Foure bookes of husbandry, collected by M. Conradus Heresbachius, counseller to the hygh and mighty prince, the Duke of Cleue: conteyning the whole arte and trade of husbandry, vvith the antiquitie, and commendation thereof. Nevvely Englished, and increased, by Barnabe Googe, Esquire

The seconde Booke, of Gardens, Or∣chardes, and Wooddes. (Book 2)

Thrasybulus. Marius. Iulia.

BEcause of the Aliance betwixt Hearbes, Trees, and Corne, and because their husbandry is al∣most one, it is reason that next to the first booke, written of earable grounde and tyllage, shoulde folowe the description of Orchardes, Gardens, and their fruites. Virgil in wryting of husbandry, left this part vnwritten of: howe be it, diuers others both olde and newe wryters haue not without some diligence written of this part, but yet by snatches (as it were) and not throughly: whose opini∣ons, ioyned with myne owne experience, it seemeth good to me in this booke to declare. And since the vse of Orchardes and Gardens is great and auncient,* 1.1 and that Homer wryteth, howe Laertes the olde man, was woont with his trauayle in his Or∣chardes, to driue from his minde the sorowe he tooke for the ab¦sence of his sonne. And Xenophon reporteth, that king Cyrus, as great a prince as he was, woulde plant with his owne handes, and sette Trees in his Orchardes, in suche order, as it seemed an earthly paradise. Qu. Curtius writeth of Abdolominus, that for his great vertue, of a poore Gardner, came to be king of the Sidonians. And surely, not vnwoorthyly is this part of husbandry esteemed, seeing it doth not alonely bring great pleasure, but also is great∣ly profitable for the maintenaunce of household, and the sparing of charges, ministring to the husband dayly foode and sufficient sustenaunce without cost. For when (as Columella sayth) in the olde time the people liued more temperately, and the poore at more libertie fedde of fleshe and milke, and suche thinges as the ground and foldes yeelded: but in the latter age when ryotte and daintinesse began to come in, and the wealthyer sort to esteeme no fare but costly, and farre fetched, not content with meane dy∣et, but coueting such thinges as were of greatest price, the poore people as not able to beare the charges, were banished from the costlier eates, and driuen to content them selues with the basest

foode. And hereof sprang at the fyrst the planting of Orchardes, and making of Gardens, wherewith the poorest creature that was, might store his Kitchin, and haue his victuals alwayes at hand, the Orchard and Garden seruing for his Shambles, with a great deale more commendable & hurtlesse dyet. Herein were the olde husbandes very careful,* 1.2 and vsed alwayes to iudge, that where they founde the Garden out of order, the wyfe of the house (for vnto her belonged the charge thereof) was no good huswyfe, for they shoulde be forced to haue their victuals from the Sham∣bles or the Market, not making so great account of Colwoortes then, as they doo nowe, condemning them for the charges that were about them. As for fleshe, it was rather lothed then vsed a∣mongst them. Only Orchardes and Gardens did chiefely please them, because the fruites that they yeelde, needed no fyre for the dressing of them, but spared wood, being alwayes of them selues redy dressed, easie of digestion, and nothing burdensome to the stomacke: and some of them seruing also to pouder or preserue withal, as good marchandize at home, as Plinie sayth, not driuing men to seeke Pepper as farre as Indie. Of Lucrin, I the Oysters not regarde, as the Poet sayth. And therefore to make them of more woorthynesse, and that for their common profyte they shoulde not be the lesse regarded, there were diuers noble men of the house of Valerius, that tooke their surnames of Lettuse, and were not ashamed to be named Lettismen.* 1.3 The olde people had in great estimation the Gardens of the daughters of Altas, and of the kinges Adonis, and Alcinoi, of whom Homer so muche spea∣keth, as also the great vaulted Gardens, eyther built by Semiramis, or by Cyrus the king of Assyria. Epicure is reported to be the fyrst that euer deuised Garden in Athens, before his time it was not seene that the pleasures of the Countrey were had in the Citie. Now when Thrasybulus trauayling in the affayres of his Prince, chaunced to come to the house of Marius, and carryed by him into a Garden that he had, whiche was very beautifull, being ledde about among the sweete smelling flowres, and vnder the plea∣saunt Hearbers, what a goodly sight (quoth) Thrasybulus is here? howe excellently haue you garnished this paradise of yours with all kinde of pleasures? Your Parlers, & your banketting houses

both within and without, as all bedecked with pictures of beau∣tifull Flowres and Trees, that you may not onely feede your eyes with the beh••lding of the true and liuely flowre, but also de∣light your selfe with the counterfaite in the middest of Winter, seeing in the one, the painted flowre to contende in beautie with the very flowre: in the other, the woonderfull woorke of nature, and in both, the passing goodnesse of GOD. Moreouer, your pleasaunt Herbers to walke in, whose shaddowes keepe of the heate of the Sunne, and yf it fortune to rayne, the Cloysters are hard by. But specially this little Riuer with most cleare water, encompassing the Garden, dooth woonderfully set it foorth, and here withall the greene and goodly quickset Hedges, in charge∣ble kinde of enclosures, differeth it both from Man and Beast. I speake nothing of the well ordered quarters, whereas the Hearbes and Trees are seuered euery sort in their due place, the Pot hearbes by them selues, the Flowres in an other place, the Trees and the Impes in an other quarter, all in iust square and proportion, with Alleys and Walkes amongst them. Among these goodly sightes, I pray you remember according to your promise (for so the time requireth) to shewe me some part of your great knowledge in Garden matters, syth you haue vppon this condition heard me heretofore garbring, or rather weerying you with the declaiming of my poore skill in the tilling of the Feeld.

MARIVS.

Your memorie is herein a littel to quicke, but what shal I doo? promise must be kept, and since you wyl needes force me, you shall heare me babble as well as I can, of my knowledge in gardning: but not with the like pleasure that I heard you tal∣king, of your grasyng and your ground.

THRA.

Yes truely, with as great pleasure and desire as may be.

MARIVS.

Come on then, let vs here sitte downe in this Her∣ber, and we wyll nowe and then ryse and walke, resting vs as oft as you wyl: in the meane time IVLIA shal make redy our sup∣per. And fyrst, euen as you began with the choosing of a place meete to set your house vpon, so must I with the choise of a Plot meete for a Garden. The ordring of Gardens is diuers, for some are made by the Manour houses, some in the Suburbes, some in

the Citie, where so euer they be, yf the place wyll suffer, they must be made as neare to the house as may be: but so, as they be as farre from the Barnes as you can, for the chaffe or dust blow∣ing into them, and eyther subiect to the Doung heape, whereby it may be made riche, or els in some very good grounde that hath some small Brooke runnyng by it, or yf it haue none suche, some Well or Condite, whereby it may be watred. An excellent plotte for the purpose is that which declineth a little, and hath certaine gutters of water running through diuers partes therof: for Gar∣dens must alwayes be to be easily watred, yf not, with some run∣nyng streame, some Pompe is to be made, or Kettell, Myll, or suche like,* 1.4 as may serue the turne of a naturall streame. Columella would haue you make your searche for water, when the Sunne is in the latter part of Virgo, which is in September before his en∣trance into the Winter Aequinoctial, for then may you best vnder∣stand the strength or goodnesse of the springes, when after the great burnyng heate of the Sommer, the grounde hath a long whyle continued without rayne. If you can not thus haue water, you must make some standing Pond at the vpper part of the ground, that may receyue and conteyne such water as falles from aboue, wherewith ye may water your Garden in the extreame heate of the Sommer: but where neither the nature of the soyle, nor conueiance by Conduite, or Pompe, or running streame is to be had, you haue no other helpe but the rayne water of Winter, which yf you also haue not, then must you delue & lay your Gar∣den three or foure foote deepe: which being so ordered, wyll well be able to abide what so euer droughth doo happen. This is also to be regarded, that in Gardens that are destitute of water, you so order them into seuerall partes, that what part you wyll occupie in Winter, may lye toward the South, and that which shal serue you for Sommer, may lye towardes the North. In a Garden, as in the choyse of Corne grounde, you must looke whether the goodnesse of the ground be not hindered by the vnskilfulnesse of hym that hath occupied it. You must also make choyse of your water, of whiche the best as Plinie sayth) are the coldest, and such as be sweete to drinke: the woorst, that comes from Ponds, or is brought in by trenches, because they bring with them the

seedes of Grasse and Weedes: but the grounde dooth most de∣light in rayne water, which killeth Woormes and baggage that breedes in it: but for some Herbes, salt water is needefull, as the Raddishe, Beete, Rue, Sa••rile, to which, al salt water they say, is a speciall helper, making them both pleasaunt and fruitefull: to all others,* 1.5 sweete water is only to be vsed. And because I haue begunne to entreate of watring, I must geue this note, that the times of watring is not in the heate of the day, but early in the mornyng, and at night, least the water be heated with the sunne: onely Basyl you must water at Noone, the seede something wyl come the sooner vp, yf they be sprinckled at the fyrst with hotte water. You haue here heard, that the fyrst needefull thing for a Garden,* 1.6 is water. The next to that is enclosure, that it be well enclosed both from vnruly folkes and theeues, and likewyse from Beastes: least lying in wayte for your Herbes & your Fruites, they may both bere••ue you of your paynes and your pleasure: for yf eyther they be bitten with Beastes, or to often handeled with Men, it hindereth them both of their growth and seeding: and therefore it is of necessitie to haue the Garden well enclosed. Nowe for enclosures, there are sundry kindes, some making earth in mould doo counterfeite Brickwalles: others make them of lime and stones, some others of stones laide one vpon an other in heapes, casting a ditche for water rounde about them, whiche kinde Palladius forbiddes to followe, because it wyll drawe out the moysture from the Garden, except it be in marrishe grounde. Other make their fence with the seedes and settes of Thorne: some make them of mudde walles couered with strawe or heath, Varro maketh mention of foure kindes of enclosure, the fyrst naturall, the second wylde, the thirde souldierly, the fourth, of Carpenters woorke. The fyrst and naturall is the quickset Hedge, being set of young Thornes, whiche once well growen, regardeth neyther fyre nor other hurt. The seconde is the com∣mon Hedge made of dead wood, wel staked and thicke plasshed, or raylde. The third the Souldiers fortefying, is a deepe Ditch with a rampier: but the Ditche must be so made, as it may re∣ceyue al the water that comes from aboue, or falles into it, wher∣in the vaumure must be so steepe, that it may not easily be climed.

This kinde of fence is to be made, where the ground lyes neare the hie way, or buts vpon the Riuer, of which sort I shal haue oc∣casion to speake more hereafter. The fourth fence made by the Carpenter or by the Mason, is commonly knowen: wherof there is foure sortes, eyther of Stones, or of Brickes, of Turfe and Earth, and little stones framed in moulde. Columella folowyng the auncientest aucthours, preferreth the quickset Hedge before the dead, both because it is lesse chargeable, and also endureth the longer, continuing a long time: which Hedge of young thornes, he teacheth to make in this sort. The place that you determine to enclose,* 1.7 must after y^e beginning of September, when y^e ground hath been wel soked with rayne, be trenched about with two Fur∣rowes, a yard distant one from the other, the deapth and breadth of euery one of them must be two foote, whiche you must suffer to lye emptie al Winter, prouiding in y^e meane time the seedes that you meane to sowe in them, which must be the Berries of sharpe Thornes, Bryers, Holly, & wylde Eglanttine, which y^e Greekes call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉•• Dogge Bryer. The Beries of these you must geather as ripe as you may, and mingle them with the floure or meale of Tares, whiche when it is sprinckled with water, must be put vpon olde ropes of Ships, or any other ropes, the ropes being thus handled and dryed, must be laide vp in some boorded ••••oore. Afterward when Winter is doone, within fourtie dayes after, about the comming of the swallowe, yf there be any water remayning in the F••rrowes, it must be ••et out, and the mellowed earth, whiche was cast out of the Furrowes in the end of Som∣mer, must nowe be cast in againe, till you haue fylled them vp to the midde••t: then must you handsomely vnf••lde the rope, and lay them in length thorowe both the Furrowes, and so couer them, taking good heede that you throwe not to much earth vpon them for hindering the spring: whiche commonly vseth to appeare within thirtie dayes after, & when they be growen to be of some heyght, they must be made to encline to the space betwixt the two Furrowes: in whiche space you must haue a little walled Hedge, to teache the springes of other Furrowes to clime by, whiche wyl be a 〈…〉〈…〉 and a comfort to them. But I haue an other & a more redyer way of making of them, which you fyrst

practisyng in this Countrey,* 1.8 diuers others haue folowed. I also doo make a certayne Ditche, and geathering in the wood the young springes of Thornes, cutting of their toppes, I set them on the bancke of the Ditche, so that they stand halfe a foote out of the grounde, plucking vp al the weedes (specially the fyrst som∣mer) that growe about them, and sucke away the iuyce that com∣fortes the set. The rootes being thus ridde, I couer all the earth about them with strawe, whereby both the dewe of the night is let into the rootes, and the poore plant is defended from the bur∣nyng of the Sunne. The yeere after, I make a little s••lender rayle of powles, wherevnto I leye vp the springes, weauing them in such sort as I wyll haue them to growe, which I yeerely make higher, according to the height that I woulde haue the Hedge to spring. Eyght, or at the vttermost niene foote, is a suffi∣cient heyght, and what so euer spring aboue, must be plasshed of one side or the other, to make the fence the stronger. When I haue thus done, I matte it thicker and thicker euery yeere, filling vp the places where I see it thinne, with suche bowes as I see growe out of order: and thus is it wouen so thicke with yeerely bindinges, that not so muche as a small birde is able to passe tho∣rowe it, nor any man to looke through it. When it is thicke yenough and bigge yenough, the superfluous springes must eue∣ry yeerer be cut. This Hedge can neuer be destroyed, except it be plucked vp by y^e rootes: neither feareth it the hurt of fyre, but wyl growe the better for it. And this is my way of enclosing a Gar∣den, as the pleasantest, most profitable, and of least charges.

THRA.

There is an other way of making of a quicksette Hedge,* 1.9 which our Hedgers in the Countrey doo vse, which is something the stronger. For setting the young settes, as you haue sayde before, when they be growen to some greatnesse, they cut the Thorne neare to the grounde, and being halfe cut and bro∣ken a sunder, they bowe it along the Hedge, and plashe it. From these cuttes spring vp newe plantes, which still as they growe to any highnesse, they cut them, and plashe them againe: so dooing continually, tyll the Hedge be come to his full height. This way the Hedge is made woonderfull strong, that neither Hogge nor other Beast, is able to breake through it: but the other is a great

deale more pleasant to the eye. But yf I haue not settes yenowe to serue, may I make an Impe Garden of their seede?

MARIVS.

Yea very wel. Make your Thorne Garden or store plotte in this sort. Take your Berries or Stones, and min∣gle them with earth, lay them vp for the fyrst yeere in some place meete for them, the next yeere sowe them as thicke as you canne, and ye shall within a little time haue a whole wood of Thornes.

THRA.

You haue nowe spoken of water and enclosure, two principall poyntes in a Garden: it nowe remayneth for you to speake of the ground meete for a Garden, and of the order of dres∣syng of it.

MARIVS.

Of the sundry sortes of ground, and of the dis∣cerning of them, because you in your describing of Corne ground before haue sufficiently spoken, I doo not thinke it needefull for me to repeate it. Againe, it is yenough to me to adde onely this, that the ground ought not to be too riche nor too leane, but fatte and mellowe, which bringeth foorth a small kinde of Grasse lyke heares: such ground requires least labour, the stiffe and the riche ground asketh greater paines about it, but dooth recompence it agayne with his fruitefulnesse. The stiffe, leane, and cold ground, is not to be medled with, as Columella wryteth in appoynting good ground for Gardens.

The ground that geues the ripe and mellowed moulde, And dooth in woorking croomble like the sandes, That of his owne good nature yeeldeth manifolde, Where Walwoort with his purple berrie standes: For neither dooth the ground that still is drye, Content my minde, nor yet the watry soyle, Whereas the Frogge continually dooth crye, Whyle in the stincking Lakes he still dooth moyle. I like the land that of it selfe dooth yeelde, The mightie Elme that branches broade dooth beare, And rounde about with trees bedeckes the feelde, With trees, that wylde beares Apple Plome and Peare. But wyll no Ber••oote breede nor stincking Gumme, Nor Yewe nor Plantes, whence deadly poysons come.

And this much of the Garden ground, which as I sayde, is wa∣tred, or may be watred, and is enclosed eyther with a Wall, a Hedge,* 1.10 or some other safe enclosure. After this, it is needefull it lye well to the Sunne, and warme: for in grounde that is very colde, the warmth of the Sunne wyll not muche auayle it. And contrary, yf it be a hette burnyng Sand, the benefite of the hea∣uens can little helpe it.* 1.11 You must yet looke, that it lye not sub∣iect to ill windes that are drye and ••••••••ching,* 1.12 and bring frostes and mystes. But nowe to the orde••ing of your Garden.* 1.13 Fyrst, you must be sure that the grounde whiche you meane to sowe in the Spring, be well digged in the fall of the leafe, about the ka∣lendes of October: and that whiche you garden in the fall of the leafe, must be digged in May, that eyther by the colde of Win∣ter, or the heate of Sommer, both the clodde may be mellowed, and the rootes of the weedes destroyed, nor muche before this time must you doung it. And when the time of sowing is at hand a fiue dayes before, the weedes must be got out, and the doung layde on, and so often and diligently must it be digged, as the ground may be throughly medled with the mould. Therefore the partes of the Gardens must be so ordered, as that which you meane to sowe in the ende of Sommer, may be digged in the spring: & the part that you wyll sowe in the spring, must be dig∣ged in y^e end of Sommer: so shal both your f••llowes be seasoned by the benefite of the colde and the Sunne.* 1.14 The beddes are to be made narrowe and long, as twelue foote in length, and sixe in breadth, that they may be the easyer weeded: they must lye in wette and watrye ground two foote hie, in drye grounde a foote is sufficient. If your beddes lye so drye, as they wyll suffer no water to tarry vpon them, you must make the spaces betwixt hy∣er, that the water may be forced to lye and auoyde when you wil. Of the kindes and sortes of dounging,* 1.15 being sufficiently entrea∣ted of by you, I wyll say nothing: onely adding this, that the doung of Asses is the best, because it breedeth fewest weedes: the next is Cattels doung, and Sheepes doung, yf it haue lyen a yeere. The grounde as I sayde whiche we meane to sowe in the Spring, we must after the ende of Sommer let lye fallowe, to be seasoned with the frost and the colde: for as the heate of Som∣mer,

so dooth the colde of the Winter bake & season the ground. When Winter is doone, then must we begyn to doung it, and about the fourteenth or fifteenth of Ianuarie, we must digge it agayne, deuiding it into quarters and beddes. Fyrst must the weedes be plucked vp, and turffes of barrayne grounde must be layde in the Alleyes, which being well beaten with Beetles, and so trode vpon, that the Grasse be worne away, so that it scarse ap∣peare, it wyll after spring vp as fyne as littleheare, and yeelde a pleasaunt sight to the eye, which wyll be very beautiful. When you haue seuered your flowres by them selues, your Phisicke hearbes by them selues, and your potte hearbes and sallettes in an other place, the beddes and the borders must be so cast, as the weeders handes may reache to the middest of them, so shall they not neede in their labour to treade vppon the beddes, nor to hurt the hearbes. And this I thinke sufficient for the preparing of your ground before the sowing. Nowe wyl I speake of sowing, and what shalbe sowed in euery season.* 1.16 To speake of all sortes of hearbes and flowres, were an endlesse labour, onely of those that are most needeful, I meane to entreate. And first of hearbes, some are for the potte, some for the sight, some for pleasure and sweete sauour, and some for phisicke. And agayne, some are for Winter, some for Sommer, and some betwixt both. The first time of sowing after Winter, is the moneth of March, April, and May,* 1.17 wherein we vse to sowe Colwoortes, Radishe, Rape, and after Beetes, Lettuse, Sorel, Mustardseede, Corr••ander, Dyll, and Garden Cresses. The second season for sowing, is in the beginnyng of October, wherein they set Beetes, and sowe Smallage in Gellaci and Arreche. The third season, which they call the Sommer season, in some places the Gardners begin in Ianuarie, wherein they set Cucumbers, Gourdes, Spinnache, Basyl, Pursline, and Sauery. Many thinges may be sowed be∣twixt these seasons, and yet doo very well. All Garden hearbes are commonly sowen before the tenth of Iune, suche thinges as you would not haue seede, you may sowe after this time. Some thinges are sowed onely two times a yeere, in the spring, and in the ende of Sommer. Others agayne at sundry tymes, as Let∣tuse, Colwoortes, Rocket, Radishe, Cresses, Corriander, Cher∣uil,

and Dyll. These are sowed about March, or about Septem∣ber, and as Columella sayth, doo come eyther of the seede, or of the slippe: some of the Roote, some of the Stalke, some of the Leafe, some of the Clot, some of the Head, some of both: others of the Barke, others of the Pith: some, both of the seede and the slippe, as Rue, wylde Marierum, and Basyl, this they cutte of, when it comes to be a handfull hye: others growe both of the Seede and the Roote, as Onyons, Garlyke, and suche lyke. And although al thing wyll growe of their seedes, yet this they say, Rue wyll not doo: for it very seeldome springes, therefore they rather set the slippes. These that are set of the Roote, doo commonly last longer, and branche better, putting foorth young slippes from his sides, as the Onyon and Gith. The stalke be∣ing cut, they all doo spring agayne for the most part, except such as haue speciall stalkes, called of Theophrastus 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is, suche as when the stalke is cutte, growe no more: Gasa inter∣prets it Secaulia. The Rape and the Radysh, their leaues being pulled away & couered with earth, doo growe and continue tyll Sommer. The fruites of some is in the earth, some without, and some both within & without, some lye & grow, as the Cucumber and the Gourd, & sometimes hang, though of greater weyght by much then the fruites of Trees: some require stayes & helpes to clime by, as Hoppes, Lupines, & Pease: some seede groweth bet∣ter. The newer they be,* 1.18 as Leekes, Nigella Romana, Cucum∣bers, & Gourdes, & therefore some vse to steepe their Cucumber-seede in Mylke or Water, to cause them to grow the speedelyer. On the other side, of olde seede better groweth the Beete, Gar∣den Cresses, Peniryal, great Marierum, & Corriander. In the Beete this is onely obserued, that the seede commeth not al vp in one yeere, but part the second yeere, & some the third: and there∣fore of a great deale of seede, springeth but a little. Touchyng seede, this is to be well seene to, that they be not to olde and drye, that they be not mingled, or taken one for an other: olde seede in some is of such force, as it chaungeth the nature: for of olde Col∣woort seede springeth the Rape, and likewyse of Rape seede Colwoortes. Also, that ye geather not your seedes to soone nor to late. The very time as Theophrastus wryteth, is at the spring,

the fall of the leafe, and the rysyng of the Dogge: but not in all places and kindes alike.* 1.19 Of Seedes, the soonest that spring are these, Basyl, Arach, Nauen, Rocket, that commeth vp the third day after the sowing, Lettuse the fourth day, the Cucumber and the Gourde, the fyfth day, Parslin longer eare it come, Dyl the fourth day, Cresses, and M••stardseede the fifth day, Beetes in Sommer, the ••ixth day, in Winter, the tenth or the twelfth, Leekes the nienetienth day, sometime y^e twentieth, Corryander later: which if it be new (except it be thrust togeather) it groweth not at all. Peneryall, and great Marierom, come vp after thyrtie dayes. Parsley, of all other the longest before it come vp, appea∣ring the fourtieth day after,* 1.20 or many times the fiftieth. You must also consyder, that the weather in sowyng is of great force: for the season being fayre & warme, they come vp the sooner. Some sortes seede one yeere, and neuer after come vp: some agayne continue, as Persley, Smalledge, Leekes, Nigella, that beyng once sowed, come vp euery yeere. Suche as continue but a yeere, presently vpon their seeding dye: other spring agayne after the losse of their stalke, as Leekes, Nigella, Onyons, and Garlyke: and commonly all suche as put out from the side: and all these require dounging and watring.* 1.21 In sowyng beside, some thinke you must haue regard to the Moone, and to sowe and set in the encrease, and not in the wane. Some agayne thinke it best from that she is foure dayes olde, tyll she be eyghteene: some after the thirde, others from the tenth, tyl the twentieth: and best (as they all suppose) the Moone being aloft, and not sette.

THRA.

But nowe I pray you tell vs something of the or∣dering of the best Garden hearbes you haue.

MARIVS.

Some deuide their gardnyng time by the mo∣nethes, as they doo their other husbandry.

THRA.

I care not whether by monethes, or other wayes, but I would faine knowe the orderyng of your Garden here: for I knowe in hotte Countreys they garden all the Winter long, but I am altogeather for our Countrey, whose order we must here folowe.

MARIVS.

* 1.22In these partes they commonly begyn theyr gardnyng (yf the weather be fayre and seasonable) in the ende of

Februarie. At this time therefore the Garden being dounged, digged, raked, and cleansed, they vse to plant Sperage, and Rue.

THRA.

I pray you begin with Asparagus,* 1.23 or Sperage•• and the other potte hearbes, euery one in his order, and after∣ward with flowres, and Phisicke hearbes.

MARIVS.

Asparagus was woont to growe wylde, but now is brought into the Garden,* 1.24 it is called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 in Italian, Spanishe, and Frenche, it is almost all one, the one calling it Asparago, the other Asperge, the Dutche men call it Sparages and Spiritus, because it comes vp of it selfe: for the Garden Sperage they were not acquainted with. It is planted in two sortes, eyther of the Seede, or the Roote. They take of the Seede as much as you may take vp with three fyngers, and bestowing it in little ho••ls, euery two or three seedes halfe a foote a sunder: they set them in ritche ground in Februarie, and couer the ground with doung. The weedes that growe, must be well plucked away, after the fourtieth day they come vp as it were to one roote, and tangled togeather, the rootes haue sundry long threedes, which they call the Sponge. In ground that is drye, the seedes are to be set deepe, and well tempered with doung. In wette groundes on the other side, they are to be set shallowe in toppe of the borders, lest the moysture destroy them. The fyrst yeere you must breake of the stalkes that growe, for yf you plucke them vp by the rootes, the whole settes wyll folowe, which are to be preserued for two yeere with dounging and weeding. All the yeeres after, you must not geather them in the stalke, but pull them from the roote, that the rootes being opened may the bet∣ter spring, which except you doo, you hurt the spring. Him that you meane to keepe for feede, you must in no wyse meddle with∣all, after, burne vp the busshes, and in Winter doung well the rootes with doung and ashes, they are planted also of the rootes, which after two yeeres you must remooue into a warme and wel dounged grounde. The trenches where you meane to set them, must stand a foote a sunder, and a shaftman in depthe, wherein you must so lay your Sponges (as being couered) they may best growe: bnt in the spring before they come vp, you must loose the earth with a little Forke, to cause them the better to spring, and

to make the rootes the greater. Cato woulde haue you to take them, but so, as you hurt not the rootes, & after to pull the plant from the roote: for yf you otherwyse breake it, the roote wyl dye, and come to nothing. But you may so long croppe it, tyll you see it begin to growe to seede: in which yeere for the Winter tyme, you must according to Catoes minde, couer it with strawe, or such like, least the colde doo kil them, and in the spring open it againe, and doung it well. Some thinke, that the fyrst yeere it is neede∣lesse to doo any thing to the plant, but onely to weede it. From the rootes, which they call the sponges, there springeth fyrst cer∣tayne buddes with crompled knoppes, very good and pleasaunt for sallettes: whiche yf you suffer to growe, it straight bussheth foorth with braunches lyke Fennell, and at length growe to be prickely: after it hath flowred, it beareth a Berrie, fyrst greene, and when it is rype, redde. If you would haue Sallettes of As∣paragus al the yeere through: when you haue geathered the Ber∣ries, open the rootes that runne aloft by the grounde with dyg∣gyng, and you shall haue the rootes send foorth newe buddes out of hand. It is thought, that yf you breake to poulder the horne of a Ramme, and sowe it, watring it well, it wyll come to be good Sperage. In the Spring time they make a very good sallet, be∣ing sodde in water, or fatte broth, tyll they be tender: for yf you seethe them too muche, they wyl waste away. When they be sod, they dresse them with Uineger, Oyle, Pepper, and Salt, and so eate them: or as my freend Wylliam Prat, very skilful in these matters telleth me, they cutte them in small peeces lyke Dyse, and after they haue parboyled them, butter them with sweete but∣ter, a little Uineger and Pepper.

THRA.

You haue very well shewed me the orderyng of Asparagus, I pray you goe forward to Rue.

MARIVS.

Rue, which the Greekes call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Latines Rutam.* 1.25 the Italians Rutache, the Spaniardes Ruda, the Frenchemen Rue de gardin, is planted at the ende of Febru∣arie or in March, prospering best in drye and sunny groundes, it abhorreth both water and doung, whiche all other hearbes most delight in, it most delighteth in asshes: and where all other plantes wyll spring of the seede, this they say wyll neuer doo it.

The branches being slipped of and set in the spring, wyll very well growe, but yf you remooue the olde roote, it dyeth: it de∣lighteth in the shadowe of the Figge tree, and being stolne (as they say) it prospereth the better: it is sowed with cursyng, as Cummin, and diuers other, and can not abide the presence of an vncleane woman.

THRA.

I see goodly Lettuse here, I pray you howe doo you order it?

MARIVS.

Lettuse is called in Dutche Lattich,* 1.26 in Frenche Laictue, in Greek 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Italian Lactuca, and so in Latine, in Spanishe Lechugas, whereof besides the wylde, there are three kindes, one croompled, whiche Columella calleth Caecilia, and Spanishe Lettuse, of the Countreys where it most groweth, and is greatest esteemed, in Dutch called Krauser Lat∣tich, in Frenche Crespue, the other Cabbedge Lettuse, in Dutch Knopf Lattich, in Frenche Laictue testue, of Plinie called Laconi∣ca, and Sessilis, because it groweth round like an head, or a apple. The third sort is called Rotunda, because it groweth in compasse vpon the grounde.

THRA.

But howe come you to haue so good Lettuse, and how doo you order them?

MARIVS.

At the ende of Februarie, or in the beginning of March, we vse to sowe it, that it may be remooued about A∣pril or May. In hotte Countreys as Palladius telleth, they sowe it in Ianuarie or in December, with intent to remooue it in Fe∣bruarie: but you may sowe it at any time of the yeere, so the ground be good, wel dounged, and watred. When you remooue them, the rootes must be pared and rubbed ouer with doung, and such as be already planted, their rootes must be bared and doun∣ged: they loue a good ground, moyst & wel dounged, they spreade the better (yf you set by th••m the Rape) or when they begyn to stalke, the stalke being tenderly clouen, you lay vppon it a clod or a tyleshard: they wyl be white, yf you sprinckle them often with sand, or tye sande within the leaues, and both tender & white you shall haue them. If two dayes before they be geathered theyr toppes be tyed vp, they wyll be rounde and Cabbeged: yf the roote, being remoued when it is growena hand brode in heyght,

be pared and smered with freshe Cowe doung, and earth cast a∣bout it, be well watred, and when it grow••th hye, the top be cut, a po••shard laide vppon it, the sweeter also they wyll be, the more you restrayne the stalke from shooting vp, which must, as I said, be kept downe with some stone or weight, that they may spreade the better. If the Lettuse chaunce by reason of the badnesse of the soyle, the seede, or the season, to waxe hard, the remoouing of it wyll bring it agayne to his tendernesse: it wyll haue sundry and diuers tastes, yf taking a Treddle of Sheepe or Goates doung, and hollowyng it cunnyngly with an Alle or a Bodkyn, you thrust into it the seede of Lettuse, Cresses, Basyl, Rocket, Smallage, Parsley, and Radyshe, and after wrapping it in doung, you put it into very good grounde, and water it well. The Parsley, or Smallage goeth to roote, the others growe in heygth, keeping styl the taste of euery one. Constantine affyrmeth Lettuse to be a moyst and a colde hearbe, a quencher of thyrst, and causer of sleepe, and that being boyld, it nourisheth most, and abateth lecherie, for which the Pithagoreans doo call it Eunuchi∣on. Galen himselfe, the prince of Phisitions dooth greatly com∣mend it, who in his youth dyd alwayes vse to eate it rawe, and after in his elder yeeres boyled, whereby he kept his body in good temperature. Endiue,* 1.27 in Latine Intabum, or Intubus, not vnlike to Lettuse, some call it Garden Succory, the Dutchmen and common sort Endiuiam, the Italians and the French Cico∣riam, the Spaniardes Endibia, it is sowen as other Garden hearbes in March, it loueth moysture and good earth, but you must make your beddes when you sowe it the flatter, least the earth falling away, the rootes be bared: when it hath put foorth foure leaues, you must remooue it vnto well dounged grounde, that whiche is sowen before the kalendes of Iuly, dooth come to seede, but that which is sowen after•• seedeth not. You must sowe that which you would haue to serue you in Winter in October, in warme stonie places for sallets in Winter, they vse at this day when his leaues be out, to fold them vp together & tye them round in the toppe with some small thing, couering them with some little earthen vessell, the rootes still remayning to nourishe them withall: thus dooing, they wyll growe to be white and ten∣der,

and to loose a great part of their bitternesse. It is said, that they wyll be whyte, yf they be sprinckled a fewe dayes abroade, and lying vpon sand, be wasshed with the rayne: and thus is En∣diue with his encrease preserued all Winter. Some there be, that contentyng them selues with lesse charges and labour, doo onely couer them with earth, others agayne with strawe: this order of wintering of it, is nowe in euery place growen to be common.

THRA.

I see also in this pleasaunt Garden Colwoortes,* 1.28 that we Countrey folkes be so well acquainted with.

MARIVS.

