Lac puero[rum]. M. holti mylke for chyldren

¶ Construccyon of verbes with diuerse cases

¶ Desino. Cesso. Defisto

¶ These. iii. verbes Desino desinis. Cesso cessa. and Desisto desistis haue all one englysshe. anglyce / to le∣ue / cesse / or let be.

But desino desinis wyl haue after hym a genytyf or an ablatyf case with a preposicyon of the thȳge that we bydde to be lefte / as leue thy playenge. Desine lu di. vel a ludo.

Cesso cessas wyll haue an accusatyf case / or els an ab latyf with a preposicyon indifferently / as Cease thy vengeaunce. Cessa vindictā tuā. vel a vindicta tua.

Desisto desistis wyll haue an ablatyf case w^t a p̄posi∣cyon onely / as Excepte you leue your malyce I wyll slee you. Nisi desistas a malicia: interficiā vos.

¶ Supersedeo

This verbe supersedeo. anglice to leue of wyll haue after hym a datyf case. vt inquit Aulus gellius. Ex∣emplis supersedeo I leue of Examples

¶ Abstineo.

Abstineo es. anglice to absteyne / with holde / or 〈◊〉〈◊〉 re / as metes / drynkes / or delectacyons / may haue af ter hym a genityf or an ablatyf case with a preposicy on / or without of the thynge that we kepe our selfe fro / as we must forbere flesshe the frydayes. Sextis feriis carnium carnibus: vel a carnibus abstinere de bemus. But there is comenly expreste or vnderston de the accusatyf Reciprocatyf / as debemus abstinexe nos a carnibus.

Otherwhyle he is thus englysshed / to holde or kepe / & than he hath 〈◊〉〈◊〉 accusatyf or an ablatyf with a pre∣posicyon exprest or vnderstonde. And so wyll Conti∣neo. as kepe thy honde out of the dysshe. Abstine ma∣num a disco. I kepe my fyste from his cheke. Conti∣neo pugnū a mala. Therentius. Nō manū abstines mastigia. Idē. Uix me xtineo quin in capillū inuolē.

¶ Egeo Indigeo Careo.

¶ These. iii. verbes Egeo. indigeo. and careo hath al waye one englysshe. anglice to lacke / want / mysse / ne de / haue mysse / or haue nede.

But Egeo & indigeo may haue indifferently a geni∣tyf or an ablatyf w^t a preposicyon of y^t thynge y^t is a∣waye or myst / as Ego vel indigeo salutis vel salute. and Careo euermore an ablatyf / as Careo bireto.

They hadde other cases of antiquyte / but it is not af ter crafte.

¶ Desum Deficio.

¶ These two verbes Desum es. deficio cis. be of the same englysshe / but they wyll haue a noīatyf case of thynge that is awaye or myst. And a datyf of the per sone that nedeth or lacketh / as in psalmo Nichil mi∣chi deerit. Deficiunt michi pecunie.

¶ Abundo Affluo.

¶ These. ii. verbes Affluo is. & abundo as anglice to haue plente or ynoughe haue a nomīatyf of the lorde or possessour / & an ablatyf of the thynge y^t is had / as rex affluit diuitus / anglia abōdat militib{us}. Els a no∣minatyf of thȳge that is had / & a datyf the lorde or possessour / as Diuitie affluūt regi. Milites abundāt

anglie.

¶ Dominor. Misereor

¶ Dominor naris. anglice to haue lordshyppe to go∣uerne / to haue power / or to be owner of / and Misere or sereris. anglice to haue pyte or mercy may haue af ter theym Indifferently a genityf or a datyf / as Pa ter meus dominabit multa{rum} terra{rum} vel multis ter∣ris. Deus misareatur nostri vel nobis.

¶ Arguo. moneo. accuso.

¶ All verbes that betoken accusynge / reprouynge / damnynge / monysshynge or warnynge / as Arguo. moneo. accuso. damno. reprehendo. & other lyke may gouerne after them an accusatyf of the persone / & a genityf els an ablatyf with a preposicōn of the faute or voyce. as Preceptor arguit discipulos tardi aduen tus. vel de tardo aduentu.

¶ Obliuiscor. reminiscor

¶ All verbes y^t betoken remembrynge or forgetyn∣ge / as Obliuiscor. reminiscor. & recordor. may gouer ne after them a genityf / an accusatyf / or an ablatyf with a preposicyon / as I thynke vpon thy gētylnes Recordor tue humanitatis. vel tuā humanitatē. vel de tua humanitate.

¶ Priuo. Spolio.

¶ These. ii. verbes priuo as. and spolio as. anglice to robbe steele / or to take awaye. wyl haue an accusatyf of the owner / & an ablatyf without a preposicyon of thynge taken awaye / as Iohānes priuauit me cultel lo. And theyr passyues alwaye with an ablatyf of the thynge taken awaye / as Priuor quin{que} libris. Spo∣lior

diuitiis.

¶ All passyues hath before them a noīatyf of the suf∣frer / & an ablatyf w^t a preposicyon of the doer. And some tyme a datyf / in the whiche is vnderstonde an ablatyf / as Daryppa amatur a me. vel michi. They may haue also all suche cases as theyr actyues / as Ar guor abs te mei tardi aduēt{us} 〈◊〉〈◊〉 meo tardo aduētu

¶ Aufero. rapio eripio. adimo

¶ These. iiii. verbes Aufero fers rapio pis. eripio pis & adimo is. anglice to robbe / steele / or to take awaye And generally all verbes that betoken diminucyon or takynge fro. gouerne an accusatyf of the thynge stolen / & a datys or els an ablatyf with a p̄posicōn of the owner / as Latro aufert pecuniā michi vel a me. Eripuit argentū tibi vel a te. Rapiā faciē igni vel ab igne. Mors adimit vitā nobis vel a nobis.

¶ Benedico. malidico.

