the skinne is lightly infected, with an onely roughnes and itching, that is called in Greeke lichen, but in Latine impetigo. But when the griefe waxeth worse, it chaungeth the name togeather with the forme. But if lichene doth cause manifest scales, and doth pearce the skinne somewhat deepely, it is properly called lepra. But if it be stretched out onely by the outwarde superficies, and doth cause brannie or scaly bodies it is called ps•ra of the Grekes,* of vs it is called properly scabies. Although this worde scabies doth extend verie farre com∣monly also among the Physitions of late time, who doe name all the euill of the skinne to be scabies. But they speake verie improperly, for the pure and true scabies, so called of the Latines, is without all doubt that disease which is called of the Greekes ps•ra, of Auicene also albara and morphea, cleane contrarie to the opinion of some. For that which is saide of him and almost of all the Physitions of Africke to be albara, is named of the Greekes & of Celsus also leuce. But mongest them it is called morphea, among the Greekes alphon,* in which disease the whole flesh is not affected, but onely the externall partes of the bodie, euen as though (as Galene saith) it were set about with certaine scales. But these alphi (as it is in Galene) in their kinde are of two sortes (that is to say) white,* which come of fleame: and blacke, which proceede from a melancholike humour. But these thinges we now haue spoken of being led by the consequence of thinges. For neither leuce, nor alphi them selues are accounted amongest the tumours besides nature, but rather among the euilles of the skinne. Which thinges although they hurt verie little yet because they doe dishonest and bring shame, they are wont to be for the most parte a greater heauines and werynes (especially vnto women). then many other diseases which truely doe hurt, but yet they be secret. both these euilles (that is to say) rucae and alphon, Celsus hath com∣prehended vnder the name of vitiligo (making three kindes thereof) although other stu∣dentes of Physicke, turning Greeke into Latine,* doe conuert lucae in all places into vi∣tiligo, which would more aptly agree, if it were put with his epithete or addition, as to say alba vitiligo. Ʋitiligo therefore, if we will comprehende it vnder any certaine heade or kinde, is a filthie colour of the skinne, proceeding of an euill habite of some parte of the bodie, which could not well receiue any nourishment to it selfe. For this euill chaunceth Page  204 through the default of the nourishing facultie, whereof some doe constitute two kindes, the one, which doth infect the skinne onely with certaine markes, which doe cleaue fast vnto it like vnto little scales, the other which goeth in some what deeper, so that it touch∣eth the verie fleshe, and coloureth the hayres: for in it there aryseth gray hayres, like vn∣to a certaine kinde of moosynes: this is gathered togeather of viscous & glutinatiue fleame, but both of them do defile and staine either with their white, or especialy with their black colour. The first species, which is aloft and superficiall, wheather it be white or blacke, it is called of the Greekes alphūs, by the same name (as before) because it chaungeth the colour of the skinne, for 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (whereof 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 is deriued) signifieth amongest the aun∣cient Greekes to chaunge. Auicene calleth it morphea. But the other kinde, which we haue declared to pearce somewhat deeper, is called of the Greekes, and of Celsus also leuce, and of the rest of the Latines alba vitiligo, of Auicene albara. Haly Abbas onely a∣mong the Arabians calleth lepra, a filthie disease, which is harde to be cured, yet he doth not declare it to be pernicious and deadly, who hath not accounted it altogeather as a light thing (as the Greekes affirme it) and little differing from a scabbe: neither (as Auicene thought) pernicious and grieuous, but onely lothsome and filthie. Whereby we may coniecture, that little credite is to be attributed to wordes or names, vnlesse the matter be throughly discouered.* For one and the selfe same worde by varietie of authours hath en∣forced to vphold many diuerse & different significations, as in their commentaries doth e∣uerie where appeare. But we haue spoken by the way of the euilles and defedations of the skinne, only that the confusion of things might be eschewed, which happeneth by words misunderstood. Therefore omitting these thinges, we will returne vnto out purpose, and with as much breuitie as we can, we will dispatch the discourse of the residew of swelling sores, amongest which, besides those, which we haue rehearsed and touched alreadie, are reckened by the Greekes ionthi, epinyctides, hidroa, psydraces, exanthemata, celsi papule, and Plinij mentegra.