¶ Of the History of Man, the vij. Booke: of the makyng of the hart, and of the Instrumentes mi∣nistryng to his function: commonly called, The Vitall or Spirituall partes.
BEfore you all whosoeuer you are (most atten∣tiue Readers) I fréely protest, that hetherto my penne hath not wauered in the doubtfull balaunce of ambiguitie, but passed the playne pathe of truth, guided by the footesteppes of my forerunners: till now at length, beyng come to a place somewhat ascendyng (as they that will attayne to the scope of their desire, must not refuse the hill with the dale) I finde the steppes of some willingly yeldyng to so te∣dious a iourney: others, with senses vnappal∣led, to haue plowed a path directly ouer the moūtaine: here I see one willingly walking a contrary way: and there an other, praysing their endeuours, but protestyng him selfe onely to haue light in the nearest way. So that here, no maruell, though I should stand amased, and as one plunged in the depth of contrary streames.
For Galen, Vesalius & diuers others, as touchyng ye instrumentes that restore* the ayrie substaunce, whiche continually waste, and refreshe the innated heate, are contented to affirme, that, of the ayre drawen in by the lunges, part is recei∣ued by the surcles and braunches of the veniall Arterie, and there hence, beyng prepared by the elaboration of the lunges, is by the same vessell caryed into the left ventricle of the hart, where, metyng with the bloud lately strayned through the hedge betwene the ij. ventricles, it doth together by the workyng of the hart, ordaine that famous composition, the vitall spirite.
Contrariwise Realdus Collumbus sayth, that the bloud, sent from the right* ventricle of the hart, by the arteriall Ueyne, into the lunges, there takyng the mixture of ayre, is drawne, by the veniall arterie, into the left ventricle of the hart, whereas, beyng almost made before, it is now perfected vitall spirite.
Albeit I am not ignoraunt, how lately, both these assertions are denyed: Leo∣nardus*Botallus prouyng that bloud is brought into the left Uentricle an other way, that is, by a propper Ueyne that is found somewhat aboue the coronall Ueyne, neare adioyning to the right auricle, thence with direct tract marchyng to the left: which contrarietie notwithstandyng (lest I should séeme to confound the History of the vital members:) I haue thought good to describe the partes af∣ter the best approued, and that in such wise, as there shall appeare therein great perspicuitie, and likehode of truth. Yet not that I meane to reiect Botallus, although he hath neither distinctly set downe the deriuation of that Ueyne, nei∣ther apertly the insertion therof, but because the labour of him shalbe lesse, that endeuoureth, alone, to stoppe the runnyng streame, accomptyng any duety none (right curteous Reader) in describing the partes, to haue forewarned thée of this late inuention.
To the which description that I may briefly come, I will omit further circū∣staūces: onely to do away obscuritie, I meane, that the whole be not maymed, by wantyng part, it behoueth to begyn at the pannicle coueryng the ribbes, & thence to the other partes, conteined within the capacitie of the brest.
THe coate therefore or Membran to all the ribbes (beside the xij. on ech side** occupyed with the implantation of the midreif) and to the whole brest bone Page [unnumbered] vnderreached, and coueryng the bodyes of the Vertebres of the brest, and the vp, per part of the midreif, towardes the ampiitude of the brest, is named in Latin Succingens, and commonly called Pleara,
In the posteriour part it toucheth along from the first Vertebre of the brest, downe to the xj. out of which region, consisteth that part of the midreif, that trans∣mitteth the great arterie, but in the forepart, it des•…udeth from the cannell bone, to the lower part of the brest bone, whereto the midreif groweth. In the sides a∣gayne, from the first ribbe, to the vpper face of the midreif, which respecteth the cauitie of the brest, thus clothyng it, and also the whole amplitude of the brest.
This coate, like as the cauitie of the brest, in figure varieth very much. For in* the vpper part, accordyng to the brest, it is streit ended as it were poynted, in the lower part broader then aboue, but in the sides of the brest broader then in the inferiour part. Moreuer in the fore part it is much shorter then behynd, by reason of the obliquely situation of the midreif. It toucheth from the poynte of the brest bone, to the xi. Vertebre of the brest. Also in the fore part, and in the sides, out∣wardly, euen like to the brest it selfe, it is in figure 〈◊〉, or bounched forth: but in the posteriour part, longwise, as it were to the amplifyeng, and enlargyng therof, it obtaineth an inward impression, after the order of Peritonaeum. For the bodyes of the Vertebres are apparaunt, or prominent into the cauitie of the brest, like as the rootes of the ribbes, which are somewhat 〈◊〉 backwardes fro•… the bodyes of the Vertebres, vntill, forthwith procéedyng towardes the anteri∣our partes, they are downwardes obliquate. This Membran inwardly is (for the most part) smooth, and as with a watry humor, ouernoynted. Besides, where it reacheth forth certaine Membranous Processes, by which it either yeldeth out other Membrans, or gathereth some peculiar body vnto it.
Sometyme there is found, although very seldome, a harder kinde of fat in the inside of this coate, no otherwise then to Peritonaeum, and that especially, where* it is nearer to the Vertebres, and where the chiefest veynes therof are guided.
Moreouer here, and there, on both sides, it putteth forth Membranous Fibres* to the lunges, whereby the lunges are thereto very fast knit. And to the inuolu∣cre of the hart, where the same coate couereth the midreif, in great scope, is con∣tinuated, & tyed. But the outside of this Membran, which groweth euery where to the partes adiacent, is rough, and vnequall, after the maner of Membrans con∣nected and tyed together.
It is perforated as oft as the midreif, since it couereth it, that is to say, twise,* not thrée tymes, as Vesalius would: once for the descense of the stomach or vpper* Orifice of the •…entricle, and the second tyme for the ascense of Vena caua: but in* déede the great Arterie, runnyng close by the body of the Vertebres, cannot per∣forate the same, but is rather crossed ouer therewith, or to be playne, the midreif rather s•…meth to giue backe to the side thereof. Under the Cannell bone, it is* not pearsed with a large and continuall hole, but the vessels which créepe vnto it thether, it containeth with very many holes, and groweth vnto them. Here like∣wise it transmitteth the braunches of Uena caua, and Arteria magna, as also the stomach, rough Arterie, the Nerues of the vj. payre of sinewes of the brayne, and the Nerues to the midreif. Last of all, in the hinder part, it is perforated, after the longitude therof, and that on both sides, with an orderly consert of Ueynes, and Arteries, entryng forth, that way, to the spaces of the ribbes.
This coate is in substaunce Membranous, to wit, hard, thinne, equall, and* somewhat, in strength, surmountyng Peritonaeum. And like as Peritonaeum, so also the substaūce of this Membran, is, at the backe, harder, then neare the brest. For the begynning therof, is taken from the Ligamentes, which bynde together,* the bodyes of the Vertebres: vpon those, I say, it chiefly doth depend. But it is Page 90 not simple, although Uesalius espyed not the contrary, but double: I meane not* the right side, and the left, but that euery where this •…bran Pleura, is two* fold, or double, or simply two Membrans, the one interne, the other externe, be∣twene which Ueynes, Arteries, and Nerues do slyde: all which are caryed be∣twene* the spaces of the ribbes. Whence it happeneth, that, there, many tymes, springeth inflamation, with much tension, and prickyng dolour, called the Pleu∣risie.*Collumbus iudgeth the cause of this duplication the deepe dexteritie of Na∣ture,* that so, the outer might defend the inner Membran (then which nothyng is more sensible) from the rigour of the ribbes, which should haue bene pro•…ered, al∣way, through the perpetuall motion of the lunges.