¶ These. ii. verbes Benedico. anglice to blysse / & ma ledico. to curse / gouerne after them indifferētly a da∣tyf / els an accusatyf on y^t suffrer / as 〈◊〉〈◊〉 tibi vel te The scripture is full of suche examples

¶ But benedico. anglice saye well of / and maledico saye yll of / wyll somtyme haue an accusatyf of y^e lau∣de and an ablatyf with a preposicyon of the person / as Pater multa benedicit dete. Omnes benedicunt dete.

But whan I shall make ony suche englysshe / I am bounde to blysse my fader. Thou shalt blysse me or ony other lyke. I may moche better make them by Opto as. Precor aris. Execro as. Deuoueo es. Im∣precor

aris. And suche other lyke with bene. or male. Ioyned to them / as Discipuli habent benedicere nō maledicere preceptori. Scolers ought to saye well & not yll by theyr mayster. Habeo bene optare precep∣tori Uel habeo bene precari magistro. et tu habes im precari illi.

Consulo is. anglice to aske counsell is a verbe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and may gouerne an accusatyf of the persone that I aske of / & a genityf or els an ablatyf with a preposicy on of the thynge that I counsell for / as Consulo te remedu vel de remedio.

Consulo is. anglice to gyue counseyll is somtyme a verbe neutre & wyll haue a datyf of the persone that I gyue counsell to / as Medici consulunt michi. He is also in this significacyon somtyme a verbe actyf / and wyll haue after hym an accusatyf of thynge that I gyue coūsell for / & a datyf of the persone / as Consu∣lo commodum tibi.

Consulo is. anglice to see or to prouide or to helpe / is alwaye a verbe neutre & hath after hym a datyf case onely / as helpe me in this mater. Cōsule michi in hac re. See to thy sone. Consule filio tuo.

¶ Sum es fui.

¶ This verbe Sū es fui whan he betokeneth cōmē∣dacyon or dispraysynge may haue after hym a geni∣tyf or an ablatyf case of the laude or reproue / vt Uir go est pulchre venustatis. Uir forti animo

Whan this englysshe for may be chaunged into this worde to / it is alwaye the sygne of the datyf case / vt 〈◊〉〈◊〉 est bonum pueris.

¶Ualeo. Consto.

Ualeo es. anglice to be worth / & Cōsto as. anglice to coste / whan they betoken certayne pryce / gouerne 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ter them an ablatyf case of y^t worde that betokeneth pryce / as Liber meus {con}stabat viginti denariis. Equ{us} tuus valet centū solidis.

But when they betoken vncertayne pryce. they go∣uerne a genityf case / as Liber meus cōstabat pluris {quam} valet. Equus tuus multi valet. Cicero. Quod michi constat pluris {quam} sim foro emissem.

Somtyme he is put for this verbe Scitur or Patet & than he gouerneth a datyf case also as This is opē or knowen to euery body. Hoc constat oībus / & som∣tyme he is latyn to cost / vt supra.

Also after Guarrē he is englysshed some tyme to stan de 〈◊〉〈◊〉 as Salustius sayth. Multitudinē 〈◊〉〈◊〉 hostiū constare viderūt. Also for Conuenire. anglice to agree to or agree with. vt Cicero. Adhuc que dicta sūt arbitror mihi constare cū ceteris artium scriptori bus Also for manifestum esse. anglice to be open or knowen / as Cice. Hoc michi at{que} aduersariis constat Also for consistere & firmū esse. as Constat pedibus. constat animo. constat mente.

Some tyme he is taken for this verbe Est. fio. or con¦struor. & than he is construed with an ablatyf case w^t apreposicōn / as Domus cōstat ex tecto pariete & fun¦damento. i. Est fit. vel construitur. Quattuor sūt ele menta ex quibus omnia constant.

¶Attineo pertmeo. specto

These. ii. verbes Attineo. & pertineo. anglice / to {per}tey¦ne /

or longe to haue after them alwaye an accusatyf with this p̄posicyon ad. as Cōperiebā nichil ad Pam¦philū quic{quam} attinere. Hec res pertinet ad te.

This verbe Specto is of the same construccyon. vt hoc ad partes spectat vt filii probe educantur.

¶ Illudo.

Illudo dis. anglice to mocke or to laugh to scorne / may gouerne after hym a datyf / an accusatyf / or an ablatyf with this p̄posicyon in / as Certant{que} illude∣re capto. Uerbis virtutē illude superbis. Therentius in Andria. In quibus sic illudatis.

¶ Metuo. timeo. vereor

These. iii. verbes metuo. timeo. & vereor anglice to fe re / whan they betoken loue or fauour they gouerne after them a datyf case / as Timeo vel metuo michi ne moriar. But whā they betoken hatred / they must haue after them an accusatyf case or els an ablatyf w^t one of these. vi. preposicyons A ab. abs De. E. Ex vt timeo vel metuo te: vel abs te: ne percutias me. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 reor dyabolum vel a dyabolo. Therentius in Andria Ego non nichil veritus Daue abs te.

¶ Also all verbes that betoken feere / haue the same strength / as Paueo. formido & other lyke.

¶ Fugio. Caueo.

These ii. verbes Fugio fugis. & Caueo caues. anglice to flee or to be ware / to eschewe or auoyde / gouerne after them an accusatyf / or els an ablatyf w^t a prepo sicyon / as fuge vel caue equū vel ab equo.

Moreouer this verbe Caueo whan he betokeneth lo∣ue or fauour / wyll nede haue after hym a datyf case /

as Caue capiti ne hoc frangaturictu.

¶ Abrenuncio.

This verbe abrenūcio / anglice to forsake / gouerneth after hym a datyf case / as Abrenuncio sathane.

¶ Sum.

Here is to be noted / that whan the verbe of substaun ce gouerneth after hym a noīatyf case with a datyf / than may the sayd noīatyf be put in to the datyf and so he may gouerne a double datyf / as Mors est michi cura. & mors est michi cure. et michi vita pudor. sic est michi vita pudori.