Is it meete my Garden shoulde want that, whiche as you knowe Cato preferreth before all other hearbes, in describing the woonderful properties and vses thereof? and this place I onely appoynt for suche common potte hearbes, as Col∣woortes, Bee••es, Endiue, Onyans, Rapes, Nauenes, Leekes, Carrettes, Raddishe, Garleeke, and Parsneppes: the woorthy∣er sort I place by them selues, and as the nature of euery one re∣quireth. Colwoortes is commonly called in Latine Brassica, or Caulis, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Frenche Choux, in Italian Caule, in Spanishe l'erza, in Dutche Koil. The olde wryters made di∣uers sortes of it, as at this day there be. One sort with great and broade leaues, a bigge stalke, and very fruitefull. This sort is commonly knowen, whiche being the pleasaunter in Winter, when it is bitten with the frostes, is sodde with Baken, and vsed in porredge. The tender part of the toppe being a little boyled, is serued for sallettes, dressed with oyle and salt. The second sort with the croombled leafe, of y^t resemblance that it hath to Smal∣lage, is called Selinocis or Apiaria, of the common people cromp∣led Col, or wrinckled Col. The thirde sort whiche is properly called Crambe, hath a smaller stalke and leafe, smoothe, tender, and not very ful of iuyce. The fourth sort is the great Cabbedge, with brode leaues and a great head, called in Dutche Kappes, in Frenche Cheux Cabuz, of the olde wryters Tritiana Brassica, and this kind is only most set by. In Germanie there is one kind of them that they call Lumbardy Colwoort, or Sauoy Col∣woort, sweeter then the other, and not able to endure the Win∣ter: and an other with very brode leaues croompled and full of

wrinckles, but a great de••le blacker, whiche the Italians call Ne••••••caules, and the Latines Nigra Brassica, of the number of th••se that they call commonly redde Col, of the olde wryters Marucina Brassica. There are besides other sortes, takyng their names of they Countrey where they growe, as Aricina and Cu∣mana. The best time for setting and sowyng of Colwoortes, is after the Ides of April. In colde and raynie Countreys, the oft∣ner it is dounged and raked, the better a great deale wyl the Col∣woortes be: some vse to sowe them about the Kalends of March, but then the cheefest of it goeth out in leafe, and when it is once cut, maketh no good stalke for the Winter after: yet may you twyse remooue your greatest Col, and if you so doo, you shal haue both more seede•• and greater yeelde: for it so aboundeth with seede, as it is sowed with no lesse aduauntage then Rape seede. For the making of oyle, Colwoortes may be sowen all the yeere long, but chiefly in March after it is sowed, it appeareth within ten dayes, except your seedes be olde and drye, for olde seede wyl growe to Rapes, as olde Rape seede wyl to Colwoortes. Some say it prospereth best in salt ground, & therfore they vse to cast vp∣on the ground Saltpeter or Ashes, which also destroyeth the Ca∣terpiller: it is remooued in Iune, chiefely when it hath put foorth sire leaues, and that when the weather is rayny, so that you couer the roote before with a little freshe doung, and wrappe it in sea∣weede, and so set it. More diligence is to be vsed about the Cab∣bedge: it must be sowen in March in the full of the Moone, that it may remayne in the grounde two Moones, and in May you must take them vp, and set them agayne two foote asunder. The ground must be well digged where you set them, and as fast as they growe, the earth must be raysed about them, so that there appeare no more then the very toppes of them: for to cause them to growe sayre and great: you must as oft as you remooue them, banke them vp with earth about them, that nothing but y^e leaues appeare. And this you must often doo to all the kindes of them, the hoare frostes make them haue the greater sweetenesse. The Uineyardes (they say) where Colwoortes growe, doo yeelde the wo••••ser Uines, and the Col corrupteth the wine.

THRA.

I pray you proceede with y^e rest of these pot hearbes.

MARIVS.

You see hereby Spinage,* 1.29 so tearmed (as you knowe) of the prickly seedes, called in Latine Spinacia, and euen so in Italian, Spanishe, Frenche, and Datche: it is sow∣en as those before, in March, Apryll, and so tyll September: yf it may be well watred, it commeth vp in seuen dayes after the sowing, you shall not neede to remooue it. The seede must presently after the sowing be couered, and afterward well wee∣ded: it refuseth no kinde of grounde, but prospereth in euery place, you must often cut it, for it continually groweth, it is to be boyled without any water, where in the boyling it doth yeeld great store of iuyce, and contenting it selfe with his owne lic∣quour, it requireth none other. Afterwarde, being beaten and stirred with the ladell, tyll the clamminesse be gone, it is made vp in little balles, the iuyce strayned out and boyled vppon a Chafyndishe with Ole or Butter, some adde therevnto Uergi∣us, or the iuyce of soure Grapes, to make the taste more tarte. I shewe you in order as you see, all my Kitchin hearbes, nowe followeth Sorel,* 1.30 called in Latine Acetosa, in Italian likewyse, in Spanishe Romaza, in Frenche Oxella, in Dutch Surick, of the sowrer therof. There are sundry sortes of it, we haue at this day two kinde, the Garden Sorel and the wylde, whiche are pleasant both in broth and sallettes, and of this hearbe the wyld sortes are both sowrer in taste, and smaller in leafe: it is sowed as all other potte hearbes are, and it groweth of it selfe in Med∣dowes and Gardens.* 1.31 Cummin and Corriander require well ordered ground, they are sowed in the Spring, and must be wel weeded. Cummin is called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine Cu∣minum, and almost like in all other languages: it is sowed best (as they thinke) with curfyng and execration, that it may pros∣per the better. Corriander called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine Coriandrum, and in almost by the same name in al other tongues, dooth best prosper when it is sowed of seede that is ol∣dest. Smalledge and Parsley called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,* 1.32 and also Petro••elinon, in Latine Apium, Petroselinum, and Api∣um hortense, in Italian Apio domestico, and Petrosello, in Spa∣nishe Petersillie or Peterlin, it is sowed at the Aequinoctiall in the Spring time, the seede beaten a little, and made vp in round

pellettes: we call it Aequinoctial, when the nyght and the dayes are of equall length ouer all the world: that is, when the sunne, the captayne and aucthour of the other lightes, the very soule of the worlde, dooth enter into the signes of Aries and Libra. It is thought to prosper the better the older the seede is, and to spring the sooner: it commeth vp the fiftieth day, or at the soonest the fourtieth day after it is sowen: when it is once sowen, it abideth a long time, it reioyceth in water or wette.* 1.33 Fenel in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Italian E••nochio, in Spanish Hinozo, in French Fenoil, in Dutche Fenchel, is sowed in the beginnyng of the Spring in hotte sunny places, stony grounde, or any grounde: being once sowen, it springeth euery yeere. Annise in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine Anisum, so knowen in most tongues, as Cum∣min, and Corriander, requireth a grounde well ordered and dressed. Dyll in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,* 1.34 in Latine Anethum, in French and Italian almost so, in Spanishe Eneldo, in Dutch Dyll, en∣dureth and abideth all kinde of weathers, but delightes most in warme grounde: yf it be not wel watred, it must be sowed thin∣ner. Some neuer couer the seedes when they sowe them, suppo∣sing that no Birde wyll meddle with it, it commeth vp also of it selfe as Fenel dooth. Cheruyl in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,* 1.35 in Latine C••r••foli••om, in Dutche Kerbel, in Italian Gingidia, in Frenche Cerfu••il, desyreth a good ground, moyst, and wel dounged: it is sowed with the rest in colde places. In this same moneth they also sowe Beetes,* 1.36 though you may sowe them when you wyll at any other tyme of the yeere as Spinage, it is a common Countrey hearbe, they call it in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Italian Bie∣tola, in Spanishe A••elga, in Dutch Beett, or Mangelt. No Garden hearbe hath greater leaues, so that with due orderyng, it groweth lyke a young tree. It is called Beta, because when it seedeth, it is (as Columella affyrmeth) to the likenesse of the Greeke letter β. There be two sortes of them, the white and the blacke, the orderyng of them is after one sort: it is sowed as Colwoortes, Sozel, and Radyshe are, in March, April, or May. Some thinke the best tyme for sowing it, is whyle the Pomegranate dooth flowre, it may be sowed neuerthelesse as Lettuse, Cols, and diuers others, at any tyme of the Sommer.

The seede, the older it is, the better it is to be sowen, as are the seedes of Smallage, Parsley, Garden Cresses, Sauery, wyld Marierum, and Corriander, though in all other the newest be best. It commeth vp in Sommer the sixth day, in Winter the tenth after the sowyng, it loueth a moyst, a ritche, and a mellow ground, you may remooue it when it hath put forth fiue leaues, yf your ground lyke well to be watred: yf it be drye ground, it must be set in the ende of the Sommer, as I haue sayde of Col∣woortes, though it make no great matter at what other time you doo it. When you remooue it, you must rubbe ouer the roote with newe doung. This is proper to the Beete, that his seede come not all vp togeather, but some the yeere after, some the thirde yeere: and therefore of a great deale of seede, there is at the fyrst but a little shewe, it groweth the broader and the whyter, yf when it is something growen, you lay vppon it Tyle stones, or suche lyke, to cause it to spreade, as I spake before of Lettuse. Garden Cresses in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,* 1.37 in Italian Nasturtio, and Agretto, in Spanishe Mastuerzo, in Frenche Cresson, de gardin, in Dutch Kerss, are sowed bath in y^e spring, and at the fall of the leafe, it commeth vp the fyrst day after it is sowen, and drinketh away the moysture from suche hearbes as growe neare hym, mingled with other hearbes, he careth not what weather come, and therefore prospereth both as well in winter as in sommer: yf it be sowed with Lettuse, it cōmeth v•• exceedingly, it delighteth in moysture, which yf it want, it wyll doo well yenough in watrie places it groweth of his owne ac∣corde, as about Padelbor, a Towne in Westphalia, it groweth in great abundance in the Riuer, and therefore is called of some Water Cresses: it was called in the olde time Sisimbrium. The bran••hes when they wa••e olde, are netted togeather with white heary rynges. Garden Poppy, called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,* 1.38 in Latine Papauer satiuum, is thought best to growe, where old stalkes haue ben burnt, it is sowed in warme places with other potte hearbes. Mustardseede,* 1.39 in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine Si∣napi, in Dutch Seneff, in Italian Senape, in Spanish Mostaz••, in Frenche Seneue, there are two kyndes, white and blacke, it is best to be sowen in the end of sommer, and againe in March.

Where it is once sowen, it is hard to ridde the grounde of it againe, because the seede dooth still growe as it falleth. It lo∣ueth to growe vpon dounghils, and cast bankes.

THRA.

I see you haue very faire Radishes here.

MARIVS.

Nothing so faire as I haue had them, for where as they delight in the Sunne,* 1.40 and in warme grounde, my Gardners haue here set them in the shadowe. The order of them is to be set in very good grounde, and lying vppon the Sunne: some sayth, it dooth not greatly care for doung, so it may haue Chaffe strawed vppon it. When it is come to some growth, they must be couered with earth, for yf it florishe once aboue the grounde, the rootes wyll neuer be good, but hard and full of pithe. It is called Radishe, because it exceedeth all other rootes in greatnesse. Plinie wryteth, that he sawe at Erford in Germanie, Radishe as bigge as the body of an Infant. It is sowed twyse in the yeere, in Februarie or Marche, the Moone being in the wane, lest it growe too much in leaues, foure fin∣gers distant one from the other, and againe in August, whiche is the best season for them. Those that you set after the tenth of Iune, wyll neuer seede, the like is to be obserued in all other seedes, it commeth vp commonly the third day after it be sow∣en: in hot and Southerly Countreys, the weather being faire, it groweth soone to stalke, and quickly seedes. The leaues as they growe, must still be trampled downe and trodden vppon, wherby the roote shal growe the greater, otherwyse it florisheth with leaues, and geueth encrease to the leafe, and not to the roote: the lesse and the smoother the leafe is, the mileder and the sweeter is the roote: colde as some say, dooth further the good∣nesse of them. They say they wyll be very pleasant, yf the seede be steeped in meedth, or in the iuyce of reyzyus: they waxe sweete with colde as the Rape dooth, and their bitternesse is taken away with brine, and therefore some woulde haue Radi∣shes watred and nourished with salt waters: being sodden, they come to be very sweete, and serue the turne of Rapes, ge••ing fasting, they prouoke vomite, they are hurtfull to the Uines and to the Teethe. Radishe eaten at first, is a good preseruatiue agaynst poyson: eaten before meate, it breaketh winde, and

prouoketh vryne: and after meate, it looseth the belly, it is called in Greke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine Raphanus, in Italian Rapha••, in Spanishe Rauano, in French Raue, in Dutch Retich.

THRA.

There is an other kinde of them, that the Dutch men call Merrettich, I take it to be that whiche the Romanes called Armaracia, called commonly in Italie Ramaracta, the first letter misplaced.

MARIVS.

You say well, but this is more full of bran∣ches, greater in leaues, thinne in body: the leaues are not vn∣like to the former Radishe, but that they are a little sharper and longer, and the roote s••lenderer, and therefore there are some that deny it to be Armaracia: but here let the Phisitions con∣tend. Theophrastus maketh mention of sundry sortes of Radish. This kinde of Radishe hath a woonderfull bityng taste, a great deale more then Mustard seede, and fetcheth teares from the eyes of them that eate it: it is set and planted in this sort. The roote is cutte in a great number of peeces, whereof euery peece prospereth: for yf you plucke vp this kinde of Radishe by the rootes, you may cut of a good quantitie of the roote, and diui∣ding them into small peeces set them, setting the olde roote a∣gayne by him selfe, and they wyl all growe & prosper very wel.

THRA.

Yea, haue you gotten the Rape? hytherto I thought he hadde onely belonged vnto vs, for we vse to sowe them after the Sunne hath been at the highest, and immediat∣lye after ouer other Corne, for the sustenaunce both of man and beast.

MARIVS.

You doo well,* 1.41 and we sowe it nowe in May, and in watry ground sooner, and in some places in Iuly. There are diuers sortes of them, some of them rounde, some growe all in length, and are most pleasant in tast, as at Binge, and in the Countrey of Bauar. Some agayne of the quantitie of a mans head, and of a hundred pounde weyght: but the smallest sort is the sweetest. There is an other kinde of Rape that they vse to sowe, whiche carryeth his seede in little coddes, and is cheefely planted in Germanie for to make Oyle of, the whiche you the other day spake of, it is called in Greeke Goloules, in French Raue, in Italian Rapo, in Spanishe Nabo, in Dutche Ruben.

There is also an other wyld kind called Rapunculus,* 1.42 that grow∣eth halfe a yarde hie ful of seede, and tender topped. This they geather in the spring time, before the stalke be sprong vp, and pulling it vp by the rootes, doo vse it in sallettes, supposyng it to be a wylde kynde of Rape. The Nauens also called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,* 1.43 in Latine Napus, in Frenche Nauet, in Italian Napo, in Spanishe Nabicas, in Dutch Stockruben, may be counted in the number of Rapes, for Rapes in some grounde change into Nauens, and in some grounde, Na∣uens into Rapes. These also loue to growe in a well watred, mellowe, and a ritche ground: though such as growe in sandy and barraine ground, prooue often the sweetest in eating. They vse to sowe them in March, and in some places before, as also in August. Parsneppe in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,* 1.44 in Latine Pastinaca, in other tongues almost as in Latine, is very pleasant to be eaten•• and requireth a fatte and a ritche grounde, and deepe dygged, whereby the roote may haue roome yenough to growe in: it is sowed and set in the spring, and in the end of sommer.

THRA.

You haue here also in this Garden red Carrets.

MARIVS.

* 1.45I haue so. Yellowe Carrettes is called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine Siser, in Frenche Cheruille, in Ita∣lian Sisero, in Spanishe Chiriuias, in Dutche Querlin, I thinke you knowe it. Plinie wryteth, that Tiberius was so in loue with this roote, that he caused Carrettes to be yeerely brought hym out of Germanie, from the Castle of Gel••uba standyng vpon the Rhine. It delighteth in colde places, and is sowed before the kalendes of Marche, and of some in September: but the third and the best kind of sowing as some thinke, is in August. There is also wylde Carret, a kinde of Parsnep, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉•• in Latine Daueus, in Italian Dauco, in Frenche Carote sauage, in Dutche Woortzel, there are that suppose it to be the yellowe ro••te, that is so common in Germanie, they are to be sowed in March. It is general to Rapes, Radishe••, Parsneps, Carrets, Onyons, and Leekes, that they be well troden vppon, or kept cutte, to the end the rootes may growe the greater. Of Leekes there are two sortes,* 1.46 the one called Capi••atum, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and the other Sectiuum, whiche they vse alwayes to cutte close by the

ground. The headded, or set Leeke, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine Capitatum, in Italian Porro capitato, in Span••she Pu∣erro con Cabeza, in Dutch Lauch, in French Porreau, the other Leeke in Latine Sectile, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Dutche Schnit∣lauch, beside the often raking and dounging, must be watred as oft as you cut it downe. The seedes in colde hotte Countreys, is sowed in Ianuarie or Februarie, and in colder places in March, to cause it to growe the fayrer and the better. They vse to knitte vp a good deale of seede togeather in thinne lynnen clothes, and so to lay them in the grounde: but to make them greater headed, when it hath wel taken roote, they vse to plucke it vp by the blades, and rayse it so, that as it were hangyng and borne vp by the earth, it is forced to fyll the emptie place that lyes vnder it: the blades and the rootes cut of, they vse to set the heades, vnderlaying them with a Tyleshard, that when as they are not able to runne downe in length, they should be driuen to growe in bignesse and breadth. The Leeke delyghteth in good ground, and hateth watry ground: sowed in the spryng, it must be remooued or set agayne after haruest, that they may be the greater, the earth must be continually loosed about it, and they must be pulted and rayled vp, as I sayde before: yf when you remooue them, you make in the heades of euery one a little hole with a peece of a Reede, or any thyng except Iron, and thruste therein a Cucumber seede, they wyll growe to a woonderfull greatnesse: some vse in steade of Cucumber seede, to put in Rape seede. To haue very large and great Leekes, you must hollowe a Treatle of Goates doung, and f••ll it full of Leeke seede, for the little sproute at the fyrst restrayned, wyll runne al∣togeather in one, and so come foorth of the grounde: and this as Hieronimus Cardanus wryteth, hath been often tryed to be true. They shall not sauour of Leekes or Onyons, that haue eaten Cummin after. It commeth vp the tenth day after the sowyng, and lasteth two yeere: the fyrst yeere it contenteth it selfe onely with bearyng of leaues, the next yeere it ryseth in a long stalke hollowe within, the toppe garnished with rounde knoppes of flowres. The Onyon,* 1.47 in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in La∣tine Cepa, or Cepe, in Italian Cipella, in Spanishe Cebolla, in

Frenche Oignon, the next neighbour to the Leeke, is also of tw•• kindes, y^e one kinde called Capitatum, that groweth to head, the other Fissile, that without any head only flowrisheth in blades, and is often geathered as Leekes are, & therefore only is sowen and not set in Februarie or March in fayre weather, & in the wane of the Moone: it delighteth in ritche ground, wel digged & dounged, and therefore Columella would haue the grounde well f••llowed, that it may be mellowed with the Winter frostes, and after dounged, after well digged agayne, and the rootes and weedes cast out, layde out in beddes and sowed: it is called Fis∣sile,* 1.48 because it is parted and diuided belowe, for in the Winter it is least with his toppe naked: in the spring time the blades are pulled of, and other come vp in theyr places. The heades are set, and yf you plucke away the tayles & the outgrowinges when you set them, they wyll growe to be very great. Twentie dayes before you set them, digge the grounde well, and laye it drye, and so shall they prosper the better. The heades are set in Autume, and growe to seede as other plantes doo: yf you meane to geather the seedes, when the stalke is growen, you must prop it vp with little stickes, that the windes shakyng of the stalke, shatter not the seedes, nor breake the stalke: whiche seede you must geather before it be all blacke, for the blacknesse is a sure signe of the ful ripenesse: yf you wyl not haue it seede but head, plucke of the blade still close by the ground, so shal all the main∣tenaunce goe to the roote. Among all other hearbes, onely the Onyon is not subiect to the force of the Moone,* 1.49 but hath a con∣trary power, for it waxeth in the wane of the Moone, and de∣creaseth in the encrease of it: yet there are that holde opinion, that yf you sowe them in the wane, they wyll be the smaller, and sourer, and in the encrease, they wil be the greater, & the milder. The redde Onyon is more sharpe then the white, they are best preserued in Barley Chaffe, yf fyrst you dippe them in hotte water, & after drye them in the sunne, tyll they be through drye. They are of the common people thought to laste longest beyng hanged vp in the smoke, for the kynred it hath with the Onyon. I proceede to speake next of Garlicke,* 1.50 called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine Allium•• in Italian Aglio, in Spanishe

Aio, in Dutch Knobloich, in Frenche Aux, it groweth with a blade like the Onyon, but not hollowe, the stalke rounde, and the flowres in the toppe in a rounde tufte where the seede lyeth. Garlicke groweth both of the head & the seede, as the Onyon and other of this kinde dooth. It is commonly sowed in Febru∣arie or March, accordyng to the disposition of the weather, as the Onyon is. It woulde be set in the vppermost part of little narrowe Ridges, the cloues being distant foure or fiue inches one from the other, and not very deepe. After, when the cloues haue put foorth the little stringes, or when their blades are come vp, they must be well racked, for the oftner ye doo so, the greater they wyll be: but yf you wyll haue the heades the grea∣ter, before it growe to stalke, you shall wynde and wreathe the greene blades togeather, and treade them to the grounde, for that continual treading vpon them wil make them the greater. In October the cloues must be plucked a sunder, & set in rowe vpon hie borders, that they may skape y^e daunger of the winter stormes. They say the seant of them wyll sease, yf you eate after them the roote of Beetes tosted at the fyre: thus sayth Plinie out of Menander.

THRA.

What hearbe is that yonder that commeth vp so hie as a man may make a staffe of the stalke, the leaues large and rounde, the flowre in shape seeming to compare with the Rose?

MARIVS.

It is Hollioke, or garden Mallowe, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,* 1.51 in Latine Malua hortensis, in Dutche Pep∣pel, in Italian and Frenche, ••lmost as in Latine.

THRA.

What, the same that Horace taketh to so whole∣some for the body? and whiche of Hesiodus and Martial is so highly commended?

MARIVS.

The very same, and also which is more woon∣derfull, in it the leaues turne about with the sunne, so that it may serue in steade of a Dyall, declaryng by the turnyng of his leaues, what time of the day it is, though the sunne doo not shine, whiche the Philosophers thinke to be done, by the draw∣ing of his moysture. In Africa as Plinie wryteth, it commeth in seuen monethes to be lyke a young tree, and serue well for a

walkyng staffe. It is sowed in October, or in the ende of the sommer, as also at other tymes, that by the comming on of Winter, it may be restrayned of his high growth: it reioyceth it ritche and moyst grounde, and must be remooued when it commeth to haue foure or fiue leaues, it groweth best when it is young: when it comes to greater, it dyes in the remoo∣uing. We vse it both for the potte and for sallettes, the taste is better when it is not remooued: you must sowe it but thinne for growyng to ranke, and in the middest of them you must lay lit••le cloddes or stones, it requireth continuall rakyng, and ma∣keth better the grounde where it growes.

THRA.

I marueyle whether you sowe Purcelayne, syth it groweth wylde abrode.

MARIVS.

* 1.52The Greekes call it 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Latines Portulacan, with the Italians it hath the same name, in Spa∣nishe Verd••laga, in Frenche and Dutch Porchelle, it is sowed in Gardens, and well ordred dooth growe the better and sprea∣deth the farther, it hath a blacke seede growing in little greene cuppes.

THRA.

Buglose that the Greekes cal 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the La∣tines Bugglossum, the Dutchmen Ochsenzung or Burretsth, the Frenchmen Borague, the Italians Borache, the Spaniardes Boraje, Is not this it that I see here with y^• fayre blewe flowre, and a stalke a foote long, and full of branches?

MARIVS.

Buglose is at this day with the Potecaries called Borage, though they differ somethyng in the flowre, and in very deede they are two sundry hearbes, for some call the common Borage, the lesser Buglose, and the greater Buglose, is thought to be that whiche Dioscorides calleth Circium, the true Buglose, the flowres of both sortes are vsed in sallettes, and in wine, because it maketh the hart meery, and therefore is called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is to say, gladnesse, the leaues are also vsed in dressyng of meates, it is sowen about March, and once sowen, it wyl neuer away, there is also a wilde kinde of it.

THRA.

I pray you goe forward, and tell vs some thyng of Straberries, which here grow with great plentie and beau∣tie,

helped as it seemeth with good orderyng.

MARIVS.

They are so, for we vse to bring rootes out of the wooddes,* 1.53 whiche beyng set and planted in the Garden, prosper exceedyngly two or three yeeres togeather: and after, we eyther remooue them agayne, because they waxe wylde, or set the wylde in theyr places: and so haue we them to yeelde theyr fruite twyse in the yeere, in the spring, and in the ende of sommer. And although it groweth of it selfe in shadowy woods in great plentie, as yf it delighted in shadowe of Trees, yet beyng brought into the Garden, it delighteth in sonny places, and good orderyng, yeelding a great deale more and better fruite: it creepeth vpon the ground without a stalke, with small stringes comming from the roote, with a white flowre, and a leafe lyke a Trefoyle, indented about. The berries, whiche is the fruite, are redde, and taste very pleasauntly, the Dutchmen call them Erdbern, the Frenchemen Freses. There is an other fruite that groweth somethyng hygher, whose berrie is also like the Straberie.* 1.54 Dioscorides seemeth to call it Rubus Idaeus, the Bryer of Ida, because it groweth in great abundance vppon the mountayne Ida. It is not ful of prickles, as the other bram∣bles are, but soft and tender, full of branches & whytish leaues, it beareth redde berries, somethyng paler then the Straberie, and very pleasaunt in taste. The Grecians call it 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Dutchmen Imberen, the Frenchmen Fram∣••osas.

THRA.

What is that groweth yonder, a yard in height?

MARIVS.

It is commonly called Liquerise,* 1.55 in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine Dulcis Radix, in Italian Regolitia, in Spanishe Regaliza, in Frenche Reclisse, in Dutche Clarits, or Sussholts.

THRA.

I dyd not thinke to haue founde it here. I heare it groweth very plentifully about the Meyne, I woulde be glad to heare howe you doo order it, for it hath a roote for the sweete∣nesse thereof (whence it taketh his name) very commendable.

MARIVS.

It is set of young springes of the roote, as the Hoppe is, in drye light ground, and sonny.

THRA.

What say you to small Reazyns,* 1.56 called in Latine

Ribes? doo you thinke the olde wryters knewe this bushe?

MARIVS.

That whiche we call at this day Ribis, and the Dutchmen Saint Iohns pearle, because about Midsommer it is garnished with redde & riche berries, hauyng a tarte taste, quenchyng thyrst, cheefely, the ragyng and extreame thryst of feuers, and coolyng the stomacke, whiche the Appothecaries in Suger or Honie keepe all the yeere, is thought was vnkno∣wen to the olde wryters: but nowe a com••on bushe vsed for en∣closyng of Gardens, and makyng of Borders and Herbers: it wyll easyly growe, but that it is somethyng troublesome, by reason of his sharpe prickles to be bent about sommer houses.

THRA.

You spake euen nowe of Hoppes, doo you set in these your princely paradises,* 1.57 that plant that is so common with the Countrey man? for about vs they make great gayne of it.* 1.58

MARIVS.

Tell you therefore, I pray you, howe they doo vse it.

THRA.

It is set of the young shootes, as you tolde a little before of Liquerise, and that in the ende of sommer: or yf they feare a hard winter, in M••rch. The se••tes or shootes are cutte from the olde rootes, and are set in grounde well couered with doung and good mould, and afterward hilled, and so suffered to remayne all Winter. In the spring, the earth is stirred with Rakes, and not with Spades, and the hilles raysed, and the grounde ridde of all hurtfull weedes. About May, certayne powles are set vp, vppon whiche the Hoppe clymeth: all the spraye that springeth aboue the flowre, is commonly cutte of. About September, or in the ende of August, the flowres or bels are geathered and kept to make Beere with: when the Hoppes are geathered, the remaynes are cut downe close to the ground, and the hilles being agayne raysed, are couered with doung. The toppes, and the young buddes that come fyrst out in April, are vsed to be geathered for sallettes, and keepeth them from growyng to ranke. But nowe, I pray you goe on, and returne to the description of your Garden. O what excellent Mellons, Pompens, Cowcumbers, and Gourdes haue you here, I pray you tell in what sort you order them.

MARIVS.

Melons (whiche some, because they are fa∣shioned like Apples call Pomes) are of the kinde of Coucum∣bers, and so are the Pepones which the Frenchemen cal Pom∣peons. The Coucombers in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,* 1.59 in Latine Cucumer, in Italian Cucumero or Cedruolo, in French & Dutch Cocumbre. They change to Pompeons, and Muskemillions, from whiche they onely differ in shape and greatnesse: when they exceede in greatnesse, they become Pompeons, and when they growe rounde, they are Mellonpompeons: al these kindes are called of some wryters Melons. The Grecians call all the sortes, as well Coucumbers as Mellonpompeons, by the name of Pompeons and Mellons: though there are some that make a difference betweene Pompeons and Mellons, neither doo the learned yet throughly agree vpon these meanes, nor can it be certaynely saide what kinde the olde wryters ment by Pom∣peons, and Melonpompeons. Pompeons doo creepe along vp∣pon the ground with ruffe leaues and a yellowe flowre, and are pleasaunt to be heaten when they be ripe. The sweetest sort of them they call Succrino, or Muskmillions. The Mellonpom∣peons are supposed to spring first in Campania, being fashioned lyke a Quince. This kinde hangeth not, but groweth rounde lying vpon the grounde, and being ripe, doo leaue the stalke. Some Coucombers are called Citrini, of their yellownesse when they be ripe, and also Citruli or Citreoli, they growe all in length, and are spotted as the Citrons are: some be called Ma∣••in, and be called in Italian Cucussae Marinae, the seede where∣of is to be eaten before they be ripe: they are cut in peeces, and porredge made of them, not much vnlike in fashion to the Mel∣lon. There is also an other kinde of Coucumber of a houge compasse, almost as bigge as a busshel: the Mowers and Har∣uest folkes in Italie, vse to carrie great peeces of them to the Feelde with them, to quenche their thyrst. You must set al these kindes in March, the seedes must be set thinne, two foote one from an other, in watrie ground well dounged and digged, spe∣cially sandy grounde: you must lay them in milke, or water and honie three dayes, and after drye them and sowe them, so shall you haue them very pleasant. They wyll haue a very

sweete sauour, yf theyr seedes be kept many dayes among Rose leaues. Your Coucumbers shalbe long and tender, yf you see vnder them water in a brode vessel, two handfulles vnder them. They delight in water so much, as yf they be cut of, they wil yet bend towarde it, and yf they hang or haue any stay, they wyll grow crooked, as also yf you set oyle by them, which they great∣ly abhorre. The flowres being suffered to growe in Pipes, doo growe to a woonderfull length. They loue not the Winter no more then dooth the Gourde, wherevnto they are almost like in nature, for the flowres, the leaues, and the claspers, are lyke of them both: but the Gourde is more busie in climing,* 1.60 so that with hastie growth, it spreadeth quickly ouer the Herbers and sommer houses, runnyng vp by the walles, and mountyng vp to the very Tyles of the houses, hauing a great fruite of a mon∣struous bignesse, hangyng by a small stalke, in fashion like a Peare, and greene in collour, although when it hath flowred, it wyll growe in what fashion you wyll haue it: they say, there hath been some of them mene foote in length. The rounde ones also growe to be vsed for great vesselles: the rynde of the newe ones, is soft and tender, but of the olde ones hard, whereof when the meate is out, trauaylers make great bottles to carrie drinke in. The Gourdes that are vsed to be eaten in sommer, are sun∣dry in shape, for some are rounde, some long, some broade: and though the fashion be diuers, yet the nature is all one: for it is made by arte to growe in what shape you wyll, as in the forme of a creeping Dragon, or what yelist, they are called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Italian Zuma, in Spanishe Calabaz in Dutche Kuirbisch, the French Vne courge. The seedes that the Gourde ••eareth next to the stalke (as Paladius sayth) are longest, they in the middest rounde, and those that lye on the side, short, broade, and flatte: yf you set the sharpe ende of the seede downeward, as Columella sayth, you shall haue them both greater Gourdes and Coucumbers. It delighteth in a moyst, riche, wel dounged, and well watred ground. That which groweth without water, bringes the pleasanter fruite, and that whiche hath water ye∣nough, needes the lesse looking to. The flowres where they be set, must be digged a foote and a halfe deepe, the thirde part

whereof must be filled with strawe, and then with good ritche mould: it m••st be filled to the middest, then the seedes being set, must be watred tyl they be sprong, and after, earth layd to them styll as they growe, tyll the Furrowe be filled. They must be set thinne, two foote a sunder, it commeth vp in sixe or seuen dayes after the setting. Those that are set in drye grounde, must be very well watred, therefore they vse to set by them earthen pottes full of water, with ragges or cloutes in them to water them. When they be a little growen, they must haue helpes set by them to climbe vpon, the longer they be, the better the meate is. You must beware there come no women neare where you set them, for their presence dooth greatly hurt them. Those that you keepe for seede, you must suffer to remayne vpon the stalke tyll Winter, and then geathering them, and drye them, ey∣ther in the sunne, or in the smoke, for otherwyse the seede wyll rotte and perishe. They wyll long be preserued and continue freshe, yf after they be geathered they be put into a close vessell with the le••ues of white wine, or hanged in a vessell of vineger, so that they touche not the vineger.

THRA.

What meaneth that great Thistell that springeth there?

MARIVS.

Dyd you neuer reade in your Columella of the Hartichoch,* 1.61 specially in his verses that he wrote of Gardnyng, where he sayth.

Goe set the brystled Hartichoch, That well with wine agrees. &c.