Beside this succingent coate, the ribbes haue to them, one peculiar, which is* no other, then the Membran commō almost to all bones, called (in that it coue∣reth the bone) of the Greekes Periosteō. But Pleura, in that it bewrappeth what* soeuer is conteined within the concauitie of the brest, doth, like Peritonaeum, lend coates to all the partes conteined, firmely thereby knittyng euery organ to other. Last of all, it so propperly prepareth way to the Nerues of Septum trans∣uersum, as that it deduceth them, hid as it were in a scaberth, to it. This, for the* vse therof, in that it clotheth, defendeth, and strengthneth the inner partes, is cal∣led a coate: but as touchyng the substaunce, a Membran.
This Membran, or rather these Membrans, creep•…th downeward after the** sides of Sternon, towardes the Spine, the right among thē selues beyng distaunt from the left: and beyng so fastened to the same spine, do deuide the brest into ij. cauities, and the lunges into two partes: neither that rashly, but that, one side* beyng hurt, the other (notwithstandyng) might escape frée, and serue to natures vse, & retaine at the least halfe their action. This reduplicatiō (as we may call it)* of Pleura, is in this place, called Mediastinum, because it midmeasureth the brest, beyng led from the toppe of the brest, to the bottome, or lowest part. Betwene*Mediastinum, that is, this double Pleura, deuidyng the brest into two, some matter may be gathered, which, Sternon beyng perforated, may be drawne out, by a diligent Chirurgian, and in Anathomicall practise expert.
WIthin the vpper part of the brest, where the veynes and arteries are deui∣ded, appeareth a certaine Glandulous part, called Thimus, which in Cal∣ues,* and such others creatures, is most pleasaunt to be eaten. I suppose we call it the swéete bread.
About the middest of Aesophagus, are two litle Glandules, placed there of na∣ture* to 〈◊〉, and moysten that passage.
THere is a certaine coate, common to the inside of the nostrels, to the palate,* and to the toung, and it séemeth to be a portion of Dura mater, or the hard* Membran of the brayne, which, after it is crept forth of the Scull, is amplified, made thicker, and almost fleshy: wherewith when as the whole palate within, and the mouth is clothed, as the furthest part, or extremitie of the palate, it be∣commeth double, and somewhat lengthned, constituteth a round, long, and litle thicke pen•…, called by diuers names: as Vna, Vuula, Columella, Gargareon.
The office of it is to deteyne the humiditie fallyng from the brayne, neither [ 1] that in vayne, but beyng there holden, to moysten those partes, whose motions* are perpetuall.
Neither doth it meanly auayle to the vtterauuce of voyce, and pronounciatiō, [ 2] as apparauntly we are taught, by the example of such, as long haue laboured in* the Spanish dissease, to the vtter ruine and vastation of this part: how afterward (I say) they speake rather after the maner of crowes, then men.
A thyrd vtilitie also hath this same Gargarion, and that is, lest the dust, which [ 3] s•…yme meeteth vs at vnwares, our mouthes beyng open, should infeste and Page [unnumbered] trouble the rough arterie, whiche this rather incercepteth by the way. •…eynes,* into the middest therof, it re•…ueth from those bra•…ches, sent to the coate of the palate, but, with Nerues, doth participate litle. It is euident also, that, to what* persons this Gargareon is wantyng, to such, the cold ayre is much more gre•…us then to other men as testifieth Gal. Lib. 11. de vs partium.
ON both sides of the iawes are two Glandules: one on the right side of Gar∣gareon,* and the other on the left: and they haue to name Paris•…miae: ton∣sillae,*amigdala, fauces: these also (beyng of Glandulous substaunce) were made to the receiuyng of the humiditie of the brayne, & therfore were they placed thus in the iawes (called of the Grecians Pharynx, of the Latins Fauces) to minister vnto* them moysture. But the iawe is conteined within these borders, the foundation of the head, and palate, the anteriour bodyes of the Vertebtes of the necke, in which place, sundry, and many organs appeare: as the toppe of Trac•…ea Arteria called Larinx, the bone called Hyoïdes, and his Muscles, the roote of the toūg & his Muscles, the vj. payre of sinewes, ye inner veynes called Iugulares, the arteries Ca∣rwtides, Gargareon, the neither iawe, and a portion of his Muscle•…, the Pr•…cesses Styloïdes, and the stomach or Aesophagus. Therfore these same Glandules, beyng vsed in so strete a place, are, from the elders, called Parisihimiae.
Enwrapped they are in the same Membran, wherewith we haue sayd the* mouth and palate to be clothed: which, further descendyng, runneth to Aesopha∣gus, constitutyng his interiour coate: as also the inner clothyng of the Uentricle, and intrels: and yet more downward, behind the toung, inuesteth the Epiglotte, Larinx, and the rough arterie, euen to the extreme partes of his braūches disper∣sed throughout the lunges. But the outside of this rough arterie is shrouded vn∣der the succingent Membrā, called Pleura. And thus much, beyng exactly wayed, is sufficient for these partes.
THe lunges are sited in the brest, wherof the greater part they occupy, beyng* bound to the bodyes of Vertebres, to the hart, and to the rough arterie: into two partes this agayne is deuided, a right and a left: wherefore some infer that* there be two lunges. The figure of it outwardly is round, inwardly hollow: & ** that necessarily, since so it beho•…d it to yeld vnto the hart, and Pericardion. But besides that diuision, this instrument, the lunges, is deuided (to the end it might* both be more agile, and easie to moue, as also, more aptly to embrace the hart) in∣to foure lobes, not into fiue, as in beastes Galen approued. Which diuersitie is* thought to happē, because in them the liuer is much distaunt frō the hart. Wher∣fore* when the hollow Ueyne, so long way from the Vertebres, is distaunced, it required a boulster, wherewith to be vnderlayd: so that prudent Nature then willed, that the lunges, in beastes, should by one lobe, surmount the same instru∣ment in the body of mā: which lobe, in those creatures, is strewed vnder the hol∣low Ueyne: but it is hollow, as Galen most excellently hath sayd, because it gi∣ueth place to the roundnes of the hollow veyne. But since that in man, betwene the hart, and liuer, onely the midreiflyeth, there was no néede at all of the v. lobe.
The substaunce of the lunges is rare, light, and porie, as a sponge, in colour* somewhat red, which kynde of substaunce the elders haue named Parenchyma. i.*A•…usio. It is inuolued of the Membran pleura, lately described, beyng there very* porie. Through this instrument, the lunges, these vessels are disseminated: so wit, the rough arterie, the veniall arterie, and the arteriall Ueyne.
The rough arterie is caried in through the longitude of the necke, in the fore [ 1] * part vnder Larinx, consisting of gristelly ringes, but not perfect ringes (as in the History of Cartilages appeareth, where the rough arterie is at large described)* which deuidyng into a right & left first, and those, by litle and litle, into many o∣thers, is wasted, in braunches, to the extreme partes of the lunges. The office & Page 91 seruice which it oweth to nature, is to carie ayre, both in, and out: and from the vpper partes procéedyng, goeth downe to the lower.
The veniall arterie, from beneath, is caryed almost straight vpward, beying [ 2] first also deuided into a right, and left part, then diuers wayes ra•…ed, and ap∣prochyng* to the braunches of the rough arterie.
The same likewise doth the arteriall veyne. Thus these thrée vessels are em∣braced [ 3] * of a substaunce rare, light, and porie, thus beyng the lunges •…dred.
Whose vse is, as the Anathomistes rightly write, for the coolyng, and refrige∣ration* of the hart: this effect beyng wrought, by the bringyng of cold ayre vnto it. And who likewise knoweth not, that the same both serueth to inspiration, ex∣piration, and voyce.