Composita de sum.

All the compoūdes of Sū es fui. may gouerne after them a datyf case / as prosū tibi. desū inimicis

¶ Insum.

Moroeuer this 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Insū es besyde his datyf may haue an ablatyf with this preposicyon In as Inest mihi vel in me marima virtis. Tibi vel in te magnū inest vitium. Insunt etiam in temporibus hyemo. estas. ver. autumnus

All these verbes in these verses folowynge gouerne after them a datyf case / as Obuio tibi parco pueris placeo regi. noceo michi &c.

Obuio. parco. placet. noceo. vaco. supplico. seruit Subuenit. officio. succurrit. propitior{que} Sufficit. aspiro. validico. gratulor. astat. Insideor. pateo. minor. ac obtempero. fido. Obstat. obedit. eis fauet. heret proficit addas Congruo. compatior. confert. succedit. adulor Occurrit. restat. et cedo quando locum dat

¶ Whā soeuer I haue a fore ony of these forsayd ver¦bes / ony of these sygnes am / art / is / was / were / or be That that semeth to be the noīatyf case shall be y^e da¦tyf / & the thynge that doth the dede shall be y^e ablatyf with a preposicyon / as I am serued of my sone. Mi∣chi seruitur a filio meo. The kynge is pleased of his subgettes. Regi placetur a suis subditis

All these verbes folowynge in these verses / may go∣uerne aftter theym a double accusatyf case as Postu¦lo te veniam. Doceo te grāmaticā.

The latter accusatyf of whom may be gouerned of theyr passyues / as postulor veniam. Doceor grāma∣ticam. Uersus

Postulo posco. peto. doceo. rogo. flagito. celo. Exuo. cū vestit. monet induo. calceo. cingo Oro. petunt quartū simul ac interrogo binū

But these verbes postulo posco peto rogo flagito oro & interrogo anglice to aske or desyre / & all other lyke may moche better gouerne an accusatyf case / of the thynge asked or desyred / & an ablatyf w^t one of these forsayd vi. preposicyons of y^e persone y^t we aske or de¦syre ought of as Postulo veniā abs te.

¶ These. v. verbes exuo. vestio. induo. calceo & cingo & all lyke may moche better & eleganter gouerne an accusatyf of the body & an ablatyf without a preposi∣cyon of the garment / or of y^e thȳge whome / as Exuo me tunica. I do out my cote. Paulus in epistolis. Ac cinxit lumbos suos fortitudine.

And the passyues of y^e forsayd. v. verbes may gouer∣ne elegantly an ablatyf case withoute a preposicyon /

as Exuor tunica In psalmo. Accingere gladio tuo su per femur tuū potentissime.

¶ Celo.

¶ This verbe celo as. anglice to couer / or to hyde coū sell may gouerne besyde his strength an accusatyf ca se of the thynge that is couered or hyde / & a datyf of the persone that is ignoraunt / as Celo meū consiliū tibi. Or els he may haue an accusatyf of the thynge that is couered or hydde & an ablatyf case with a pre posicyon of the persone that is ignoraūt / as Celo me um consilium ate.

¶ These verbes folowynge in this verse wyll gouer ne an ablatyf case w^t apposicōn / as vescor solo pane.

Uescitur et fruitur vror fungor{que} potitur.

Uescor ris. caret preteritis et supinis. anglice to ete. Fruor ris fruit{us} vel fretus. anglice to vse at our plea sure / or to do after.

Utor vteris. anglice to vse or to occupye as thynges necessarye.

Potior eris vel iris. āglice to occupye / as pleasure or delyte.

Fungor ris anglice to do our offyce or dewty

¶ Particyples. Gerundyues. & Supynes.

All may gouerne after them al suche cases as doth y^e verbes that they come of / as Doceo grāmaticā vel sū docens grāmaticā. Loquor tibi vel sū loquēs tibi. Duco Uirgiliū & vem gratia discendi Uirgiliū. Au∣dio missam & vado auditū missam.

¶ Perfyguram Synodochen

¶ Whan this englysshe sygne the. foloweth an adie∣ctyf

nowne / particyple / or els a verbe passyf / or neu∣tre & cometh before the parte of a body / y^e parte of y^t body may be put in the accusatyf case without a pre∣posicyon / by this fygure Synodochen / as Hec estvir go venusta faciē. Frater meus est locus tibiam. doleo caput Ego frangor brachium.

Moreouer al nownes adiectyues that may gouerne an accusatyf case by the forsayd fygure may gouerne an ablatyf by the strength. vt hec est virgo venusta faciē vel facie. Uir fortis brachiū vel brachio. Tu es hylaris vultū vel vultu.

Quam coniunctio.

¶ This coniunction {quam}. anglice than / causeth y^e wordes that be compared to be of one case / as I loue brede better than chese. Amo panē plus {quam} caseum I lo∣ue my mayster better than thou. Diligo preceptorem melius {quam} tu.

¶ Nisi Preter{que}.

¶ These two coniunctions. Nisi & preter{quam}. anglice. But saue or excepte causeth the substantyf of the syg ne vniuersalis / and the worde that is excepte to be of one case / as Oīs homo preter{que} symon currit. Uidco oēm hoiem preter {quam} symonē currere. Nemo discit ni∣si ego. Neminē videtis discere nisi me.

¶ Signa vniuersalia

All these adiectiues ben called sygnes vniuersales. Omis Quiuis. Quilibet. Quis{que}. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Qui cun{que} / & Uter. anglice. Eche or euery / & Nullus 〈◊〉〈◊〉. anglice none or neuerone. Also nichil & nemo / be sygnes vniuersales substantiues.

¶ Opus.