Athenaeus in his second booke Dipnosophus out of Sophoclus,

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

A Thistell is the Hartichoch, that euery where dooth growe. It is a kinde of Thistel, by the diligence of y^e Gardner, brought to be a good Garden hearbe, and in great estimation at noble mens tables: it is as you see framed with a round prickly head, hauing a great sort of flakes set in order steeple wyse. The Greekes call it 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Latines Strobilum, be∣cause the fruite of it something resembleth the Pineapple. The Frenchemen call it Alticocalum, of the Arabick article Al, and Cocalos a Pineapple, whereof it is corruptly called Artichault,

in Italian and Spanishe Cardo, in Dutche, sometime by the Frenche name, sometime Strobirn. It is called of Columella Ci∣nara, because in his growing, he cheefely delighteth in asshes. The seede is best sowen in March, and the settes in Nouem∣ber: yf you wyll haue it yeelde fruite in the Spring, you must bestowe much asshes vpon it, it wyll hardly beare the first yeere that it is sowen. Beware that you sette not the seede with the rong end vpward, for so shall your Artichoch prooue very little and euil fauoured. It loueth good grounde and well dounged, and prospereth best in fatte ground. Palladius woulde haue you moreouer, to sette the seedes in well ordered beddes, in the en∣crease of the Moone, halfe a foote a sunder, and not deepe, but taking them in three of your fingers, thrust them downe, tyl the earth come to the first ioyntes of your fyngers, then couer them tenderly, and water them often, specially toward Sommer, so shall you haue the bigger fruite. When they growe vp, they must be continually weeded and dounged, as I saide with as∣shes. They say, they wyll loose their prickles, yf the toppes of the seede be made blunt vppon a stone before they be set: and sweete they wyll be, yf the seede be laide in Milke. You must keepe them from Mowles & Myse, with Cattes or tame Wee∣sels, as Ruellius teacheth you. Athenaeus calleth the stalke of the Artichoch 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that lyeth vpon the grounde, and that whiche standeth vpryght 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

THRA.

Well, what hearbe is yonder same that commeth vp as it were heares, with a blewishe flowre and pale, hauyng in the middest of the belles, as it were, fierie yellowe tongues?

MARIVS.

* 1.62It is Saffron, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine Crocus, in Italian and Frenche so, in Spanishe Aczafran.

THRA.

What neede we care any more for either Corycum, Sicil, or Cyren, from whence we fetche it with so great charges?

MARIVS.

Yea, there groweth great plentie of it in Germanie about Spirs, and diuers other places, whiche may compare in goodnesse with any other place. It is set in Marche of the head that it hath rounde, and in cloues as the Lyllie, the Leeke, and the Sea Onyon. Constantine affyrmeth, that it may be set of the roote, as soone as the flowre is of. The rootes or

the heads doo so encrease vnder the ground, that of one of them some yeere springeth eyght or niene others. In many places they are remooued euery seuenth or eyght yeere into better ground, wherby they come againe to be as good, as at the first. In the Countreys lying vpon the Rhine, they plucke them vp euery third yeere, and lay them a drying in the sunne till Au∣gust, and then pulling of the outer skinne, they set them agayne halfe a foote one from the other: the best heades are those that are fattest, and haue little heares, the woorst looke rottenly and ••••fauouredly, and haue an ill sauour: It delighteth to growe by hie wayes and neare springes, and to be trodde and trampled on, prospering as it were by oppression: it groweth greene all the Winter, it is geathered in Autumne, when it is come to his colour, by plucking out the little yellowe tongues from the bel, whiche are afterwardes dryed three or foure dayes togeather, and well picked and purged, and so made vp in boxes: some thinke it best to drye it in the shadowe. It is craftely counterfei∣ted by the Apothecaries, braying it in sodde wine, whiche they besmeare adding therto the skumme of siluer or lead to encrease the weyght, the craft is perceiued by the dustinesse therof, and by the sauour of the sodde wine. The proofe of the good is, yf it crackle betweene the handes as a brittle thing, which the coun∣terfeite dooth not, or yf in putting it to your mouth, it cause your eyes to water. Wherefore, the best is that which is newe, and hath a pleasant smell, in colour like to golde, and dyeth the fyn∣gers in touching it. In Marche you must purge the grounde where it groweth, and whether ye plucke it vp or not, notwith∣standing, other hearbes may very well growe there vntill Au∣gust: Pursleyne, Parsley, or suche like hearbes doo best growe there. And when the Saffron beginneth to flowre, you must ridde away the other hearbes: for in haruest time about Sep∣tember or October it flowreth.

THRA.

Here is great store of Rosemarie,* 1.63 the cheefest beautie of Gardens, and not to be wanted in the Kitchin.

MARIVS.

Of the orderyng of Rosemarie, sith you wyl haue me, I wyll speake a little. There are whiche suppose it to be the same whiche the Greekes call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because it sauou∣reth

like Frankencense, in Latine it is called Rosmarinus, and in al other tongues it keepeth the name, it serueth both for plea∣sure and profite. Theophrastus maketh two kindes of it, a bar∣rayne, and a fruitefull, and is set of small slippes in April: it is sette by women for their pleasure, to growe in sundry propor∣tions, as in the fashion of a Cart, a Pecock, or such like thing as they fancie. It delighteth in stonie or rough ground, and in the toppes is the seede inclosed in little huskes white and round. It flowreth twyse a yeere, in the spring, and in the end of sommer: it is geathered from May tyll September, and it is good to plucke of the flow••e often, that it may not flowre too muche. In the higher partes of Fraunce it groweth wilde in such plen∣tie, that they vse almost no other fewell: it is in colde Coun∣treys in Winter set in Sellars and hotte houses, & is brought agayne in the spring into the Garden. But here you must be∣ware, that when you fyrst bring it out, you keepe it from the March sunne, setting it in the shadowe, acquaintyng it by little and little with the ayre: some vse to house it with strawe and horse doung, and so leaue it in the Garden. Sauge, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,* 1.64 in Latine Saluia, and like in other languages, is an hearbe common in euery Garden: it is planted both of the seede and the slippe in March, in any kind of ground, it maketh no matter where: the Gardners vse to lay bucking asshes about it, whereby it prospereth the better. Next to Sauge is Mynt, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,* 1.65 in Latine Menta, in Dutch Myntz, in I∣talian and French, after the Latine, in Spanishe Yerua buena: it is planted and ordered in all thing as Sauge is, it prospereth both in drye, and wette groundes, and groweth well by waters. If you lacke seedes, you may take the seede of the wylde Mint, and set them with the toppes downeward, whereby they shall leaue their ranknesse, and being once sowen or sette, groweth euery yeere.* 1.66 Pimpernell, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine Pimpi∣nella, is vsed both in the Kitchin, and in Phisicke, and being once sowen, groweth euery yeere both in sonny places, and in shaddowy: it groweth in most pla••es wylde. Hysope, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,* 1.67 in Latine Hyssopus, and so called in mo•••• tongues in Europe, a common hearbe knowen to euery Gardner: it desi∣reth,

though no sonny ground, yet good and ritche grounde, it is planted both of the seede and the slippe: when it hath once taken roote, it careth not for the sharpnesse of Winter.* 1.68 Sauery in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine Satureia, or as Columella sayth, Cunila, in Italian Coniella, Sauoreggia, Thymbre, in Frenche Sauoreje, in Dutche Kuuel Zwibel hisop, groweth in barrayne places, and is sette and sowed as the plantes before. The next is that whiche commonly is called Basyl, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine Ocymum, in Frenche, Italian, and Dutche, Basilica:* 1.69 an hearbe that is vsed to be set in the middest of knottes, and in windowes, for the excellent sauoure that it hath: it is also good for the potte, it is sowed in March and April, and deligh∣teth in sonny ground, you must put two seedes still togeather. Basyl is best watred at noone, whereas all other hearbes are to be watred in the mornyng and in the euenyng, it may be re∣mooued in May. Theophrastus sayth, that it prospereth best, when it is sowed with curses. Marierum,* 1.70 in Latine Amaracus, and Maiorana, is also in like sort vsed, the Dutche and the Ita∣lians call it after the Latine, the Spaniardes Amoredeux, the Frenche Mariolaine and Thyn, in Greeke of Dioscorides and Paulus Aegineta 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, this also for the pleasant sauour it hath, is set in pottes and in Gardens: it is sowed in Marche three or foure seedes togeather, & halfe a foote a sunder, in May when it groweth to some heyght as Basyl, it is remoued. Time neare of kinrede to these,* 1.71 in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Frenche, Italian, and Dutche, like the Latine, in Spanishe Tomillo, de∣lighteth in stony, light, and sonny ground: it springeth both of the seede and of the slippe, and also of the flowre as Theophra∣stus sayth. These three tender and delicate hearbes, are to be sowed with great heede, eyther in earthen pottes, or in garden beddes. Hytherto haue I described vnto you, suche hearbes as serue for the Kitchin, and because the latter sortes are also estee∣med for the sauours, I wyll goe forward with the description of the rest that are set in Gardens for the pleasure of them, and for the sauour, doo garnishe the sayde Gardens, and serue also for other purposes. Of Rosemarie, I spake before, I wyll nowe proceede with these that growe before my feete. Lauender, cal∣led

in Latine Lauanda,* 1.72 or Lauendula, that groweth in border•• about the beddes, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. and keepeth the La∣tine name in other tongues, dooth growe in wylde places and stonie: it is set of the slippes, & remooued, it groweth to Spike in Iune, and in Iuly is geathered and tyed in bundels for the sauour, the flowre is distilled for sweete waters. Flowregentle, in Latine Amaranthus,* 1.73 in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, though it haue no sauour at all, yet hath it a delightfull beautie to the eye, the Frenchemen for the fayrenesse of the colour, excelling both crimson and purple in grayne, doo call it Passeuelleurs, the Ita∣lians Fioruelu••o, because it contendeth in colour with crimson in grayne, it loueth to be often geathered and plucked, whereby it springeth the better, the flowres after they be dead, with a little water come againe to theyr colour: it is called Amaranthus, be∣cause it dyeth not.

THRA.

* 1.74Here foloweth Lauendercotten.

MARIVS.

This Lauendercotten, in Greeke is called as Plinie supposeth 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, as it were the little Cy∣pres, some call it Santonia, & female Sothernewood, in Dutch it is called Cypressen, in Frenche Cyprez, it groweth commonly in Gardens, springing euery yeere. Myrtel, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine Myrtus, in Italian Myrto, in Spanishe Araihan, in Frenche M••inte,* 1.75 in Dutch Welsch••heidelberr, the leaues are not much vnlike to the leaues of the Oliue tree, something smal∣ler, with sclender branches, and leaues growing in order one by another as you see, with blacke berries, and leaued like the Pomegranate. It groweth alwayes greene, it is set and sowed both of the seede, the slippe, and the stocke: but you must styll rayse vp y^• earth about it, til it be throughly rooted. Some sowe the berries being a little beaten, and couered in Furrowes of ••arth: it delighteth in continuall weeding, so groweth it to a handsome heygth, meete to shaddowe Herbers: it loueth to be watred with the vrine of men, or of sheepe. This onely is to be woondred at, that of the li••our thereof alone, may be made all sortes of wine and oyle. Cato teacheth to make wine of the ber∣ries, being dryed, and put in water & honnie sodden togeather: yf they be not dryed, they come to oyle, howe the wine of them

is made, Dioscorides sufficiently declareth. Plinie reporteth, that Cato made three sortes of Myrtels, white, blacke, and a thirde kinde that he calleth coni••gale: it delighteth to growe by the Sea bankes, as Seruius sayth, it groweth at this day common∣ly in Italie, along by the Sea coastes.

THRA.

Oh what sweete and goodly Gelyflowres are here:?* 1.76 You may truely say, that Solomon in all his princely pompe, was neuer able to attayne to this beautie: some of them glitter with a perfect crimson dye, some with a deepe purple, and some with a passing beautifull carnation: I marueyle the olde wryters knewe nothing of these in their time.

MARIVS.

There are some that suppose to be a kinde of Garden Betony, which the Gardner feiching out of the feelde, and thrusting Cloues into the rootes of them, with diligent planting haue brought to this excellencie: others thinke it to be called Vetonica of the Spaniardes, who fyrst found it. Some thinke it to be O••nanthe, because it flowreth with the Uine: it delighteth in warme sonny ground, it is sowed seeldome of seede, but commonly sette of the slippes, as I sayde of Rosema∣rie. The Gardners in the end of Sommer, doo take the rootes, and set them in pannes, pottes, or payles, and when the frostes come, they carrie them into their sellers, and in fayre warme dayes bring them abroade agayne, and suffer them to be nowe or then watred with the rayne. It hath been often seene, that in such vaultes or sellers, they haue flowred all the Winter long, through warmenesse of the place: some set bowes about them, and couer them with strawe and horse doung, to preserue them agaynst y^e colde: it often happeneth, that one roote beareth one yere white flowre and redde, & the third speckled or Carnation.

THRA.

Loe, yonder are Roses growyng in borders, and made in a maze: doo they growe of the seede, or of the sette?

MARIVS.

Roses,* 1.77 called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine Ros••, and in all other languages as in Latine, are diuersly planted, sometime of the rootes, sometime of the branches, be∣ing cutte in small settes, and planted a foote a sunder. Some wrethe them in Garlandes, and so sette them to haue them smel the pleasanter. The vse of sowing of them is best: howe be it,

they wyll very well growe of the seede, though it be long eare they spring, & therfore they set them of settes a foote in length: i•• n••yther delighteth in riche or moyst ground, b••t is well con∣tented to growe amongst rubbishe, and vnder walles. The pla∣ces where they must grow••, must be dygged deeper then come grounde, and not so deepe as the Uineyard: the Rose is rather a thorne then a plant, and groweth vppon the very brambles: it commeth fyrst out in a little budde & long sharpe beard, w••iche after they be opened, it discloseth it selfe and spreadeth abrode, with a yellowe heary tuske in the middest. Plinie maketh men∣tion of sundry sortes of them: one sort he calleth Milesia, ha∣uyng an oryent and fyerie colour, an other Alabandica, with white leaues, and S••erm••nia, the base••t sort of all: the dam••s••e and the white, are vsed for sweete waters: they differ in rouf∣nesse, pricles, colour, and smell. There are that haue but onely fyue leaues, and others with an hundred leaues, neyther good in beautie, nor in smell: the roufnesse of the rynde (as Plinie sayth) is a sygne of the sauour. There are some little pale ones called Carnation & Prouincers,* 1.78 these doo woonderfully growe where they once are planted, and haue a most excellent sa∣uour. R••ses are vsed to be sette in Februarie, which is eyther done with the seede, or the sette planted in little furrowes. The seedes (as ••a••adius sayth) are not the little yellowe thynges in the ••••ddest of the Rose, but the graynes that growe within the redde riped berrie: the ripenesse whereof is deemed by the sworthinesse and the softnesse of the berrie: where they once are planted, they continue long, and after they dye, they sende ou•• newe buddes and springes. If you lacke settes, and woulde of a fewe haue a great number, take the branches that begin as it were to shewe their buddes, and cuttyng them in sundry sets, foure or fyue syngers in length, set them in good grounde well dounged and watred: and when they be of a yeeres growth, take them vp, and set them a fo••te a sunder, proyne them and trimme them with often digging about them. Roses must styll be cutte, for the more you cutte them, the thicker and the doub∣bler they growe, otherwyse they wyll ware syngle and wylde, it wyll also doo them good sometime to burne them: being re∣mooued,

it springeth very soone and well, being sette of settes foure fyngers long or more, after the setting of •• seuen starres, and after remooued in a westerly winde, and sette a foote a sun∣der, and often dygged. The olde Rosyars must haue the earth loosed about them in Februarie, and the dead twigges cutte of, and where they waxe thinne, they must be repa••red with the young springes. To haue Roses of fyue sundry colours vppon one roote, make when they begin to burgen, a fine hole beneath in the stocke vnder the ioynt, and fyll it with redde colour made of Brasell sodde in water, and thrust it in with a cl••ute, and in the like sort put into an other part of the stocke greene colour, and in an other yellowe, and what other colours you wil, and co∣uer the holes well with Oxe doung and Lome, or very good earth. If you wyl haue your Roses beare betimes, make a little trenche two hande breadthes of rounde about it, and powre in hotte water twyse aday, and thus dooing (as Democri••us pro∣miseth) you shall haue Roses in Ianuarie. You may preserue Roses before they open, yf makyng a slitte in a Reede, you en∣close the blossome, and when you would haue freshe Roses, take them out of the Reedes: others put them in earthen pottes close couered, and set them abrode: the Roses continue alwayes freshe that are dipt in the dregges of Oyle. If you wyll haue them at all tymes, you must set them euery moneth, and doung them, and so (as Didymus sayth) you shall haue them continu∣ally. To cause them, or any other flowres to growe double, put two or three of the seedes in a Wheate strawe, and so lay them in the ground. If you sette Garlicke by your Roses, they wylbe the sweeter: the dryer the grounde is where they growe, the sweeter they wyll be, as it appeareth by the season of the yeere, for some yeeres they are sweeter then others: the Rose wylbe white, that is smokte in with brimstone, when it beginneth to euen: amongst all Roses, those are most to be commended, that they call Carnations and Prouincials. The oyle of Roses was greatly had in estimation euen in Homer his time, and at this day the vinegre of Roses is greatly vsed. Next vnto the Rose in woorthynesse, for his sauour and beautifull whitenesse is the Lillye,* 1.79 called iu Gre••ke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Italian Giglio, in

Spanishe Tirio, in Frenche Fleur de Lis, in Dutch Lilien. The Gre••kes holde opinion, that it sprang fyrst of Iunos milke sprinckled vpon the ground. In Februarie we beginne to sette Lillyes, or yf they grewe before, to loose the earth about them with a rake, taking good heede that the young tender shootes about the roote be not hurt, nor the little head: which taken from the olde roote, we sette for newe Lillyes. As the Roses are, so are the Lillyes, the sweeter, the dryer the ground is where they growe: Lillyes and Roses being once sette, continue both very long. There are redde Lillyes made so by arte, for they take the stalkes and rootes of the Lillye, and hang them in the smoke till they wyther, and when the knottes begyn to vncouer, they are layde in Marche in the lees of redde wine, tyl they be colou∣red, and then sette in the grounde with the lees powred about them, so wyll they come to be purple. Uiolet in Greeke is 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine Viola.* 1.80 Uiolet blacke, and Uiolet purple, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Italian it is called Viola porporta, in Spanishe Violetta, in Frenche Violets de Marts & Caresme, in Dutche Fiolen: these although they growe wylde about euery Hedge and Wall, yet are they sette in Gardens with other flowres. There are sundry sortes of Uiolettes, both of kinde and colour, but the orderyng of them is in a maner all one.

THRA.

I haue nowe heard yenough of Kitchin hearbes and flowres, therefore nowe, I pray you, let me heare you saye something of the third sort, that is Phisicke hearbes, for mee seemeth I see a great sort of healyng hearbes here in your Garden.

MARIVS.

Nature hath appoynted remedyes in a redy∣nesse for al diseases,* 1.81 but the craft and subteltie of man for gaine, hath deuised Apothecaries shoppes, in which a mans lyfe is to be solde and bought, where for a little byle, they fetche their me∣dicines from Hierusalem, and out of Turkie, whyle in y^e meane time euery poore man hath the ryght remedyes growing in his Garden: for yf men would make theyr Gardens their Phisiti∣ons, the Phisitions craft would soone decay. You knowe what your olde freende Cato sayth, and what a deale of Phisicke he fetcheth out of a poore Colwoort.

THRA.

I doo remember it, and that he sayth he was wont both to helpe him selfe, and his whole familie, with the hearbes of his Garden. But what hearbe is younder with y^e long stalke, and the long blacke indented leaues on the toppe? yf I be not deceiued it is Bearfoote, with whose roote we vse to heale our cattel when they be sicke.

MARIVS.

It is so in deede, and is called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,* 1.82 in Latine Veratrum, there are two kindes of it, the blacke and the white: the white, is that whiche the Dutchmen call Nyswurts wranckrau••, the blacke they call Kristwurts, be∣cause it flowreth about Christmas, the Italians, the Spani∣ards, and the Frenchmen keepe the Greeke name. The roote of this Bearfoote they thrust through the eare, or into the brest of the beast, that is eyther diseased in his loonges, or hath the murren. Columella seemeth to call it Consiligo, it groweth not in Gardens, except it be sowed: it continueth long, and loueth cold and woody ground. There standes not farre from that, an other very noble hearbe in Phisicke called Angelica,* 1.83 it is supposed to be called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and whether it be Myrrhis with the Latines or no. I leaue that to the Phisitians to discusse: it is called with the Italians, Spaniards, Frenchmen, and Ger∣manes Angelica. His roote, because it is a soueraigne remedie agaynst the plague, and hath diuers other good operations, it is cherished in our Gardens, and being once sowed, it commeth vp euery yeere, it groweth also wylde in the mountayne coun∣trey, and flowreth in Iuly and August. Here is also Helicam∣pane, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine Enula, in Italian Enela, in Spanishe Enula campana,* 1.84 in Frenche Aulne, in Dutch Alan••, this also is set in our Gardens for medicines sake, & we make muche of it for the roote: it groweth wylde in hilly Countreys, and drye shaddowy places. In Sommer the roote is taken out of the ground, and cutte in small peeces, is dryed: at this day it is called Enula campana, it hath a yellowe flowre, a leafe lyke Mullin, but white and hoarie at the one side. Woormewood, though it growe in euery place,* 1.85 yet this that you see here is Ro∣mane or Pontike Woormewood, the Latines call it Cerephi∣um, or A••sinthium Romanum, the Dutchmen Romische wer∣mut,

the Italians Assenso, y^e Spaniardes Encensos, the French∣men Aluine and Absince, this kinde is sette in our Gardens, and thought to be the best. Sauine whiche we haue here also in our Gardens, for diuers diseases of cattell, is called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine Sabina,* 1.86 in Dutche Seuenboun, in Italian as in Latine, in Spanish likew••se, in French Sauinier, it hath leaues lyke Iuniper or Cypres, alwayes greene, there are two kyndes of it, one lyke the Tamariske, the other lyke Cypres: it is a bushe rather spreadyng in breadth, then growyng in heyght: the berries whiche he beareth, may be geathered in the ende of Sommer, or any other tyme.

THRA.

But many times we see Gardens to be destroyed with woormes and vermine, what remedy haue you for this?

MARIVS.

Of the faultes of the ground, and the remedy thereof, as the amendyng of eyther too much moysture or dry∣nesse, I spake in the beginnyng, touchyng Woormes, Flyes, and other vermine that annoy the Gardens, which for the most part are these, Caterpillers, Snayles, Moles, Myse, Gnats, and Antes.* 1.87 There are that say, that yf you mingle with your seedes Soote, or the ••yce of Housele••ke, or Singreene, the Ca∣terpillers wyl not meddle with the hearbe that springeth of such seede, and that they wyll doo no harme to your trees, yf you sprinckle them with the water wherin the asshes of Uines hath been layde: moreouer, the stalkes of Garlicke made in bundels, and burnt in Orchardes or Gardens, destroyeth the Cater∣pillers. They wyll not breede (as they say) yf you burne about the rootes of your hearbes or trees, quicke brimstone and lyme: the same they report of lye made of the Figge tree. Antes wyll not annoy your corne or hearbes, yf you encompasse it rounde with chalke, or put into their hilles, y^e asshes of burnt Snailes, and yf some of them be taken and burnt, the rest wyll not come neare the sauour: yf Assa foetida be layde in oyle, and powred vpon theyr hilles, it vtterly destroyeth them: they wyl not touch the trees nor the hearbes, yf you annoynt the stalkes with bitter Lupines, or lyme layde with oyle. You must shake of the Ca∣terpillers in the mornyng, or late in the euenyng when they he nummed: also water wherein Dyl hath been sodden, cast about

in the Orchard when it is colde, destroyeth them. It is written, that yf you set Chiches about your Garden, Caterpillers wyll not breede, and yf they be already bredde, you must seethe the iuyce of Woormewood, and cast among them. The doung of Bullockes burnt vpon the coles, destroyeth Gnattes,* 1.88 the lyke also dooth brimstone: a Spunge wette with vineger and han∣ged vp, draweth also swarmes of Gnattes vnto it: also y^• mawe of a Sheepe newe killed, not washed nor made cleane, yf it be layde in the place where Mot••••as, or other suche vermine doo vse, and couered a little the vpper part, you shal after two dayes, fynde all the noysome vermine crept into it: thus must you doo twyse or thryse,* 1.89 tyll you thinke you haue destroyed them all. Of killyng and driuing away Moles, Sotion the Greeke wryteth, that you must take a Nut, or any like fruite, and makyng it hol∣lowe within, syll it vp with Chaffe, Rosen, and Brimstone, af∣terward stoppe the vent holes that y^e Mole hath in euery place, that the smoke breake not out, only leauing one open, where you shal lay the Nut, in such sort as it may receiue the winde on the backe part, that may driue the smoke into the Mynes. There are also trappes to be made, for y^e destroying of Moles: a frame is to be set vp vppon the newe hilles, with a peece of wood so hollowe and framed, that it may receiue (as it were in a sheathe) an other peece of wood made in fashion like a knife, to this is ioyned an other little sticke that lyeth in the hole, and is fastened to a catche without, that as soone as the Mole tou∣cheth the sticke within, she is taken presently, as it were with a payre of sheares. Myse are taken,* 1.90 yf ye powre into a platter, the thickest mother of oyle, and set in the house a night, as ma∣ny as come at it, are taken: also the roote of Bearfoote ming∣led with cheese, bread, floure, or grease, killeth them. Tarte and very sharpe vinegre mingled with the iuyce of Henbane, and sprinckled vpon the hearbes, kylleth the Fleaes,* 1.91 or little blacke woormes that be in them. No kinde of vermine wil annoy your hearbes, yf you take a good sort of Crefyshes, and cast them in an earthen vessell with water, sufferyng them to woorke abrode in the Sunne for the space of ten dayes, and after with their ly∣cour, sprinckle your hearbes. But I keepe yo•• to long in this

ilfauoured Garden, yf it please you we wyll walke into the Or∣chard adioyning.

THRA.

* 1.92With a very good wyll, although the goodly faire colour and sweete sauour of these hearbes and flowres, besyde the fayre headges enclosyng it as it were with a gorge∣ous greene tapestry, make me that I could abide here euer.

MARIVS.

Both the Garden and the Orchard are inclo∣sed with seuerall hedges and ditches, whereby they are defen∣ded from hurtfull beastes and vnruly folkes (as I tolde you at the fyrst) when I began to speake of the enclosyng of Gardens and Orchardes.

THRA.

Euery thing liketh me passing wel: Good Lord what a pleasant ground, what a Paradise is this? mee thinkes I see the Orchardes of Alcinous, the trees are set checkerwise, and so catred, as looke which way ye wyl, they lye leuel: King Cyrus him selfe neuer had better. If Lysander had euer seene this Orchard, he would haue wondred a great deale more, then he dyd at Cyrus his Orchard.

MARIVS.

Such gorgeous Gardens and Orchardes as Princes haue, I neither desyre, nor meane to counterfeyte: but vsyng the diligence of a poore Countrey Gardner, I builde (as they say) my walles accordyng to my wealth. I framed the order, and sette the most part of these trees with myne owne handes, folowyng herein, the Fathers of the olde tyme, who de∣lighted them selues cheefely with this kinde of Philosophie. So then (as I thinke) the Trees and Wooddes to be the greatest commoditie geuen to men: for besides the house pleasure that they minister vnto vs, the gracious Lorde, that is the geuer of all good thinges, hath also geuen vs a number of other goodly commodities by them, which at the fyrst serued men for foode, coueryng, & clothyng: which commodities, the very Ethnickes had in estimation. But vnto vs that knowe God, by whom we haue receiued our preeminence aboue all other creatures, which benefyte we ought with thankes to acknowledge, the holy Scripture dooth teache a more hygher and mysticall consyde∣ration: for before that gracious Lorde had framed man, wyl∣ling to prouide him of foode and apparrel▪ he caused all kinde of

pleasant trees bearing fruite to spring out of the earth, that they myght serue for the sustenaunce of man: and in the mid∣dest lye planted the Tree of lyfe, and there bye, the Tree of knowledge of good and euil, to the ende that Adam might haue an assured signe of his duetie and reuerence towardes GOD, out of which the Lord (as in a Temple dyd speake vnto Adam) and Adam him selfe, yf the continued in his innocencie after his refection of the Tree of lyfe, had with his posteritie prea∣ched God, and alwayes been thankful vnto him, for his auctho∣ritie geuen vnto him ouer all other Creatures, as the Prophe∣ticall Pslamist singeth. This that thorowe the bountifull libe∣ralitie of GOD, was geuen vs to so good an ende, the vn∣godly and wicked posteritie turned to idolatrie, consecratyng both Trees and Groues, to the idols of the Heathen.

THRA.

What? mee thinkes you begin to play the Prea∣cher with me.

MARIVS.

Surely, there is no better a place to preache in then here, to acknowledge the Creator in his Creatures, and by these visible woorkes, to beholde the Almighty and euer∣lastyng power, blessednesse, bountifulnesse, and Godhead, of the incomprehensible woorkeman, and alwayes to speake & preache of them: but I wyll say more hereafter. The plantyng of trees dooth out of all doubt (as I sayde) bring vnto vs both profyte and pleasure: and therefore this part of husbandry, must not be neglected, for Columella accountes it one of the cheefest pointes of husbandry, whiche the Poete seemes to agree vnto.

Of tyllage all this whyle, and of the starres We here haue talked. And Bacchus now of thee I meane to syng &c.

THRA.

I pray you then declare vnto me, the order of plantyng and preseruyng of Trees.

MARIVS.

Let vs fyrst sitte downe vnder the shadowe of this fayre Uine, that yeeldeth both pleasant wine, and com∣fortable shadowe.

THRA.

Agreed.

MARIVS.

The sortes of trees are diuers and manifold: some growe wylde, some come of the seede, some of the roote, as

the selfe same Poet sayth,

Some sortes there are, that of the seede are sowne, And some that sette of rootes, to seedes are growne.

Some doo growe & spring of them selues: a number of others agayne are to be sowne. Those that growe wylde without the labour of man, doo beare theyr seedes eache one accordyng to his kinde: but those that are sette and drest, doo yeelde greater encrease. There are diuers agayne that are alwayes greene, and doo neuer loose their leafe, which are (as Constantine rpeor∣teth) these, the Date, the Orenge, the Lemon, the Cytron, the Bay, the Olyue, the Cypresse, the Pine, the Hollie, the Box, Myrtel, Cedar, and Iuniper. As for strange trees, and those that wyll growe no where but at home, we wyll not med∣del withal: we wyll therefore begin fyrst with those that yeelde vs sustenance, and beare fruite, and those are diuided into three sortes: for eyther of the settes they come to be trees as the O∣lyue is, or els shrubbes as the wylde Date, or neyther tree nor shrubbe as the Uine.

THRA.

I desyre to here your opinion of euery sort, for I thinke it no small skill to plant such fayre Gardens, Orchards, and Uineyards. Mee thinkes you haue vsed a woonderfull good order, that amongst your Uines, you haue entermedled Olyue trees, Figge trees, Almondes, & Abrecocts, and that you haue seuered your Orchard from your Garden, and your Uineyard from them both, with fayre hedges and dytches.

MARIVS.

It was needefull so to doo, least my folkes labouryng in some of them, shoulde come into the rest, contrary to my pleasure. Fyrst yf you wyll, I wyll speake of those that bryng vs fruite, and then of the ••••l••e, and the order of settyng and planting of Wooddes. Fyrst (as your Columella sayth) that ground that serueth for an Orchard, wyll serue for a Uineyard, as you see it dooth here: and yf the ground be h••••ly, rugged, and vneuen, it is more meete for a Uineyard then for an Orchard. If therefore you wyll make an Orchard,* 1.93 you must choose suche a ground as is meete for it: a riche grounde, leuell, and lying vpon the Sunne, which when you haue found, you must wel en∣close it, as I taught you before in the enclosure of Gardens,

that it may lye out of daunger of cattell and knaues: for al∣though that y^• trampling, and dounging of cattel, is not vnpro∣fitable to the trees, yet yf they be eyther brused, or broken whiles they be young, they wyll soone come to nought. When you meane to dresse your Orchard place thus fenced, you shal make your furrowes a yeere before you plant them, so shall they be well seasoned with the sunne and the rayne: and what so euer you plant, shall the sooner take. But yf you wyll needes plant the same yeere, that you make your furrowes, let y^• furrowes be made at least two monethes before: after, fyl them ful of straw, and set it on fyre. The broader and the wyder that you make your furrowes, the fayrer and more fruitfull wyl your trees be, and the fruite the better. Your furrowe must be made like an Ouen, or Furnace, wyder at the bottome then aboue, that the roote may spreade the better, and the colde in Winter, and the heate in Sommer, may the better be kept from it, and also in steepe groundes, the earth shall not so easily be washed away. In settyng of your fruite trees and Uines, you must place them in order, eyther Checkerwyse, or Netwyse: which needefull or∣der of setting, is not onely profitable by receiuing the ayre, but also very beautifull to the eye: when as, which way so euer you looke, you shall see them stand in ranke, and whiche also is to good purpose, the trees shal equally receiue their moysture from the ground.

THRA.

I see the Gardners in euery place obserue this order, settyng theyr trees in such proportion, as whiche way so euer you looke, your eye shall not be let, but shall see the trees stand streyght in order.

MARIVS.

I haue vsed two sortes of this catred order, one wherein my trees stande foure square like the Chequer or Chesseboorde: the other not in square as the fyrst, but losing-wyse or Diamond wyse like the Glasse windowes or Nettes. You must frame it according to the nature of the trees, lest the lower sort be drowned of y^e higher. You must also set thē a good distance a sunder, that their branches may spreade at pleasure, for yf you set them to thicke, you shall be able to sowe nothing betwixt them, and they wyl be the lesse fruitefull. Therefore Pa∣ladius

woulde haue the space betwixt them, thirtie foote at the least: there is more pro••yte in the generall disposyng of them, entermedlyng the greater with the lesser, so as the great ones doo not annoy their vnderlynges,* 1.94 eyther with theyr shaddowe or dropping, for that they grow not equal to them in strength or bignesse. Pomegranates and Myrtels must be sowed nearer togeather, as mene foote a sunder, Apples nearer then they, and Peares nearer then them both, but of them there are sun∣dry sortes, Almonds and Figge trees, must also be set nearer. And because there is a naturall freendshippe and ioue betwixt certayne trees,* 1.95 you must set them the nearer togeather, as the Uine and the Olyue, the Pomegranate and the Myrtel. On the other side, you must set farre a sunder, such as haue mutual hatred among them, as the Uine with the Filberde & the Bay. There are some of them, that desyre to stand two and two to∣geather as the Chestnut: the droppinges also doo great hurt of all sortes, but specially the droppinges of Okes, Pinetrees, and Mastholmes.* 1.96 Moreouer, the shaddowes of diuers of them are hurtfull, as of the Walnut tree, whose shaddowe is vnhol∣some for men, and Pine tree that kylleth young springes: yet they both resist the winde, and there••ore are best to be set in the outer sides of the Orchardes, as hereafter shalbe sayde. Of the place, and the order, perhaps you thinke I haue sayde yenough, and looke that I shoulde proceede to the order of plantyng and settyng.