All which offices, of right appertainyng to the lunges, I cā proue by the testi∣mony* of euery Anathomist: since herein, as with one co•…sent, they accord & 〈◊〉 together: but seuerally Collumbus addeth one of great effect, and nothyng touched heretofore of any other. For it is (sayth he) the preparation, yea almost the gene∣ratiō of vitall spirites, which after are perfected in the hart. That is to say, the in∣spired ayre it receiueth, through the mo•…th, & nostreles, it beyng brought, by the* conueiance of the rough arterie through the substaūce of the lunges: the which in∣strumēt ceasseth not to mixe the same ayre, with that bloud, which is brought vn∣to it, by the arteriall veyne, from the right ventricle of the hart. For this same ar∣teriall* veyne, besides that it bringeth bloud, for nourishment, is so large, as that it may serue for other vse also. And this bloud by styrring, through the continuall mouyng of the lunges, is made thinne, and together with the ayre mixed, which thus, by the same refraction, and beatyng together, is prepared: so that, the ayre, & bloud, together mixed, are receiued by the braunches of the veniall Arterie, & at length, by the trunke of the same veyne, sent into the left ventricle of the hart:* but so wel mixed, and attenuated together, as that to the hart, small labour at all is left: after which small elaboratiō, the hart (as it were) laying to the last hād, to the makyng of the vitall spirites, that, by meanes of the great arterie, they might be distributed to all the partes of the body it was most requisite.
The which •…w assertion, or late inuention of Collumbus, because it was like to be much spurned at, and by all meanes possible (especially of those that had sworne them selues to the decrées of Galen, and Vesalius) confuted, and reiected:* the same Auth•…ur hath (as it were) entreated vs willyngly to contemplate, first, the magnitude and largenes of the lunges, which without vitall bloud could not endure, when as there is not the least particle in all the body that is destitute therof. But if this vitall bloud be not begotten in the lunges: from what part might it thether haue bene seut, but from the great arterie: and thence (sayth he) not one braunch, great, nor litle, is conuayed to the lunges. For to this purpose, as touching the veniall arterie, or arteriall veyne, he demaundeth how, by them, vitall bloud should be brought vnto the lūges, whilest nether of them doth beate: but serue for other speciall offices, as shortly more largely shall appeare.
There are litle small Nerues, which touch onely the coate of the lunges, but* pearse not within: which maketh that the lunges are with very small sense en∣dewed: notwithstandyng that it is a member greatly néedefull, and so necessary. The coate wherof, since it is porie, no maruel that in time of ye Pleurisie, & infla∣mation of the lunges, it receiue bloud into it, which spettle outwardly declareth.*
In conclude, the lunges, so needefull to the refreshyng of the hart, nature did not onely deuise, as also, lest it should be serued at any tyme with vnprepared* ayre: but many creatures she would haue breth, for the cause of voyce also, so re∣quisite* to their life and naturall beyng. That therfore, which is giuen out from* the lunges in the tyme of expiration, is the excellent & notable matter of voyce.
Page [unnumbered]THe Membran enuoluyng the whole hart, with his auricles, & begynnynges* of the vessels, like a certaine casket, or case thereto, is called of the Greekes*Pericardion, in Latin Cordis inuolucrum: some Casula cordis, for that it is as a certaine house vnto the hart: the barbarous number, by the addition of one letter pronounce it Capsula. But we will vse here to say the inuolucre of the hart.
The image, or portraiture wherof is very like vnto ye fourme of a Pine nut,* hauyng a round orbiculer foundation, and a blunt poynt.
But the foundation of the hart is not continuall with the inuolucre therof,* but at least pearsed through with v. holcs, whereof two yeld way to the hollow [ 1] Ueyne. That is to say, one, where the same doth perforate the midreif. But the second hole is that, where the same Ueyne, rising vpwardes from the foundation [ 2] of the hart, goeth to the Cannell bone. The thyrd letteth in the veniall arterie. [ 3] The fourth is prepared for the great arterie. And the fift yeldeth way to the arte∣riall [ 4] Ueyne. To the partes of these vessels, distaunt a notable space from the vp∣per [ 5] face of the hart, this inuolucre groweth, after a sort fetchyng his begynnyng from them. The rest of ye inuolucre, transmittyng no vessell, is whole, and côti∣nuall, and euery where alike, saue that from the foundation downwardes (as is sayd) it stretcheth into a blunt poynt, after the fashion of the hart.
The foundation, or scate, is meant to be the toppe, and highest part therof,* which in man, is placed somewhat higher then the body of the fift Vertebre of the brest, yet lyeng not close thereto, but ouer agaynst it.
Besides, this inuolucre, in the progresse or descēse therof, varieth as touchyng* situatiō. For in mā, whose fore part of the brest nature hath made shorter, is 〈◊〉 so crooked, towardes the left side, & agayne forwardes, as that the poynt after a certaine maner reacheth more downward, thē that part of ye brest bone, wher•… to the vpper part of Septū trāsuersum groweth. And againe so much appertaineth to the left side, as that the right part of his poynt scarse attaineth to the middest of the brest. Also to the fore partes the poynt so procéedeth, as that it may touch the left side of the brest bone, and Cartilages coarticulated or knit thereto.
It consisteth of Membranous substaunce, and with the other Membrans ther* fore numbred amōgest the similar partes of the body. For it is enterwouen with no Fibres, but is a simple Membran, euery where thicke, very hard, and consti∣tutyng a concauitie, wherein the hart may both vse his dilatation, and constri∣ction casely. For the hart, in it selfe, containeth no portion growyng thereto, but is distaunt euery where equally from it.*
This cauitie is altogether smooth, wette with a certaine thinne humor, and* destitute of all fatnes. And so is the outer face of this inuoluere, although Aristo∣tle* farre otherwise supposed, affirmyng the inuolucre of the hart to be fat, delu∣ded peraduenture with the intersepient Membrans, which, growyng to this in∣uolucre, are very fat, especially in man. But the exteriour face of this inuolucre, for ye Fibrous knittyngs, as Mēbrans growing together, is rough. To the anteri∣our part of the inuolucre of the hart, whereto those Membrans are not knit, Mē∣branous Fibres, fulfillyng, or supplyeng the roome of these Membrans, do grow. But to the whole posteriour part, the intersepient Membrās are fréely growyng.
All the poynt, and egregious portion of the right side of this inuolucre, grow∣eth* very strongly, and in most ample space, to the sinewy circle of Septum trans∣uersum: whiche thyng in déede is peculiar to man, since in Dogges, Apes, and Swine it is much distaunt from the midreif. Also, in man onely, the anteriour part of the poynt cleaueth to Pleura, with Fibrous knittynges, in that part (I meane on the left side) where the Cartilages of the vj. and vij. ribbes are bound vnto the brest. But that knittyng of the inuolucre is brought to passe among the Membrans that deuide the brest in the middest for no where the inuolucre of the Page 92 hart excéedeth the middest of them, nether in any part toucheth the lunges, but by their interuenture.
Moreouer there are no arteries dispersed in this inuolucre, neither veines, vn∣lesse* it be some small ones, springyng from those whiche are deriued to the inter∣sepient Membrans, as others to Omentum. For when it transmitteth Vena 〈◊〉, it boroweth of it scarse any thing: but where it groweth to the midreif, it chalen∣geth* to it the vessels cōmonto the midreif. Nerues also it purchaceth, though ve∣ry obscure, procéedyng from those, out of which there current nerues do braūch. Thus this Membranous inuolucre, beyng as a fine boxe or case vnto the hart, su∣steineth the same, by the ayde and benefite of the intersepient Membrans.
In the space or distaunce conteined betwene this inuolucre Pericardion, and* the hart, a certaine watrie humor is conteined, lest the hart by perpetuall mo∣uynges might be dryed: whiche although Matheus Curtius doubted to be true,* the truth notwithstandyng, both in dead, and liuing bodies doth testifie it selfe.
THe hart, within this inuolucre closed, beyng the fountaine of vitall heate,* and perfector of vitall spirites, after they are laboured in the lunges, as be∣fore is touched, is also the originall roote of all Arteries, but not of Nerues, nei∣ther Ueynes, as fondly some haue fabled.