This nowne opus. anglice for nede / vndeclyned wyl haue after hym an ablatyf case of thynge that I ne∣de of / as habeo opus 〈◊〉〈◊〉

¶ Fulnes Emtynes.

All wordes that betoken fulnes & emtynes / may ha∣ue after theym a genityf case / or an ablatyf case / as. Maria est plena gratie vel gratia. Tu es vacuus vir tutis vel virtute.

¶ Worthynes vnworthynes

Also nownes that betokeneth worthynes & vnwor∣thynes be of the same strength / as Sū dign{us} laudis vel laude indignus honoris vel honore

¶ Plentefulnes. pouerte.

All nownes that betoken plentefulnes or pouerte be of the same strength as Sū diues auri vel auro. Tu es impotens sanitati vel samtate.

¶ Praysynge. dispraysynge.

Whan there cometh anowne substantyf w^t y^t token of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 genityf case. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of whiche substantyf hath an ad 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Ioyned to hym betokenynge praysynge or dis praysynge / than sette them both in y^t genityf case or ablatyf / whiche is more elegant. And this may be af ter a nowne substantyf / a {pro}nowne demōstratyf & af ter Sū es fui. as Uidi mulierē nigre faciei. vel nigra facie. Sū elegātis forme. vel eleganti forma.

Ille pressorum narium vel pressis naribus est inimi∣cus patris mei.

¶ Similis dissimilis.

These nownes similis and dissimilis may haue after

them a genityf or a datyf / as sum similis tui vel tibi.

¶ Tyme

All nownes y^t betoken tyme may be put indifferētly in the accusatyf or ablatyf case. Except they be y^e no∣miatyf case to the verbe or otherwyse gouerned as in example folowe. Therentius in eunucho. Dies noc∣tes{que} me ames. tercentūvixerat annis. & other whyle in y^e genityf case / as Sū decē & septē anno {rum}.

Length / brede / space.

All wordes y^t betoken Length brede / or space / may be put in y^t ablatyf case Hec virga est decē pedib{us} lon ga Hec scola est trib{us} vinis lata. Distāt Londonie ab Oxonia quinquaginta milibus passuum

And also in the accusatyf. vt Ouidius. Milia qui no∣uies distat ab vrbe decē. Erant eis iacula quaternos longa pedes.

¶ Infinitiuus modus.

The Infinityf mode taken in the neutre gendre & in declynable / may be the noiatyf case to a verbe some tyme sette alone some tyme Ioyned w^t other wordes and so may some tyme a hole sentence as in the exā∣ples. It is good to rede / what is good / to rede. This Infinityf mode to rede is nomiatyf case to this ver be is / as Legere est bonū. It is holsome to ete lyttell Pauxillum comedere est salubre.

¶ Endynges of gerundyues

¶ How many endynges of gerūdyues ben there? as many as be of particyples of the last future tens. & so they be declyned in all cases & all nombres as ntō Amandus da. dum

¶ Dyfference of Gerundiues & Particyples

¶ What dyfference is bytwene Gerundiues & parti∣ciples. Gerundiues betoken necessyte and dede with out tyme. And participles betoken tyme without ne cessyte or dede.

Examples of Gerūdiues. Tenet me occupatio iuris dicendi. Tenet me cura dotis numerande.

Examples of Participles. Cras legēdos esse ais Na∣sonem et Uirgilium. anglice. To morowe thou sayst that Uirgyll & Ouide shall be redde.

¶ How many Gerundiues be moost in vse / thre / whi the thre. Di. do. dū. How shall they be occupyed / thus as it foloweth.

De gerundiuo in Di.

¶ What soeuer the englysshe of the Infinityf mode cometh after ony of these nownes. Tempus causa. locus. libertas. ius. volūtas. ars licentia. modus. oci∣um / & ony other nownes that betokeneth accident / whiche nowne hathe his gouernynge of some other worde. I may put the genytyf in di in the stede of y^e Infinityf mode / as it is tyme to praye / tēpus est orā di. I haue cause to wepe. Habeo causam flendi.

¶ And whan soeuer I muste speke by a relatyfe. I shall occupye the gerūdyf in di / as hic dies attullit ini¦cium dicendi que vellē. Non autē dicēdorum corum que vellem.

Also a gerundyf in di may gouerne after hym a ge∣nityf case plurell. Plautus in cap̄. scdo.

Noīandi tibi isto{rum} erit magis {quam} edēdicopia.

Participles & many adiectiues that come of verbes

be enioyned as well to the gerundyf in di as to the in finityf mode / as Timens nauigare & nauigandi. do ctus cantare & cantandi. cupiens. peritus. promptus consuetus & similia. Timidus. cupidus. auidus habe re & habendi. et similia.

¶ De gerundiuo in do.

¶ Whan the englysshe of the inifinityf mode cometh after a verbe that betokeneth prayenge or besechȳge it shall be put in a gerundyf in Do. w^t this p̄posicyon de. before hym. Or els I may take the cōiunctyf mo∣de / as Oro te de scribēdo michi latinitatē. Et oro scri bas vel vt scribas michi latinitatē.

Also whan the englysshe of a particyple of the presen tens with this englysshe sygne of / afore hym cometh after a nowne adiectyf it may be put in a gerundyf in do. with this preposicyon in. or de. vel sine preposi∣tione si placet / as I am wery of syttynge. Fessus sū sedendo vel de sedendo

¶ Also whan I haue the englysshe of a particyple of the presentens with this preposicyon. In. afore hym ioyned with no substātyf / the sayd englysshe may be put in a gerūdyue in do. with this preposicyon In or without si placet. as scolers in takynge hede growe to connynge. Scolastici aduertendo vel in aduerten do euadunt docti.