THRA.

* 1.97What t••m•• is the best for plantyng and settyng of trees.

MARIVS.

The ••heefest time of plantyng (as Florentine sayth) is the ende of Sommer, for the•• is nature most occupi∣ed about the roote, is in the spring about the vpper partes: and therefore graf••yng is meeres•• in the Spring, and settyng in the ende of Sommer:* 1.98 for the plantes are watred all the Winter, and therefore it is be••t sortyng or plantyng, from the settyng of the seuen starres, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the twelft of December. In the spring tyme, you may sette those thynges that you forgatte before, at what season so euer it b••: looke that you sette them in the after∣noone, in a fayre westerly winde, westerly winde, & in the wane of the Moone.

Plinie sayth,* 1.99 that this note is of great importance for the en∣crease of the tree, & goodnessee of the fruite: if the tree be plan∣ted in the encrease of the Moone, it groweth to be very great: but yf it be in the wane, it wil be smaler, yet a great deale more lastyng.

THRA.

But are there more wayes then one of plantyng and setting?

MARIVS.

A great sort:* 1.100 we plant eyther by graffing, set∣ting of the kernell, or the stone, setting the rootes, stockes, or slippes, grafting betwixt the barke and the tree: some are plan∣ted in some of these sortes, others in all. In Babylon (as they say) onely the leafe sette, comes to be a tree, fyrst I wyll speake of graffing,* 1.101 and then of the rest. There are that appoynt but three kindes of graffing, betwixt the barke and the wood, in the stocke, and emplastring, or inoculation. The fyrst for they call grafting, the seconde imbranching, the thirde inoculation, or imbudding. Suche trees as haue thickest barkes,* 1.102 and drawe most sappe from the grounde, are best graffed betwixt the barke and the wood, as the Figge, the Chery, and the Olyue: those that haue thinne ryndes, & content them selues with lesse moysture, as yf the sappe leauing the barke, shoulde geather it selfe to the hart, as the Orenge tree, the Apple tree, the Uine, & diuers others, in these it is best to open the stocke, and graffe in the wood.* 1.103 Some trees are also best graffed vpon other some, the Figge that prospereth best vpon the Mulbery stocke, and the Plane tree: the Mulbery vpon the Chestnut, and the Beech, the Apple, the Peare, the Eline, and the white Poplar, wher∣in yf you graffe, you shal haue your Mulberies white: vpon the same stocke are graffed the Peare, the Quince, the Medlar, and the Seruisse: the Peare vpon the Pomegranate, the Ap∣ple, the Quince,* 1.104 the Mulberie, and the Almon. If you gra••••e your Peare vpon a Mulbery, you shall haue redde Peares: the Apple is graffed vppon all Peare stockes, and Crabbe settes, Wyllowe, and Poplar: beyng graffed vppon the Q••ince, it bringeth foorth the fruite whiche the Greekes call Melimela: it is also graffed vppon the Plomtree, but being graffed vppon the Plane tree, it bringeth foorth redde Apples. The Medlar

being graffed vpon the Thorne, the graft groweth to great big∣nesse, but the stocke continues small: vppon the Pine tree, it bringeth a sweete fruite, but not lastyng. The Peache graffed in the Thorne,* 1.105 or the Beeche, groweth to be very fayre, and great: the Almond and the Peache being ioyned togeather, and graffed in the Plumtree, wyll beare a Peache with an Al∣mond in the stone. The Fylbert wyll onely be graffed in the Wylding, not agreeing with any other. The Pomegranate de∣lighteth in diuers stockes, as in the Wyllowe, the Bay, the Ashe, the Damson, the Plome, and the Almond, vpon all which he prospereth well. The Damson groweth very well vpon any kinde of wylde Peare, Quince, and Apple: The Chestnut ly∣keth wel the Wallnut and the Beeche. The Chery refuseth not the company of the Peache, nor the Turpentine, nor they his: the Quince wyll wel be graffed vpon the Barbery: the Myrtel vpon the Sallow: the Plome vpon the Damson: the Almond vpon the Fylbert: the Cytron, because of his tender tree, and thinne rynde, wyll scarsely beare any other graffe, and therefore contentes him selfe with his owne branche. The Uine that is graffed vppon the Chery tree (as Florentinus promiseth) wyll beare Grapes, and graffed vpon the Olyue, wyll bring foorth a fruite, that bearyng the name of both his parentes, is called El••o••laphylos.* 1.106 In fine, all young trees that haue sappe in the barke may be graffed: yf it be greater, it is best graffing neare the roote, where both the barke and the wood, by the reason of the nearenesse of the ground are ful of sappe. He then that wyll graft eyther in the stocke, or betwixt the stocke and the rynde, let him geather his graffes from a fruiteful tender tree, and full of ioyntes,* 1.107 and out of the new spring, except he meane to graffe an olde tree, when as the sturoyer the graffes be, the better they are, otherwyse the last shootes of such trees as haue lately borne wyll be the best. You must geather them on that side the tree that lyeth vpon the North, others lyke better the East side then the shaddowy. Virgil forb••ddeth those that growe vpon the toppe, thinking them better that growes out of the side. To be short, your graffes must be full of buddes lately growne out, smoothe, the rynde smoothe, good, and redy to growe: they must

be of the last yeeres growth,* 1.108 whiche is knowen by the knottes or ioyntes, that declare euery yeeres growth: beside, graffes of all trees are not to be geathered alike: for Uines and Figge trees are dryest in the middle partes, and take best of the toppe, and therefore from thence you must geather your graffes: O∣lyues are fullest of sappe i•• the middest, and the outer partes dryest. Those best agree togeather, whose ryndes are neerest of nature, and doo blossome, and beare both about a tyme. You must geather your graffes in the wane of the Moone, tenne dayes before you graffe them. Constantine addeth this reason, that it is neede the graffe doo a little wyther, that he may the better be receiued of the stocke.* 1.109 You must appoynt your graf∣fing tyme in the spring, from Marche, when as the buddes doo begin to burgen, but not come out (although you may graffe the Peare when his leaues be out) vntyl May: for g••affing in rayne is pro••itable, but not for imbranching. The Olyue, whose springes doo longest budde, and haue muche sappe vnder the barke, the abundance whereof dooth hurt the graffe, must be graffed (as Florentine sayth) from May, tyll Iune. Columella would haue the Olyue graffed from the twelfth of March, tyll the fyrst, or sixth of April, and the time of graffing, to be the Moone encreasing, in the after noone, when there bloweth no South winde. When ye haue founde a good graffe, take your knife (being very sharpe) and pare it about a three fingers from the ioynt downeward,* 1.110 so much as shall be meete to be sette in the stocke: that part that is vnder the ioynt (not perishing the pith) you must cutte with your knife, as yf you shoulde make a penne, so as the wood with the wood, and the barke with the barke, may ioyne togeather, as iust as may be. Whiche beyng done, yf you meane to graffe in the stocke, you must fyrst sawe it smoothe, and then cleaue it in the middest with a sharpe knife, a∣bout three fyngers: and to the ende you may handsomely put in your graffe, you must haue a little wedge of wood or iron, (Plinie thinkes it better of bone) whiche wedg•• (when you wil graffe betweene the rynde and the stocke) must be made flatte on the one side, and rounde on the other, and the graffe must be pared also flatte on that side that must stande next the wood, ta∣kyng

alwayes good heede that the pith be not perished: the other part must only haue the rynde pulled of, whiche after you must set in the cleft, or betwixt the barke, tyll you see all partes agree togeather. Some doo cut the poynt of theyr graffe three square, so as two sides are bare, and the other couered with his barke: and in that sort they vse to graffe in a stocke one against another, but it is thought best to graffe no more but one. When you haue thus set in your graffe in the stocke, plucke out the wedge: but here is a great carefulnesse, and heede to be vsed. And therefore, good grafters thinke it best to holde the graffe euen with both handes, least in the binding and pulling out of the wedge, the graffe be hurt, or stande vneuen. For auoydyng of whiche, some vse for to binde the stocke about, and after to put in the wedge, the bandes keeping it from openyng to wide. The harder they be set in, the longer wyll they be eare they beare, but wyll endure the better: you must take heede there∣fore, that the cleft be not to slacke nor to strayt. When you haue thus graffed, binde the stocke with a twigge, and couer it with Loame, wel tempered with Chaffe, two fyngers thicknesse, and (putting Mosse round about it) tye it vp so, that there come no rayne at it, nor be hurt with the Sunne or the Winde. This is the order both in the olde tyme, and at this day vsed: though in Columellas tyme (as it appeareth) they were not woont to graffe, but onely betwixt the barke and the wood, for the olde peo••le (as Plinie wryteth) durst not as yet meddle with clea∣••yng of the stocke: at length they presumed to make holes, and graffe in the pith, and so at last waxed bolde to cleaue the stocke. Cato would haue the stocke couered with Clay & Chalke, ming∣led with Sand, and Oxedoung, and so made in morter. Some∣t••me they graffe with the toppe of the graft downewarde, and they doo it to make a little tree spreade in breadth. It is best graffing next the ground, yf the knottes and the stocke wyl suf∣fer: and ••linie woulde haue the graffe growe foorth not aboue sixe fyngers. If you wyll graffe a little tree, cutte it neare the ground, so as it be a foote and a halfe hye. If you woulde carry your graftes farre,* 1.111 they wyll longest keepe theyr sappe, yf they be thrust into the roote of a Rape: and that they wyll be preser∣ued

yf they lye betwixt two little guttes runnyng out of some Riuer, or Fishpond, and be wel couered with earth.

THRA.

I doo nowe greatly desyre to heare you say some∣thing of emplast••ing or inocula••ion,* 1.112 that is, in graffing with the budde or the leafe, whiche you call in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉•• which kinde of graffing, I see those that are geuen to newe fa∣shions delight much in.

MARIVS.

This is no newe maner of graffing, but we finde that it was vsed both of the Latines, and of the Greekes, when takyng of a leafe or little budde, with some part of y^• rynde with hym, we graffe it into an other branche, from whiche we haue taken as much barke. This order (Columella saith) the hus∣bandes in his dayes were woont to call emplastring, or mocu∣lation: and before Columellas dayes, Theophrastus in his booke de causes plantarum, dooth shewe the reason of inoculation. Plinie dooth say, it was fyrst learned of Dawes, hydyng of seedes in caues and holes of trees. This kinde of graffing as Columella dooth wryte, and our Gardners them selues confesse, is best to be vsed in sommer, about the twelft of Iune: yet Didy∣mus sayth, he hath graffed in this maner, and hath hadde good encrease with it in the spring time. And sith it is the dayntiest kinde of graffing, it is not to be vsed in all trees, but alonely in such as haue a strong, a moyst, and a sappy rin••e, as the Olyue, the Peache, and the Figge, which are full of Milke, and haue a bigge barke. Of that tree that you meane to graffe, chouse the youngest and the fayrest branches you can, and in them take the budde that is likeliest to growe, and marke it rounde about two inches square, so as the budde stand euen in the middest, and then with a sharpe knife cutte it rounde about, and flawe of the rynde, takyng good heede you hurt not the budde, and take out the peece. Afterwards, goe to the tree that you meane to graffe on, and choose likewyse the fayrest branche, and pare away the rynde a little space, & ioyne in your budde so iust, as the ryndes may agree togeather so close, as neyther water nor winde may enter in. You must looke that you hurt not the wood, and that the ryndes be of one thicknesse. When you haue this donne, binde it vp, so as you hurt not the budde: then claye it ouer all,

leauyng libertie yenough for the budde. Cut of all the spring that growes about it, that there be nothyng left to drawe a∣way the sappe, but that it may onely serue the graffe: after one and twentie dayes vnlose it, and take of your coueryng, and you shal see your budde incorporated in the branche of a strange tree. Columella speaketh of an other sort of graffing, to bore a hole in a tree with an Augur,* 1.113 eyther to the pith, or the vttermost rynde, going something sloapewyse downeward, and getting out all the chippes cleane, take a Uine, or an arme of the best U••ne, not cut from his olde mother, and paryng away the outer rynde, thrust it fast into the hole being all moyst & full of sappe, leauyng a budde or two onely vppon it: afterward, stoppe the hole well with Mosse and Clay, and commit it to the earth. In this sort may you graffe Uines vpon Elmes, so shal the branch liue being both nourished by his olde mother, and his newe fa∣ther. Two yeere after, you shal cut of the newe graffed branche, and the stocke wherein you graffed, you shall sawe of a little a∣boue the bory••g, so shall the graffe become the cheefest part of the plant. The lyke doo our countrey men, takyng a branche of a Beeche a foote thicke: and when they haue cutte it and bored it, they set in it the branches of the best Peare or Apple that they can geat, setting the same in a very wet ground in March, and in the same moneth the yeere after taking vp the Beeche, they cut it a sunder with a Sawe betwixt the holes & the bran∣ches: and euery peece of stocke with his branche, they set in ve∣ry riche and fruitefull grounde. There are some that bragge of ••n other kinde of graffing, not much vnlyke to the former, whereof notwithstanding. A••rican in Constantine maketh men∣tion, as tryed in a Peache. They wyl a man to take the branch of a Wyllowe as bigge as your arme,* 1.114 & two cubites in length or more: this they would haue you to bore through the middes, and after sl••pping of the branches of a Peache as he standes, l••••••ing only the toppe vntouched, they would haue you to make the Pe••c••e passe through the Wyllowe batte, and that done, to bowe the wyllowe lyke a bowe, se••ting both his endes into the ea••th, and so to binde vp the hole with mosse, morter, & bandes. The yeere after when as the head of the Peache, hath ioyned

hym selfe with the pith of the Wyllowe, that both the bodyes are become one. You shall cut the tree beneath, and remoue it, and rayse vp the earth, so as you couer the Wyllow bowe with the toppe of the Peache: and this shal bring you Peaches with∣out stones. This kinde of graffing must be done in moyst pla∣ces, and the Wyllowes must be hol••en with often watringes, that the nature of the tree may be of force. The kindes and ma∣ners of propagation, are declared by Plinie,* 1.115 who telleth of two kindes: the fyrst, wherein a branche of the tree being bowed downe, and buried in a little furrowe, and after two yeeres cut of, and the plant in the thirde yeere remoued: which yf you en∣tende to carry any farre distance of, it is best for you to burie your branches in baskettes, or earthen vessels, in whiche you may appliest carry them. And an other more delicater way he speaketh of, which is to get the roote out of the very tree, laying the branches in baskettes of earth, and by that meanes obtay∣nyng rootes betwixt the very fruite and the toppes (for by this meanes the roote is fetched from the very toppe, so farre they presume) and from thence fetche them, vsing it as before: in whiche sort you may also deale with Rosemary and Sauyne. Columella sheweth a way, howe slippes of all maner of trees may be graffed in what trees you lyst.

THRA.

And some are also sette of the slippes, or sly∣uynges: I mee selfe haue plucked a branche from a Mulbery tree, and broosing the ende a little with a Mallet, haue set it in the ground, and it hath growen to be a fayre tree: the like hath been tryed (as they say) in Apples and Peares.

MARIVS.

You say well, for nature hath shewed vs, that the young scyences plucked from the rootes of the trees wyll growe: the youngest are best to be planted, and so to be pulled vp, as they may bryng with them some part of theyr mothers body. In this sort you may plant Pomegranates, Fylbertes, Apples, Seruysses, Medlars, Plomes, Fygges, but specially Uines, & sometimes Cheryes, and Myrtels. Of the stocke and the branches are also planted the Almond, the Peare, the Mul∣bery, the Orenge, the Olyue, the Q••••••ce, the Iuye, and the turkishe Plome: whiche the oftner you remoue them, the bet∣ter

they prooue. Plinie sayth, that branches cut from the tree, were at the fyrst onely vsed for hedges, Elder, Quinces, and Bryers medled togeather, afterwardes for vse, as the Poplar, the Alder, and the Wyllowe, at this day we set them where we best lyke. Heede must be taken, that the stockes, or the settes be of a good kinde, not crooked, knotty, nor forked, nor sclenderer, then that a man may well gripe with his hand, nor lesse then a foote in length.

THRA.

It remaineth nowe, that you speake of the set∣tyng of the fruite or kernell.

MARIVS,

Nature (as Plinie sayth) hath taught vs to set the kernel, by the seedes deuoured of birdes, and moystned with the warmth of their entrayles, and after voyded in the boughes and ryses of trees: whereby we finde many times a Plane tree growyng out of a Bay, a Bay out of a Chery, and a Chery out of a Wyllowe. Many trees are set of the fruite, kernel, or stone, whiche growe yeerely of them selues, by reason of the falling of the fruite: as Chestnuts, Haselnuts, and Wallnuts. Columella sayth, they are the fruitefuller trees that spring of their fruite, then those that are sette of the stocke, or the branche. Some de∣light to be set in trees, and not in the grounde: and when they haue no soyle of their owne, they liue in a stranger. Of y^e fruite or kernell, are planted Nuttes, Almondes, Pystaces, Chest∣nuts, Damsons, Plomes, Pineapples, Dates, Cypresse, Bayes, Apples, Peares, Maples, Fyrtrees, Cheryes, Pea∣ches, and Alm co••tes: but set or planted, they prooue to be the kyndlyer. Some of these doo growe in graffing, and other wayes: for experience teacheth, that the Nutte and the Tere∣••••ith are graffed, and Demageron witnesseth as much: neither are all fruites, kernels, and stones set in like sort, as hereafter shalbe seene. Some are layde in water before, others not: some lye three dayes in hony and water, and at the fal of the leafe, are buryed in the grounde tyll March:* 1.116 and then sette Nuttes are onely layd in moyst doung a day before, and of some in water and hony onely a nyght, lest the sharpnesse of the hony destroy the sproote. Some are 〈◊〉〈◊〉 with their toppes standyng vpward, as the Chestnut: others downeward, as the Almond, though

this is not greatly to be regarded, sith we see the fruite that falles from the tree, or is let fall by Byrdes, dooth prosper best of any other.

THRA.

I haue a woonderfull delyght in the Impe Gar∣dens of these Countreys, I pray you tell me howe they be or∣dered.

MARIVS.

The orderyng of an Impe Garden may not be passed ouer,* 1.117 wherein as in a Parke, the young plantes are nourished. And because the Nurse sometimes ought to be kine∣der and tenderer then the Mother, a meete ground must be cho∣sen for the purpose: that is, a ground drye, fatte, and well la∣boured with the Mattocke, wherein the stranger may be well cherished, and very lyke vnto the soyle, into whiche you meane to remoue them. The kernels, or stones, must not be altogether naked, but a little couered with some part of the fruite, so shall they afterwarde endure the longer. They must be sette a foote, or there aboutes a sunder: after two yeeres they must be remoued. And because theyr rootes doo runne very deepe into the ground, they must be somewhat bent, or turned in, to the end they may spreade abroade, and not runne downeward. Aboue all thynges, you must see it be free from stones and rubbishe, well fenced against Poultry, and not full of chinckes or cleftes, that the sunne burne not the tender rootes: they must be sette a foote & a halfe a sunder, that they hurt not one y^• other with their neare growing. Among other euils, they wyl be ful of wormes, and therefore must be well raked and weeded: beside, growyng ranke, they must be trymmed and proyned. Cato woulde haue them couered ouer with Lattuses vppon forkes, to let in the sunne, and to keepe out the colde: Thus are the kernelles of Peares, Pineapples, Nuttes, Cypresse, and such others cheri∣shed. They must be gently watred for the fyrst three dayes, at the going downe of the sunne, that they equally receyuyng the water, may open y^e sooner. Zizipha, or Turky Plomes, Nuts, Wallnuttes, and Chestnuttes, Bayes, Cheryes, Pistaces, Ap∣ples, Dates, Peares, Maples, Fyrres, Plomes, and diuers others, are sette of the stone, or kernels. In remouyng of them, haue speciall regarde, that they be sette in the lyke soyle, or in

better, not from hotte and forwarde groundes, into colde and backward, nor contrary from these to the other. You must make your furrowes so long before, yf you can, that they be ouer∣growen with good mould. Mago would haue them made a yere before, that they may be well seasoned with the Sunne, and the weather: or yf you can not so, you must kindle fyres in the mid∣dest of them two monethes afore, and not to set them, but after a shewre. The deapth of their setting must be in stiffe claye, or hard ground, three cubites: and for Plome trees, a handfull more. The furrowe must be made Furnase like, strayght a∣boue, and broade in the bottome: and in blacke moulde, two cu∣bites and a hand broade, being square cornered, neuer deeper then two foote and a halfe, nor broader then two foote broade, and neuer of lesse deapth, then a foote and a halfe, whiche in a wette ground wyl drawe neare the water. Suche as delight in the deapth of the ground, are to be set the deeper, as the Ashe, and the Olyue: these & such like, must be set foure foote deepe, the others it suffiseth yf they stand three foote deepe. Some vse to set vnder their rootes rounde little stones, both to conteyne, and conuey away the water: others lay grauell vnderneath them. The greater trees are to be set towarde the North and the West, the smaller toward the South and the East. Some wyl haue no tree remoued, vnder two yeere olde, or aboue three: and others when they be of a yeeres growth. Cato resisteth Vir∣gils aucthoritie, that it is to great purpose to marke the stan∣ding of the tree, as it grew at the fyrst, and to place it towardes the lame quarters of the heauen agayne. Others obserue the contrary in the Uine, and the Figge tree, being of opinion, that the leaues shall thereby be the thicker, and better defend the fruite, and not so soone fall: beside, the Figge tree wyll be the better to be climbed vpon. Moreouer, you must beware that by long tarying, the rootes be not wythered, nor the winde in the North when ye remoue them, whereby many times they dye, the husband not knowyng the cause. Cato condemneth vtterly all maner of windes and stormes in the remouing of trees, and therefore it is to great good purpose, to take them vp with the earth about them, and to couer the rootes with a 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and for

this cause Cato woulde haue them to be carryed in basaet•• fylled with earth vp to the toppe: the tree must so be sette, as it may stande in the middest of the trenche, and so great heede must be taken of the rootes, that they may not be bro∣ken, nor mangled.

THRA.

Let vs nowe goe forward with euery tree in his order.

MARIVS.

Among all trees and plantes, the Uine by good ryght chalengeth the soueraignetie, seeing there is no plant vsed in husbandry more fruitefull, and more commodi∣ous then it,* 1.118 not alonely for the beautifulnesse, and goodlynesse of the fruite, but also for the easinesse he hath in growyng, whereby he refuseth not almost any kinde of Countrey in the whole worlde, except suche as are too extremely skorched with the burnyng heate of the Sunne, or els to extremely frozen with the vehement colde, prosperyng also aswell in the playne and champion countrey, as it dooth vppon the hilly and mountayne Countrey: lykewyse as well in the stiffe and fast, grounde, as in the soft and meilowe ground: and often∣tymes in the loamie and leane grounde, as in the fatte and foggie, and in the drye, as in the moyst and myrie, yea and in many places, in the very rockes it groweth most aboundantly and most fruitefully, as is to be seene and prooued at this day about the ryuer of Rhyne in Germany, and the ryuer of Mosel in Fraunce: and aboue all this, it best abideth and beareth the contrary disposition of the heauens.

THRA.

No doubt it is the most excellent plant: but whom doo you suppose to be the fyrst aucthour of the plan∣tyng of it? the common sort doo attribute the fyrst inuention of it to Bachus.

MARIVS.

We that are taught by Gods holy woord, doo knowe that it was fyrst founde out by the Patryarke Noe, immediatly after the drownyng of the worlde: it may be, the Uine was before that tyme,* 1.119 though the plantyng and the vse thereof, was not then knowen. The Heathen both most falsely, and very fondly, as in many other thinges, doo geue the inuention of the same vnto the god Bachus.

But Noah liued many yeeres before either Bacchus, Saturnus, or Vranius were borne.

THRA.

It is most likely so: but I woulde faine knowe, whether the planting of Uines doth more enriche the husband, then other husbandries doo.

MARIVS.

About this question there is no little adoo a∣mong the wryters of olde, where there are some that preferre grasing, tyllyng, and woodsales farre aboue the Uines: and yet agayne there wantes not great and learned men, that affyrme the Uine to be most gainefull: as declareth that olde fruiteful∣nesse of the Uines,* 1.120 mentioned by Cato, Varro, and Columella, which vpon euery acre yeelded .700. gallondes of Wine, and the Uineyardes of Seneca, wherein he had yeerely vppon one acre .1000. gallondes: when as in Corne ground, Pasture, or Woodland, yf a man doo geat vpon one acre .xx. s. a yeere, it is thought a great matter.

THRA.

But the Uine asketh great charges, and great trauayle about it,* 1.121 and it is subiect to many mishaps, as the cold frostes of Winter, the blastes & burning of Sommer, and from the fyrst appearing, til the third of May (which is the last decre∣torie day of the Uine) the hurt of the colde and frost is feared. When it hath scaped this daunger, then commeth a greater mischiefe, which lightly euery yeere dooth great harme: for ey∣ther with blastes in the Dogge dayes, or for lacke of rayne, the Grapes are wythered and spoyled, or els with ouermuch rayne they waxe sowre, and not ripe. Sundry other mishappes there happen, that the Uine is subiect to.

MARIVS.

I graunt: so is your Corne likewyse, for both it asketh great charges, and such casualties oft times vndooeth the poore husband. For in all kinde of husbandry, yf there be not great diligence, and good skill imployed, there wyl be but small commoditie reaped. And especially the Uine requireth great husbandry about it, for it is tender, and soone harmed, and ther∣fore in choyse of the Uineyard, there must be good heede, and both the nature of the countrey, and the disposition of the Hea∣uens to be well consydered. Most men plant theyr Uines with∣out any great care, or heede of them: and when they growe vp

vse little diligence in the trimming of them, by whiche negli∣gence, many times they wyther before they be ripe. Others a∣gayne thinke it makes no great matter, what grounde they be∣stowe about it, & most times lay out for this purpose the worst ground they haue, as though it would serue for this plant, that wyll serue for no other thyng. Some agayne reape all the com∣moditie they can y^e fyrst yeeres, not prouidyng for farther time, and so complaine, that their gaynes dooth neyther answeare their trauayle, nor their charges, whereas in deede their owne folly and negligence is the cause: for yf there be diligence and paynes bestowed vpon it, as Columella prooueth by many rea∣sons, there is no husbandry so profytable, as the plantyng of Uines.

THRA.

I doo not deny but that there is great profyte in it, where the grounde is meete for Uines, and not so fitte for Corne: otherwyse I thinke the sowing of Corne to be an easier matter, and speedyer way to enriche the husband.

MARIVS.

Surely as touchyng the easinesse of the hus∣bandry, and the greatnesse of the gayne, the olde wryters haue euer preferred the Uineyard afore the Corne feelde: for as Co∣lumella reporteth Siserna wryteth, that the labour of one man is sufficient for eyght acres of Uines, or at the least for seuen: of the encrease I haue spoken before.

THRA.

Mary syr at this day one man thinkes three acres too much for him: but not to trouble your talke, I pray you goe forward with the husbandry of your Uines.

MARIVS.

The ordering of the wine bearyng Uines, as the sortes of Uines are sundry, neyther can they be conteyned in certayne numbers, for there is as many sortes, as there is of ground. Homer geueth the cheefest prayse to the wine of Maro∣nia, and Pramnium, Virgil most commendeth Rhenishe wine: others the wine of Aminea, Lamentana, Candy, and Corsega, but I meane to speake of those that are common in our dayes. In Italy at this day they make most account of wine of Corsega, Romani, and Mesina. In Spayne they cheefest esteeme wine of S. Martin, of Ribodaui, and Giberaltar. In Fraunce the greatest prayse is geuen to the wine of Orleans, Anjou, and

Greues. Germany began but of late to meddle with planting of Uines, for Varro wryteth, that the Frenchemen, and the Ger∣manes had in his tyme both Uines, and Olyues: but at this day the Rhine, the Necker, the Mene, Mosel, and Danow, may compare with any Countreys, for goodnesse of theyr Uines.

THRA.

I see that the Uines are diuersly dressed other∣wyse in Italy, then in Fraunce, and otherwyse in Fraunce, then in Germany, euery Countrey vsyng his seuerall fasshion.

MARIVS.

True: for as Plinie, after Columella, teacheth, the Uine may be planted fiue sundry wayes: for eyther his branches are suffered to runne in safetie vpon the ground, or els without any stay growe vpryght, or hauyng a stay or a proppe set for them, they climbe vp by it, or els runne vp by a couple of suche proppes, called of Liuy a yoke, or els susteyned with foure of those yokes, whiche of the resemblance that they haue with the hollowe gutters of a house, are sayde to be guttered: others agayne suffered to runne vpon frames lyke Arbers, seruyng to sitte vnder, and are called Arber vines: others runne vp by the walles of houses. Moreouer, the yoked Uines, called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, are tyed togeather, and ioyned with three or foure proppes, as yf they were yoked: some doo let them runne vpon trees, as commonly in Lumbardy they are suffered to climbe vp∣pon Elmes,* 1.122 Wyllowes, and Ashes, where they greatly pros∣per: neyther doo they like all maner of trees, for they hate the Nuttree, the Bay, the Radishe, and the Coll: as agayne they loue the Poplar, the Elme, the Wyllowe, the Figge, and the Olyue tree. The Uines that are yoked, or stayed vp with proppes, receiue more ayre, and beare their fruite the hygher, and ryp•• the better, but aske more trouble in the lookyng to: and these are so ordered, that they may be plowed, wherby they are the more fruitefull, because they may the oftner, and with the lesse charge be tylled. The Uines that creepe vppon the ground, make much wine, but not (as Columella sayth) so good.

THRA.

Nowe to your orderyng of them.

MARIVS.

Fyrst I wyll speake of the ground, and of the diggyng of it,* 1.123 and after of the plantyng, and cuttyng of them. And fyrst you must take for a speciall note, that euery Uine wyl

not agree with euery place, nor yeelde his wine in like good∣nesse, of suche force is the qualitie of the ayre, neyther wyll all kynde of ground serue:* 1.124 for Columella dooth counsell to sette the Uine in a wylde ground, rather then where Corne or Busshes haue growen: for as for olde Uineyardes, it is most certayne they are the woorst places of all other to sette newe in, because the ground is matted, and as it were netted with the remaynes of the olde rootes: neyther hath it lost the poyson of the rotten and olde stinkyng rootes, wherewith the soyle (glutted as it were with venime) is benommed. And therefore the wylde and vntyld ground is cheefely to be chosen, which though it be ouer growen with shrubbes and trees, may yet easily be ridde. If such wylde ground be not to be had, the best is the plaine cham∣pion lande without trees: yf neyther suche a grounde, then the lyght and thinne busshie grounde, or Olyue grounde. The last and woorst (as I sayde) is the olde rotten Uineyard, which yf necessitie compell you to take, you must fyrst ridde the grounde of all the olde rotten rootes, and then couer it eyther with olde doung, or with the newest of any other kynde of manuryng: the rootes beyng thus digged vp, must be layde vp togeather, and burned. After must the ground be consydered, whether it be mellowe and gentle: it is thought to be good, that is some∣thyng greety and grauelly, and full of smal peebles, so that it be mingled with fatte mould withall, whiche yf it be not, is vtterly disalowed.

Dame Ceres ioyes in heauy ground, and Bacchus in the light.

You shall perceiue it to be massy and thicke, yf beyng digged and cast into the hole agayne, it ryseth ouer: yf it scarsely fyll the hole, it is a signe that it is lyght and thinne. The Flynt by the generall consent of husbandmen, is counted a freend to the Uine, specially where it is well couered with good mould: for beyng cold and a keeper of moysture, it suffereth not the rootes to be skalded with the heate of Sommer: so muche, that Colu∣mella dooth wyll men to lay certayne stones about the sides of the Uinetrees, so that they exceede not the weyght of fiue pound a peece: which as Virgil hath noted, keepes away the water in Winter, and the heate in Sommer.

Hurle in the thyrstie stone, or therein throwe the nasty shelles.

So doo wee see the bankes of the Rhine being full of these stones, to yeelde an excellent good wine: but the stones that lye aboue ground, are to be cast away: for in the Sommer beyng heated with the sunne, they burne the Uine, and in the Winter they hurt them with their coldnesse, contrary to those that lye in the bottome. But the best of all is the foote of an hill, which re∣ceiueth the fallyng moulde from the toppe: or the valley, that with ouerflowyng of Ryuers hath been made riche. Neyther is chalkie ground to be re••used, though the chalke of it selfe that Potters vse, is hurtfull to the Uine. The hungry sandy ground, the salt, bitter, and thyrstie grounde, is not meete for the Uine: yet the blacke and the reddishe sande, medled with some moyst earth, is of some alowed well yenough. Moreouer, neyther grounde too hotte or too colde, too drye nor too moyst, too sclen∣der nor too stiffe, that wyll not suffer the rayne to sincke, is meete to be vsed for Uines, for it wyll easily gape and open, whereby the sunne comming in at the crayuesses, dooth burne the rootes: that agayne whiche is ouer thinne, lettyng in as it were by ventes the rayne, the sunne, and the winde, dooth drye vp the moysture of the rootes: the thicke and stiffe grounde is hardly to be laboured, the fatte grounde subiect to too muche rancknesse, the leane grounde to barrennesse: wherefore there must be an euen temperature amongst these extreamities, as is required in our bodyes, whose health is preserued by the equall medley of heate and colde, dryth and moysture, fulnesse and emptinesse, or thicknesse and thinnesse: neyther yet is this temperature in ground for Uines so iustly to be euened, but that there is required a more enclining to the one part, as that the earth be more hotte then colde, more drye then moyst, more s••••h∣tyll then grosse, specially yf the state of the heauens agree•• a∣gayne, what quarter whereof the Uineyard ought to lye,* 1.125 it is an olde controuersie, some like best the rysing of the sunne, some the West, some the North, Virgil misliketh the West: others agayne thinke the best lying to be vpon the South. But in ge∣nerall it is thought best in colde countreys, to haue it lye tow∣ard the South, in warme countreys vpon the East, in hotte

burnyng Countreys, as Egypt, and Barbary, vpon the North. Plinie would haue the Uine him selfe stand towards the North, and his spring, or shoutes, towards the South. A fytte grounde and w••ll lying, being found out, must be diligently digged, dounged, & weeded: all vnprofitable weedes must be pulled vp, and throwen away, lest they shoulde spring agayne, and eyther corrupt the young plantes, or hinder the labourer.