THe figure of the hart is not much vnlike the pine nutte (but somewhat de∣pressed) [ 1] that is to say, hauyng a broader foundation, but endyng by litle and** litle, at a poynt somewhat sharper then the pine nutte, & is much more long then thicke. All the exteriour face therof, from the foundation or seate, to the extreme* part of the poynt, is very euen and smooth, growyng to no part at all. Notwith∣standyng the braunches of the coronall Ueyne, runnyng from the seate to the poynt of the hart, with the fellowshyp of their Arteries, which swellyng with bloud do cause a litle inequalitie, but not much, because ye greatest portiō of their bodyes, is impressed within the substaunce of the hart: so likewise doth the fat, wherewith mans hart aboundeth, enduce some inequalitie: but the foundation of the hart for the goyng forth of the vessels, is euery where vnequall. For to the right side therof, the right auricle, together with Vena caua, & the arteriall veyne, is committed. But it hath on the left side the left auricle, and besides the veniall arterie, the begynnyng of the great arterie. Of which more at large hereafter.
THe hart, although it was of sapient nature situated in the brest, yet not in the [ 2] middest of the body, for the centre is onely occupyed of the nauell: nor in the** middest of the brest, as Aristotle supposed and the common people at this day do* thinke. For onely the seate of the hart, which, since it is the originall of the ves∣sels, is supposed the most noble part, exactly obtaineth the middest of the right and left side of the brest: both beholdyng the anteriour, & posteriour partes. For so farre it is distaunt from the brest bone, as it is in space from the bodyes of the Vertebres. Of the longitude of the brest, which is constituted of xij. ribbes, it re∣specteth the body of the fift Verteb•…e. But in the anteriour region of the brest, which is ended by the longitude of the brest Bone, it obtaineth truly the middest, beyng so much remoued from the Cannell bone, as distaunt from that part of the brest bone, whereto the midreif is inserted. And thus in his seate, this noble part is safely situated, beyng much remoued frō the iniuries which outwardly might happen. From which part, the rest of the body of the hart, by litle and litle, is so reached forth towardes the anteriour partes, and into the left side, as that the po∣steriour part of his point, bendeth more to the brest, and forwardes, then the cen∣tre or •…ddest of the foūdation: and the right part of the poynt beyng more to the left side, thē the middest of the same seate, excéedeth the middest of the brest bone, into the left side, and the centre or pricke of the poynt respecteth the Cartilages of the vj. or vij. ribbes on the lest side, where they are bound vnto the brest bone. Page [unnumbered] Furthermore it lyeth so apt for the embracing of the lobes of the lung•…s, as most readely the vessels might, from the one, to the other be conuayed.
THe chief substaunce of the hart doth consist of flesh not altogether so red as the [ 3] * flesh of the Muscles, but in hardnes, thicknes, & interwearyng of Fibres, much varyeng from it. For the flesh of the hart is much harder, and thicker, to beare* out, iniuries farre more able, (for so it was expedient consideryng his motion) and finally, with diuers kyndes of most strōg Fibres endewed: whereas the flesh* of Museles is not so firme, but contented with foure Fibres, that is for the most part one kynde, and those more strewyngly set, accordyng to their required actiō,* as in the history of Muscles: whence the errour of those is detected, who soeuer* they are, that affirme the hart to be of Musculous substaunce.
THrée sortes therfore of Fibres are cōteined in ye flesh of the hart, that is to say, [ 4] * straight, oblique, and transuerse. The straight we call those, which from the* foundation, are caried to the poynt of the hart. Those transuerse, which, in crosse or compassing wise, goe about the hart, and those oblique, that choose their course* more slopewise then the others.*
The flesh of the hart auayleth to the principall functions therof, which especi∣ally* consist in the makyng of vitall spirite, or in makyng perfect the same, after the labour of the lunges, as Collumbus assureth vs.
The Fibres serue to an other function: for by them, the hart, whilest the crea∣ture* liueth, is dilated, and contrahed, and somewhiles resteth betwene contractiō and dilation. Moreouer they serue to the mouyng of the hart, which is naturall,* and nothyng subiect to our will, as thus: the straight for attraction, the trásuerse* for expulsion, and the oblique for retention. And these motiōs of the hart are cal∣led Diastole, and Sistole: and Diastole, when the hart in his dilatation receiueth in** of spirite, like as Sistole is, when the hart by constriction putteth forth the same.
THe seate of the hart is compassed round about, which the Ueyne called Coro∣nalis, [ 5] that so the hart might be nourished by his bloud, to the which Ueyne al∣so** is ioyned in felowship, the arterie called Coronalis, which is yet to describe, and which sometyme are ij. to the end that by meanes and helpe therof, the substaūce* of vitall heat might be quickned. Wherefore (sayth Collumbus) some man may doubt, yea, & by the premisses, frame a sufficient argument to proue, that the vi∣tall spirites are not begottē in the hart, but in the lunges. Albeit he referreth the case to the more sapient Philosophers to discufse. And so it shalbe sufficient, here, truly to describe the partes of the body, how they are, & to what vse created, least I meddle ouer farre in such misteries.
To the seate moreouer of the hart, is offred a litle Nerue, procéedyng from the* left sinew of the v•…. payre from the brayne, whereas it constituteth the left recur∣rent Nerue. For this pearsing through the seate of the hart, his inuolucre, and reached forth to the left side and posteriour part of the arteriall Ueyne, créepeth* very obscurely into the foundation of the hart, and that onely for the féelyng of annoyaunces.
THe coate that groweth closse vnto the substaūce of the hart, is altogether aun∣swerable [ 6] * to that Membran, whiche fo firmely groweth to the bellyes of the Muscles, I meane that most thinne Membran, which from the substaunce of the*Muscles may not be plucked. Upon which coate, in mā chiefly, groweth plenty of hard fat, but that most commōly, about the seate of the hart: though sometyme it be effused euen downe to the poynt of the hart, by the sides of the Ueynes, and Arteries sprinckled about the body therof. Which fat was for the continuall mo∣uyng* of the hart very necessary. For to that end, we finde fatnes also in very ma∣ny* partes of the body, and chiefly about the eyes, and •…ēporall Muscles, least they should be dryed by labour.
Page 93BEside fatnes, the hart hath litle eares or auricles. For so the authors of disse∣ctions, [ 7] * do call those two Appendaūces, growyng to the seate of the hart. They* are called by the name of eares, not for their vse, nor any action, but for 〈◊〉 sake, which they obtaine, in situation, like vnto the proper eares.
The right eare is set to the right side of the seate of the hart, coueryng all the [ 1] * fore part of the insertion of Vena caua, after his longitude, and with his poynt de∣partyng from the body of the Ueyne, rayseth it selfe vpwardes, somewhat higher then the seate of the hart.
The figure of this auricle is like a poynted stéeple pillour or other buildyng,* whose brodest part is the bottome, and thēce the nearer to the top, the narrower. For so it begynneth, but at a lōg fashioned foūdation, & goeth forth into a sharpe, albeit not very sharpe, nor long. The exteriour face of the auricle varieth, accor∣dyng to the fulnes, or emptines therof. For whē in the constriction of the hart, it swelleth, being filled, then it is Gibbous, euery where equall, & as with a wa•…rie humor annoynted. But beyng fallen, and emptied, appeareth wrinkled, and set with foldes. Sometymes also, though very seldome, it chaunceth, that the out∣side of the distended auricle appeareth vnequall, but that is through fatnes then, that groweth vpō it. The inside or interiour Superfice of the eare, 〈◊〉 a cauitie, is wholly aunswerable to the same side of the Uentricles of the hart. For like as that, where the vessels are inserted & educed, is smooth, but 〈◊〉 where els rough and full of caues: euen so that eare, where it groweth to the insertion of the hollow Ueyne, is smooth, but in all the other rowme beside, so full of Fibrous foldynges, as that it surmounteth the ventricle of the hart, in inequalitie.
The substaūce of the auricle is litle, but that very hard and skinny flesh, wher∣in* it much differeth from the hart, but in that it conteineth the thrée sortes of Fi∣bres,* it is therein aunswerable to the flesh of the hart.