¶ Also may haue a gerundyf in do. after ony of these vi. preposicyons A. ab. abs. De. E Ex. as in these ex∣amples & in all other lyke Plinius posterior. Sermo nibus dies trāsiebat quū a scribendo vacaret. Cicero Ex quo ardescit siue amore siue amicicia. vtrun{que} em̄

dictū est ab amando. Itē ab edendo factus est satur Itē tu quid cogites detranseundo in epy{rum} scire sane velini. Ediscendo 〈◊〉〈◊〉 cōmodi capio. Ex defendēdo {quam} accusando 〈◊〉〈◊〉 gloria comparatur.

Also I may haue a gerundyf in do. without a prepo∣sicyon whan I haue these englysshe wordes / whan whyles / or aslonge Ioyned with a passyf significa∣cyon / as aslonge as mȳde is occupyed / it is encressed as all other thynges. Memoria excolendo sicut alia oia augentur. Excolēdo. i. dū colitur. Urit femina. vi∣dendo. i. quū videtur.

¶ De gerundiuo in Dum.

¶ Whan the englysshe of the infinityf mode cometh after a reason & telleth the cause of the reason it may be put in the gerūdyfin dū. with this preposicyon ad before hym / as I am come to lerne grāmer Uenio ad discendum grammaticā.

Also I may haue a gerūdyf in dū with these preposi cyons In. ob propter. or ante. as in the exāples & all other lyke / as Uado in capiendū hostem vel ad si pla cet. Ego venio ob te. vel {pro}pter te redimēdū. Uirgili{us} Nā{que} ante domandū ingentes tollent animos

Also I may haue a gerūdyfin dū. with this preposi∣cyon Inter / whan soeuer I haue one of these englys she wordes / whan / whyles / or aslonge / put before a coniunctyf mode / as whyles thou playest / thou forge test moche thynge Inter ludendum multa de discis Uirgili{us}. Age tytire & inter agendū occursare capro∣cornu ferit ille caueto.

¶ Whan the englysshe of y^e infinityf mode foloweth

this englysshe it is / it may be put in a gerūdyf in dū. with this verbe est. sette impersonally / & that that se∣meth to be the noīatyf shalbe the datyf / as the kyn∣ge it is to fyght. Regi pugnandū est.

Also whā I haue this englysshe must / where as it set meth to be made by this verbe Oportet. it may be ma de lyke wyse / as I must nedes coste goo to towne.

Michi eundū est oppidū.

After all suche verbes that betoken callyge she wȳ∣ge / mouynge / or rest. I shall euermore haue a gerun∣dyf in dū. & neuer the Infinityf mode / as Uocaui te ad currendū nō currere. Surgo ad audiendū nō au∣dire. Sto ad predandū nō predari.

But these verbes folowynge the Inifinityf / & not y^t gerūdyf / as Iubeo te amare non ad arandū cogito timeo edificare nō ad edificanū Some be indifferent to bothe / as hortor te studere & ad studendū. Flagitor paratus sum aptus. idoneus militare & ad militādū But suche for the moost parte wyll haue the gerūdyf and leue the Infinityf mode.

The getūdyf is knowen fro the particyple in dus by that that it betokeneth the doynge of a thynge with∣out ony respect of the tyme / as Sum occupatus in docendo pueros. or in docendis pueris.

¶ The particyple in dus betokeneth a thȳge to be do ne in tyme to come / as Chremes est exorādus a me. By twene In docendo pueros & In docēdis pueris is this difference y^t in docendo pueros. is of the actyf significacyon & may be expowned eyther by y^t now∣ne verbale in to. or by the present subiunctyf and / vt

Occupatus sum in docendo pueros or in doctiōe pu ero{rum}. or vt doceā pueros. In docēdis pueris is of the passyf and passyfly expowned / as Occupatus sum in docēdis pueris. for vt doceantur.

And generally all gerundyues be actyfly expowned excepte they stande absolutely / as Utri{que} videndo id est dum videatur illustria ad cognoscendū hoc est vt cognoscantur.

¶ The gerundyfin do hath these preposicōns In or De. as In or De transeūdo in epy{rum}. with E. & Ex A or Ab. as Ex discedendo. Ab audiendo. with cum. as Cum loquendo.

¶ De supinis

Whan y^t englysshe of y^e Infinityf mode cometh after a verbe or a particyple betokenynge mouynge or go ynge to a place it shal be put ī y^e fyrst supyne / as I go to huntynge. Ego vado venatū. Also I may haue y^t fyrst supyue after all suche verbes y^t betokē pryue mo uynge / as Do. cōcedo admitto. recipto & many other lyke / as Do filiā nuptū. Cōcedo. edes venū. Admitto te spectatum. Conceduntur edes venū admittuntur spectatum. Also I may haue the latter supyne after all nownes of y^t neutre gendre y^t be of the compara∣tyf & superlatyf degre / as quo qd magis abhoīabile eo turpi{us} dictu. Et 〈◊〉〈◊〉 magis est aliqd studiosū tāto dignius honoratu. Optimū factu qd scit nescio. Dig 〈◊〉〈◊〉 intellectu est illud opus.

Also I may haue y^e latter supyne after all these now nes adiectyues in all gendres & nombres. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Dign{us} turpis. rarus. iocundus. absurdus. seuer{us}. seu{us}. obse∣uus.

superbus. austerus. clarus. dutus & all other ly∣ke significacyon as Naso dign{us} lectu. Pes digna vi su. Pecus dignum amatu.

¶ Also it is to be noted that supynes may in no wy∣se be Ioyned with adiectyues in conformyte of case gendre & nombre. Nor they may not be gouerned of no preposicōn. Also they haue no case / but alwaye be verbes. Also they be not gouerned of verbes / nor of particyples / but of adiectyues / vt miserabilis visu id est vt videatur. Also they be of affinyte with the In finityf mode.