THRA.

Before you come to trenchyng, I woulde gladly heare, in what sort you plant your Uine, and what season is fit∣test for it.

MARIVS.

I wyll fyrst speake of the season, and after∣wardes of the plantyng. The Uine is planted accordyng to Virgils rule,* 1.126 in the fall of the leafe, but better in the spring, yf the weather be rayny, or colde, or the ground be fatte, champion, or a watrishe valley: and best in the fall of the leafe, yf the weather be drye and warme, the ground dry and lyght, a barrayne, or a rugged hill. The time of plantyng, in the spring (as Columella sayth) endureth fourtie dayes, from the Ides of Februarie, vn∣tyll the Aequinoclial: and in the fall of the leafe, from the Ides of October, to the Kalendes of December. Cassian in Constan∣tine being taught by experience, wyls in watrye groundes you should rather plant in Autumne, when the leaues are fallen, and the plantes after the vintage, deliuered of the burden of theyr clusters, sound & strong, before they be nipped with the frostes, for then they best agree with the ground, nature applying her selfe wholly to the nourishing of the roote. The time of graffing Columella sayth, is of some extended from the fyrst of Nouem∣ber, to the fyrst of Iune,* 1.127 tyl which time the shoote or graffe may be preserued: but it is not well liked of him, who rather woulde haue it to be done in warmer weather, when Winter is past, when both budde and rynde is naturally mooued, and safe from colde, that myght annoy eyther the graffe, or the stocke: yet he graunteth (when hast requireth) it may be done in the fall of the leafe, when as the temperature of the ayre, is not much vnlyke to the spring: for which purpose, you must choose a warme day, and no wind stirryng. The graffe must be round and sound,* 1.128 not full of pith, but full of buddes, and thicke of ioyntes, the tenant

whereof must not exceede three inches, and smoothe, and euen cut: the stocke and the cleft must be well closed with clay and mosse. Those that growe toward the South, must be marked, whiche Virgil obseruyng sayth.

But on the barke, they also note the quarter of the skie•• The order how it stoode, and grew, and where the South dyd lye.

The lyke is to be done with all other trees. Of plantyng of Uines, there is two wayes, the one of the roote, the other of the branche, or spray: the roote is counted a great deale better then the branche or set, by reason of the forwardnesse, and vauntage that it hath, in that it hath alredy taken roote. The roote is set in stiffe ground, well digged and laboured, in a trenche of three foote, the set or spray, in a gentle and mellowe ground: in drye ground, it is neyther good to set the roote, nor the branche, in a drye season: it is best to plant in the fall of the leafe in a hotte season, and in a colde and moyst, in the spring: in much wet, you must set them thinner, in great dryeth, thicker: in what sort you shall make a store Garden for Uines, Palla••tius teacheth you. The set requireth a time to roote, and being remoued, wil beare the better fruite. The rootes doo beare fruite the second yeere, or sooner: the settes, or branches, skarse in the thirde or fourth yeere, though in some places sooner. Didymus in Constantine, teacheth an easie and a redy way of plantyng the quicksette: whiche is, to take of a strong and ten yeere Uine, the longest and fayrest branch, that groweth lowest, a foote from y^e ground, and laying it along in a trenche of a foote deapth, to couer it with earth the space of foure ioyntes, so that the remayne in the toppe, exceed•• not two or three ioyntes: and yf the branche be so long, as it wyll serue for two buryinges, you may make ther∣of two rootes. You must not suffer two rootes to runne vp vp∣pon one stay, but allowe euery roote his supporter. The bran∣ches or settes that you meane to plant, you must cut from a ••••ry fruiteful and florishing Uine, that hath borne ripe and per∣•••••••• good fruite, full of ioyntes, and not any wayes taynted, but whole and sounde. Of suche you must choose your settes, and

not of young Uines, that are weake and feeble, but suche as are in there chefe state. Moreouer, you must geather your sette, not of the highest, nor the lowest, but from the middest of the Uine: the sette must be round smooth, full of knottes and ioyntes, and many littel burgeons. As soone as you haue cut it of, looke that you sette it: for better dooth it agree with the ground, and soo∣ner growe. If you are dryuen to keepe them, burie them in the ground eyther loose, or loosely bounde: and yf the tyme be long that you meane to keepe them, you must laye them in empty barelles, strawing earth vnder them, and vpon them, that the earth may lye round about them: and the barrel you must stop closely with clay, that there enter neyther wynde nor ayre, so shall you preserue them two monethes in their goodnesse. Such as are ouer drye, you must lay them in water .xxiiii. houres afore you sette them, and you must set two settes togeather, that though the one fayle, the other may take: and yf they both grow, you may take vp the lesser of them: you must not make a medley of sundry sortes, specially white and blacke togeather: but as Columella sayth, must sort them seuerally. You must be∣ware, that the settes haue not put out their springes, and that you sette not a wythered sette. Constantine would haue the sette something crooked, affirming that it wyll the sooner take roote. You must lay about them three or foure stones, and then rayse the earth, that it may equally with the doung be troden downe: for the stones keepeth the earth fyrme, and as I sayde before, cooleth the roote. Both the endes of the sette you must annoynt with Oxe doung, for the killyng of the woormes: as for the length, yf it be full of ioyntes, it may be the shorter, yf it haue fewe ioyntes, you must make it the longer, and yet not ex∣ceedyng a foote in length,* 1.129 nor a shaftman in shortnesse, the one for being burnt with ouer drynesse in Sommer, the other least being sette to deepe, it be with great hardnesse taken vp, but this is for the leuell ground: for vppon hilles, where the earth styll falleth, you may haue them a foote and a hand breadth in length. Florentine woulde not haue the trenche lesse then foure foote in deapth: for being sette shallowe, they sooner decay, both for the want of sustenance, and great heate of the Sunne, which

is thought to pearse foure foote into the grounde: though some there be that thinke three foote sufficient for the plant. The trenches for Uines, Virgil woulde not haue very deepe: but deeper a great deale for trees. Such Uines as you meane shall runne vpon trees, you must plant three cubites distant from the tree: afterwardes, when they be well growen, and neede to be ioyned with the tree (whiche you shall perceyue by his thick∣nesse) you shall lay it downe in length, and bury it, till it come within a foote of the tree, suffering the remaine to goe at li∣berty, nipping of all the buddes with your nayle, except one or two, that it may the better prosper, whiche when it is growen vp, you must ioyne by little and little to the tree, that it may rest vpon it: which part of the tree must be diligently proyned, and the springes and scyenses, that growe out of the roote, must ac∣cording to Florentinus, be cut cleane away. The trees, as much as may be, must be forced to the East and the West, and both the Tree and the Uine, must haue the earth well digged, and dounged about them. In riche ground, you may suffer the trees to growe in heygth, but in barrayne ground, they must be pol∣led at seuen or eyght foote, least all the substance of the earth, be soked vp of the tree. After your planting, you must digge the ground euery moneth, and weede it, specially from the first of March,* 1.130 till the first of October: euery thyrtie day you must digge about the young plantes, and plucke vp the weedes, spe∣cially the grasse, which except it be cleane plucked vp and cast a∣way, though it be neuer so well couered, wyll spring agayne, and so burne the plantes,* 1.131 as they wyl make them both foule, and wythered: the oftner you digge them, the more good you doo them. When the Grape beginnes to alter, you must in hande with your third digging, and when it is ripe, before noone whē it waxeth hotte, and after noone when the heate decreaseth, you must digge it, and rayse the dust, whiche dooing, defendeth the Grape both from the sunne and the myst. Accordyng to Vir∣gils mind, the Uine must be digged and weeded euery moneth: some would haue them digged all the Sommer long, after eue∣ry deawe: others agayne wyll not haue them digged, as long as they ••udde, or burgen, for hurtyng the springes, saying, that

it is yenough to digge them thryse in the yeere, from the en∣tring of the sunne into Aries, tyll the rysing of the seuen starres, and the Dogge. Some agayne woulde haue it done from the vintage before Winter, and from the Ides of April before it take, and then agayne before it flowre, and likewyse before the burning houres of the day: in some places when they haue dig∣ged them, they doo not straightwayes couer them, but suffer the trenches to lye open all the Winter, in wette and rayny places they couer them sooner, closyng vp the rootes with earth, and stopping al the passages of the water.* 1.132 Some make the trenches very deepe, and some not passing a foote deepe: and when they haue done, they couer them aloft with Oxe doung, Sheepes doung, or Hogges doung, or of other cattell: Pigeons doung is the hottest, and suche as causeth the Uine fastest to growe, but maketh the woorser wine. The doung must not be laid close to the Uine, but a little distant from it, whereby the rootes that spreade abroade,* 1.133 may haue some helpe of it, and the doung must not touche the rootes, for breaking of them: yf there be no doung at hand, the stalkes of Beanes, and other Pulse, wyll well serue the turne, whiche both defendeth the Uine from frost and cold, and keepes them likewyse from noysome wormes: the kernelles, and the stalkes of the Grapes, doo likewyse supply the want of doung,* 1.134 but the best of all, is olde stale vrine. The plantes of a yeere, or two yeere old, and so foorth til fiue yeeres, must be discreetely digged and dounged, accordyng to theyr state: in sandy grounde, the best doung is of Sheepe and Goates, and in such sort you must digge the grounde, that the earth that lyeth hyghest, be cast to the bottome, and that whiche was at the bottome,* 1.135 be layde aloft: so shall that that was drye by the moysture within, be helped, and that whiche was moyst and stiffe by the heate aboue, be loosened. You must also see that there be no holes nor pittes in y^e Uineyard, but that it lye euen. When you haue thus digged it, and that the Uines haue taken roote the fyrst yeere, the rootes that growe aboue, must be cut away with a sharpe knife: for the Uine, yf it be suffered to roote euery way, it hindereth the deepe downe growing of the roote. The Uines that are now of two yeeres growth, we must digge

and trenche about two foote deepe, and three foote broade, accor∣ding to the rule of Socion. Of those Uines that climbe vppon trees, you must likewise cutte of the sprigs that runne among the rootes of the tree, least the small roote tangled with the greater, be strangled: and therefore you must leaue some little space betwixt the Uine & the Tree. Oftē digging causeth great fruitfulnesse: good heede must be taken, that the plantes be not hurt in the digging: also it must be digged before his florishing, or shooting out of his leaues, for as immediatly therewithal he beginneth to thrust out his fruite. So he that diggeth after the romming foorth thereof, looseth muche fruite with the violen•• shaking, and therefore must digge the timelyer. Cutting and dressing of the rootes, you must begin in hand with at y^• Ides of October:* 1.136 so that they may be trimmed and dispatched afore Winter. After Winter, digge about the rootes that you haue dressed: and before the sonne enter the Aequinoctium, leuell the roots that you haue trimmed. After the Ides of April, rayse vp the earth about your Uine: in Sommer let the grounde be oftentymes harrowed. After the Ides of October (as I haue sayde) before the colde come in, you must dresse the rootes of your Uines, which labour layeth open the Sommer springes, which the good husband cutteth away with his knife•• for yf you suffer them to growe, the rootes that growe downe wil perishe, and it happeneth that the rootes spreade all aboue, whiche wyll be subiect both to colde and heate: and therefore what so euer is w••thin a foote and a halfe, is to be cutte of, but so, as you hurt not the principall. You must make this ryddance of the rootes at euery fall of the leafe, for the fyrst fiue yeeres, tyll the Uine be full growen, after, you must dresse them euery fourth yeere: suche Uines as are ioyned with trees for the vnhandsomenesse, can not be thus handled. Uines and Trees, the sooner theyr rootes be thus dressed, the stronger and weyghtier they wyl be: b••t such as growe vppon the sides of hilles, must so be dressed, as the vpper rootes neare to the stocke may spreade largely, and vnderneath towardes the foote of the hill, the earth must be bancked, to keepe the water and the mould the better. The olde U••ne must not haue his roote medled withall for wytheryng,

nor be plowed, for breaking of them, but the earth a little loosed with a Mattocke, and when you haue thus drest the roote, lay doung about it. After this ridding of the rootes, then foloweth proyning, or cuttyng, whereby the whole Uine is brought to one twigge, and that also cutte within two ioyntes of the ear••th: which cuttyng must not be in the ioynt, but betwixt the ioyntes with a slope cutte, for auoyding the water: neyther must the cut be on that side that the budde comes out of, but on the contrary, least with his bleeding he kill the budde. Columella appoynteth two seasons for the cuttyng of Uines, the spring, and the fall of the leafe, iudging in colde countreys, the cutting in the spring to be the best, and in hotte countreys where the Winters be milde, the fall of the leafe: at which tyme both trees & plantes, by the deuine and euerlastyng appoyntment of GOD, yeel•• vp their fruite, and theyr leafe. Yet must not your settes be too nearely cut, except they be very feeble: but the fyrst yeere they be set, they must be holpen with often digging, and pullyng of the leaues moonthly whyle they beare, that they may grow the better. Pamphilus in Constantine declareth the time of cuttyng, or proynyng, to begin in Februarie, or March, from y^e fiftienth of Februarie, tyll the twentieth of Marche: some (he sayth) thought good to cut them immediatly after the geathering of the Grapes, least by bleedyng in the spring, they loose theyr su∣stenance: though being cut in the fall of the leafe, it springeth the sooner in the spring, and yf the cold of frost happen to come, it is spoyled. Therefore in colde countreys, it were better to proyne it a little, then to cut it throughly, that is, to suffer the principall springes, and branches to growe. Agayne, it is ve∣ry necessary to cut them in the spring: the cuttes must be made with a very sharpe knife, that they may be smoothe, and that the water may not stand in them, to the engendring of wormes, and corruptyng of the Uine: you must cut them rounde, so wyl the cut be sooner growen out agayne: but Plinie woulde haue them slope wyse, for the better auoydyng of the water. The branches that be broade, olde, crooked, or wrythen, cutte away, and set young and better in their place. You must make an ende of your cutting with as much speede as you may, from y^e Ides

of December, tyll the Ides of Ianuarie: you must not touche your Uines with a knife, for Columella witnesseth, that Uines in Winter may not be cut. In cuttyng, remember well to cut it betwixt two ioynes, for yf you cut it in the ioynt, you spill it: let the cut be alwayes downeward, so shall it be safe both from sunne, and weather. You must not cutte them very early, but when the sunne hath drunke vp the frost, or the deawe, and war∣med the branche: the springes of the settes the fyrst yeere, must be cut with good discretion, nor suffered to growe to ranke, nor cut too neare, but making the olde set to suffer a spring or two to growe out. Next vnto cuttyng, foloweth the proppyng, or supportyng of the Uine: and it is best for the young and tender Uine, not to be stayed vp with any strong stay, but with some small thing at the fyrst,* 1.137 and whyle it is young, it must be deyn∣tely tyed to the stay, with smal twigges of Wyllowe, Elme, Broome, Russhes, or Strawe: this latter binding, is thought to be best, for the twigges when they waxe drye, doo pearce and hurt the rynde. There is an hearbe, whiche because of his apt∣nesse for tying of Uines, the Sicyllians call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The best stayes for Uines as Plinie sayth, are made of Wyllowe, Oke, Reede, Iuniper, Cypresse, and Eldar. And in an other place, he preferreth the Chestnut for this purpose, aboue all the rest. The best for the Uine, is the Reede, whiche well endu∣reth fyue yeeres: geldyng of the leaues, and cuttyng the Uine, is almost in one maner. The geldyng of the leaues, or bran∣ches, must be done twyse a yeere, to the ende that the superflu∣ous springes and leaues may be plucked of.* 1.138 The fyrst (as Plinie wryteth) must be done within ten dayes after the Ides of May, before the Uines begin to flowre: for about the tenth of Iune, both the Uine, and Wheate, the two noble fruites, doo flowre. Of the second time, the opinions are sundry, for some suppose it best to plucke of the leaues and branches, as soone as it hath left flowring: others, when the fruite is full ripe. The super∣fluous springes being young and tender, are to be taken away, that the Uine may be more at liberty, and through blowen with the winde. This geldyng, or cuttyng away the superfluous branches and leaues, is as needefull as the propping: for both

the fruite dooth prosper the better, and the propping the next yeere wyll be the handsomer, and the Uine wyll be the lesse full of galles: for that which is cut being greene and tender, dooth the sooner and the soundlyer recouer him selfe, and the Grape ripeth the better. Tenne dayes before the Uine beginnes to flowre, see that you gelde it in this sort: cut of all the superflu∣ous branches, both on the toppe, and on the sides, but meddle not where the clusters growe, strike of the toppes of the bran∣ches for growing to ranke: suche Grapes as growe towardes the South, or the West, leaue them theyr branches to defend them from the heate of the Sunne: cut away most from the young Uine, for ouerburdning him. After the heate of the Sunne beginneth to fade, away with the leaues, for hindering the Grapes of there ryping: and whyle the Grape is a flow∣ring, busie your selfe with digging about it. Suche Uines as with thicknesse of their leaues corrupteth their fruite, are to be rydde of theyr superfluous branches and leaues, a moneth be∣fore the geatheryng of your Grapes, that the winde may blowe the better through them: but the leaues that growe aloft in the very toppe, must not be medled with, but left as a defence, and shadowe agaynst the heate of the Sunne: but yf so be the end of Sommer be geuen to much rayne, and that the Grapes swell in greatnesse, then hardly plucke of y^e leaues from the top also.

THRA.

You haue tolde vs of a great deale of labour a∣bout Uines.

MARIVS.

The Uine keeper must often goe about his Uines, and set vp his proppes, and make euen his yokes.

THRA.

One thing, I pray you, let me heare more, the signes and tokens of the ripenesse: for as I vnderstand, we may not be to busie in geathering them to soone, nor vse any lingring after they be ripe, without great harme.

MARIVS.

You say true: for being geathered before they be ripe, they wyll make but small wine, and not durable. And agayne, yf you suffer them to long, you shall not onely hurt the Uine with the ouerlong bearing of her burden, but also yf hayle or frost happen to come, you put your Uine in great dan∣ger. Democritus wryteth, that y^• Grape endureth in his ripenesse

not aboue sixe dayes, and therefore the iudgement of his ripe∣nesse, is not alonely to be geuen vppon the sight, but vppon his ta••te, though Columella thinketh there can be no certayne iudge∣men•• geuen of the ta••te. But yf the stones doo change their co∣lour, and be no longer greene, but be almost blacke, it is a signe the Grape is ripe. Some againe doo presse the Grape betwixt theyr fynge••s, and yf they see the stone to slippe out smoothe, without any thing cleauyng to it, they thinke them meete to be geathered, but yf they come out with some part of the Grape cleauyng to them, they count them not to be ripe. Others proue them in this sort: out of a very thicke cluster, they take a grape, and as they behold the cluster wel, wherein they see no change, they take it for a token of ripenesse. You must geather your Grapes, the Moone beyng in Cancer, Leo, Libra, Scorpius, Ca∣pricorne, or Aquari, and vnderneath the earth.

THRA.

Is there no way to make y^• Grape ripe speedely?

MARIVS.

Plinie teacheth, to rubbe ouer the rootes with ta••te Uineger, and very olde vryne, and thus to be often digged, and couered.

THRA.

What order haue you for preseruing of your Grapes, when they be geathered?

MARIVS.

Some keepe them hanged vp in the roofe of Chambers, & some in earthen pottes close couered with woo∣den vessels. Pallalius sheweth away howe to keepe them vpon the Uine, tyll the Spring.

THRA.

I pray you proceede with the other fruite trees of your Orchardes.

MARIVS.

Among other fruite trees next vnto the Uine (as Columella sayth) the cheefe place is geuen to the Olyue,* 1.139 in Latine Olea, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Of all other plantes, it requireth least trauayle and charges, where as the Uine re∣quireth most: and though it beare not euery yeere, but euery other yeere, yet is he to be borne withall, because he asketh ney∣ther co••t, nor labour: and yf you bestowe any vppon him, he re∣compenseth it throwly, with the abundance of his fruite. And since there is so great profite and commoditie in this tree, and that the vses of it are so many, and so needefull, it is good rea∣son

to be diligent and carefull about it: he loueth a ground ney∣ther to hye, nor to lowe, but rather the syde of a hyll, such as is the most part of Italy and Spayne: for in such ground, the ex∣treme heate of the sunne, is something mollifyed with the colde blastes of the winde: for in Olyue trees (as Plinie sayth) the soyle, and the clime, is of great importance: it delighteth in a warme, and a drye ayre, and therefore in Barbary, Sicil, Anda∣lusia, sundry partes of Italy, specially Campania, it prospereth woonderfully: it liketh not too great heate, nor too much colde. And therefore in hotte countreys, it ioyneth vppon the North side of the hilles, & in colde, vpon the South side. It is thought, that yf it stande aboue threescore myles from the sea, that it ey∣ther dyeth, or prooueth not fruitefull. The best ground is the grauel••y grounde, hauyng aloft a little chalke mingled with lande: it is also good gro••nd where the sand, or grauel, is med∣led with riche moulde: yea the sliffe grounde, yf it be riche and liuely, dooth very well agree with this tree. Chalkie ground is vtterly to be refused, and watry and maryshe ground, woorst of all. The ••yke is a barrayne sand, and a hungry sand: but you may see it well in corne ground, where eyther the Wylding, or the ••asthelme hath growen: but betwixt the Oke and it, there •••• great hatred, for yf the Oke groweth neare, it flyeth away, and ••••••in••eth towardes the earth: and though you cut downe the Oke, yet the very rootes poysoneth and kylleth the poore Olyue. The lyke some affyrme of the trees called Cerrus, and Esculus: for where they be pulled vp, yf you set the Olyue, he dyeth: so dooth it (as Plinie sayth) yf it chaunce to be brused of the Goate. On the other side, betwixt the Olyue and the Uine, there is great freendship and loue: and it is sayde, that yf you graffe the Olyue vpon the Uine, it wyll beare a fruite that shal∣be halfe Grape, and halfe Olyue, called Vuolea, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, an Olyue grape. There are sundry wayes of plantyng of Olyues: some take the biggest branches from the trees, and saweing of the youngest plantes of two ••ubites in length, they set them orderly in the ground: some set the whole tree togeather. Some agayne cuttyng of the toppes, and all the branches, set the stocke, about the rysing of the starre Arc∣turus.

Many make them Impe Gardens in good grounde and mellowe, suche as is commonly the blacke mould: herein they set the young branches, the lowest, and the fayrest, two or three inches in thicknesse, and very fertill, whiche they geather no•• from the body of the tree, but from the newest and latest bowes. These they cut into prety settes of a foote and a halfe in length, takyng good heede that they hurt not the rynde, and paring the endes very smoothe with a sharpe knife, and markyng them with redde O••re, that they may knowe whiche way they stoode afore, and so settyng the lowest part into the grounde, and the hyghest towardes the Heauen, they put them in the grounde, and so they growe the faster, and beare the better: for yf you should set them with the lower end vpward, they would eyther hardly growe, and prooue vnfruitefull: and therefore they haue a regard of the setting of them. You must beside, before you set them, rubbe ouer both the toppe & the foote, with doung ming∣led with ashes, and so set them deepe in the ground, coueryng them foure fyngers thicke with rotten mould. You may choose whether you wyll set them all vnder the grounde, or sette some part within the grounde, and suffer the rest to appeare aboue the grounde: those that be set all within the ground, neede not to be marked, but suche as shall stand with one part aboue the ground. Didymus would haue them so set, as they may appeare foure fingers aboue the ground, and then to make a little trench for the receauing of the water: and this maner of planting with the bowes, is of Didymus best liked. Where you meane to plant, you must purge the ground of all other plantes, busshes, and weedes: and the trenches must so be made, as with the winde, the sunne, and rayne, it may be mellowed & made crom∣bling, that the plantes may the sooner take roote. If your busi∣nesse require haste, you must a moneth or two before, burne in y^e trenches eyther stickes, or reede, or suche thinges as wyll easily take fyre: and this you must doo diuers dayes togeather. Your trenches must be three cubites, or there about in deapth, & four∣tie cubites a sunder, wherby y^e trees may haue ayre yenough: the first yeere, second, & the third, y^e earth must be trimmed with oftē ••aking: the first two yeres you must not meddle with propping••

the third yeere, you must leaue vpon euery one a couple of bran∣ches, and often rake your Impe Garden: the fourth yeere, you shall of the two branches, cut away the weaker: being thus or∣dered, in the fyfth yeere they wyll be meete to be remooued: the stocke that is as bigge as a mans arme, is best to be remooued: let it stand but a little aboue the grounde, so shall it prosper the better. Before you remoue it, marke the part that stood South with a peece of Oker, that you may set it in like maner againe. You must fyrst digge the trenched grounde with Mattockes, and after turne in stone plowed earth, and sowe it with Barley: yf there be any water standyng in them, you must let it out, and cast in a fewe small stones, and so settyng your settes, cast in a little doung. After the tenth of Iune, when the ground gapes with the heate of the Sunne, you must take heede, that the sunne pearce not through the cleftes to the roote. From the entryng of the Sunne into Libra, you must ridde the rootes of all super∣fluous springes: and yf the tree growe vpon the edge of a hill, you must with little gutters drawe away y^e muddy water. The doung must be cast on at the fall of the leafe, that being ming∣led in Winter with the mould, it may keepe the rootes of the trees warme. The mother of oyle must be powred vpon y^e great ones, & the mosse must be cut of with an iron instrument, or els it wyll yeeld you no fruite. Also after certayne yeeres, you must cut and loppe your Olyue trees, for it is an old prouerbe: that who so ploweth his Olyue Garden, craueth fruite: who doung∣eth it, moweth fruite: who cutteth the trees, forceth fruite. In the Olyue tree, you shall sometime haue one branche more gal∣lant then his fellowes, whiche yf you cut not away, you discou∣rage all the rest. The Olyue is also graffed in the wyld Olyue, specially betwixt the rynde and the wood, and by emplastring: others graffe it in the roote, and when it hath taken, they pull vp a parcell of the roote withall, and remooue it as they doo o∣ther plantes. Those Olyues that haue the thickest barkes, are graffed in the barke. The time of graffing them, is from the en∣tryng of the Sunne into Aries, and with some from the .xxii. of May, tyll the fyrst of Iune. The tyme of geathering of O∣lyues, is when the greater part of half the fruite waxeth blacke,

and in fayre weather: the riper the Olyue is, the fatter wyll be the oyle. In geathering of Olyues, there is more cunnyng in making oyle, then in making wine: the lesser Olyues serue for oyle, the greater for meate. There is sundry sortes of oyle made of an Olyue, the fyrst of all is rawe, and pleasantest in taste: the fyrst streame that comes from the presse is best, and so in or∣der. The best oyle is about Venafri in Italy, and Licinia in Spaine. The next in goodnesse is in Prouence, except in the fruit∣full partes of 〈◊〉〈◊〉. The Olyues that you may come by with your handes, you must eyther vpon the ground, or with ladders geather, and not beate them downe: for those that are beaten downe doo wyther, and yeel••e not so much oyle as the other: and better is the Olyue that is geathered with the bare hand, then with gloues: there is an olde lawe for Olyues, bruse not the Olyue, nor beate him. Those that passe the reache of the hand, must be rather beaten downe with Reedes then Powses: the oyle is encreased from the rysing of y^e Bearward, to the sixe∣teenth of the Kalendes of October: after, the stone & the meate doo growe. Of oyle, some part serueth for meate, and other for the sowpling of the body: and therefore as Varro sayth, it accompanieth his maister, not only to the Bath, but also to the Feelde, or where so euer he goeth. The Olyue whereof you make your oyle, must be taken from y^e ground: and yf it be foule, must be washed: for the drying, three dayes is sufficient: yf it be frosty weather, they must be pressed the fourth day: euery fyrst heape must be put in earthen pottes, and oyle vessels, where with hard and rough stones they are grinded. The geathered Olyue, yf it lye to long in heapes, putrifieth by reason of heate, and makes vnsauery oyle. Mylles are more handsome for the makyng of oyle, then the Trough & the Foote: for the Mylles may be handled with great discretion: the whole store may be raysed or let downe, according to the quantitie of the Ber∣ry, lest the stone which would marre the taste of the oyle, should be broken. The presses cheefely, and the oyle houses ought to be warme, for the speedyer runnyng of the oyle: which with colde would make the longer stay. And sith heate and warmth is so needefull, you must prouide that your house lye towarde the

Sunne: so shall you neede neither flame nor fyre, whiche with knoke or soote, may corrupt the taste of your oyle. The lawes and order of geathering, and bestowing of Olyues, hath Cato described: the maner of preseruing them, is declared by Colu∣mella, whiche were too muche for me to speake at this time.

THRA.

Goe on then, and let vs heare what you can say of Apple trees: whose vse is more commonly knowen vnto vs.

MARIVS.