The settyng to of the auricle is much after this sort. The left side of his seate,* groweth to the extreme part of the substaunce of the hart, where the anteriour region of the Orifice of the hollow Ueyne consisteth in the right Uentricle of the hart: or more truly, the auricle goeth forth from that same extreme part. But the right side of his seate, groweth to the body of the hollow Ueyne, after the longi∣tude of his insertion into the hart, and in the anteriour part therof, beyng made, as it were, one body with the veyne. The rest of the auricle is frée frō the knit∣tyng to of any part, beyng conteined also within the inuolucre of the hart, though with no Fibrous knittyng committed thereto.
The left auricle of the hart, is in very many poyntes like vnto the right. For [ 2] * it consisteth in the anteriour seate of the rising of the veniall arterie accordyng to the longitude therof. And so from his seate also, ceasseth at his poynt, as is sayd of the other. Which poynt beyng sharper then the poynt of the right auricle, but is reached more toward the left side. Besides, the left in more aged persons, giueth place to halfe the largenes of the right auricle, like as the Orifice of the veniall arterie, is much lesse then the Orifice of the hollow Ueyne.
As touchyng the inside and outside, the auricles are euery where one like an other. Although the exteriour Supersice of the left, is alway more wrinkled and vnequall. In substaunce also they are agreable, but the left is much harder, and in constriction and distention is lesse obedient. And if it be compared to the right auricle, it appeareth féeble and dryed, and on the outside alway, aboundyng more with fat then the right.
In knitting they agrée altogether. For as the right groweth to the right side of the hart & Vena caua, nigh the insertion therof: so in like sort the left in the right side of his seate groweth to the substaunce of the hart where the veniall arterie goeth forth: but on the left side to the same body of the veniall arterie.
Page [unnumbered]In vse notwithstandyng they differ, although very litle. For when as the 〈◊〉* with great force, doth receiue his bloud into the right Uentricle from 〈◊〉, and, as it were in snatchyng wise, doth swallow it, the same Vena caua, not consi∣styng of any strong or arterious body, should greatly haue bene daungered, I meane for breakyng, in that strong attraction of the hart: saue onely that therfore nature created the right auricle of the hart, which beyng obedient to the mouyng of the hart, and full with bloud, should poure forth the same bloud which it con∣teineth, into the right ventricle whē the hart is dilated, and that the same should be, after a sort, rowled into that ventricle to dispence with the force of attraction, and to be to the hart, as a ready hand or storehouse. Aunswerable to which vse is the cuticular construction of the auricle which is light, and to the sufferyng of in∣iuries resistaunt. Hollow it is to conteine the matter, and construct with Fibres, as a thyng subiect to attraction, retention, and expulsion.
Likewise the left auricle of the hart, growyng to the veniall arterie, beareth altogether the like seruice vnto it, and to the left ventricle of the hart, as we haue sayd the right eare to be in vse to the right Uentricle. And so much the lesse is the cauitie of the right eare, by how much the Orifice of the veniall arterie, is nar∣rower then the orifice of Uena caua. In mouyng also, ayre is more ready to folow then bloud, so that for this occasiō also, the left auricle is made lesse thē the right.
THe hart of mā obtaineth within, two notable and large cauities, called of the [ 1] Latins Ventriculi or Sinus, sited after the sides of the hart, one on the right, the other on the left. Wherof the right excéedeth the other in largenes, and both of them in fourme varie much one from an other.
For the right descendyng more downwardes to the poynt of the hart then the [ 2] left, hath his cauitie made like the Moone encreasing. As in the right side, anteri∣our, and posteriour part, like the inside of a halfe circle, there aunsweryng to the exteriour Superfice which is Gibbous. But on the left side of it, it is Gibbous like the outside of a halfe circle, by meanes of the hedge betwene the Uentricles, which as a thyng halfe round, bouncheth into the amplitude of the right Uentri∣cle. And this fourme the right Uentricle of the hart obserueth, from the seate down to the point. No otherwise then as the figure of the hart is made also from his seate narrower.
The left Uentricle also begynneth with a large seate, but by litle and litle be∣commeth [ 3] streter towardes the poynt of the hart, obtaining as touching the whole Superfice, a round cauitie like a Pincapple. For the hedge that is betwene the Uentricles of the hart, on the left side, wherewith it maketh the right of the left Uentricle, is hollow contrary to the other side, which bouncheth into the right Uentricle, and hath equall thickenes and nature with the substaunce of the hart, constitutyng the anteriour and posteriour partes of the left Uentricle. But the whole substaunce of the hart, beside of the hedge of the Uentricles, constitutyng the amplitude of the right Uentricle, is very thinne. But that which effourmeth and compasseth about the left Uentricle, surmounteth much in thicknes the sub∣staunce of the right Uentricle, and is euery where a like thicke, sauyng the seate onely, where for the insertion of the vessels, so much substaunce must needes wāt, as the amplitude of the Orifices do occupy space.
The Superfice or inside of both the Uentricles is very vnequall, and beset as it were with many causes, déepely impressed into the fleshy substaunce. Neither do these consist onely in the sides where the right ventricle respecteth the left, but round about, throughout the whole Superfice of the ventricle: and that not onely in new dissected bodies, but perpetually apparaūt as oft as you lust to behold the hart: neither at any tyme not appearyng in a dryed hart besides this inequalitie, which in the left ventricle is something greater: both of them haue inwardly cer∣taine Page 94 fleshy explantations or Processes, which are round and slender, and ceasse into Membranous Fibres, continuall or ioyned to the lower seate of the Mem∣brans in their borders reposed. These Processes are chiefly discerned fleshy at the poynt, or lower part of the Uentricles, which make to the strength of the Fibres, which they conteyne.
That through the hedge situated betwene these two Uentricles, bloud should* passe, as it were by resudation, from the right into the left Uentricle, almost all Anathomistes hetherto haue affirmed. And that the same in passage also should be made thinner for the more easie generation of vitall spirites. But very wyde they wander, sayth Collumbus. For the bloud through the arteriall Ueyne is ca∣ried to the lunges, whence, beyng attenuated, it is caried by the veniall arterie into the left Uentricle of the hart together with ayre: which no man before his tyme noted, or at least haue left extant.
MOreouer about the seate or foundation of the hart, foure vessels are appa∣raunt: [ 9] * two to the right Uentricle, and two to the left: in the right, the hol∣low Ueyne, and arteriall Ueyne: but in the left, the great arterie Aorta, and the veniall arterie.
Notwithstandyng, estéeme not (as many suppose) that the hollow veyne doth [ 1] spryng from thence: for it goeth not into the hart, as falsely they imagine, but beyng deuided or cleft a sunder in that place, cleaueth onely to the Orifice of the right Uentricle.
The arteriall veyne neither springeth from the hart, but from the liuer. For [ 2] note, if we behold the same whilest the infant as yet is shrouded within the mo∣thers wombe, we shall finde the hollow veyne to be continuall with the arteriall Ueyne. In somuch therfore as it is a Ueyne, it fetcheth the begynnyng from the liuer, but as touchyng that it is arteriall, frō the hart. For of all artcries the hart is the fountaine. It goeth to the lunges to carie bloud for the nourishment of the instrument, and to the end, that the same may be altered for the hart. Sufficient great is this arteriall Ueyne, yea much greater then was néedfull, if the bloud had bene onely to be caried to the lunges, in so small spáce aboue the hart. It is deuided into two trunkes or notable braunches, both to the right, and to the left lunges: thence forth into sundry braunches, as before is sayd in the lunges.
The arterie named Aorta, which of all other arteries is the mother, sprin∣geth from the left Uentricle of the hart, and riseth vpward.
But before we prosecute the description of this arterie, it séemeth méete to [ 3] speake of the veniall arterie, set to the left ventricle of the hart it is called an ar∣terie, in that it serueth to spirites and arteriall bloud: but a veyne, because it hath the body or substaūce of a veyne. It is a vessel sufficient large, which also through the lunges is deuided like the arteriall veyne.