¶ De Infinitiuo modo.

whan two verbes come togyder withoute a relatyf or a coniūction comȳge bytwene them / y^e latterverbe shall be the infinityf mode / as Uolo legere. cupio do∣ceri. And one infinityf mode may cause an other ver∣be to be the Infinityf mode / as dico me nō posse ve∣nire. Therētius ait se videre te cupere

Suche adiectyues Dignus. indignus. iocūdus. letus tristis. be enioyned better to the infinitys mode than to the gerundyf / vt tu es dignus habere opes tu es di gnus honorari. tu es letus me bene valere. tues let{us} me honorari.

Moreouer where soeuer I take the Inifinityf mode of the presentens / & p̄ter{per}fytens of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 signifi¦cacyon / there may take the latter supyne of the same verbe / as tues dignus honorari vel honoratu. sed nō versa vice.

Also whan soeuer I take the fyrste supyne / there I may take the neutre gendre substantyuate with this

more made with one of these two wordes Esse or fu∣isse & y^t particyple in tus w^t cōformyte of case gendre & nombre betwixt the particyple & the casuell worde that gooth before the infinityf mode / as Uir 〈◊〉〈◊〉 amatus fuisse. Uirgo amata fuisse. Caput amatū fu∣isse. Uiri amati fuisse. Uirgines amate fuisse. Capita amata fuisse. Et similiter de esse.

¶ De circūlocutione futuri temporis actiui significationis modi Infinitiui

The circūlocucōn of the future tens of y^t actyf voyce of the forsayd mode is made with this Infinityf mo de Ire. & the particyple in tus or in sus. or w^t this In finityf mode esse / & the particyple in rus. with confor myte of case gendre & nombre betwixt the particyple and the casuall worde. Also the sayd future tens beto keneth tyme / mouynge / and bodely dede / as Uolo te amatū ire vel amaturum esse. Amatam ire vel ama∣turam esse me. &c.

¶ De circumlo cutione futuri temporis passi ue significationis antedicti modi

The circūlocucyon of the future tens of the possyf si∣gnificacyon is euermore made with this Infinityf mode iri. & the particyple in tus or in sus. or els with this infinityf mode esse. & the particyple in dus with conformyte of case gendre & nombre betwixt the par ticyple & the casuall worde / as Intelligo. scto credo. video. opinor. existimo. peccatū meū patefaciendum esse vel patefactū iri. Negligentiā meā patefaciendā esse vel patefactū iri. &c.

¶ Saue it is to be noted that the particyple in tus or

in sus / with all circunlocucyons of the future tens of the actyf sygnifycacyon / betokeneth tyme present at hande / vs Uideo te accusatum ire me. id est nunc. an glice I se the now thou doost accuse me.

Also the particyple in Rus with all circunlocucyons of the future tens of the actyf significacyon betoke∣neth vacertayne tyme withoutende / as nunc video te accusaturū esse me. anglice now I se y^u wylte ones accuse me. i. post hac tempore incerto.

But all circūlocucyons of the future of the passyf sig nificacyon betokeneth bothe tyme & dede present & to come indyfferently / as video me accusatū iri abs te. i. video te vel accusatū ire me vel accusaturum esse me &c. anglice I se I am accused of the now or elles I se I shall be accused of the here after

¶ Exulo. Uapulo. Ueneo. 〈◊〉〈◊〉

¶ Whan soeuer I am compelled to make a latyn by one of these foure verbes. Exulo. Uapulo. Ueneo / & Liceo. that thynge that dothe the dede shall be the ab latyf with a preposicyon and the sufferer shall be the nominatyf case as the kynge hath banysshed many a traytour. A rege multi traditores exulauerunt. The mayster beteth scolers. A preceptore vapulant disci∣puli. The fysshers selle theyr 〈◊〉〈◊〉 dere. A piscariis pisces care 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Thou doost apprayse thy seruaunt A te tuus seruus licet.

¶ Nubo

This verbe Nubo bis. hath euermore the nominatyf case of the woman / and a datyf of the man in all co∣moȳ speches / as my brother hath wedded thy syster

Fratri meo nupsit soror tua. I shall wedde thy mo∣der. Michi nubet mater tua.

¶ De hoc vulgari signo At.

¶ Whan soeuer there cometh a propre name of a pla ce or to wne after this englysshe sygne at it shall be put in the genityf case / soo that it be in the synguler nombre & the fyrst declenson or the seconde / as I ler ne grammer at Oxford Disco grāmaticā. Oxonie. I dwelled a whyle at yorke. Ego manebam aliquan dius Eboraci.

But & yf the forsayd propre name be y^e thyrde declen son or the plurell nombre it shall be put in the ablatyf casc withoute a preposicyon / as Thou wast borne at Chartage. Tu eras Chartagine natus Thou 〈◊〉〈◊〉 studye at Achencs. Studuisti Athenis.

Moreouer I may take an accusatyf case or els an ab lacyf of y^t forlayd nownes w^t a preposicyon of a con∣uenyent significacyon / as maneo apud Chartaginē. & so of all other lyke / as sum apud Londonias

¶ De hoc vulgari signo To.

Whan soeuer I haue a propre name of a place after this 〈◊〉〈◊〉 sygne To / it may be put in the accusa∣tyf case with a preposicyon or without indifferently∣whatnombre or declenson soeuer he be / as Eo Oxo∣niam vel ad oxoniā. Londonias vel ad Londonias. Chartaginē vel ad chartaginē

¶ De hoc vulgari signo fro.

W soeuer ther come a propre name of a place af∣ter this englysshe sygne fro / it shall be put in the ab∣latyf case w^t a preposicyon or without indifferently /

what nombre or declenson soeuer he be / as venio oxo nia vel ab Oxonia Londoniis vel a londoniis. Char∣tagine vel a chartagine

These rules be alwaye true excepte the propre name of towne or place be compowned / for than I must euermore an accusatyf case or an ablatyf with a pre∣posicyon of a cōuenient significacyon. as Eo ad san ctum Iacobū. Fui apud terrā sanctā. Uenio a san∣cto Iacobo vel a terra sancta

¶ 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Domus. Humus. Militia.