The Apple, called in Latine Pomum, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.* 1.140 There are that put this difference betwixt the Apple and the Nut, that what so euer fruite is to be eaten soft without, and hard within, is an Apple, and the contrary a Nut. Pomum generally spoken, is to be vnderstoode of all that the Greekes comprehend in the woord 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, as Beaches, Quin∣ces, and Peares, wherevnto the Lawyer agreeeth: but in this place I speake of Apples, according to the common phrase: as for Quinces, Pomegran••tes, & Turky Plomes, I wyll speake of in theyr due places. There are such sundry sortes of Apples, differing both in shape and sauour, as are skarcely to be num∣bred. In the olde time the cheefest Apples were Septians, very great and round, Martians, Claudians, Ma••••ans, and Appians, so called of theyr first founders: some againe tooke their names of theyr countreys, as Camerians, and Grecians: so others of theyr colours, as re••de, sanguine, silken, and golden. We haue at this day that are cheefe in price the Pippin, the Romet, the Pomeroyal, the Mar••••gold, with a great number of others, that were too long to speake of. There is but one maner of plan∣tyng and graffing of them all, sauing that the Peache, the Le∣mon, the Ahrecoct, the Quince, and the Cytron, which are all of Dioscorides accounted in the number of Apples, require a little more diligent care, as shalbe sayde hereafter, then the others, for they are al both planted and graffed: the maner of an Impe Garden Cato describeth. Apple trees are set eyther in Februa∣ry, or in March: or yf the countrey be hotte and dry, in October and Nouember. But al kindes of Apples doo better prosper by graffing, and inoculation, or imbudding, as I sayd before, about March or April, or at what time so euer the sappe be in y^e rinde. They are also graffed by implast••yng, about the tenth of Iune:

though some (as they say) haue had good successe in dooing it, after the entrance of the Sunne into Aries, as I haue sayde be∣fore, where I spake of implastring, and graffing. The Apple is commonly graffed vpon the Crabbe stocke, or vpon the Bram∣ble, being fyrst planted, and the yeere after cutte of w••thin a foote of the earth: vpon this stocke you may graffe (as I sayd) the tender young graffes of any Apples. Palladius sayth, you may graffe the Apple vpon the Perry, the Hawthorne, Plome tree, Seruisse tree, Peache, Plane tree, Poplar, Wyllow, and Peare: but in suche difference of countreys, we can set downe no certayne order for them all: and therefore as farre as myne owne experience, and the knowledge that I haue learned of o∣thers wyll stretche, I wyll gladly shewe you. There are that accordyng to the olde order, doo graffe the Apple eyther vppon a wylde Perry, or vppon a Quince, whereof they haue a most excellent fruite, called of the olde wryters Melimela. If you graffe vppon the Plane tree, you shall haue a redde fruite: you may also w••ll graffe your Apple vpon the Damson tree, and yf you graffe vpon the Cytron, you shall haue them beare, as Dio∣phanes sayth, fruite almost all the yeere long. The Apple lo∣ueth a fatte, and a good ground, well watred rather by nature, then by industry. In mountayne countreys, they must alwayes be set toward the South: it prospereth well yenough, so it be something holpen with the Sunne, neyther doo they refuse ey∣ther rough, or marrishe groundes. A leane and a barrayne soyle bringeth out woorme eaten, and fallyng fruite: the noysome woormes are destroyed with Hogges doung, mingled with mans vrine, and powred vpon the rootes. And yf the tree be ve∣ry full of woormes,* 1.141 being scraped downe with a brasen scraper, they neuer come againe, yf the place whence you scraped them, be rubbed ouer with Bullockes doung: some adde vnto vryne Goates doung, and powre vpon the rootes the lees of old wine. The tree that is sicke, or prospereth not, is holpen being watred with Asse doung, and water sixe dayes: they must be often wa∣tred at the set••yng of the Sunne, tyll the spring be come out. Plinie wryteth, that the water wherin Lupines hath been sodde powred vpon the tree, dooth the fruite good. They say, yf the

tree be much watred with vrine, the fruite wylbe redde. Others agayne set vnder theyr trees Roses, thinking thereby to haue theyr Apples redde. Apple trees (as I saide before) must be set euery sort by them selues, as Columella biddeth, lest the small trees be hurt of the great, because they be not all of one growth, nor strength. Beside, you must set them very thinne, that they may haue roome to shoote out their branches: for yf you sette them thicke, they wyll neuer beare well, and therefore you must set them fourtie, or at the least thyrtie foote a sunder: the Apple declareth his ripenesse, by the blacknesse of his kernelles. They are geathered after the fourteenth of September, or there a∣bout, according to theyr kinde, and not before the Moone be se∣uenteene dayes olde, in fayre weather, and in the after noone: those that fall from the tree, must be laide by them selues: it is better to pull them, then to shake them, lest they be brused in their falling.* 1.142 They are kept in fayre loftes, vaultes, or cold pla∣ces, with windowes openyng toward the North, which in fayre weather must be set wyde open: and therefore Varro woulde haue all Apple loftes haue theyr windowes North, that they may receiue the North ayre: the South windes must be shut out: the blastes of the North winde, dooth make them wrinckled and rugled: they must be layde thinne vpon strawe, chaffe, or mattes. I had an Apple brought me ont of H••lland, that endured three yeeres: I haue a tree of them here in this Orchard of his colour, called a Greening. You must lay euery sort by them selues, lest sundry sortes lying togeather, they soo∣ner rotte. Some vse to lay them in Nut leaues, whic••e both ge∣ueth them good colour, and good smell. They are also kept from rotting, yf they be layde in Barly, or Wheate. Palladius would haue them kept in earthen vessels close stopped, in Sesternes, or in Caues. Apuleus in Conctantine, woulde haue euery Apple wrapped in Nut leaues, and so layde vp: a great sort of wayes beside of keeping them, you shall reade in diuers aucthours. Some to auoyde the hurt of the frost, vse to couer them with wette linnen cloth, which being frozen, the fruite that lyeth vn∣der it, is preserued. Your Apples must be so layde vp, as the stalkes stand downeward: neyther must you touche any, but

suche as you neede. Apples are hurtfull to bearing cattel, so as the sauour causeth them to tyre, as Lucian in his asse witnesseth: the like is written of Peares, the remedy they say, is to let them eate some of the fruite afore. Of Apples, with certayne mylles for the purpose, they make a drinke called Cyder, and a smaly drinke beside with water, and the refuse of the Apples strayned: a good drinke to coole the thyrst of the poore labourer. A kynde of vinegre also they make of Crabbes, and sowre Apples, which lying in heape togeathe three or foure dayes, they afterwardes put into a Pipe, or Tunne, wherewith they mingle spring wa∣ter, or rayne water, and so is it suffered to stand close couered thyrtie dayes, and after taking out what vineger they neede, they put in agayne as much water. The Peare,* 1.143 in Latine Pi∣〈◊〉〈◊〉, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, chalengeth the next place, and is one of the cheefest beauties of the Orcharde. The Apple tree spreadeth in broade branches, the Peare tree ryseth in heygth, and delighteth in a riche and a moyst ground: it dooth growe of the kernell, and of the Pippin, but is a great whyle before it come to good: and when it is growen, it degenerateth from them his olde good nature, and therefore it is bett••r to take the wylde plantes, and to set them in their grounde in Nouember, and when they be well rooted, you may gra••••e vpon them. It is sa••de, that i•• so spr••sp••reth with o••ten digging, and much moy∣sture as it neuer looseth his flow••e. You shall doo great good vnto it, yf euery other yeere you bestowe some doung vppon it. Ore do••ng is thought to make great and massy Peares: some put to a•• the asshes to make their taste the pleasanter. They 〈◊〉〈◊〉 not ••lonely planted of the rootes, but also the very little twigges be••ng plucked from t••e roote, wy••l grew. If you wyl 〈…〉〈…〉, let them be three yeere old, or at the least two 〈…〉〈…〉. Seme ag••yne take the fayrest 〈…〉〈…〉, and set them as they doo the 〈…〉〈…〉, is Marche and April. 〈…〉〈…〉, when the blossome is on it, 〈…〉〈…〉. It i•• graff••d vpon the 〈…〉〈…〉, the Apple, and 〈…〉〈…〉 vpon the Mulbery, your Peare

shalbe redde. Virgil teacheth to graffe it vpon an Ashe, whereas in deede it wyll agree with any stocke: the grasse must be the growth of a yeere, & afore it be graffed, cleared of all the leaues and tender partes. And yf you woulde haue the fruite pleasant, and the tree fruitefull, you shall bore a hole through the stocke close by the ground, and driuing in an Oken, or a Beechen pin, couer it vp with earth: yf the tree prosper not, washe the rootes, and water them with ••ees of olde wine fifteene dayes, so shall it beare the better and pleasanter fruite. It shall neuer be hurt with woormes, yf when you ylant it, you doo annoynt it with the gall of an Oxe: yf the tree (whose rootes haue been cutte) seeme not to prosper, Palladius his remedy, is to pearce y^e roote through, and to driue in a pinne made eyther of Oke, or Plome tree. If your Peares be stony, and choke Peares, digge vp the earth from the rootes, clense them of stones, and sift in good newe mould agayne in the place: let your Peare trees stand thyrtie foote a sunder, or little lesse: your Apple tree farther, as I haue sayd. They are kept preserued sundry wayes, some dip∣ping the stalkes in boyling Pitch, doo afterwardes hang them vp, and so keepe them:* 1.144 others keepe them in newe boyled wine, or in a close vessell: others in sand, some in slockes, and some a∣gayne couered with Wheate, or Chaffe: some are of opinion, there is no kinde of fruite, but may be preserued in hony. Of Peares, Palladius teacheth as of Apples, to make both drinke and sause, the iuyce being prest out with y^e presse: women haue a prety dyshe made of Peares for theyr religious fastes, called Castimoniale. Next in order after Apples and Peares, commeth the Quince,* 1.145 whiche was fyrst by Cato called Co••oncum, the Greekes call it 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, of the citie ••ydon, from whence it was fyrst brought, the Italians Meie cotogne, the Spaniardes Memb••••••llo, the Frenchemen Vn coignier: both the Greekes and Virgil, call them of the colour 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, golden Apples, and Struthia, which kind (though they differ a little) are of this sort: for Colume••a speaketh of three sortes of Quinces, S••••u∣thia, Chrysomela, and Mustea, whiche all serue both for health and pleasure. They are planted after the same maner that Peares and Cherys are: some affyrme, that the sette that haue

been set in March, or in Februarie, haue taken suche roote, as they haue borne fruite the yeere after. They grow well in colde and moyst countreys, in playne and hilly groundes: in hotte dry countreys, you must set them in October. Many sette them w••th the toppes and the sette, but neyther of them both is very good: and being set of scyens, they soone degenerate. They are better graffed in the stocke, then in the barke, and that in Fe∣bruarie, or March: they receiue into their stockes, the graffes (in a maner) of all maner of trees, the Pomegranate, the Ser∣uisse, all the sortes of Apples, and make the fruite the better. The Quince tree must be set in that order, that in the shaking of the winde, they droppe not one vpon the other. When it is young, or newely planted, it is helped with doung, or better with ashes: they must be watred as often as the season is very drye, and digged about continually: in hotte countreys in Oc∣tober, or Nouember, in cold countreys in Februarie, or March: for yf you doo not often digge about them, they wyll eyther be barrayne, or beare noughty fruite: they must be proyned, cutte, and ridde of a••l encombrances. If the tree be sicke, or prosper not well, the roote must be watred with y^e mother of oyle, ming∣led with the lyke quantitie of water, as Didymus in Constantine sayth, or vnsleckt Lyme medled with Chalke, or Rozen and Tarre must be powred vpon the rootes: you shal geather them in a very faire day, being ••ounde and vnspotted, and very rype, and in the w••ne of the Moone. They are best kept coffened be∣twixt two hollowe Tyles,* 1.146 well closed on euery side with clay: some ••y them onely in drye places, where no winde commeth: others keepe them in Chaffe & Wheate: many in Hony, some in Wine, and maketh the Wine more pleasant. Democritus biddeth you beware, that you lay them not neare other fruite, because with their ayre they wyll corrupt them. There is also made a kinde of wine of Quinces (being beaten and pressed) and •• little Hony & Oyle put vnto it: our countrey men make of them a precious Conserue, and Marmelad, being congealed with long seething, and b••yled with Sugar, Wine, and Spi∣ces I wyll nowe shewe you of t••e M••••lar, which the Greekes call M. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Latines Mespilus,* 1.147 the Italians Nespilo, t••e

Spaniard Mespero, the Frenchmen Mesplier, or Nes••••ier, the Dutchmen Mespelen: this tree is also of the number of Apple trees, and Peare trees: it is planted in like maner as the Quince is: it delighteth in hot places, but well watred, though it doo well yenough in cold. We haue seene it prosper very wel among Okes and Wooddes: for we haue seene great Woods of them growing among Ok••s, that haue yeerely yeelded a great deale of money. Some say it is planted of the scyens, in March or Nouember, in a well dounged ground and mellowe, so that both the endes be rubbed ouer with doung. It is also set of the stone, but then it is very long before it come to any thing: it is excellently well graffed in the Bramble, the Pyrry, or the Apple. The M••dlar that you meane to keepe, must be gea∣thered before they be ripe: and being suffered to growe vppon the tree, they last a great part of the Winter: they are also pre∣serued in sodden Wine, and Uinegre and Water: in Catos tyme they were not knowen in Italy. Plinie and others haue spoken of them: neyther is it certayne, whether the olde wry∣ters tooke them for Seruisses. Plinie speaketh of three kindes of them: the fyrst kinde hauing but three stones in them, called therefore Pri••••••cum. We haue at this day two kindes, the one hauing here and there prickles, growing in euery Wood and Thicket, very sowre afore it be mellowed, and made so••t with frost, and colde of Winter: the other hauing no prickles at all with a great fruite, whiche seemeth to be brought hereunto by diligent planting and graffing. The wood of the wylde Med∣lar we vse to make Spoakes for Wheeles of, and the twigges of them serue for Carters whippes. Next vnto the Medlar for neyghbourhood sake, we must speake of the Seruisse, a hygh tree with a round berry, or fashioned like an Egge: wherefore it is called Ova as Theophrastus witnesseth,* 1.148 and the fruite 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Latines call it Sorbus, the Italians as the Latines, the Spaniardes Seruall, the Frenchemen Cormie or Cormier, the Dutchmen Sporeffelbaum. The fruite growes in clusters as the Grape dooth: the wylde is better then the Garden fruite. It delighteth in colde places, and yf you plant it in hotte coun∣treys, it wyll waxe b••rrayne. It hath no prickles as the Med∣lar

hath, it groweth of the stone, the sette, the roote, or the scy∣ens, and prospereth in a colde and a wette soyle vpon hilles: it is plan••ed in Februarie and March in colde coun••reys, and in hotte, in October and N••uemb••r: it is graff••d eyther vpon his owne stocke, or on the Q••••nce, or H••w••horne, eyther in the stocke, or the barke.

THRA.

I marueyle howe you can haue Pomegranates here, I pray you shewe what o••der you vse.

MARIVS.

* 1.149Among the strange fruites, there is none c••mparable to the Pomegranate so called I thinke) because of his countrey Carthage and Africa, where the be••t doo g••owe: t••e tree (as ye see) is not hie, the l••afe n••rrowe, and of a very ••aire green••, the flowre purple, and long like a Coffin the Ap∣ple that is compassed with a thicke rynde, is all f••ll of graynes within: it ••s called of the Greekes 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, as well the tree as the fru••te 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Pomegranate sweete and sowre: it is called in Latine Asalum ••un••••um and Malum Granatum, in I••alian Mele grano, in Spanishe Granada, in Frenche Tomos de gran••••, in Dutche Granata••ssel. This tree onely as the Figge a••d t••e U••••e, the body being clouen, dyeth not: the bran••hes are full of prickles as the G••rst••is: it loueth both a ••ot ground, and a hot c••untrey, and liketh not watr•• pla∣ces. In some hot co••ntr••ys, it groweth wylde in the busshes: it is pl••••ted in the spring ti••e, the rootes b••ing wa••red with ••ogges doung and Stale. It is gra••••ed vpon his owne stocke, and also vppon other trees, and lik••wyse o•• the scyences that g••owe from the rootes of the olde tree. And though it may be pl••n••d sundry wayes, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the best way is the branche of a cu∣•••••••• in lengt••, smooth••d with your knyfe at ••oth the endes, and 〈…〉〈…〉 in the groun••, with bo••h his endes well smeared wit•• ••o••ges do••ng and Stale. There is also an other way of plan••yng it, which i••, to take a very fruiteful stocke, which m••y be br••••ght to the earth, and him a••ter the maner of other trees they g••asse by ••nfolliation, betwi••t t••e b••rke and the ••ynde, and well and clo••ely bind it after they set it in the ground not tou∣c••ing the gr••••••ed part, but the partes beneath, annoynting it with the mother of oyle, and make it fast with cordes, that it slyp

not backe, tyll the branche be growen. It much delighteth (as Democritus sayth) in the Myrtill, insomuche as the rootes wyll meete and tangle togeather with great ioy. The fruite wyll growe without kernels, yf as in the Uine the pith being taken out, the set be couered with earth, and (when it hath taken) the spring be proyned. There is as African reporteth, in euery Pomegranate a like number of graynes, though they differ in bignesse. Basyl wryteth in his Hexam, that the sowre Pome∣granate wyll growe to be sweete, yf the body of the tree neare to the roote be pearced through, and fylled vp with a fat Pitche tree pin. You shal haue them endure a very great whyle, yf they be fyrst dipped in skalding water, and taken out quickly be laid in dry Sand, or els in some heape of Wheate in the shadow, tyll they be wrinckled, or els so couered with Chaffe, as they touche not one the other. Other say, it is best to keepe them like Quin∣ces, couered with Playster, or Chalke: for in colde places they are kept without corrupting. The rynde of the Pomegranate is called in Latine Malicorium, the flowre of y^e Garden Pome∣granate Dioscorides calleth 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and of the wylde 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

THRA.

I here also, the outlandishe Cytron is here very carefully planted.

MARIVS.

The Cytron,* 1.150 called also the Median, the Persian and the Assyrian Apple, because it was first brought out of Persia, & from the Medes: others say, it was first brought out of Africa into Greece by Hercules, and therefore Varro cal∣leth it, the Apple of Africa: they are called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and in Italian Citroni, in Spanish Zidras, in Dutch Giter••apf••el Pomerancen, in Frenche Citron: the fruite is called in Latine Hipericum, and Aureum malum, the golden Apple, also the ma∣ryage Apple of Iupiter and Iuno: such of them as are yellowe, and of a golden colour, they commonly call Oranges: such as are of a greenishe pale yellowe, they call Cytrols, or Cytruls: thos•• that are long, fashioned like an Egge, yf they be yellowe, are called Cytrons, yf they be greene, Lymons: yf they be ve∣ry great and round lyke Pompeons, they call them Pom••cy∣drons: the tree dooth alwayes beare fruite, some falling, some ripe, and some springing, nature shewing in them a wo••nderful

fertillitie, as in the trees that Homer describeth in the Or∣chardes of Alcionous. The leafe is lyke the Bay leafe, sauyng that there growe prickles amongst them: the fruite is yellowe, wrinckled without, sweete in sauour, and sowre in taste: the ker∣nelles, like the kernelles of a Peare, a great resister of poysons. The tree is planted (as Palladius sayth) foure maner of wayes, of the kern••ll, the scyens, the branche, and the stocke. If you wil set the kernell, you must digge the earth two foote euery way, and mingle it with asshes: you must make short beddes, that they may be watred with gutters on euery syde. In these beddes you must open the earth with your handes a hand breadth, and set three kernelles togeathers with the toppes downeward, and being couered, water them euery day, and when they spring, leaue no weedes neare them: they wyll spring the sooner, yf you water them with warme water: others say, it is best the graynes being taken out in the spring, to set them diligently in good mellowed furrowes, and to water them euery fourth or fifth day: and when they begin to grow, to remoue them againe in the spring, to a gentle and a mayst ground, for it delighteth in much wet: yf you set the branche, you must not set it aboue a foote and a halfe in the ground, least it rot••e. The scyens and the stocke, ••a••la••ius thinketh i•• better to be planted, and shew∣eth wh••ch way. Yf any man meane to cherishe this tree, let him def••nd it well from the ••orth, and set it toward the South, and the sunne in the winter, ••n frayles or baskettes: wherefore, some th•••• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 carefull and ••il••gent t•• the rendring of this tree, doo make little vaultes toward the South close couered, and with∣in the•• neare th•• w••ll, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 plant the Ore••ge, suffering the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 al sommer to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to the sunne, and to haue the heate the••••f: and as soone as winte•• comes•• they couer them straight with strawe, or matt••••, spe••ially with t••e stalkes of Gourdes. This 〈◊〉〈◊〉 delighteth to ••e continually digged about, they are gr••••••ed 〈◊〉〈◊〉 hotte places ••n April, in colde countreys in May, not vnder t••e barke, but clea••ing the stocke hard by the roote: they may 〈◊〉〈◊〉 gra••••ed bot•• on the Peare tree, and the Mulbery: but when 〈◊〉〈◊〉 are gr••••••ed, must be fenced eyther with a wicker basket, or some earthen vessell. The fruite wyll be sweete, yf

the kernelles be steeped in water sodde with hony, or whiche is better in sheepes milke. Such as you meane to keepe, must be geathered in the night, the Moone being downe, and geathered with branches and all, as they hang. Where the fruite burde∣neth the tree, you must pull them of, and leaue but fewe on it, whiche wyll be the pleasanter, and the kindlyer fruite. It is at this day nourished both in Germany and Fraunce, and is plan∣ted in vessels full of earth, and in hotte weather is set abroade in the sunne: in colde weather set in sellers, or in hotte houses. I haue seene in Germany, certaine hotte houses o•• purpose made of Fyrre boordes, that in Winter haue warmed all the Gar∣den, and in Sommer the frames taken away, haue geuen place to the sunne. If whyle they be young and little they be put into earthen vessels, or glasse, they growe according to y^e propor••ion therof: so that you may haue them fashioned eyther like a man, or like a beas••, according ••o your fancie: but you must so order your mouldes, as the ayre may come to them. But least I keepe you too long with these ou••l••nd••she trees, I wyll speake some∣thing of our owne trees, wherewith we are be••ter acquainted: among whiche we haue the Mulbery,* 1.151 in Latine Morus, in G••eeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the fruite 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Italian Moro, in Spa∣nishe Mora, in Frenche Meure, in Dutche Mulbern: this is accounted of all other trees the wysest, because he neuer blosso∣meth, tyll all colde weather be quite past: so ••hat when so euer you see the Mulbery begin to spring, you may be sure that win∣ter is at an end: he is ripe with the fyrst, and b••ddeth out so ha∣stily, as in one night with a noyse, he thrusteth out his leaues: they dye the handes (as Plinie sayth) with the i••yc•• of the ripe berry, and washe it of with the greene berry: he changeth his colour thryse, fyrst whi••e, then redde, and lastly blacke: he lo∣ueth hotte places, and grauelly, and delightes in digging and dounging, but not in watring: his rootes must be opened about October, and the lees of wine poured vpon them: it is set of the stones, but thinne: it often groweth to be wylde: the best plan∣ting is the seyens, and the toppes, a foo••e & a half long, smoothe at both endes, and rubbed ouer with doung. The place where∣in you set your 〈◊〉〈◊〉, they couer with ashes mingled with earth,

but couer it not aboue foure fingers thicke. Palladius bids you to set it in March, and to remooue it in October, or Nouember. Deritius telleth, that the Mulbery may be planted in the fall of the lease, by thrusting into the ground the branches, after the order of the Figge tree, whiche I mee selfe haue prooued, speci∣all, yf the end that is cut be wel brused, that it may the quicklyer take roote: and so when you haue made your hole, with a stake thrust it in: ••t is best graffed on the Beeche, and the white Pop∣lar, eyther by graffing in the stocke, or by inoculation: and so shall the berries be white. It is graffed also in the Figge, and the Elme, which in olde time they would not suffer, for feare of corrupting. Of the Mulbery is made a very noble medicine for the stomake, and for the goute: they wyll longest endure (as it is saide) kept in glasses. The leaues doo serue to feede Sylke∣woormes withall, whereof some make a very great gayne, and set them rather for that purpose, then for the fruite.

THRA.

What tree is that with the ruddy coloured fruite like a Chery?

MARIVS.

It is a Cornell tree, called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine Cornus,* 1.152 in Italian Corneolo, in Spanishe Zereko sel∣uestro, in French Corn••er, in Dutch Cornelbaum, the tree is thought neuer to exceede twelue cubites in heyght: the body is sounde and thicke like horne, the leafe is like the Almond leafe, but fatter, the flowre and ••he fruite, is like the Olyue, with ma∣ny beryes hang••ng vpon one stalke, first white, and after redde: the iuyce of the ripe beries, is of a blooddy colour: it loueth both mountaynes and v••lleys, and prospereth both in moyst gound, and dry: it groweth both of the s••••ppe, and of the seede. You must beware you plant it not neare to your Bees, for the flowre dooth kill as many of them as ••as••eth it.

THRA.

What tree is t••e same that groweth next vs?

MARIVS.

* 1.153That tree is called Ziziphus, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Italian Giuggi••le, in Spanishe Az••fe••fo, in French Imubae, in Dutch 〈◊〉〈◊〉, the beries whereof, are like the Cornel beries, the low••e like the Olyue flowre, but more swee∣ter. Columella speaketh of two kindes thereo••, the one redde, the other white, they are set of the stones, in hotte countreys in A∣prill,

and in colde places in May, or els in Iune: you may set both the stone, and the branc••e, it is very slowe in gr••wing: yf you set the plant, you m••st doo it in March in soft grounde: but yf you set the stone, you must set them in a little trenche of a hand broade, three stones togeather, with their poyntes downe∣ward: it loueth not to riche a ground, but rather a l••ght gro••nd and a warme place: in winter (as Palladius s••yth) it is good to lay stones about the body of the tree.* 1.154 The next are Italian Fylbertes, in Latine Pista••ea, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Italian Pa••••inachi, in Spanish Alhozi••o, in French Pistaches, in Dutch Wels••e pini••ernus, the leafe is narrowe and browne, for vpon the branches hang the Nuttes, lyke the Nattes of the Pine. Of this tree it is thought there ••s both male and female, and therefore they growe commonly togeather, the male ha∣uing vnderneath his shell, as it were long st••nes: it is graffed about the first of April, but vpon his owne stock, and vpon the Tereb••••th, and the Almond tree. They are also set (as Palla∣dius witnesseth) in the fall of the leafe in Oc••ober, both of the s••ippes, ••nd the Nutte: it delight••th in a hot and a moyst coun∣trey, and ioyes in often watring.

THRA.

Because I remember you tolde me b••fore, that of plantes and trees some doo growe of the seede, or fruite, and some are graffed: and bec••use I haue heard the graffing of most of them, I would nowe fayne heare you speake of suche trees as growe only o•• the stone, or berry.

MARIVS

Your remembrance is good: for tho••gh they commonly growe b••tter when they be graffes, yet some there∣be that prosper the better being sowen, and wy•••• scarse growe a••y other way. And th••ugh same of the foresayde trees being set, doo well p••osper, as the Midl••r, the Cornell, and diuers other, yet sometimes they waxe wylde•• and are long before they come to perfection, which Virgill also aff••rmeth,

For that same tree that of the seede, the stone, or berry growes, Doth slowly spryng, and ••long it is, ear any fruite ••e shewes: And when it comes, it proueth wyld, and dooth degenera••e, And loseth that same relishe swee••e, that longe••h to b••••state.

but by graffing it is restored agayne. Some of them agayne, howe so euer they be sowen or set, doo not degenerate, or grow out of kinde, as the Bay, the Date, the Cypresse, the Peache, the Abricoct, the Danison, the Pistace, the Fyrre tree, and the Chery: and because they be not all of one order, I wyll tell you seuerally of the chefest of them. To plant trees of the seede, nature (as I saide before) taught men at the fyrst: the seede being deuoured of birdes, and with the doung let fall in the cleftes of trees, where they after sprong and grewe. The Bay, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,* 1.155 in Latine Laurus, in all other tongues al∣most as in Latine. The berry is called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 in Latine Lauri ••a••••s, in Italian Bacche de lauro, in Spanishe Vaya de laurel, in Dutch Lorb••ren, a most gratefull tree to the house, a porter to Emperours and Byshops, whiche cheefely garnisheth the house, and standeth alwayes at the entry. Cato maketh two kindes thereof, the Delphick, and the Cypresse: the Delphick, equally coloured and greener, with great berries, in colour betwixt greene and redde, wherewith the Conquerers at Delphus were woont to be crowned. The Cypresse Bay hath a shorter leafe, and a darker greene, guttered (as it were) rounde about by the edges, which some (as ••linie sayth) suppose to be a wylde kinde: it groweth alwayes greene, and beareth ber∣ries: he shooteth out his branches from the sides, and therefore waxeth soone olde and rotten: it dooth not very well away with colde grounde, being hot of nature: it is planted d••uers wayes, the berries being dryed with the North winde, are geathered and layd abr••ade very thinne, l••••t they cluster togeather, af••er∣ward being wet with vrine, they are set in furrowes a handfull deepe, and very neare togeather: in March they be also planted of the slippe, and the s••yens. If you set them of the sli••pe, you must set them not p••s••ing ••••ene foote a sunder: but so they grow out of kinde. Some thinke, that they may be graffed one in an other, as also vpon the Serui••se and the Ashe: the berries are to be geathered about the beginning of December, and to be set in the beginning of March.* 1.156 Nutte trees are most commonly planted of the Nutte, as all other shell fruites are. Of all Nuttes the Almond is counted to be the worthyest,* 1.157 called in

Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Italian Mandorle, in Spanishe Almei∣dras, in French Amandes, in Dutch Mandelen, they are set in Februarie, and prosper in a cleare and a hotte ground, in a fat and a moyst ground they wyll grow barraine: they cheefe∣ly set suche as are crooked, and the young plantes, they are set both of the slipes, the roote, and the kernell. The Nuttes that you intend to set, must be layd a day before in soft doung: others steepe them in water sodde with hony, letting them lye therein but only one night, least the sharpnesse of the hony spoyle the plant: and being thus ordered Columella sayth, they wyl be both the pleasanter, and growe the better. The tops and the sharpe endes you must set downeward: for from thence commeth the roote, the edge must stande towarde the North: you must set three of them in tryangle, a handfull one from the other: they must be watered euery ten dayes, till they growe to be great: it is also planted with the branches, taken from the middest of the tree. The Almond is graffed not neare the toppe of the stocke, but about the middest, vpon the bowes that grow out. This tree dooth soone beare fruite, and flowreth before all others, in Ianuarie, or Februarie. Virgil accountes it for a prognosticatour of the plentifulnesse of Corne.

When thicke the Nutte tree flowres amidde the woodde. That all the branches laden bend withall: And that they prosper well and come to good▪ That yeere be sure, of Corne shall plentie fall.

The bitter ones (which are the holsomer) are made sweete, yf round about the tree, foure fyngers from the roote, you make a little trenche, by whiche he shall sweate out his bitternesse: or els yf you open the rootes, and powre thereon eyther vrine, or Hogges doung: or yf at the roote of the tree, you thrust in a fat wedge of P••tche tree. By this meanes (as Basyl sayth) they wyll loose theyr bitternesse: but no tree groweth sooner out of kinde, and therfore you must often remooue it, or graffe it when it is great. Wallnuttes, called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine I••glantes,* 1.158 in Italian Nocy, in Spanishe Nuezes, in

French Noix, in Dutch Groisse nusz: they are set in the ground (as Plinie sayth) the seame downeward, about the beginning of March: some thinke, that they wyl growe as the Filbert doth, eyther of the slippe, or the roote: it groweth speedely, and liketh a dry and a cold place, better then a hotte. The Nutte that you meane to set, wyl growe the better, yf you suffer it to lye foure or fyue dayes before in the water of a boy, and wyl prosper the more, yf it be often remooued: those Nuttes (as it is thought) prosper best, that are let fall by Crowes, and other Birdes. Yf you pearce the tree through with an Augur, and fil vp the place agayne with a pin of Elme, the tree shall lose his knotty hard∣nesse, neither wyl he lose his fruite, yf you hang by eyther Mul∣let, or a peece of Skarlet from a dounhill.

THRA.

What is the reason you plant your Wallnut trees round about on the outside of your Orchard, and not a∣mong your other trees?

MARIVS.

Because his shadowe is great, & vnholsome, beside the hurt he dooth with his dropping. He sucketh out a great deale of good iuyce from the ground: for as you see, they are very mighty and high trees, so as some of them are two or three ••••dome about: they occupie a great deale of roome with their standing, and beguile the other trees of their sustenance: besides, there are certaine trees they agree not well withall, and therefore haue I set them on the outside of my Orchard, as standardes to defend their fellowes from tempest and wea∣ther. Among Nuttes, is also to be recounted the Hasel Nuttes, a kinde whereof is the Filbert called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,* 1.159 in La∣tine Auellan••••, in Italian No••iuole, in Spanish Auellamas. in French N••r••ee••••e,* 1.160 in Dutch Haselnu••ez: they are planted after the maner of the Almond: it delighteth in claye and wa∣tr••sh groundes, and vpon hilles, being well able to abi••e the colde. They were fyrst brought into Asia and Greece from P••••∣tus, and therefore called Pon••ic••e, and Heracleotic••e. &c. Among the Nuttes also chalengeth the Chestnut his place,* 1.161 though he be rather to be reckoned among mast, whereby is called the Nut, or mast of ••upite••, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine Castanea, in Italian Castagne, in Spanish Castaua, in French Castagnes,

in Dutch Kastey: it loueth well to growe on mountaynes, and in colde countreys: it hateth waters, and desyreth a cleane and a good mould: it misliketh not a moyst grauell ground, and ioy∣eth in a shadowy and Northerly bancke: it hateth a stiffe and a redde clay grounde, it is planted both of the Nut, and the set: it is better planting Wooddes of them of the Nut, then of the set, otherwyse the safer way were the set, whiche in two yeeres beareth fruite. It is planted when the sunne is in the Aequinoc∣tial, both of the scyens, the set, the branche, and the roote, as the Olyue is. The Chestnuttes that you meane to sowe, must be very fayre and ripe, the newer they be, the better they growe: you must not set them after that sort that you set Almonds, or Filberts, but with the sharpe end vpward, and a foote a sunder: the furrowe must be a shaftman deepe. You were better (as I sayd) to make your Groue of the Nut, then of the settes, whiche wyll be meete to be felled for stayes in seuen yeere. Columella wryteth, that the Chestnut meete for the supporting of Uines, yf he be sowed in well digged ground, dooth quickly spring, and being felled after fiue yeeres, it prospereth like the Wyllowe: and being cut out in stayes, it lasteth till the next felling, as shalbe shewed hereafter, when we speake of Wooddes. They wyll also haue the Chestnut to be graffed on the Wallnut, the Beeche, and the Oke: it hath been seene, that where they grow two and two togeather, they prosper the better. The Pine, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine Pinus, in Italian and Spanish Pino, in Frenche Pin, in Dutch Hartzbaum, is planted not muche vnlike to the Almond, the kernelles of the key clocks being set as the Almond is: they are geathered in Iuly, before the cani∣culer windes, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Nuttes, the huske being broken, fall out. The best time of sowing them, Palladius reckoneth to be October, and Nouember: this tree is thought to be a nouri∣sher of all that is sowen vnder it. The Pitche tree is called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine Ti••ea. in Italian Pezzo, in Spanish Pino negro, in Dutch Rotdannenbaū, but I come nowe to the Chery. The Chery tree,* 1.162 in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, y^e fruite 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Italian the tree Ceraso, the fruite Cerase, and Ciregio, in Spanish Cerezo and Cereza, in French Cerisier and Cerise, in