The opinion of other Anathomistes is, that the vse of these diuisions of this vessell into the lunges, is to cary vnto the lunges the altered ayre, which are as a fanwynde to the hart, to coole the same: they supposing also that then the lunges do receiue certaine I know not what fumes frō the left ventricle. And this inuē∣tion doth meruailously delight them: because they imagine that in the hart sure∣ly the like is accustomed to be done as in chimneyes: as though in the hart were gréene stickes, which whilest they burne, do make a smoke or fume. Thus much Collumbus writeth accordyng to the sentence of other Anathomistes. But he him selfe iudgeth cleane an other way: as thus, that this veniall arterie is made to cary from the lunges, bloud mixt with ayre, into the left Uentricle of the hart. Which thyng (sayth he) is as true, as that which is most true: not onely beyng apparant to euery inspection of dissected bodyes, but manifest also in quicke dif∣fections of creatures, how full of bloud this Ueyne is alway founde: which could Page [unnumbered] not be so, if it had bene made onely for ayre and vapours.
It is to be noted that in the Orifices of the iiij. vessels, at the seate of the hart, xi. Membrās do stand, called Trisulcae or iij. edged that is to say iii. to Vena caua,〈◊〉. to the arteriall veyne, iij. to the arterie Aorta, & ii. to the veniall arterie: which are not all in figure alike. For those which are put to the hollow veyne, & veniall arterie, are diuerse in fourme from the Membrans of the great arterie, and arte∣riall veyne. For the Membrans of these, are like iij. of those letters which the Latins call C: but the others are like arrowes. The vse of these is meruailous: and by their meanes, we learne and perceiue many thynges, that appertaine to the knowledge of the functions both of the hart and lunges. Know therfore, that as they are in figure diuers, so their vtilitie not all a like. The wickettes therfore (for so they may not much vnaptly be termed) of the hollow veyne and veniall arterie, are sited from within forth, as seruyng to the emission of bloud: but the wickettes of the other ii. vessels, contrariwise, from without forth, or inward, that so they might séeme vnto vs to be made, for the conteining of included bloud. This also note, that those litle wickets, which from within forth are opened, a∣bound here and there with certaine filmentes or threedes, dispersed through the ventricles, made so to hold and strengthen them. By which filmentes peraduen∣ture Aristotle was deluded, supposing them to be Nerues: so therfore he assig∣ned the hart to be the roote of Nerues, and consequently of féelyng and mouyng. But to returne to the foure vessels: two of them are made to carie into the hart, whilest yt hart is dilated: but the other ii. to beare forth in the time of constriction.
When the hart therfore is dilated, it receiueth bloud from the hollow •…eyne into the right ventricle, as also from the veniall arterie, prepared bloud and spi∣rite into the left ventricle. Therfore those Membrans lye downe and yeld to go∣yng in. For whilest the hart is coarcted, these are shut: left any thyng they haue receiued, should returne or go backe agayne the same wayes: and at the same in∣staunt the Membrans, of the great arterie, and arteriall veyne are opened, and giue way to the goyng forth of the ayerie bloud, which throughout the whole bo∣dy is dispersed, and to the naturall bloud caried forth to the lunges.
The matter therfore is alway so, that when the hart is dilated, the Membrans first mentioned, are opened and the rest shut. So that you shall finde the bloud which is now gone into the right ventricle, not able any more to go backe agayne into the hollow veyne. By which sense we gather that the hart by no meanes is that member wherein bloud is engendred, as Aristotle sayth, when as the bloud is from Vena caua distributed,
This moreouer know for a suretie, that in the hart of man is no bone to be found, although in Oxen, Horses, and such great creatures it may be shewed, but in man no such thyng, except it chaunce, that in very aged persons the like be in∣uented: as in the History of bones I haue protested my selfe once to haue found. Onely a Cartilaginous substaunce at the roote of the great arterie, towardes the arteriall veyne is sene, whiche a Bone in no wise may be called, although Galen him selfe would haue it so: whose sentence partly I haue set forth in the place afore cited.
Suppose this assertiō most approued in Anathomie, that all arteries procéede from the hart, euen as all •…eynes from the liuer, & all Nerues from the brayne.
From the left Uentricle of the hart therefore, springeth that arterie named [ 4] Aorta, of all other arteries in the body the mother. In quantitie it is sufficient large, and in substaunce thicke and white. The cause of the thicknes is first, least the bloud with filled spirite should easely vanishe and wast, and secondly least it in mouyng should be broken. For the Arterie moueth continually, yet not by it selfe but through spirites.
Page 95AFter that Aorta is gone forth from the hart, immediately it bringeth forth [ 10] a small arterie called the coronall, because it compasseth about the seate of the hart, to quicken and refresh his substaunce, in which it is diuersly dissemina∣ted: albeit you haue to note by the way that in some bodyes this coronall arterie is not onely one, but ij. and so Vesalius describeth it: but further ascendyng, it is deuided into ij. trunkes or stockes, one greater, the other lesser: the greater descē∣deth, the lesser ascendeth, that trunke is made the greater which I say doth des∣cend, for that the great portion of the body was to be reuiued therewith.
The trunke ascending putteth forth an arterie from the left side, which is cal∣led [ 11] the Axillaris arteria, which stretcheth forth obliquely towardes the armehole, and sendeth braunches to the superiour ribbes, and goyng forth to the arme cho∣seth his iourney after the inside, to mate himselfe with the inner Basilica, but sen∣dyng a braunche vpwardes, commaundeth others to all those Muscles, which are about the shoulder, the scapple bone, and his cauitie, not faylyng the anteriour partes of the brest, nor the Glandules vnder the armehole.
But the trunke of Arteria axillaris descendeth straight through the inner re∣gion of the shoulder, downe to the boughte of the cubite: and before it passe this part, it giueth out a litle Arterie to accompany the fourth Nerue of the arme, whiche Arterie is among the Muscles distributed, that serue to extend the cu∣bite: but so soone as it hath passed the bought of the cubite, it is deuided into two, sometyme into thrée arteries, yet first it leuyeth litle arteries to those Mus∣c•…es that are in the shoulder and cubite, and one braunche goeth neare to that Ligament that is set betwene Cubitus and Radius, and being gone forth marcheth to the externe Muscles. The remnant foloweth the longitude of the cubite: which after it hath flowed beyond vnder the inner transuerse Ligament of the wrest, in the palme of the hand, it is diuers wayes deuided, and to the extremities of the fingers deuided: but an other braunch tendeth towardes Radius after his condu∣ctyng: and so soone as it is past the mid•…est of the cubite, it ariseth betwene two Muscles: and goeth vnder the skinne by the inner part of Radius. This is that braunch, whose mouyng Phisitions are accustomed to féele, when they lay hold of the wrest, to take counsell at the pulse.
By the way notwithstandyng I wish thée this to note, that in some persons this braunch is diuersly placed, so that to be the same, whiche hetherto we haue spoken of, thou mayest take occasion to doubt, in that it is sometyme caried on yt outside. So that what Phisition soeuer, vnexpert in Anathomie, shall in the accu∣stomed place (chiefly in a sicke body) onely séeke for the pulse, and can not finde it, he will iudge vntruly death to be neare that person, and so prognosticate falsely.
Albeit no man may deny, but that very seldome it is otherwise situated, for in déede for the most part, it doth occupy the inside. This moreouer so soone as it de∣parteth from the wrest, it procéedeth through the outside, to the extremities of the fingers. An other braunch neare to the Ligament is caried.