These. iiii. nownes rus. domus. hum{us}. & militia. folo weth the ruler of the sayd {pro}pre names of places / as maneo ruti venio rure. vado rus. sū 〈◊〉〈◊〉. eo domū. proficiscor domo &c.

Of the same gouernaūce we fynde Belli. duelli. & ma ny other indiuers auctours / the whiche euerychone be aduerbes alwaye without they be Ioyned to the sayd preposicyons vt supra.

¶ Penitet tedet piget miseret pudet

These. v. verbes impersonales Penitet. anglice to be sory or to repente. Tedet & piget. anglice to be wery or to haue no lust. Miseret. anglice to haue pyte or mercy / or to be sory for fauour. Pudet. anglice to be asshamed gouerne an accusatyf case in the stede of y^t nominatyf / & a genityf of the thynge that we be so∣ry for / or haue pyte of / wery or asshamed of / as I re∣pent me for my lewdenes. Me penitet mei maleficii. Tedet aīam meam vite mee. I am sory for thy losse Me miseret tue calamitatis. Nos pudet nostrorum 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Te pigeat immensi laboris.

¶ Iuuat. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Decet. Oportet. Latet.

These. v. verbes impersonelles. Iuuat & dilecta. an glice to delyte or haue pleasure. Decet & oportet. an∣glice to must / or to be bounde / & Latet. anglice to wo tenere / or to can not tell / haue also euermore an accu satyf case of that that semeth to be the nominatyf / as me iuuat vel dilectat ludere. Te decet vel oportet au scultare p̄ceptori. Nos latet doct{us} ne es an stolidus.

¶ Interest. Refert est

These. iii. verbes impersonelles. Interest refert & est anglice to be profitable or accordynge hath euermore a genytyf case of the worde that semeth to be the no∣minatyf / as Fratris mei interest amare me.

¶ Out of this rule be excepte the. v. pronownes pri∣matyues. Ego. tu. sui. Nos & vos / & this nowne inter rogatyf. Quis. in stede of whome I shall take the ab latyf case feminyne gendre and synguler nombre of theyr possessyues. That is to saye. Mea. tua. sua. no∣stra. vestra. & cuia / as Mea interest discere. iua inter∣reat docere. Sua interfuit audire. Nostra interfue∣rat canere. Uestra intererit monuisse. who is boun∣de to tell the trouth / but he that knoweth all the ma∣ter. Cuia interest enarrare veritatem nisi suo qui no∣uit om nem rem.

¶ Also whan I haue ony suche englysshe. It is my offyce / my duty / or my parte. It longeth for. It beho ued. It is good reason or accordynge / or ony suche o ther y^e encludeth duty. I may conueniently occupye one of these. v. verbes. Decet. Oportet. Interest. Re fert. or est. with the foresayd gouernaūce of case.

¶ All these verbes in these verses folowȳge may ha∣ue a datyf case of the persone y^t the dede longeth to / as Michi licet ludere. Thou carest not whether I ly ue or deye. Tibi nō vacat: moriar ne an viuā.

Uersus

Heclibet at{que} licet liquet et patet accidit at{que} Congruit euenit attinet expedit & licet adde Pertinet incūbit vacat & sedet addito constat Conuenit et prestat contingit iunge satisfit Sufficit ad ternos cū competit aduoco casus.

¶ All verbes im{per}sonalles of y^e passyf voyce gouerne before them an ablatyf with a p̄posicyon / els a datyf of y^e person that doth the dede / as a me vel mihi ama tur. & after them an accusatyf or an ablatyf w^t a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 posicyon / but neuer without / as a me itur in antiquā siluā. a me auditur a me statur in foro

Saue otherwyle they may haue after them suche ca ses as hath the verbes y^t they be dyryued of / as a me seruit̄ tibi interdictū est tibi aqua & igni.

Euermore before the Infinityf mode of a verbe im personall of the passyf voyce I must expresse the ab∣latyf case with a preposicōn of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 / as volo a me 〈◊〉〈◊〉. idest bolo amare. volo a me 〈◊〉〈◊〉. idest. volo seruire.

¶ Benefit. malefit satisfit

¶ These verbes Benefit malefit. & satisfit wyll haue before them an ablatyf with a preposicyon of y^e doer 〈◊〉〈◊〉 after them a datyf case of the sufferer as a me be nefit tibi.

¶ Whan soeuer there cometh ony of these. vi. sygnes

am art is / was / were / or be / before a verbe neutre 〈◊◊〉〈◊◊〉 bodely 〈◊〉〈◊〉. I may euermore take y^e preter{per}fytens of the Indicatyf mode or some other that is formed of hym as the vulgare doth requyre. And than y^e p̄terperfytens of y^e indicatyf mode stan∣deth besyde his owne strength / both for y^t presentens & the p̄terimperfytens. And so he & al tenses formed out of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 haue the passyf significacyon / as my may∣ster is come. Preceptor meus venit. My felowes be gone / Mei condiscipuli abierunt

¶ How many particyples come of a verbe imperso∣nal of the passyf voyce? one / whiche one / a particyple of the pretertēs & the neutre gendre onely / as Ntō hoc oppositum. ablatiuo ab hoc opposito. and he hath after hym a datyf case / as michi prius opposito tibi opponetur.

¶ Incipit. desinit. debet. potest. solet. vult

These. vi. verbes Incipit. desinit debet. potest. solet. and vult. Ioyneth to the Infinityf mode of verbes. Impersonalles and wyll haue before them suche ca∣ses as wyll the verbes impersonalles / as me incipit tedere vigilie. michi desinit placere studere. me debet puders maleficii bonos solet penitere flagitii me vult delectare dormire. Els they be alwaye verbes perso∣nalles / & haue before them a nominatyf case / as 〈◊〉〈◊〉 legere. &c.