Dutch Kirsba••m, kirsea: the tree is easie to be planted, yf the stones be but cast abrode, they wyll growe with great encrease: such is their forwardnesse in growing, that the st••yes, or sup∣porters of U••nes being made of Chery tree, are commonly seene to growe to be trees. They are graffed vpon the Plome tree, vppon his owne stocke, vppon the Plane tree, and on the Bramble, but best vppon the wylde Chery it ioyeth in being graffed, and beareth better fruite: yf you graffe them vpon the Uine, your tree shall beare in the spring: the time of graffing, is eyther when there is no Gumme vppon them, or when the Gumme hath left runnyng. They remoue the wyld plant, ey∣ther in October, or Nouember, that the fyrst Ianuarie or Fe∣bruarie, when it hath taken roote, it may be graffed vpon. Mar∣tial would haue you graffe it in the stocke: but in deede it pros∣pereth better, being graffed betwixt the barke and the wood. It delighteth to be set in deepe trenches to haue roome yenough, and to be often digged about. It loueth to haue the wythered bowe continually cut away: it groweth best in cold places, and so hateth doung, as yf it be layd about them, they growe to be wyld: it is also planted of the slippes, and wyll beare his fruite without stone: yf in the setting of the set, you turne the vpper end downeward. Others wyll, that the tree being young and two foote hye, be slitte downe to the roote, and the pith taken out of both sides, and ioyned togeather, the seames close bound about, & couered with doung: which within a yeere after, when it is wel growen, the young graffes (which hitherto haue borne no fruite) yf you graffe them, wil beare Cherys without stones, as Martial sayth. There are sundry kinds of Cherys (as Plinie reporteth, or Apronianus) that are redder then the rest, Actianus as blacke as a cole: whiche kinde in Germany yet at this day, they call Acklische kirsen, Celicians that are rounde. Plinie in speaking of the sundry sortes, preferreth the Duracins, which in Campania they were woonted to call Plinians: and a little after he sayth, vpon the bankes of the Rhine, there grow als•• Kersis, of colour betwixt blacke, redde, and greene, like the Iumper beries, when they be almost ripe: in whiche the common sort of bookes haue Tertius for Kirsis amongst y^e Germanes: for Plinie

whereas in many places he vsurpeth the Dutch woordes, as in the .9.10.17. and .18. booke, and in diuers other places, which being not vnderstanded of the Latine, came altogeather corrup∣ted to the posteritie. There are also Bay Cherys, graffed at the fyrst in the Bay, that haue a pretie pleasant bitternesse: at this day, the small Cherys are best esteemed, growing vpon a lowe bushe with short stalkes, round fruite, and very red, much meate, soft, and full of licour. It is sayd they wyll beare very timely, yf you lay Lime about them: it is good to geather them often, that the•• which you leaue, may waxe the greater: for set∣ting and plantyng of Cherys, you may reade a great sort of rules in the geatheringes of Constantine. There are also found a kinde of Cherys growyng wylde in the Woods, and He••ge∣rowes, with little beries, some redde, some altogeather blacke, whiche the Farmers in the Countrey doo vse for to fatte theyr Hogges withall. The Plome tree, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the fruite 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,* 1.163 in Latine Prunus and Pruna, in Italian Prune and Succiue, in Spanish Ciruel•• and Ciruela, in French Prune, in Dutch Proumen, it is planted from the middle of Winter, till the Ides of Februarie: but yf you set the stones at the fall of the leafe, let it be done in Nouember, in a good and mellowe ground, two handfuls deepe: they may be likewyse set in Fe∣bruarie, but then they must be steeped in lye three dayes, that they may sooner spring: they are also planted of the young sets that growe from the body of the tree, eyther in Ianuarie, or in the beginnyng of Februarie, the rootes being wel couered with doung: they prosper best in a riche and a moyst ground, and in a colde countrey: they are graffed towarde the ende of March, and better in the clouen stocke, then in the barke, or els in Ia∣nuarie, before the Gumme begin to droppe out: it is graffed vpon his owne stocke, the Peache, and the Almond. There are sundry sortes of Plomes, wherof the Damson is the principal, ioying in a dry grounde, and in a hotte countrey, and is graffed as the other Plomes are. There are diuers coloured Plomes, white, blacke, purple, and redde: wheate Plomes, and horse Plomes, wherewith they vse to fatte Hogges. The fynger Plomes are most commended, being of the length of a mans

fynger, which are brought vnto vs from Bohemia, and Hungary, and Iulians, and Noberdians, being blewe in colour, but later. The Damsons are dryed in the sunne vpon Lattyses, Leades, or in an Ouen: some doo dippe them before, eyther in sea wa∣ter, or in brine, and after dry them. The Peache tree, called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,* 1.164 the tree 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine Persica, in Italian Perseo, in Spanish Durasuo, they are also called Rho∣docina, and Dorocina, or Duracina, whereof there are foure kindes: but the cheefest are the Duracins, and the Abrecocts: in Nouember in hotte countreys, and in others in Ianuarie, the stones are to be set two foote a sunder in wel dressed ground, that when the young trees are sprong vp, they may be remoued: but in the setting, you must set the sharpe ende downeward, and let them stand two or three fyngers in the ground: wheresoeuer they grow, they reioyce most in watry groundes, which ground yf you want, looke that you water them abundantly, so shall you haue great store of fruite. Some woulde haue them set in hotte countreys and sandy ground, wherby they say, their fruite wyl longer endure: the better wyl also the fruite br, yf as soone as you haue eaten them, you set the stone, with some part of the fruite cleauing to it: it is graffed eyther on him selfe, the Al∣mond, or the Plome tree.* 1.165 The Apples of Armenia, or Abricoct, dooth farre excell the Peache, vsed as a great dayntie among noble men, and much desyred of the sicke: they are best graffed in the Plome, as the Peache in the Almond tree: the fayrest graffes that grow next the body of the tree, are to be chosen and graffed in Ianuarie, or Februarie, in colde countreys, & in No∣uember in hotte: for yf you take those that growe in the toppe, they wyll eyther not growe, or yf they growe, not long endure. You shall inoculate, or imbudde them in May, or April, y^e stocke being cut aloft, and many young buddes set in: neither must you suffer them to stand very far one from the other, that they may the better defend them selues from the heate of the sunne. The Frenchmen, and our Gardners also, after the Italians or∣der, doo graffe the Abricoct, taking a graft (not full a fynger long) or the budde that is well showte out, with a little of the rynde cut of, and slitting the rynde of a young Plome tree crosse

wyse, they set them in, binding them well about with Hempe, or Towe, and that in the end of Iune, or in Iuly, and August. Some thinke they wyl be redde, yf they be eyther graffed in the Plane tree, or haue Roses set vnderneath them: they wyll also be figured, or written in, yf seuen dayes after that you haue set the sto••e, when it beginneth to open, you take out the kernell, and with Uermillion, or any other colour, you may counterfaite what you wyll, after the stone closed vp about it, and couered with clay, or Hogges doung, you set it in the ground. Agayne, you shall haue them w••thout stones, yf you pearce the tree tho∣rowe, and fill it vp with a pinne of Wyllowe, or Cornell tree: the pith being had out, the rootes of the tree must be cut and dressed in the fall of the leafe, & dounged with his owne leaues: you shall also at this time proyne them, & ridde them of all rot∣ten & dead bowes. If the tree prosper not, powre vpon y^e rootes the lees of olde wine mingled with water. Against the heate of the sunne, heape vp the earth about them, water it in the eue∣nyng, and shadowe them as wel as you may. Agaynst y^e frostes, lay on doung yenough, or the lees of wine medled with water, or water wherein Beanes haue been sodden: yf it be hurt with woormes, or such baggage, powre on it the vrine of Oxen, med∣led with a third part of Uinegar. The Date tree,* 1.166 in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Italian, in Latine, and in Spanish Palma, in French Arbor de Dattes, in Dutch Dactelenbaum: the fruite in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine Palmulae, in Italian Dattoli, in Spanish Dattiles, in French Dattes, in Dutch Dactelem, it groweth in a milde grauelly ground, & delighteth in a watry soyle: & though it desyre to haue water all the yeere long, yet in a dry yeere it beares y^e better: and therfore some thinke, that doung is hurtful vnto it. About the riuer Nilus, & in the East partes, it groweth plenteously, where as they vse to make both wine and bread of it: this tree in Europe (for the most part) is barrayne, though it be planted of many for noueltie sake. The stones of Dates are planted in trenches of a cubite in deapth and breadth, the trenche filled vp agayne with any maner of doung, except Goates doung: then in the middest of the heape set your stones so, as the sharper part stand vpward: other would haue it stand

towarde the East: and after, when first they haue sprinckled thereon a little salt, they couer them with earth, well medled with doung: and euery day whyle it springeth, they water it: some remoue it after a yeeres growth, other let it growe till it be great. Moreouer, because it delighteth in salt grounde, the rootes must be dressed euery yeere, & salt throwen vpon them: and so wyll it quickly growe to be a great tree. The settes are not presently to be put in the ground, but fyrst to be set in earth∣en pottes, and when they haue taken roote, to be remoued. Date trees haue such a delight one in the other, that they bend them selues to touche togeather, and yf they growe alone, they waxe barrayne. They are planted (as Plinie sayth) of the branches, two cubites long, growing from the toppe of the tree: also of the slippes and slyuers. The same Plinie affyrmeth, that about Babylon, the very leafe (yf it be set) dooth growe.

THRA.

I remember you tolde me once, the spring and scyens that groweth out of the rootes of some trees, wyll very well be planted.

MARIVS.

I tolde you before, that diuers of the trees whereof I spake, might be planted of the branches, and of the scyences, hauing some part of the roote plucked vp with them: and so I sayde the Chery might be planted, as also the Hasel, the Laurel, the Myrtel, and the Medlar: likewyse, the fayrest branches slipped of, and the endes a little brused, and thrust in∣to the ground, commonly doo growe to be trees, as I mee selfe haue tryed both in the Mulbery, the Peare tree, and the Apple tree. One thing I wyll adde beside, that the trees that beare fruite ouer hastely, doo eyther neuer come to their iust bignesse, or the fruite that they beare, dooth neuer long endure: where∣fore I thinke sprang fyrst that lawe of Moses, that fruite trees should for three yeeres be counted vncircumcised, and theyr fore∣skinnes with theyr fruite, should be circumcised: that is, the burgens and blossomes should be plucked of, lest he should beare before his time, or when he hath borne, lose his fruite: but I keepe you too long in the describing of my Orchard.

THRA.

O no, I rather (whilest I heare you) imagine mee selfe to be amongst them, planting and viewing of theyr

fruites: but now remaineth, that in steede of a conclusion to your talke, you declare the order of preseruing them, to that end spe∣cially, that those thinges that are appoyn••ed for remedie (being not duely, or in time administred) be not rather a hurt, then a helpe.

MARIVS.

Your motion is good: fyrst therefore, and generally, dounging and watring is needefull for fruite trees, a very fewe excepted: and herein heede must be taken, that you doo it not in the heate of the Sunne, and that it be neyther too newe, nor too olde: neither must it be laide close to the foote of the tree, but a little distance of, that the fatnesse of the doung may be druncke in of the roote. Pigeons doung, and Hogger∣doung, doo also heale the hurtes or woundes of trees. The wa∣ter wherewith we water them, must not be Fountayne water, or Wel water, yf other may be had, but drawen from some mud∣dy Lake, or standyng Poole. Moreoner, you must take heede, (as I also tolde you before) when we began to talke of plan∣ting of an Orchard, that your trees stand a good distance a sun∣der, that when they are growen vp, they may haue roome ye∣nough to spreade, and that the small and tender, be not hurt of the greater, neyther by shadowe, nor dropping. Some woulde haue Pomegranate trees, and Myrtels, and Bays, set as thick togeather as may be, not passing mene foote a sunder: and likewyse Chery trees, Plome trees, Quinces, Apple trees, and Peare trees, thyrtie foote and moe a sunder: euery sort must stande by themselues, that (as I saide) the weaker be not hurt of the greater. The nature of the soyle, is herein most to be regarded: for the Hill requireth to haue them stand nearer togeather, in windy places you must set them the thicker. The Olyue (as Cato sayth) wyl haue fiue and twentie foote distance at the least. You must set your plantes in suche sort, as the tops be not hurt, or brused, nor the barke, or rynde flawed of: for the barke being taken away round about, killeth any kind of tree. You must also haue a regard of the shadowe, what trees it hel∣peth, and what trees it hurteth.* 1.167 The Wallnut tree, the Pine tree, the Pitch tree, and the Fyrre tree, what so euer they sha∣dowe, they poyson. The shadowe of the Wallnut tree and the

Oke is hurtfull to Corne: the Wallnut tree with his shadowe also, is hurtful to mens heads, and to all thinges that is planted neare it. The Pine tree with his shadowe likewise, destroy∣eth young plants: but they both resist the winde, and therefore good to enclose Uineyardes. The Cypresse, his shadowe is ve∣ry smal, and spreadeth not farre. The shadow of the Figge tree is gentle, though it spreade farre, and therfore it may safely ye∣nough growe amongst Uines. The Elme tree, his shadowe is also mild, norishing whatsoeuer it couereth. The Plane tree, though it be thicke and grose, is pleasant. The Poplar hath none, by the reason of y^• wauering of his leafes. The Alder tree hath a thicke shadowe, but nourishing to his neyghbours. The Uines is sufficient for him selfe, and the mouing of his leafe and often shaking tempereth y^• heate of the sunne, and in great rayne wel couereth it ••elfe. The shadowe of all those, is com∣monly milde and gentle that haue long stalkes:* 1.168 the dropping of al trees is naught, but worst of al those, whose branches growe so as the water can not redyly passe through: for the droppes of the Pine, the Oke, and the Mastholme, are most hurtfull, in whole company you may also take the Walnutte: the Cy∣presse (as 〈◊〉〈◊〉 saith) hurteth not. Moreouer, proyning and cutting is very good and necessary for trees, whereby the dead and whytered ••owes are cut away, and the vnprofitable branches taken of: but to proyne them euery yeere is nought,* 1.169 though y^• U••ne req••yreth cutting euery yeere: and euery other yeere, the 〈…〉〈…〉 the P••••egranate, and the Olyue, whereby they wyll the sooner beare fruite: the others must be the seldo∣me•• proyned. Olyue trees must be proyned in the fall of the leafe, after the setting of the seuen starres: and first, they must be well dounged, is a helpe against their hurtes. You must cut a∣way all the olde rotten branches that growe in the middest, and such as growe thicke, and are tangled together, and all the waterbawes, and vnprofitable branches about them: the olde ones are to be cut close to the stocke, from whence the newe s••ringes wyll aryse. S••arifiyng also or 〈◊〉〈◊〉,* 1.170 is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 hosse∣some for the trees, when they are screyned with their leaues, and drynesse of theyr barkes: at whiche time we vse to ••aunce the barke with a sharpe knife, cutting it strayght downe in many

places: which, what good it dooth, appeareth by the opening and gaping of the rynde, which is stayghtwayes filled vp with the body vnderneath.* 1.171 You must also trimme and dresse the rootes of your trees after this sort. You must open the ground round about them, that they may be comforted with the warmth of the Sunne, and the Rayne, cutting away all the rootes that runne vpward.* 1.172 The trees that you remooue, must be marked which way they stoode at the fyrst: for so teacheth Virgil.

And in the barke they set a signe, To knowe which way the tree did growe: Which part did to the South enclyne. And where the Northerne blactes did blowe.

Also, you must consider well the nature of the soyle, that you remooue out of a dry ground, into a moyst, and from a barraine hill, to a moyst playne, and rather fatte, then otherwyse. The young plantes being thus remoued, must in the second, or third yeere be proyned, leauing still about three or foure branches vntouched, so shal they the better growe: this must you vsually doo euery other yeere. The old tree we remoue with the toppes cut of, and the rootes vnperished, whiche must be helped with often dounging and watering. Apple trees that blossome and beare no fruite, or yf it beare, they sodenly fall away, you shall remedy by slitting of the roote, and thrusting in of a stone, or a woodden wedge.* 1.173 Also, yf you water your trees with vrine that is old, it greatly auayleth (as they say) both to the fruitfulnesse, and pleasantnesse of the fruite. Yf the tree decaye by reason of the great heate of the sunne, you must rayse the earth about it, and water the rootes euery night, setting vp some defence a∣gaynst the sunne. To cause theyr fruite to be quickly ripe, you must wette the little rootes with vineger and vrine that is old, couering them againe with earth, and oft digging about them. The vrine of men, yf it be kept three or foure monethes, dooth wonderful much good to plantes, which yf you vse about Uines, or Apple trees, it dooth not onely bring you great encrease, but also geueth an excelent taste & sauour, both to the fruite and the

wine: you may also vse y^e mother of oyle, such as is without salt, to the same purpose, which both must spedely be vsed in winter.

THRA.

We see that frostes and mystes, doo often times great harme to trees, haue you any remedy agaynst it?

MARIVS.

Agaynst frostes and mystes, you must lay vp round about your Orchard, little Fagottes made of stalkes, rotten bowes, or strawe, whiche when the frostes, or mystes a∣ryse, may be kindled, the smoke whereof auoydeth the danger. You must haue also dry doung amongst your Uines, whiche when the frost is great, you may set a fyre: the smoke whereof dispearseth the frost.

THRA.

What yf the trees be sicke, and prosper not?

MARIVS.

When they haue any such sicknesse, they vse to powre vppon the rootes, the lees of wine mingled with wa∣ter, and to sowe Lupines round about them. The water also wherein Lupines haue been sodde, powred rounde about, is very good (as Plinie saith) for Apple trees.

THRA.

Trees are often times also hurt with woormes.

MARIVS.

Yf your trees be troubled with woormes, there are diuers remedies, for the iuyce of Woorme wood de∣stroyeth the Caterpillers. The seedes, or grayne, that are stee∣ped in the iuyce of Sengreene, or Houseleeke, are also safe from any woormes: also asthes mingled with the mother of oyle, or the state of an Oxe, medled with a third part of vineger. Moreo∣uer they say, that the trees that are smoked with Brimstone, or Lyme, are safe from hurtful v••rmine: Galbanum likewyse burnt vpon the coles, driues them away. The blades also of Garlicke, the heades being of, so burnt (as the smoke may passe through the Orchard) dooth destroy the Caterpillers: some mingle Soote with the seedes, and sprinckle them with water: Demo∣critus wryteth, that a woman in her vncleannesse, vngyrt, and her heare hanging about her shoulders, yf she goe bare foote round about the place, the Caterpillers wyll presently fall: but perhappes I trouble you with this tedious, or long discourse of hearb••s, plantes, and trees, and therefore though there be much more to be spoken of, lest I should seeme to ouer weery you, I wyll make an end.

THRA.

A trouble? no, you haue done me a singuler great pleasure, in declaring vnto me the right ordring of a Garden, and an Orchard, which (not throughly entreated of by others) you haue breefely, and perfectly, to our great commoditie de∣scribed. And whereas you haue largely spoken of our trees at home, it remaineth for you to say something of the disposing of Wooddes. It was my chaunce to passe yesterday, by a great Wood of Okes, and Coppisse, planted in very good order, and hard by, a Wyllowe grewe vpon the side of a Riuer, excellently wel ordred, where the Feeldes were enclosed round about with great Elmes, whiche greatly beautifyeth your dwellyng, and yeelde (I warrant) no small profyte: I therefore greatly desyre to heare some thing of this part of husbandry.

MARIVS.

Though it be without my couenant,* 1.174 and that you demaunde more then I promised, yet since you force me, I wyll not refuse it, least you shoulde thincke I would fayle you in any thing. As touching Woods, Ancus Martius (as Petrus Crinitus wryteth) was y^e fyrst in Rome that euer dealt in them: the olde Fathers had alwayes a speiall regarde of Wooddes, wherefore Virgil sayth:

Yf that of Woods I frame my song. Woods vnto Princes doo belong: Yf that of Woods I lyst to sing•• Woods may full well beseeme a King.

It was ordayned by the Romanes, that the Consuls shoulde haue the charge of the Woods, that there shoulde no Tymber be wanting for bulding of Houses, and Shyppes, and other Tymber woorkes, both publique, and priuate. The state of Venis at this day, obserueth the same order, poynting a pri∣uate officer for their Wooddes, who hath in charge as well to see to the yeerly planting of thē, as to let that there be wanting no Tymber for their necessary vses. The Wood that you tolde me you passed by, is of Okes, Beeches, and other Mast trees: some part seruing for Tymber, and other for Fewell. Of these therefore wyll I fyrst beginne to speake, and then of Olyue Groues and Wyllowes, some of them be wylde, and grow of them selues, not needing any looking to, but suche as dayly

experience shewes, are nothing so good, as those that are plan∣ted. Wooddes and Forestes, doo cheefely consist of Oke, Beeche, Fyrre tree, Byrche, Pine, Pitch tree, Mastholme, Corke, wylde Olyue, Medlar, Crabbe tree, Iuniper, Cor∣nel, and Pyrry: other Wooddes haue other trees, according to the nature of the ground. The great Wood of Harteswald in Germany, as it runneth through diuers Countreys, bea∣reeth in some place onely Oke, in others Beeche, in others Fyrres. The Forest of Arderne for the most part beareth Oke: Montisicello, Larshe, Fyrre, Cornel, and Tamarice. Monte. D S. Cothardo, great abundance of Chestnut trees. These wylder sort, though they growe of them selues, may yet well be plan∣ted, yf you haue meete grounde of the Acorne, and the berry: eache of them liketh some one kinde of ground better then an other, as fyrst Theophrastus, and after Plinie hath declared. In the mountaines delighteth y^e Fyrre tree, the Cedar, the Larsh, the Pitche tree, and such as beare Rosyne: as also the Holme, the Terebinth, the Chestnutte, the Mastholme, the Oke, the Beeche, the Iuniper, the Cornel, and the Dogge tree: though some of these also prosper well yenough in the playne. The Fyrre, the Oke, the Chestnutte, the Fyrrebeech, the Mast∣holme, and the Cornel, growe aswell in the Ualley, as on the Mountayne: vpon the playnes you shal haue the Tamarix, the Elme, the Poplar, the Wyllowe, the Hasel, the Wallnutte, the Hornebeame, the Maple, the Ashe, and the Beeche. You shall not lightly see the Plome tree, the Apple, the wylde O∣lyue, nor the Wallnutte, vppon the Mountayne: all suche as growe as well in the playne, as vppon the Mountayne, are lar∣ger and fayrer to the eye growing in the playne, but are b••t∣ter for Tymber and fruite, vppon the Mountayne, except the Peare and the Apple, (as Theophrastus sayth): In marrishe ground delighteth the Wyllowe, the Alder, the Poplar, and the Priuey. And although the most Wooddes doo spring of their owne nature and accord, yet are they by planting, labour, and diligence, brought to be a great deale more fayre and fruite∣full: for as afore I told you, howe fruite trees were nourished and brought vp in Impe Gardens, so are these wilde and fruite∣lesse

trees, set and planted for Tymber and Fewell. He that is disposed to plant a Woodde, must fyrst, according to his soyle, choose his sets: and yf he haue them not springing of his owne, let him make an Impe Garden of the seedes, enclosing well the grounde with Hedge, Rampyre, or Dytch, lest Shepe, Goates, or any other cattell, come in to byte and brouse it: for what so euer they haue once bitten (as yf it were infectted with a deadly poyson) perisheth: and therefore those that meane to plant Woods, eyther for Tymber, Fewell, or Mast, must care∣fully prouide agaynst these hurtfull enimies. The country lawes haue therein well prouided, that where suche springes are, they shall feede no Goates, nor such cattell. Amongest the Mast trees, and suche as serue for Tymber, the fyrst place of right belongeth to the Oke,* 1.175 called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine Quercus•• in Italian ••uercia, in Spanish Roble•• in French Chesne, in Dutch Eichenbaum, he that wyll then plant an Oke Grone, must prouide him of ripe Acornes, not ouer dryed, nor feut••e, or any way corrupted: these must he sow in good ground, well tylled, with as great carefulnesse as he plantes his Or∣chard, and well enclose it, that there come no cattell in it: which (when they be something growen) you must about Fe∣bruary remooue to the place where you entende to plant your Wood: yf you cutte & proyne them, it is thought they wyl pros∣per the better for Mast: but yf you reserue them for Tymber, you must not touche the tops, that it may runne vp the straigh∣ter, and higher. In remoouing them, you must make your trenches a foote and a half deepe, couering the rootes well with earth, taking good heede you neyther bruse them, nor breake them: for better you were to cutte them. The Oke agreeth wel yenough with all maner of grounde, but prospereth the better in M••rshes, & warry places: it groweth almost in al groundes, yea euen in grauell and sande, except it be ouer dry: it liketh worst a fatte ground, neyther refuseth it the Mountayne. We haue at this day and Oke in Westphalia, not farre from the Ca∣stell of Altenam, whiche is from the foote to the neerest bowe, one hundred and thyrty foote, and three elles in thicknesse: and an other in an other place, that being cutte out, made a

hundred Wayne lode: not farre from this place, there grew•• an other Oke of tenne yardes in thicknesse, but not very hie: the Rouers in Garmany, were woont to vse for theyr Shyps, hollowed trees, whereof some one (as Plinie sayth) would car∣ry thyrtie men. The next amongst the Mast trees is y^e Beech, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,* 1.176 in Latine Fagus, in Italian Faggio, in Spa∣nishe Haya, in Frenche Faus, in Dutch Buchen, planted almost after the same maner that the Okes be. The Mastholme, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 in Latine Hex, in Italian where it is better knowen ••li••e, in Spanishe Enzina, in Frenche Haussen: it groweth hye, yf it haue a ground meete for it: it prospereth vp∣pon hilles, and likes not the playne: it beareth Acornes lesser then the Acornes of the Oke, a leafe like a Bay, and is conti∣nually greene. The like hath the Corke tree, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉•• in Latine Suber, in Spanishe Alcornoque, in Frenche Liege, whiche is counted amongst those that beare Mast, the barke whereof we occupie, for the flotes of our fisshing nettes, and in Pantofels for Winter: all other trees (sauing only the Corke) yf you spoyle them of their barke, doo dye. An other Mast bea∣ring Oke there is, called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉•• in Latine Quercus siluestrum, in Frenche Chesne, a kinde whereof some thinke the Cerre tree to be, called in Latine Cerrus, growing in wilde and barrayne places. T••ere are some that doo number the Chest∣nutte tree amongst the Mast bearers: but of this I haue spo∣ken before. The best Mast is the Oke Mast,* 1.177 the next the Beech and the Chestnutte, then the wylde Oke. &c. all very good and meete for the fatting of cattell, specially Hogges. The Oke Mast, or Acorne, maketh thicke Bacon, sounde fleshe, and long lasting, yf it be well salted and dried: on the other side, Chestnuttes and Beeche Mast, make sweete and de∣licate fleshe, light of digestion, but not so long lasting. The next is the Cerre tree, that maketh very sounde and good flesh: the Mastholme maketh pleasant Bacon, fayre, and weyghty: Plinie saith, that it was ordayned by the lawe of the twelue ta∣bles, that it should be lawfull for any man to geather his owne Mast, falling vpon the ground of his neighbour, which the E∣dict of the cheefe Iustice dooeth thus interprete: that it shall be

lawfull for him to doo three dayes togeather, with this prouiso, that he shall only geather the Acornes, and doo no harme to his neighbour, as Vlpianus witnesseth. Glans Mast (as Caius saith) is taken for the fruite of all trees, as 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 signifieth with the Greekes, though properly 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, be those fruites that are shelde, as Nuttes, and suche other. Upon these Mast bearers there groweth also the Gall, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in French Noix•• de Galle, in Italian and Dutch, as in Latine, in Spanish A∣galla, a little ball rugged and vneuen without, whereof some be massie, some hollow, some blacke, some white, some bigge, some lesser. It groweth (as Plinie saith) the sunne rising in Gemini, comming all out suddenly in one night: in one day it waxeth white, and yf the heate of the Sunne then take it, it wythereth: the blacke continueth the longer, and groweth sometime to the bignesse of an Apple: these serueth best to curry withall, and the other to finishe the leather, the woorst is of the Oke: and thus of such trees as beare Mast. Nowe wyll I ioyne with all the principalest of the other trees, to make vp your Wooddes, amongst whiche are the Elme, and the Wyllowe: the Elme in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,* 1.178 in Latine Vlmus, in Italian & Spanish Olmo, in French Orme, in Dutch Vlmbaum, and Yffenholiz: the plan∣ting whereof, because it is to great vse, and easily growes, we may not let passe: fyrst, because it groweth well with the Uine, and ministreth good foode to cattell: secondly (as it is al hart) it maketh good tymber. Theophrastus and Plinie, doo both af∣fyrme the Elme to be barrayne, peraduenture because the seede at the fyrst comming of the leafe, seemeth to lye hyd among the leaues, and therefore it is thought to be some of the leafe (as Columella affyrmeth.) He that wyll plant a Groue of Elmes, must geather the seede called Samara, about the beginnyng of March, when it beginneth to waxe yellowe, and after that it hath dryed in the shadowe two dayes, sowe it very thicke, and cast fine sifted mould vpon it, and yf there come not good store of rayne, water it well: after a yeere you may remoue it to your Elme Groue, setting them certayne foote a sunder. And to the end that they roote not too deepe, but may be taken vp agayne, there must be betwixt them certaine little trenches, a foote and

a halfe distance: and on the roote you must knit a knotte, or yf they be very long, twyst them like a garland, and being well noynted with Bollockes doung, set them, and treade in y^e earth rounde about them. The female Elmes are better to be plan∣ted in Autum, because they haue no seede: at this day in many places, cutting of settes from the fayrest Elmes, they set them in trenches, from whence when they are a little growen, they geather like settes, and by this dealing make a great gaine of them: in the like sort are planted Groues of Ashes. The Ashe in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Italian Fraxino, in Spanish Fresno, in French Fraisne,* 1.179 in Dutch Eschen: the Ashe delighteth in riche and moyst grounde, and in playne countryes, though it growe well yenough also in dry groundes, he spreadeth out his rootes very farre, and therefore is not to be set about corne ground, it may be felled euery third or fourth yeere, for to make stayes for Uines. The Ashe groweth very fast, and such as are forwardes are set in February, with such young plantes as come of them, in good handsome order standing a rowe: others set such Ashes as they meane shall make supporters for garden Uines, in trenches of a yeere olde, about the Calendes of March: and before y^e thirty sixth moneth they touch them not with any knife, for the preseruing of the branches: after euery other yeere it is proyned, and in the sixth yeere ioyned with the Uine: if you vse to cutte away the branches, they will growe to a very goodly heygth, with a rounde body, smothe, playne, and strong: Plinie writeth of experience, that the Serpent doth so abhorre the Ashe, that if you enclose fyre, & him with the branches, he wil rather run into the fire, then goe through the bowes. Byrch, called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 in Latine Betula, as Theoprastus writeth in his fourth booke, is a tree very meete for Woods: it prospereth in colde countryes frosty, snowie, and grauely, and in any barraine ground, wherfore they vse in barraine groūdes, that serue for no other purpose, to plant Byrches: it is called in Italian Bedolla, in Dutche Byrken, in Frenche Beula, Pine Woods, Fyr Woods, Pytch tree, and Larsh, are common in Italy about Trent. The Pine tree in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 in Latine Pinus,* 1.180 in Italian & Spanish Pino, in Dutch Hartz∣baum,

is planted of his kernells, from October to Ianuary: in hotte and dry countryes, and in colde and wette places, in Fe∣bruary or March: the kernelles must be geathered in Iune, be∣fore the clogges doo open, and where you lyst to sowe them, ey∣ther vpon hilles or else where: you must first plowe the grounde and cast in your seede, as ye doo in sowyng of corne, and couer them gently with a light Harrow or a Rake, not couering them aboue a hand broade: you shall doo well, if you lay the kernells in water three dayes before. The kernells of the Pine are cal∣led in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, & 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Spanish Pinones.* 1.181 The Fyrre tree in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine Abies, in Italian Abete, in Spanish Abeto, in Dutch Deamen, loueth not to haue any great adoo made about it: if you be too curious in planting of it, it wyl growe (as they say) the worse, it growes of his owne kernel in wilde mountaines, playnes, or any where. The Pitch tree, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,* 1.182 in Latine Picca, in Italian Pezzo, in Spanish El pino de que se haze la pez, in Dutch Rododemem, is a tree of the kinde of Pines, and very like to the Pine, sweating out his Rozen as he doth: for there are sixe kindes of these Rozen trees, the Pine, the Pitch tree, the wylde Pine, the Fyrre, the Larsh and the Tarre tree, the planting of them al is alike. The Alder, a tree also meete for woods,* 1.183 in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine Alnus, in Italian Auno, in Dutch Elsen, in French Aulne, it groweth in plaine and marishe places neare to Riuers. Theophrastus saith, it yeeldeth a fruitfull seede in the ende of Sommer: many places are commodiously planted with Poplar, whereof there are two sortes, the white called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and the blacke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉: the white is called with y^• Italians Populo bianco, with the Spaniards Alamo blanco,* 1.184 the blacke of the Italians, Populo negro, of the other Alamo negrillo, in French Peuplier, in Dutch Peppelem, it is planted of the branches and settes, and deligh∣teth in watry places, or any other grounde it proueth very fast: the blacke hath the ruggedder barke, his leaues rounde while he is young, and cornered in his age, white vnderneath, and greene aboue. The tymber hereof is good for buyldinges, speci∣ally within doores: his Wood is whitishe within, and the rinde blackish, whence he hath his name. Theophrastus addeth a third

kinde called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which some call the Poplar of Libya, and of the Alpes, it hath a rugged barke like the wylde Perry, a leafe like Iuy, and is in colour like a darke greene, sharpe at the one end,* 1.185 and brode at the other. The blacke Pop∣lar groweth in greate plenty about the lower partes of the Rhyne, though Homer call the W••llowe a fruitelesse tree, be∣cause his fruite turneth into Cobwebs before they be ripe: yet is the soueraintie geuen him amongest Wooddes that are vsually feld. Cato geueth the third place of husbandry grounds to the Wyllouwe, preferring it eyther before the Olyue Groue, corne grounde, or meddow, for it is oftner to be cutte, and grow∣eth the thicker, neyther is there so greate gayne with so little charge in any thing: it delighteth in watry groundes, darke and shadowy, and therefore is plan••ed about Ryuers and Lakes, howbeit it groweth in the Champion, and other ground: it is planted of young settes, a foote and a halfe long, and well coue∣red with earth: a wette ground requyreth a greater distance be∣twixt them, wherein you shall doo well to ••et them fiue foote a sunder, in order like the sinke vppon a Dye: in the dry ground they may be set thicker to geather, yet Columella would haue them fiue foote distance for passing by them. There are two sortes of Wyllowes, one sort enduring for euer, called Osyar,* 1.186 seruing for making of Baskets, Chayres, Hampers, and other country stuffe: the other kinde growing with greate and high branches, seruing for stayes to Uines, or for quicksettes, or stakes of Hedges, and is called stake Wyllowe: it is planted both of the tiwgge and of the stalke, but the stalke is the better, which mu••t be set in a moyst ground well digged, two foote & a halfe in the ground before it spring, and when the twygges are bare, you must take them from the tree when they be very dry, otherwyse they prosper not so well: these stakes or settes being taken from the young stocke, that hath ben ones or twyse cutte, and in thicknesse as m••ch as a mans arme, you must set in the ground three foote, or a foote and a halfe deepe, and sixe foote a sunder, laying good moulde about them fence: them well, that there come no cattell to pill of the barke of them. Af∣ter three or foure yeeres you may pull them, whereby they wyll

growe and spreade the better, and so you may continually cutte them euery fiue, or fourth yeere, wherof you may make sets for planting of more, for the olde ones are not so good to be occupi∣ed. The time of cutting of them, is from the fall of the leafe, vntill April, the Moone encreasyng, and in Westerly, or Sou∣therly windes: for yf you doo it, the winde being in the North, we finde by experience they wyl not growe so wel: you must cut them cleane away, that the olde branches hurt not the young springes: some thinke the young Wyllowe to growe the bet∣ter the nearer the ground, and the smoother he is cut.* 1.187 The O∣syar commonly groweth of his owne selfe, and is also planted of his roddes, in watry and marishe groundes, the earth raysed vp, and laide in furrowes: it is planted and springes most plen∣tifully, where the earth is beaten vp with the rage and ouerflo∣winges of the water: it serueth as a sure defence for making of Bankes and Walles in Marshes, and that cheefely in March, the Moone encreasing: the Osyar may be cut euery yeere, or euery two yeere yf you wyll. Loe, here haue you concerning Wooddes, what needefullest are for our countreymen to plant: for as for Woods of Cedar, Cypresse, and other strange trees, it is not for our husbandes to busie them selues about: wette and riche groundes that are meete for corne, is also good to be planted with Okes, Beeche, Wyllowe, & Poplar, although the Oke and the Beeche refuse hilly, and lighter ground: san∣dy, and barraine groundes, are good for Byrche, Bramble, Broome, and Hethe, as I haue sufficiently saide before. Nowe perhaps you would haue me proceede with Coppisse wooddes, that are continually to be feld.

THRA.

I would, yf it were no paine to you.

MARIVS.