*Ionthi are little swellings and those harde which arise in the outwarde skin and superficies of the face (as Paulus and Galene thought) proceeding from a grosse hu∣mour, which are either resolued, or else rypened by a little matter which springeth with it. The Latines call them vari: Galene maketh mention lib. 5. de medica. secundum locos, of an affect, which he calleth ionthosus affectus, which he sayth is the foundation and beginning of elephantiasis, vnder the which disease he seemeth to comprehend the thirde and fourth kinde of that which Celsus nameth impetigo.*Epinyctides, (as Celsus supposeth) are pesti∣lent pushes either of pale colour, or of a blacke colour, or of a white hewe, not exceeding the bignes of a beane arysing either in the legges or in the fette. About them there is al∣wayes a verie vehement inflammation, and when they are opened, there is founde a verie thicke and clammie exulceration within. His colour is like vnto his humour: but the griefe greatly surpasseth the bignes of the sore, which in quantity surmounteth not a beane. They borrowed their title frō the night,* either (as Celsus thought) because that in the night time they pricked & molested more grieuously, or because they most cōmonly aryse in the night. Plinie termeth thē blewish pushes, disquieting specially in the night time. The Arabians call them essere, sere, or saire, which words explane the forenamed nature of the sore. Those which are called of the Greekes hidroa, the Latines terme sudamina, and Plynie papule su∣dorum.* Auicene planta noctis, & almansorus, & alhasaphum: whereby it commeth to passe that epinyctis doth much differ from Auicene his plantanoctis, although the Greeke worde epinyctis doth draw his originall from the night. But these sudamina (as Galene sayth) lib. 4. Apho. Aphor 21. are reckened among those kinde of pushes or whelkes, which sticking in the verie superficies of the bodie, doe pricke & shoote, not vnlike to our common vlcers, and they come (as their name doth declare) by many bilious swettes, which byteth the skinne and maketh it to itch and pricke like vlcers. But this affect is common to boyes and young men, and to those which are cholericke, but in the time of heate: but it is so ea∣sie to be cured, that of it selfe without any aide it will heale, rypening with a white toppe. But Auicene thinkes that these desudations, by their discription, agree ratheir with Celsus his exanthemata, then with Galene his sudamina. But he, who will obserue the nature of the wordes,* will thincke, that Auicene his desudations may well be the Greekes hidroa,Page  205 which the Latines call sudamina. But we must not followe the names so much among the Barbarian and Arabian writers, but the genuyne and sincere descripitons of the thinges them selues. Psydraces or psydracia,* are pushes which abyding in the verie vttermost part of the skinne, are resembled to bladders excited by fire, which are called phlyctane. These ryse specially in the heade. Psizacionis not truly read in Celsus for psydracion. Those pu∣shes, which grow in the skinne first comming by thicke humours stuffed in the skin, which are commonly called morbili and variola, of Galene because they swell, and waxe bigge, as it were the bud of a floure they are called exanthemata, but of Hippocrates,* because they doe breake out of them selues, they are termed ecthymata. For 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, whereof exanthe∣ma is deriued, signyfieth a floure, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, whereof ectyma commeth, signifieth to burste out. Plynie callet• such pusshes, whelkes, and the eruptions of fleame. But these are of two kindes: for some of them are steipe, and some goe out into breadth those which are steipe, doe growe of a more thinne and hote humour and doth excyte itche. But those which are broade, doe flowe, and proceede from a more colde & thicke humour, and doe not a whit procure itch. The first sorte, of the common Physitions are knowen by the name morbile: the seconde by this name variole. But the French men pre∣posterouslie abusing the names haue called the lowe and broade kinde rubeole, but the higher sorte variole. Hippocrates. lib. 3. Epi. doth deuide these kindes of pushes into little and great ecthymata, in calling the steeper kinde magni herpete, either because (as Galene sayth) they occupie a great place, or else because they happen with a vehement gnawing. For in deede these sometimes appeare great in heyght only, sometimes both in height and breadeth. Cornelius Celsus lib. 5. medicinae suae in his treatise of impetigo re∣membreth two kindes of whelkes: the one some what small,* which if it be dayly rubbed with fasting spittle, it waxeth whole: the other somewhat greater, wherein the skinne is made more sharpe, and is exulcerate, and groweth verie vehemently, and looketh red, and is hardly cured. He saith, that this is termed of the Greekes 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine fera. But in both these kindes he confesseth that there is lesse impediment or corruption then in impe∣tigo, so that he affirmeth, that that euil, whose cure is harde, except it be taken away, doth chaunge and turne into impetigo. The Frenchmen (if I may iudge thereof) doe call both these kyndes, but especiallie the first, dartrae. For that euill beginneth to be verie round, and after the same manner it commeth (as it were) into a cyrcle, and creepeth slowelie.