This trunke afterwardes ascendyng, this Axillaris arteria beyng now disper∣sed, it is cut into ij. arteries called Car•…tidas, or Seporarias, which through the la∣terall* partes of the necke, are straight caried to the seate of the scull, cleauyng to Aspera arteria, & fixed to the inner veynes called Iugulares. But before they enter into the Scull, they send ij. arteries to the face, & beyng deuided vnder the neither iawe, they impart of the smaller sort, to the Muscles of the necke, of the head, of Larinx, of Hyoides, and of the toung. But the two braunches (which are the grea∣ter) caried to the toung, are caried throughout his lōgitude to the extremitie ther∣of, which iourney beyng atchieued, they ascend vnder the eare, and both before & beside the same, are to the temporall Muscles eleuated, so then beyng to the fore∣head, to the skinne of the head, and to the Muscles of the face distributed.
Page [unnumbered]The other arme or bowe therof, which to be caried backwardes we haue affir∣med, is bestowed vpon those i•…. Muscles, which (accordyng to Collumbus inu•…∣tion) are placed in the posteriour part of the head. So is it caried also to the skinne, and Muscles of the head. From the same place, and somewhat higher al∣so two arteries fetch their begynnyng, entryng into the nether iawe, vnder the eare, in at the hole there (if you behold diligently) sited, after the longitude of the iawe: with whiche Arteries a Ueyne and Nerue are ioyned in societie: but then they are dispersed to all the rootes of the nether téeth: a part notwithstāding goeth forth through the hole in the chinne, and marcheth through the lippe. This Arte∣rie*Uesalius forgot, in somuch that he hath made no mention at all therof.
BUt before we fall to the description of those arteries which are conteined in the Scull, certaine others are first to be described, of which a part also is ta∣ken from the Scull.
It is to be noted therfore, that y• right Arteria axillaris doth spryng frō a place* lesse exalted then the left. Moreouer it marcheth not in oblique order as it doth. But the begynnyng of it is frō the right arterie Soporaria, in the regton of the Ca∣nell bone it goeth straight through the armehole vnder the Canell Bone: to the right arme: where it is deuided & marcheth foreward like as doth the left. But from the anteriour part, whence these Soporaria, & Axillaris arteria do spryng, ij. arteries do grow tendyng downwardes, & seno their braunches to the superiour spaces of the ribbes, & to the Vertebres, of which two arteries, Vesalius was igno∣raunt:* also other ij. small arteries do arise, which vnder Sternon are conuerted, & descend, associatyng those two veynes, which tended to the pappes, & to the bor∣ders of the straight Muscles. After their maner therfore are deuided.
Almost in the same region, but backwardes, towardes the bodies of the Verte∣bres, you shall note ij. other arteries, which being caried through y• trāsuerse Pro∣cesses of the Vertebres of the neckes (for to that end nature left them perforated) as also through those holes, out of which the sinewes do procéede, do commaunde their brannches to the Spinall marey and Vertebres, & to those Muscles, that side wayes do serue to bowe the necke: albeit that in some persons these ij. arteries are not from Soporariae, as in the most, but often from the arteries Axillares, pro∣duced. These arteries, which thus we substitute to animall contemplation, be∣twene the head and first Vertebre, do make ingresse into the posteriour part of the Scull: that is to wit, betwene the same Vertebre and the Spinall marey: first ministryng vnto the caue or laberinthe of the eare ij. arteries, which in their ingresse do mingle together. But in such order the right is vnited to the left, as that of both, one for the length of halfe a finger, is made: Into ij. it is afterward deuided: then agayne into many others, and first they reach to Dura and Tenuis meuinx, and then to Cerebellum. By these the begynnyng of the Spinall marey, Cerebellum, and part likewise of the brayne, are reuined and quickned: and if na∣ture had not begotten, these (sayth Collumbus) the posteriour partes of the Scull had wanted arteries.
These ij. arteries, whiche through the transuerse Processes of the Vertebres do arise vpward, betwene the first Vertebre, & the bone of the hinder part of the head, enter into the inner region of the Scull betwene the same Vertebre, & the spinall marey. But after they are entred into the cauitie of the Scull by the lēgth of halfe a finger, they are ioyned together, and of ij. made one onely arterie.
Neuerthelesse they are agayne forthwith deuided, and that into a right and a left, from which, arteries are to the ij. Membrans of the brayne, and to Cerebel∣lum suborned. And further, through the substaunce of these partes, in the vpper part, through the halfe space of the Scull, most large is the distribution of these arteries. The rest of the Scull is reuined by the ramification of the ij. arteries Ca∣rwtides,Page 96 or Soporaria, as shortly shalbe sayd. Which before they penetrate into the Scull, imparte of their power by litle Arteries into the laberinthe of the care. But so soone as this trunke of the Arterie is entred into the Scull, as is before sayd, it dispatcheth forth braunches to the Spinall marey, to the hard and thinne Membran, to the brayne, and Cerebellum.
Of these ij. arteries the true distribution, no man hath knowne before Collum∣bus,* nether did Uesalius inuent it, who, whilest he was practised in the descrip∣tion of the Arteries ascendyng through the transuerse Processes of the Vertebres, was contented to affirme, that they entryng into the Scull, do tend through that camtie of Dura mater, into which the Ueynes Iugulares do enter, but this rather he supposed to sée with his eyes. Wherefore (sayth he) no meruaile, if so much he deuided the description of auncient Anathomistes, as touchyng Rete mirabile: since rather from these Arteries, of whiche he was ignoraunt, then from the Arterie Carwtides, the meruailous net is effourmed: although neither* to Galen these two Arteries haue bene knowne: therefore he sayth Ueynes are caryed through the posteriour partes of the head, and Arteries through the Anteriour.
But these two Arteries whiche we haue described, are vnder the Spinall marey exalted vpwardes, and besides those manifold braunches, whiche are sprinkled throughout the thinne Membran, they passe into the substaunce of the brayne, in that place, whiche is called Cwnarium, or Glandula Pinealis, in the* extremitie of the superiour Uentricles, and there bringeth to passe a large and notable plicature, or weauyng: which (after Collumbus opinion) may worthe∣ly, for the marueilous workemanshyp therof, be called the marueilous nette, whiche is in the posteriour part fastened to Torcular. Into this plicature so no∣table* and worthy admiration, are immitted two Arteries named Caratides, as in their place shall not be omitted. Therfore of foure Arteries this marueilous nette is made, most notable to eche studious Anathomist, both for the dignitie and newnes of the thyng, which before Collumbus was neuer taught or noted.
The Arteries Carwtides, so soone as they are come to the seate of the Scull, they seeme to enter the hole, forth of whiche did passe the vj. payre of sinewes, and whiche doth take in charge the inner Ueynes Iugulares: albeit they arise not vp, nor here do bryng forth two Arteries, as Uesalius affirmeth: who al∣so* would haue them to enter into the cauities of the hard Membran together with the Ueynes Iugulares. But then thou wilt say peraduenture, what do these Arteries vnder the seate of the Scull? They are conuerted to the Anteriour part, and passe through a hole, which lurketh in the tēporall bone neare that, through whiche the sixt coniugation of sinewes descendeth, and they enter among the inner Iugulares: but before they be receiued of the inner part of the Scull, they deliuer forth two Arteries, whose braunches are diuers, to wit, to the palate, to the inside of the nose, to the vpper téeth: others' enter into the Scull by those holes there sited, and lyke a trée through the sides of the hard Membran, toge∣ther with those Ueynes therein conspicuous, are explicated, and therefore is Sincip•…t in that place excaued.
But after that these Arteries haue esfused forth these braūches to the palate, & téeth as is sayd, they rise vp into the Scull through that hole, which is sited be∣twene Sphenoïdos & the temporal bone, in which place a part of the thyrd payre of sinewes descendeth: although Vesalius for the same doth reprehend Galen. But so sooue as they are passed the seate or sell of Sphenoïdes, they minister ij. Arteries to the eyes a long by the opticke sinewes, to shew lyfe vnto the eyes, and not one∣ly lyfe vnto the eyes, but also to the Muscles of the eyes, and to those by which the iawe is opened, I meane the vpper iawe: wherefore you shall finde the Page [unnumbered] diuisions of these large and many.