¶ Pono fero

These. ii. verbes actyues Pono & Fero compowned with pre or ante be thus englysshed / to telle more 〈◊〉〈◊〉 / to sette more by / to loue better / to haue leuer / 〈◊〉〈◊〉

haue after them an accusatyf of the thynge that we make moost of and a datyf of the thȳge that we ma∣ke lest of / as Prepono virtutem vitus. Iam 〈◊〉〈◊〉 prepones catoni Prefero panem potui. Nescio vtrū 〈◊〉〈◊〉 anteferam.

And of this regiment be all these verbes with many other suche / as valeo es. prepondero as. presto as. an glice vr prius. as Ingenio vales.

Item otherwhyle with an ablatyf with a preposicōn vt Tullius ad modū valuit in genere dicendi. Ter∣narius numerus preponderat binario.

¶ Postpono

But postpono is of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 construceyon to Ante∣pono. as postpono auditum visui.

¶ Cello. Eo. Cedo.

These. iii. verbes cello eo & cedo. compowned w^t ante pre. or extra. anglice to passe / excede / excelle / or to be better / gouerne afore them a nominatyf case of the thynge that we make moost of / and after theym an accusatyf of the thynge vt supra. as I passe ferre all my bretheren both in wrytynge & redynge. Ego ante cello om̄es fratres meos in scribendo & legendo. Also ablatyf case with this p̄posicyon In. vel sine si placet of the thynge that we compare in / as Thou excedest me in myght as moche as I passe y^t in comynge. Tu antecedis me fortitudine vel in fortitudine tāto 〈◊◊◊〉〈◊◊◊〉 te scientia. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 antecellit alios poe∣tas carmine vel in carmine.

The same strength hath Supero & all other as ver∣bes that hath the forsayd englysshe.

Whan no worde lacketh in a reason to the moost per∣fyte sentence than it is called ful / as ego lego virgiliū And whan ony thynge that is requyred to perfyte sē tence lacketh yf it be vsed to be vnderstonde by the co mon customes of Romayns the reason may be called fygurate / as lego litteras where must nedes be vn∣derstonden ego & that sygne is called Eclypsis.

There be customably vnderstōde in latyn tonge the se / the relatyf w^t euery worde that be rehersed of the reason afore in the same case / gendre / nombre & per∣sone / as the relatyf is / as Lego Uirgiliū qui est poeta where is vnderstonde with qui virgilius / or els mo∣regenerally / as Stude nā ea res proderit.

Oftētyme the worde that the relatyf reherseth is ex∣prest with the relatyf / & vnderstonde afore as Urbē puā statuo vestra est. where is vnderstonde before est this worde Urbs.

Also in answeres comonly the verbe that is in the as kynge / as to this askȳge. Qui est. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 I saye Ego. is vnderstonde sum.

Also ego. tu. meus. tuus. suus as Uerbero filiū. whe∣re is vnderstonde Ego. & after filiū meū. tuū or suum as the mater requyreth

Sum es est. as Bonū dicere. Doctior {quam} ille where is vnderstonde est

Also Ens where soeuer. ii. or mo {pro}pres or appellaty∣ues or one propre an other appellatyf come to gydre in one case & one clause without ony verbe or coniun ctyon bytwene / as Urbē romam. for Urbem entem romam.

Also nownes after superlatyues whan they corde in gendre with the genityf after them / as pulcherrim{us} florum. where is vnderstonde flos

And after partatiues / as alter duo{rum} 〈◊〉〈◊〉. where is vnderstonde homo but els they haue the construc cyon of adiectyues

Also coniūctions of all kyndes moost comonly in pe∣res els not but the spekynge be chaunged in to inter rogacyon or dissimulacōn / as Surge para abs. whe re is to vnderstonde twyes et. & specyally vt before subiunctyues, as Fac mittas. for fac vt. mittas

Also p̄posicyon w^t names of townes / as Uado romā where is vnderstonde ad. Ueni rhoma. where is vn∣derstonde a. Also fui thebis. where is vnderstonde in The whiche spekynge though it be fygurate is more vsed than y^e full. The same fygure also is whan we saye. Fui rome or tarenti. But there is vnderstonde besyde y^t p̄posicyon In locus vrbs or oppidū.

And lyke as in these y^e fygurate is more vsed than y^e full / so it is in Statur Currit̄. where is vnderstoude Statio & cursus. And in all suche / as Pluit. tonat. fulminat. is vnderstonde Deus. & in these fyue ver∣bes Miseret. tedet. penitet. piget. and Pudet. as ofte as they haue not an Infinityf w^t them is vnderston∣de one of theyr owne nownes. miseratio. penitentia. pudor to the whiche nownes alwaye perteyneth the genityf y^e foloweth these wordes / as Penitet me tui. for penitentia tui penitet or efficit me. the accusatyf is Ioyned to y^e verbe as an actyf.

¶ Somtyme. ii. or more lyke clauses be closed togy

der w^t one worde synguler / the whiche is vnderston∣de in euery clause / & sette out in one / as Cicero Uirgi lius Homerus scripsit. & of this spekynge the fygure is called zeugina.

¶ But of dyuers clauses none lyke other in gendre / nombre or persone be closed with one worde / than is the fygure Sylepsis / & the worde y^t closeth is wonte to agre with the last / as Uir & mulier magna ad me 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Hic 〈◊〉〈◊〉 arma hic currus fuit.

But yf the worde that closeth be plurell than it must agre in gendre and persone with the chyef / as Ego & vxor amati sumus. iu the whiche is sylepsis in person & gendre / but not in nombre.

To this fygure may be reduced suche construccyons Urbem quam statuo. & fabulas quas fecisset &c.

¶ Whan. ii. or more thynges be generally compared in one worde and afterwarde specyally sette out / as Aquile volauerunt vna ab oriente alia ab occidente. than is the fygure Prolepsis &c.

Cetera planius & plenius disces ex Sulpitio