* Which whelkes or pusshes doe agree in all thinges to be those, which are sayde of Cel∣sus to be of the first kinde. Some doe constantly affirme that these whelkes so named of Celsus doe nothing differ from lychene among the Greacians, or the impetigo among the Latines. And we haue read that that onely authour among the Latines hath tur∣ned lychene into papulae. Mintagra a Latine worde vsed of Plynie, wherein he seemed in the beginning lib. 26. to haue altogeather meant another thing from impetigo,* and that it was farre a waie a worse euill, then that which the Greekes comprehend vnder the name of lichene, although in his Physicke he hath interpreted sometime lichene among the Greekes to be impetigo, and the like disease called mentegra, he termeth also in the same place li∣chene. Furthermore the same Plinie reporteth,* that this euill crept first into Italie in the raigne of Tiberius Caesar, which griefe in all the time before was vnknowen to all Europe, much lesse vnto Italie. It was of so great filthines and corruption, that any death was to be preferred or wished before it, and also of so great infection, that by the swifte pas∣sage thereof onely by kissing one another it infected the people but chiefely those that were gouerners and rulers among them. This euill beganne almost at the chinne, for that it did chiefely affect and annoie, whereuppon it toke this name mentagra. This per∣happes is that scabbe, which certayne of the Frenchmen call mala dartra. Galene also seemeth to acknowledge this disease:* for in his first booke de medicam. compos. secundum locos, he remembreth a most vile kinde of impetigo of the chinne, which (as he rehear∣seth, out of Crito (prouoketh itcheing, it afflicteth also the patientes, and bringeh them into no small daunger. For sometime (sayth he) it runneth ouer the whole face, and goeth vppe to the verie eyes, and it causeth the greatest deformitie of the bodie al∣most that can be, which description of impetigo doeth consent in all thinges with the Page  206mentagra of Plinie. But they doe greatly erre, which doe thinke that this most contagious lichene called of Plinie, mentagra, is that disease which at this day commonly some do call Gallicum malum,* some Neapolitanum, other some not bearing any hate or iniurie to their con¦tries do call it venereum. For this infection was altogeather vnknowen to the ancient Phi∣sitions, and also of the former age, and first of all it crept into Neapolis in the yeare after the incarnation of Christ. 1493. At which time Charles the eight, that most inuincible king of Fraunce did ouercome and winne the Alpes, going abount also to inuade Italie: al∣though not long before, it had spred it selfe abroade through the countries of Spaine (as some report). Wherefor hauing as it were the originall & beginning from thence, it be∣gan to be called Hispanica lues, the spanish pestilence, which plague being sent vpon the earth as it were by the iust reuengment of God (as we may thinke) for their filthie and ab∣hominable whoredome forbidden of God, hath corrupted and ouerthrowen with the cō∣tagion thereof a great part of humane kinde. For the same sicknes the magistrates and offi∣cers tasted of, the prysoners and captiues felt, the heades of their countries sustained, & the common people also were infected withall: so swift was the passage thereof from one to another, and now also it straieth and wandreth through the countries of Spaine, Fraunce, Italie and all Europe to the great annoiance of the people. There are also certaine pusshes besides these,* rehersed euen now out of Auicene lib. 4. called glandosae, which do seeme to differ nothing from the disease called ganglion, but in respect onely of the lesser or the grea∣ter. There is mention also made by the same Auicene. lib. 3. of certaine whelkes, which he calleth in the same place, bothores iuncturarum, & in lib. 4. he calleth them almatim, which, because he sheweth that they be blacke, & resembling greene corne, they must doubtlesse be those which the Greekes call terminthi,* which a little before we accounted among the species of phyma. These Celsus seemeth to compare vnto vari, which be spottes in the face, who also iudgeth them to be called of the Greekes helcodes, that is, vlcerosae, full of scabbes or sores.* These white and milkie pushes, so called of Rasis and Serapion, and of Auicene lenis bothor if their descriptions be throughly considered, they will seeme to partaine vnto the whelkes called of the Greekes Ionthi, which we in Latine haue named vari: although the selfe same remeadies, which Auicene hath set downe for them, be taught of Dioscori∣des for the disease ephelide (that is to saie) for the roughnes and swartnes of the face, be∣ing caused by the heate of the Sunne. Hitherto haue we intreated of the differences of tumours aboue nature, which chiefly haue their residence outwardly aboue the bodie. Now let vs proceede to declare the causes of them.