That whiche remaineth of these Arteries Caralides, ascendeth aboue the a∣foresayd sell coherent with the thinne Membran, and after the callous body to∣ward the posteriour partes, and diuers wayes is sprinkled through the thinne Membran, aboue, within, and to the sides. Also some of their braunches are deduced from the thinne to the hard Membrā, and others from the thinne Mem∣bran to the substaunce of the brayne.
After so many distributions of the Soporiferous Arteries aboue the sell of the* Cuneall bone, they vnderlay the vpper Uentricles of the brayne, immediate∣ly after they haue perforated the thinne Membran, the whiche Uentricles are* anfractuous or full of foldes: and whereas at first they seemed but two, they are seuered into very small ones and those innumerable. There therfore you shall behold a most pleasaunt nette contexed and wouen together of Arteries: the whiche Arteries haue their Ueynes to them ioyned in fellowshyp, and in their endes lyeth the Pineall Glandule. These hath Galen described for the netlyke* foldyng, as though it might represent the Secundine.
Collumbus notwithstandyng boldly affirmeth this (if it be any where at all) to be the marueilous nette: for no where (sayth he) shall you finde such foldes, through foldes, and interweauynges of the least, and innumerable Arteries, els. But Galen did describe the marueilous nette whereof he maketh mention, to be aboue Sphenoïdes, where that Glandule, whiche receiueth euery excre∣ment begotten in the braynes, beyng to that office by Nature dedicated, is re∣sident. But whosoeuer shall seeke the same where Galen hath described it, he shalbe frustrate of his purpose. For nothyng els shall he finde there, but cer∣taine litle Arteries, ministryng lyfe to these partes, and to the bone Sphenoïdes. The same Arteries, which thus constitute the marueilous nette, do send their power through the substaunce of the brayne: whiche thyng of no other Anatho∣mist, saue onely of Collumbus, hath bene written.
And this is the end of the description of the superiour trunke of the great Ar∣terie, without you make accompt of those Arteries to be described, which flow forth to the right superiour ribbes. This by the way is worthy to be noted, that not one Arterie tendeth to the lunges, whereby they might receiue vitall spirites from the hart. And this is a sentence most approued in Anathomie, that (exceptyng the lunges onely) all other partes of mans body are en∣dewed with beatyng Arteries. By whiche reason, Collumbus protesteth suf∣ficient authoritie to what seuere disputer soeuer, shall goe about to proue, that in the hart it selfe are not begotten the vitall spirites. But of this matter is other where sayd.
The greater trunke of the great Arterie called (as we haue often sayd) Aorta, tendyng downewardes, declineth towardes the left side, and is to the body of the Vertebres adherent, whiche to the superiour trunke is not inci∣dent. For that, no otherwise then Vena caua, is distaunt from the Vertebres. This inferiour trunke therefore, whilest it descendeth, out of his hynder part profereth Arteries to the spaces of the ribbes: and these agayne charge others to the Spinall marey, to the Vertebres, and to the Muscles, in the po∣steriour part of the brest sited. But where it commeth downe to Septum trans∣uersum, bringyng forth two a lyke Arteries, whiche are into the same distri∣buted, it passeth vnder the same, and still cleauyng to the body of the Verte∣bres, marcheth downe to the last Vertebre saue one of the loynes. But so soone as it hath passed the midreif, it produceth an Arterie to the liuer, in place whence •…ena parta went forth, as we haue sayd: beyng there distributed. An other spredeth to the vessicle of choler, an other to the splene, an other to the Page 97 Uentricle and Omentum: other litle braunches to the Glandulous body Pan∣creas, and others also to the intestine Colon. Under this an other appeareth, whereof are very many and large diuisions, both through Mesenterium, and to the small guttes: beyng perpetuall mates to many of the Meseraicall veynes.
Moreouer a litle lower it begetteth two Arteries, and those very notable, called the Emulgent Arteries, which enter into the kidneys. Under the Emul∣gent Ueynes, a litle more bendyng downe, it produceth the two seminall Ar∣teries, whiche haue their begynnynges from the body of the great Arterie, but not from the left Emulgent (except in very fewe) as to Galen it séemed. These descendyng, are folded together with the seminall Ueynes downe to the Testi∣cles, both in man, and young mayde, and in women to the body of the matrice, yea to the inner part of the matrice: and from these the vmbellicall Arteries of the infant, take their begynnyng.
Under these seminall Arteries, in the middest of the trunke emergeth an o∣ther Arterie, whiche is caryed to the Mesenterium of the straight gutte, and to part of the intestine Colon, after the left side of Ileon. But the Arteries of the strayght gutte, downe to the extreme part of the fundament, together with the Meseraicall Ueynes of Vena porta, do descend, wherfore there are made both Ueynes & Arteries called Haemorroidales: in the posteriour part out of the same Arterie vnder the midreif, Arteries make egresse to the Vertebres, to the Spi∣nall marey, to the Muscles of the backe, and to the Muscles of the bellye.
But so soone as it is come to the last Vertebre of the loynes but one, and in some bodyes to the last of all, it is first deuided into two and those great braun∣ches, whiche 〈◊〉 the right and the left side, but surmountyng the hollow Ueyne in the region of Os sacrum. These two braunches are subdeuided, and descendyng more, are ramified to the sides of the bleddar, to the necke of the matrice, and to the Muscles resident in the concauitie of Abdomen. Two others likewise passe through the holes sited in Os pubis and Coxendix: from whiche holes, so soone as these Arteries are gone forth of Abdomen, they are sent to the two bodyes of Penis, from the toppe to the lowest part, and them do they passe in braunches: they beyng those Arteries, by whiche erection of the yard is made: whiche thyng neither hath any man noted vnto vs but Collumbus. The remnaunt of these Arteries, is dispersed through those Muscles, whiche are put in the inside of the thighe, but they passe not the knée.
From those Arteries whiche the bleddar receiueth, others also are purchased, whiche beyng brought to the inner part of Os sacrum, through whose holes they tend, both to the same, and to the Spinall marey: but without, to the Muscles seruyng the thighe. Lyke as also from the great diuision of the Arte∣rie, some issue forth, whiche with vitall bloud, do nourishe the Muscles of the thighe, whiche are within the belly situated. But of those Arteries whiche after Os sacrum and Coccix do descend, some together with certaine Ueynes of Vena caua, do flowe to the Muscles called Sphincter: the whiche Arteries, may also be called Hemorroides.
Moreouer out of the great diuision of the great Arterie, two other Arteries spryng, whiche are reflected vpwardes, and passing through Peritonaeum, do ascend vnder the straight Muscles aboue the nauell: and in many braunches are ended among the Muscles of Abdomen.
In this diuision two Arteries, called Vmbelicales, are set downe, whiche are the first Arteries that in the infant are begotten. For after that they make ap∣paraunce from the Nauell: they marche through Peritonaeum, in what place it is double, vnto the sides of the bleddar, and doe begette these Arteries, of whiche somewhat before is sayd. But after the begynnyng of the VmbelicallPage [unnumbered] Arteries, the hart it selfe is begotten: but to returne agayne to the Vmbeli∣call Arteries, for of any such partes I determine not further to speake. These, after our bodyes are brought to light, are dryed vp, and vsurpe the office of two Ligamentes.
But furthermore the two armes of the great trunke, whiche are caried downe into the legges, passe vnder the fift Muscle of the loynes bowyng the thigh, and goyng forth towardes Abdomen aboue Os Ilium, and Pubis, are ioyned in fellowshyp with the inner veynes of this place, whiche marche among the Muscles. And like as those veynes are deuided: so in lyke sorte we sée these Arteries to all the Muscles of the legge, foote, toes, and their extremities, disparcled. Finally, they commend their force by braunches, to the Glan∣dules of the flanke, to the purse of the Testicles, and vnder the skinne to the yard.
Now diligent Reader note, that not the Bones them selues are destitute of Arteries, least so they should lacke vitall warmth also: without which, no part in the body lyueth.