Coppisse, or sale wood, were fyrst brought vp (as Plinie sayth) by Qu. Martius. This kinde of Wood grow∣eth commonly of his owne accord in Forrestes, and watry pla∣ces: but all Wooddes are not for this purpose, for some trees there are, which yf you cut and poule often, wyl fade and dye, as the Ashe, the Iu••iper, the Chery, the Fyrre, the Apple, and the Pyrry: and some againe, yf they be not cut, wyll perishe: the Uine requireth yeerely cutting, the Olyue, the Myrtel, and the

Pomegranate, eache other yeere. In cutting of them (as they are diuers) so is their order: for the Oke, as he groweth slowly, so is he not to be cutte, before he be of seuen, or eyght yeeres growth: and the nearer the ground you cut him, the better he growes, though he may be polled seuen or eyght foote aboue the ground: the like is of the Beeche, sauing that he may soo∣ner be cut. The great Wyllowe, and the Poplar, are cut after one sort, as I shewed a little before: though the Osyar may be cut euery two yeere, or euery yeere. The Chestnut may be feld euery seuenth yeere, both for Fewel, or for Uine st••ues. Trees are cut and pold sundry wayes, for eyther they are feld close by the ground, or the body is pold, when it comes to be of the big∣nesse of a mans arme, or more, as the Wyllowe is. Coppissed wooddes are commonly seuered into so many parcels, as may serue for yeerely felling, some still growing whyle others are a felling, and because some of them growe faster then other some, euery sort hath his place, and his season appoynted. Some are felled euery fourth yeere, some euery fifth yeere, as the Wyl∣lowe, the Poplar, the Alder, and the Byrche: some, once in se∣uen yeere, as the Chestnut, and some in more, as the Oke. It remayneth, that I nowe shewe you the maner of felling of tym∣ber, and what tymber is meetest for euery woorke.

THRA.

I haue a great desyre to heare what time is mee∣test for felling of tymber, whiche much auayleth (as they say) to the long enduring of it: after, I would knowe what tymber is meete for euery purpose.

MARIVS.

The season of felling, no doubt is to great purpose, whether it be for Tymber, or Fewel: for suche trees as are feld eyther in y^e spring, or in sommer, though they seeme dry without, are notwithstand••ng full of moysture and wetnesse within, whiche in burning, wyll neuer make good fyre: and therfore for Coppisse and fyre wood, your best felling is in Winter: and for building, it is best cutting of your trees in December, and Ianuarie, the mo••ne being in the wa••e, from the twentie, to the thirtieth day. Hee are there some that say, they haue found by experience, that trees being cut in Ianua∣rie, are full of sappe: and therefore thinke it better eyther to

cut them before, or after. Cato sayth, the best time is about the twelfth of December, for the tymber tree that beareth fruite, is be••t in season when his seede is ripe, and that which hath no seede, when it pilles it is time to cut. Such as are flaw∣ed, seruing for pillers of Churches, or other rounde woorkes, must be cut when they spring: shyngles, and suche as the Hat∣chet must flawe, are to be cut betwixt midde Winter, and the beginning of the Westerne windes. Plinie affirmeth the best season for felling of tymber, to be whyle the Moone is in con∣iunction with the Sunne. Vitruuius an excellent fellowe in buil∣ding, dooth wyll you to fell your tymber from the beginning of Autume, til the time that the Westerne windes begin to blowe, the whiche windes begin to blowe (as Plinie sayth) about the sixth Ides of Februarie: for in the spring, all t••ees are as it were with childe, and bend all their force to the putting out of their leafe, and theyr fruite. Since then they be sappy, an•• not sound, by the necessitie of the season, they are made by the rea∣son of their loosenesse feeble, and of no force: euen as the bodyes of women, after they haue conceaued, from their conception, tyl the time of their deliuerance, are not iudged to be sound, or per∣fite. In like sort the trees in Autume, when the fruite & leaues begin to fall, the rootes drawing from the earth theyr sufficient sustenance, are restored agayne to their olde estate: beside, the force of the ayre in Winter dooth fasten and make sounde the trees, and therefore is it then thought the best time to fell your tymber. The maner of cutting of it is this, fyrst to cut it tyll you come to the middle of the pith, and so to let it stand, that the sappe that is in it, may dessend and droppe out: so shall not the moysture within putrifie, nor corrupt the tymber, but passe clearely away. When you haue cut it, and you see it dry that it hath left dropping, you may cut it downe, and so shall you be sure it shall best serue your turne. There are some maisters in building, that thinke it best after you haue sawen out your tym∣ber in boordes, to lay them in water for three or foure dayes, or yf they be of Beeche, for a longer time, eyght or niene dayes: and being ordered in this wyse, they shall neyther (they say) be rotten, or woorme eaten.

THRA.

Now let vs heare what trees are best for tymber.

MARIVS.

There are diuers and sundry vses of tymber: such as are barrayne, are better then y^e fruiteful, excepting those sortes where the male beareth, as the Cypresse, and the Cornel: in all trees the partes that growe toward the North, are harder and sounder, whiche are almost couered with mosse, as with a cloke against the colde: the woorst are those that growe in sha∣dowy and watrishe places, the massyer and better during, are they that growe against the Sunne: and therfore Theophrastus deuideth all tymber into three sortes, into clouen, squared, and round, of whiche the clouen doo neuer rent nor coame: for the pith being bared, dryeth vp and dyeth: they also endure long, because they haue little moysture. The squared, and the rounde, or the whole tymber, doth coame and gape, specially the round, because it is fuller of pith, and therefore renteth and coameth in euery place. And suche hye trees as they vse for pillers, and mayne postes, they fyrst rubbe ouer with Bullockes doung to season them, and to sucke out the sappe: for the moysture doo alwayes come sooner then the dry, and dry better to be sawed then the greene, except the Oke, a••d the Box, that doo more fyll the teeth of the Sawe, and resist it. Some agayne refuse to be glued eyther with them selues, or any other, as the Oke, which cleaueth as soone to a stone, as any wood, neyther doo they wel cleaue, but to such as are of like nature: to be bored, the greene is woorser then the dry: the light and the dry, are har∣der to be cut: for bandes & wythes, the Wyllowe, the Brome, the Byrch, the Elme, the Poplar, the Uine, the clouen Reede, and the Bramble are best: the Hasel wyll also serue, but the best is the Wyllowe: they haue also a certaine hardnesse and faire∣nesse, meete to be vsed in grauen woorkes. Among those that serue for tymber, are most in vse the Fyrre, the Oke, the Pine, the Larshe, the Escle, the Elme, Wyllowe, Cedar, Cypresse, the Box, Byrch, Plane tree, Alder, Ashe, wylde Oke, Da••e tree, Beeche, wylde Olyue, Mastholme, Walnut, Maple, and Holly, and diuers others, vsed according to their nature, and the maner of the countrey where they growe. The Fyrre tree, whereof I haue also spoken before, geueth out Rozin, and his

tymber is meete for diuers woorkes, and greatly esteemed for his heygth and bignesse, whereof are made the shippe mastes, and pillers for houses: for it is very strong, and able to abide great force.* 1.188 It is vsed also in building, for great gates & doore postes: in fine, good for any building within, but not so well en∣during without doores, and very soone set afyre. They vsed (as Theophrastus sayth) in y^e old time to make theyr Gallyes & long Boates of Fyrre, for the lightnesse sake, and their shippes for burden, of Pine tree, and Oke. Of Oke, I haue spoken a little before, the tymber whereof is best, both for inward buildings, and for the weather, and also well enduring in the water: Hesio∣dus would haue yokes made of Oke. The wylde Oke serueth also well in water woorkes, so it be not neare the sea: for there it endureth not, by reason of the saltnesse: it wyll not be pearced with any Augur, except it be wette before: neyther so wyll it suffer (as Plinie sayth) any Nayle driuen in it, to be plucked out agayne. The Mastholme, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, a tree well knowen in Italy,* 1.189 the wood whereof is tough and strong, and of colour like a darke redde, meete (as Hesiodus sayth) to serue for Plow shares: it may also be made in Waynscot, and Payle boorde. The Larsh tree, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Italian Larice, in Dutch Lerchenbaura,* 1.190 was in the olde time greatly esteemed about the Riuer Poe, and the Gulfe of Veniz, not onely for the bitternesse of the sappe, whereby (as Vitruuius sayth) it is free from cor∣ruption and woormes, but also for that it wyll take no fyre, which Mathiolus seemeth with his argumentes to confute. It is good to susteyne great burdens, and strong to resist any vio∣lence of weather, howbeit they say, it wyll rotte with salt wa∣ter. The Escle is a kinde of Oke, called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 in Latine Esclus, is soone hurt with any moysture: the Elme, the Wyllowe, and the Poplar, whereof I haue spoken before, wyll very soone rotte, and corrupt: they wyl serue wel yenough within doore, and for making of Hedges. The Elme continu∣eth very hard, and strong, and therfore is meete for the cheekes and postes of Gates, and for Gates, for it wyll not bowe, nor warpe: but you must so dispose it, that y^e top may stand downe∣ward: it is meete (as Hesiodus sayth) to make Plow handles of.

The Ashe (as Theophrastus sayth) is of two sortes,* 1.191 the one tall, strong, white, and without knottes, the other more ful of sappe, ruggedder, and harder. The Bay leafe (as Plinie sayth) is a poyson to all kinde of cattell: but herein he is deceiued, as it should appeare by the likenesse of the name, for 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 is the young tree, whose leaues (as is certainely tryed) killeth all such beastes as chawe not the cudde. Ashe, besides his ma∣nifolde vse otherwayes, maketh the best and fayrest horsemens staues, whereof was made the staffe of Achilles, whiche Homer so greatly commendeth: it is also cutte out in thinne boordes. The Beeche, whereof I haue spoken before, although it be brit∣tle and tender, and may so be cut in thinne boordes and bent, as he seemeth to serue onely for Caskettes, Boxes, and Coff••••s, his colour being very fayre: yet is he sure and trusty in ••earing of weyght, as in ••xeltrees for Cartes, or Waynes. The bark•• of the Beech was vsed in the olde time, for vessels to geat••er Grapes in, and other fruite, and also for Cruettes, and vessels to doo sacrifyce withall: and therefore Cu••i••s sware, that he brought nothing away of all the spoyle of his enimies, but one poore Beechen Cruet, wherein he might sacrifyce to his gods. The Alder is a tree with a strayght body, a soft & reddish wood, growing commonly in watry places, it is cheefely esteemed for fund••tions, and in water woorks, because it neuer rotteth lying in the water: and therefore it is greatly accounted of among the Uenetians, for the fundations of their places, and houses: for being driuen thicke in pyles, it endureth for euer, and susteyneth a wonderful w••••ght. The rinde is plucked of in y^e Spring, and serueth the Dy••r in his occu••ation: it hath lyke knottes to the Cedar, to be cut and wrought in. The Plane tree is but a stran∣ger, and a newe come to Italy, brought thyther onely for the commodi••ie of the shadowe, keeping of the sunne in Sommer, and letting it in in Winter. There are some in Athens (as Pli∣nie sayth) whose branches are .36. cubites in breadth: in Lycia•• there is one for greatnesse like a house, the shaddowe place vn∣derne••th conteyning .••1. ••oote in bignesse: the tymber with his s••ftness ••at•• his vse but in water, as the Alder, but dryer then 〈…〉〈…〉, the Ashe, the Mu••bery, and ••he Chery. The Lynder,

in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and so in Italian, in Spanish La••era, in Dutch Lyndon: this tree ••h••ophras••u•• counteth best for the woorkeman, by reason of his softnesse: it breedeth no woornes, and hath be••wixt the barke and the wood, sundry little ryndes, ••••ereof they were woont in ••linie•• time to make Ropes and Wythes. The ••yrch is very beautiful and fayre: the inner rinde of the tree, called in Latine Liber, was vsed in the olde time in steade of paper to wryte vpon, and was bound vp in volumes, whereof bookes had fyrst the name of Libri, the twigges and bowes be small, and bending, vsed to be carried before the Ma∣gistrate among the Romanes, at this day terrible to poore boyes in schooles. The Elder tree, called of Dioscoridus 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 in Latine Sambucus, in Italian Sambuco, in Spanish Sauco, in French Suseau, in Dutch Hollenter, doo••h of all other trees soonest and easelist growe, as experience besides Theophrastus dooth teache vs, and though it be very full of pith, yet the wood is strong and good: it is hollowed to diuers vses, and very light staues are made of it. It is strong and tough when it is dry, and being laide in water, the rynde commeth of as soone as he is dry. The Elder wood is very hard and strong, and cheefely vsed for Bare speares: the roote (as Plinie sayth) may be made in thinne boordes. The Figge tree, is a tree very wel knowen and fruitefull, not very hye, but somewhat thicke (as Theophra∣stus sayth) a cubite in compasse, the tymber is strong, and vsed for many purposes, and sithe it is soft, and holdeth fast what so euer stickes in it, it is greatly vsed in Targettes. Bore tree, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Italian Boxo, in Spanishe Box, in Frenche Bouys, in Dutch Busthaum, an excellent tree, and for his long lastyng, to be preferred before others. The Box that turned is, sayth Virgil. Iuniper,* 1.192 called both of Theophrastus and Diosco∣••ides 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because it driueth away vermine: for with his sa∣uour, Todes and Snayles, and suche lyke, are driuen away, in Latine it is called Iuniperus, in Italian Ginipro, in Spanishe Euebro, in French Geueure, in Dutch Wachoi••er: it is very like to the Cedar, but that it is not so large, nor so hye: though in many places it groweth to a great heygth: the tymber wher∣of wyll endure a hundred yeeres. And therefore Hanibal com∣maunded,

that the temple of Diana should be built with rafters and beames of Iuniper, to the ende it might continue. It also keepeth fyre a long time, insomuch as it is saide, the coles of Iuniper kindled, haue kept fyre a yeere togeather: the gumme whereof our Painters vse. The Cedar tree,* 1.193 in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine Cedrus, and almost like in other tongues: the hard∣nesse of this tymber is onely praysed, and that it wyll neither rotte, nor be woorme eaten, but continue euer. Solomon built that noble Temple of GOD at Hierusalem of Cedar: it is very meete for the building of Palaces and Castels: the Cedar, the Eben, and the Olyue tree, doo neuer chinke nor coame. I∣mages of goddes and saintes were alwayes made of Cedar, be∣cause it euer yeeldeth a moysture as though it sweat. Theopra∣••••us wryteth of Cedars in Syria, of foure elles and more in com∣passe. The Rozen & Pitch of y^e Cedar tree, is called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Cypresse,* 1.194 and the Pine, doo endure a long time without eyther woorme, or rotting: Plinie commendeth Gates of foure hundred yeeres olde.* 1.195 The Pine (sayth Theophrastus) is of great strength, and very meete for the streyghtnesse and handsomenesse, to be employed in building.* 1.196 The Walnut tree is a great tree and commonly knowen, whose tymber is muche vsed in ••eelinges and tables. Theophrastus wryteth, that the Walnut tree before he falleth, maketh a certaine kinde of noise, which it once happened in Antandro, the people being greatly afraide, fledde suddenly out of the Bathes. The wylde Olyue, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,* 1.197 in Latine Olcaster, in Italian Oliuo Sal∣uatico, in Spanish Azenuche, in French Oliue sauuage, in Dutch Wilder Olyboum, of his wood is made the hastes and handles of Wymbles and Augurs. Holme, or Holly, is a tree whose leaues are full of prickles rounde about the leafe,* 1.198 and the barke, being both continually greene, the berries like the Ce∣dar: of the rynde of the rootes they make Birdlime: the wood is very hard, the branches wyll wel winde and bowe, and there∣fore serueth excellent well for quickset Hedges: the Dutchmen call it Hul••en. The Maple,* 1.199 called of Theophrastus 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Dutch 〈◊〉〈◊〉. for the beautie of the wood is next to the Cedar, hauing a very fayre and pleasant grayne, of the re∣semblance

called Peacokes tayle: with this wood tables are couered most gorgeous to the eyes, and other fine workes made, specially of the knobbes or wennes that growe out of it, called Bruscou and Molluscou: of whiche the knobbes hath the fayrer and the more courled graine. Molluscou is a more open graine, and yf so be it were of sufficient breadth for tables, it were to be preferred before the Cedar: nowe it is but seldome seene, and that in wryting tables, or about beddes. There is also a knobbe, or a wenne growing vpon the Alder, but a great deale woorse then that of the Maple. The Date tree,* 1.200 whereof we haue spo∣ken before, hath a very soft wood. The Corke, his tymber is tough:* 1.201 but nowe for a farewell,* 1.202 I wyll shewe you what woorkes euery tymber is meete for. The Fyrre, the Pine, and the Cedar, serue for Shippes, for Gallyes, and Lyghters, (as Theophrastus sayth) are made of Fyrre,* 1.203 for the lightnesse sake: Shippes of burden, are made of Pine. Upon the French and Germany seas, they cheefely vse Oke about theyr Shippes: the selfe same tymber also serueth well for building of houses,* 1.204 specially the Cedar, and the Cypresse. The Fyrre, the Poplar, the Ashe, and the Elme, are meete for the inner partes of the house, but they serue not so well in the weather, as the Oke dooth. For conueyances of water, the Alder, the Pine, and the Pitche tree,* 1.205 are best made in pipes: being well couered in the earth, they laste a woonderfull whyle, but yf they sye vncouered, they sooner perishe: the Oke also, the Beech, and the Walnut, endure very well in the water. The tymber that longest endu∣reth, is the Olyue, the Oke, the wyld Oke, and the Mastholme: for as Plinie witnesseth, the Olyue hath been s••ene to stand two hundred yeeres, and like the Cedar, and the Cypresse, as hath been sayde before: for Rafters, and Mortisse peeces, the Elme and the Ashe,* 1.206 by reason of their length serues best. The best to beare weyght, is the Fyrre, and the Larsh, which howe so euer you lay them, wyll neyther bend, nor breake, and neuer fayle, tyll woormes consume them. Contrarywyse, the Olyue tree, and the Oke, wyll geue and bend, and so wyll the Poplar, the Wyllowe, the Elme, and the Byrch. The Date (a woorthy tree) bendeth vp agaynst his burden. The Poplar on the other

side, geueth at euery light thing. The Elme & the Ashe, though slowly, are easely 〈◊〉〈◊〉. These also are easely wound and bent: the Wyllowe, the B••••ch, the Broome, the Oke, and the Oken boordes.* 1.207 Shyngles to couer houses withall, are best made of Oke, Beech, and such others as beare Mast: and also of suche as yeelde Rozen, as the Pine, and the Pitch tree: the Pitche tree, and the Oke, serue best for Cuppes, Tankardes, and suche like. Those that are cut for waynscot and thinne boordes, the Cerre tree, the Terebinth, the Maple, the Box, the Date, the Mastholme, the roote of the Elder, and the Poplar. For the beautifying of Tables,* 1.208 serueth cheefely the Maple, the Ashe, the Walnut, and sometimes the Chery, and the Peare: but the preciousest are the Cypresse, and the Cedar Tables. For Axel∣trees, Wheeles, and Spoakes, serueth the Oke, the Maple, and the Beech, ••••••gil dooth also appoynt the Cedar, and the Cypresse to this vse. Hereof they make the Spoakes of Wheeles, and hereof Cartes & Waynes. The selfe same tym∣ber also serueth (as Hesiodus sayth) for Plowes,* 1.209 Yokes, and Wagons: but that he addeth herevnto the Ashe, and the Cerre tree, and as the Ashe for his softnesse, so the Mastholme for his hardnesse. For Pullye••, Wymbles, Sheathes, and Mallets, the meetest are the wylde Olyue, the Box, the Mastholme, the Medlar, the Elme, the Ashe, the Maple, and the Bramble: but the greater sort of Mallets, or Beetles, and the Wheeles and Pullyes for Mylles and Welles, are made of Pine, and Wal∣nut tree. ••ato woulde haue the Waynes and Cartes made of Holly, Bay, and Elme. Hyginu•• would haue the handles,* 1.210 or steales of husbandmens tooles, made of Dogge tree wood, Holme, Cerre tree, and (which we haue commonly in vse) Box. Targettes are (as Theophrastus sayth) made of Wy••••••w, and Uine,* 1.211 for being pearced, they close the harder 〈◊〉〈◊〉 eathe•••• but the Wyllow is the lightest, and therefore the better. The Figge tree also, and the ••ynd••e, the Byrch, the Poplar, and the El∣der, serue all w••ll for Targets. The best wood for Horsemens staues,* 1.212 is the Ashe, and (as Virgil sayth) for valiant staues, the M••riel: the Ewe tree serueth (as the same Virgil witnesseth) for Bowes.

The Ewe tree for the Persian bowe they bend.

For Gates, they vse the Elme: for Hampers, or Baskettes, al such as easely bend. For Cupplinges and Raf••ers of houses, the Elme, and the Ashe for thinne boorde, the best to cleaue, the Fyrre,* 1.213 the Poplar, and the Beech: for long during, and abi∣ding the weather, and standyng in water, the Oke is commen∣ded, for which the other serue not, saue for the water, the Beech, and the Alder: for fyre, and light, are vsed the Fyrre, the Pitch tree, and the Pine. The best coles are made of the fastest wood, as the Oke,* 1.214 and the wylde Oke: but the Fyners rather desyre the coles that are made of the Pine tree, because they better a∣bide the blowing, and dye not so fast as the other. The Cerre tree, though the tymber be of no great vse, yet serueth it wel to make cole of for the Brasse Forges, because as soone as the bel∣lowes leaue, the fyre ceasseth, and there is little waste in it: but for building, the tymber thereof is altogeather vnprofitable, be∣cause it dooth easely breake, and moulder away: but being in ••ostes vnhewed, it serueth well yenough within doore. The ap∣test to take fyre, is the figge tree, and the Olyue tree: the Figge tree, because it is soft and open: the Olyue tree, for the fastnesse and the satnesse. The Earth tree (as Vitruuius sayth) resisteth the fyre, though Mathiolus (as I sayde before) goeth about to disprooue it. In all the bodyes of trees, as of liuely creatures, there is skinne, senowes, blood, fleshe, vaynes, bones, and ma∣rowe: theyr skinne is their barke, of great vse among countrey people: the vesselles that they geather their Uines and other fruites in, they make of the barke of Lynd tree, Fyrre, Wyl∣lowe, Beech, and Alder. The Corke hath the thickest barke,* 1.215 which though he loose, he dyeth not, for so be benef••ciall hath na∣ture been to him •• that bec••use he is commonly spoyled of his barke, she hath geuen him two barkes. Of his barke, are made Pantoffels, and ••••yppers, and Floates for fyshing nettes, and Angles: yf the barke be pulled of, the wood sinkes, but the barke alwayes swimmeth. The next to the rynde in most trees, is the fatte, the softest and the woorst part of the tree, and most subiect to woormes: therefore it is commonly ••ut away. The sappe of the tree, is his blood, which is not alike in all trees, for in the

Figge tree it is milkie, whiche serueth as a rennet for Cheese. In Chery trees, it is gummy: in Elmes, saltishe: in Apple trees, clommy and fatte: in Uines, and Peare trees, watrishe: they commonly spring the best, whose sappe is clam∣miest. The iuyce of the Mulbery, is sought for (as Plinie sayth) of the Phisitions. Next to the fatte, is the fleshe, and next to that, the bone, the best part of the tymber: all trees haue not a∣ny great quantitie of this fatte and fleshe, for the Box, the Cor∣nel, and the Olyue, haue neyther fatte, nor fleshe, nor marowe, and very little blood: as neyther the Seruisse, nor Alder, haue an•• bone, but both of them full of marow. Reedes for the most part haue no fleshe at al: in fleshe of trees, there are both vaines and arteryes, the vaines are broader, and fayrer: the arteryes are onely in such trees as wyl cleaue, by meanes of which arte∣ryes it commeth to passe, that the one end of a long beame laide to your eare, yf you doo but fillippe with your finger vppon the other end, the sound is brought foorthwith to your eare, where∣by it is knowen, whether the peece be straight and euen or not. In some trees there are knoties on the outside, as the wenne, or the kernell in the fleshe of man, in the whiche there is neyther veyne, nor artery, a hard knoppe of fleshe being clong, and rol∣led vp in it selfe: these are most of price in the Cedar, and the Maple. In some, the fleshe is quite without veynes, hauing on∣ly certayne small stringes, and such are thought to cleaue best: others, that haue not their stringes, or arteryes, wyll rather breake then cleaue: as the Uine, and the Olyue, wyll rather breake then cleaue. The whole body of the Figge is fleshy: as the body of the Mastholme, the Cornel, the wylde Oke, the Mulbery, and suche others as haue no pith, is all bony. The grayne that runneth ouerthwart in the Beech, was taken (as Plinie sayth) in the olde time for his arteryes.

THRA.

There are other commodities beside the tymber, to be geathered of these trees.

MARIVS.

Uery true: for (as I sayde before) of the Medlar, the Oke, the Chestnut, the Pine, and the Beech, these trees that growe in the Wooddes, beside their tymber, beare fruite also, good and meete to be eaten. So of the Fyrres, the

Pitch trees, and the Pines, we geather Rozen and Pitch, to our greate commoditie and gayne: as of the Oke, the Beech, the Chestnut, the Medlar, and the Pine, we haue fruite both meete for man, and also good for feeding of Hogges, and other cattell. In time of dearth, both our forefathers, and we, haue tryed the good seruice, that Akornes in bread hath doone: yea, as Plinie and others haue written, they were woont to be serued in amongst fruite at mens tables. Neyther is it vn∣knowen what great gaynes some countreys geat by Akornes, Rozen, and Pitch: the Gaile also groweth vpon these Akorne bearing trees, whereof I haue spoken before. Amongest all the trees out of which runneth Rozen, the Tarre tree, a kinde of Pine, is fullest of sappe, & softer then the Pitch, both meete for fyre, and light, whose boordes we vse to burne in steede of candelles. The Cedar sweateth out Rozen & Pitch, caled Cedria. Moreouer, of trees is Brydlime made,* 1.216 the best of y^e Cerre tree, the Mastholme, and the Chestnut, specially in the Wooddes about Sene, and neare the sea side, where they are carefully plan∣ted in great plentie, by the Byrdlyme makers: for they geather the berryes from the trees, and boyle them, tyl they breake, and after they haue stamped them, they washe them in water, tyl al the flesh fall away. Plinie affirmeth, that it groweth only vpon Okes, Mastholmes, Skaddes, Pine trees, and Fyrre. Byrde∣lyme is also made of the rootes of certaine trees, specially of the Holly, whose rootes and barkes withall they geather, and lay them vp in trenches, couered with leaues in a very moyst grounde (some doo it in doung) and there they let them lye tyll they rot, then take they them out and heate them, tyl they waxe clammy, and after washe them in warme water, and make them vp in balles with their handes, it is vsed (beside other pur∣poses) for the taking of byrdes. Besides all this, there sweateth out of trees a certayne Gumme knowen to all men, as of the Chery tree, the Plome tree, the Iuniper, the Olyue, the Black∣thorne, the Iuie,* 1.217 and Almond. Out of the Iuniper, commeth Uernish: out of the Myrrhe, Scorax: out of the white Poplar, Amber.* 1.218 Plinie wryteth, that Amber commeth out of certayne Pine trees in the fatte, as Gumme dooth from the Chery tree.

And thus these thinges that I haue here at your request decla∣red, touching the order of plantyng and sowing, I beseeche you take in good woorth: you heare my wyfe calleth vs to supper, and you see the shaddowe is tenne foote long, therefore it is hye tyme we goe.

THRA.

I geue you most harry thankes, that you haue thus freendly enterteyned me in this your fayre Orchard, with the sweete des••ription of these pleasant hearbes and trees.

IVLIA.

Syr, your supper is redy, I pray you make an ende of your talke, and let the Gentleman come in here into this Arber.

MARIVS.

Come let vs goe.

Soli Deo laus & gloria, per Christum Iesum.

The ende of the second Booke.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The vse of Gardens of great anti∣quitie.
• * 1.2

  An euyll Garden, to∣ken of an ill husvvyfe.
• * 1.3

  O•• Lettu∣syns.
• * 1.4

  The time of s••••rchyng for vvater.
• * 1.5

  Th•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Gardens.
• * 1.6

  Enclosyng of Gardens.
• * 1.7

  The making of a quickset h••dge.
• * 1.8

  An other nevver and bette•• 〈…〉〈…〉 hedge.
• * 1.9

  An other sort of hed∣ging.
• * 1.10

  VVhat to be consydered in the cho••se of Garden ground.
• * 1.11

  Ayre.
• * 1.12

  VVindes.
• * 1.13

  The ord••∣ring of Gar∣dens.
• * 1.14

  Bedde••.
• * 1.15

  Of digging and doung∣ing of Gar∣dens.
• * 1.16

  Of sovving.
• * 1.17

  Three sea∣sons to sovv in.
• * 1.18

  Of seedes.
• * 1.19

  VVhat seede spring soone and vvhiche slovvly.
• * 1.20

  The vvea∣ther for sovvyng.
• * 1.21

  The Moone
• * 1.22

  The time for gardning
• * 1.23

  Of potte hearbe.
• * 1.24

  Asparagus.
• * 1.25

  Rue.
• * 1.26

  Lettuse.
• * 1.27

  Endiue.
• * 1.28

  Colvvoorts.
• * 1.29

  Spinage.
• * 1.30

  Sorell.
• * 1.31

  Cummin, & Co••ri••nder.
• * 1.32

  Smalledge, or Parsley.
• * 1.33

  Fenel.
• * 1.34

  D••ll.
• * 1.35

  Cheruile.
• * 1.36

  Beetes.
• * 1.37

  Ga••den Cres••es.
• * 1.38

  Garden Poppy.
• * 1.39

  Must••••d∣seede.
• * 1.40

  Radishe.
• * 1.41

  Rapes.
• * 1.42

  The little Rape.
• * 1.43

  Nauens.
• * 1.44

  Parsn••p.
• * 1.45

  R••dde and yellovve Carrettes.
• * 1.46

  Leekes.
• * 1.47

  Onyon••.
• * 1.48

  Fissile.
• * 1.49

  Onyons.
• * 1.50

  Garlicke.
• * 1.51

  Malovve••••
• * 1.52

  Purcelaine.
• * 1.53

  Straberrie••.
• * 1.54

  Raspi••••
• * 1.55

  Liqueris••.
• * 1.56

  Small Rea∣zins.
• * 1.57

  Hoppes.
• * 1.58

  Reade the perfect orde∣••ing h••••••of, in m••••ster Reynolde Scots booke of Hoppe Ga••dens.
• * 1.59

  Coucum∣bers.
• * 1.60

  Gourdes.
• * 1.61

  Artichoch
• * 1.62

  Saffron.
• * 1.63

  Rosemary.
• * 1.64

  Sauge,
• * 1.65

  M••ntes.
• * 1.66

  Pimpe••n••l.
• * 1.67

  Hysope.
• * 1.68

  Sauorie.
• * 1.69

  Basyl.
• * 1.70

  Marierum.
• * 1.71

  Tyme.
• * 1.72

  Lauender.
• * 1.73

  ••lovvregen∣••le.
• * 1.74

  Lauender¦cott••n.
• * 1.75

  My••t••l.
• * 1.76

  Gilyfloures.
• * 1.77

  Roses.
• * 1.78

  Musk••••ses.
• * 1.79

  Lillyes.
• * 1.80

  Violets.
• * 1.81

  It is but the opinio•• of a Gardne.
• * 1.82

  Berfoote, or Settervvort.
• * 1.83

  Angellic••
• * 1.84

  Helecom∣pany.
• * 1.85

  VVorme∣vvoode.
• * 1.86

  Sauine.
• * 1.87

  Against Ca∣terpillers.
• * 1.88

  Gnattes.
• * 1.89

  Moles.
• * 1.90

  Myse.
• * 1.91

  Garden Fleas.
• * 1.92

  Of Or∣chardes.
• * 1.93

  Hovve to 〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.94

  Dropping of tr••••••.
• * 1.95

  Freendship amongst ••••ees.
• * 1.96

  Shaddovves of trees.
• * 1.97

  Time of plantyng.
• * 1.98

  Time for gr••f••ing.
• * 1.99

  The obser∣uation of the Moone.
• * 1.100

  The kindes of planting and graffing of tree••.
• * 1.101

  Three kinds of g••affing.
• * 1.102

  VVhat trees are best to be graffed betvvixt the barke and the vvood.
• * 1.103

  VVhat tre•••• agree best togeather.
• * 1.104

  To haue redde Peares and Apples.
• * 1.105

  A Peache ••ith an Al∣mond in it.
• * 1.106

  Olyue grape
• * 1.107

  The choyse o•• gra••••ing.
• * 1.108

  The knottes
• * 1.109

  The time for graffing.
• * 1.110

  The maner of gra••fi••g.
• * 1.111

  To keepe your graffes.
• * 1.112

  Of empl••∣st••••ng and inocu••ation.
• * 1.113

  VV••••rble graffing.
• * 1.114

  〈1 paragraph〉〈1 paragraph〉
• * 1.115

  Propagatiō, and his kindes.
• * 1.116

  〈1 paragraph〉〈1 paragraph〉
• * 1.117

  Of impe Garden.
• * 1.118

  The Vine.
• * 1.119

  T••e inuen∣tion of the Vine.
• * 1.120

  The Vine∣yard most gayneful.
• * 1.121

  Corne feeld and Vine∣yardes com∣pared.
• * 1.122

  Trees whi∣che be frends or foes to the Vine.
• * 1.123

  The ordring of Vines.
• * 1.124

  What ground is best for the Vine.
• * 1.125

  VVhat quar¦ter of the heauen the Vine must lye agaynst.
• * 1.126

  The time for planting of Vines.
• * 1.127

  Graffing of Vines.
• * 1.128

  VVhat graffes to be chosen.
• * 1.129

  The length of the setter.
• * 1.130

  The 〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.131

  〈1 paragraph〉〈1 paragraph〉
• * 1.132

  What doung is best for Vines.
• * 1.133

  Where the doung must be laide.
• * 1.134

  Pisse the best doung.
• * 1.135

  The order of digging or stirring the grounde.
• * 1.136

  D••••ssing of Vines.
• * 1.137

  Propping of Vines.
• * 1.138

  G••ldyng, or plucking of of leaues.
• * 1.139

  The Olyue.
• * 1.140

  Apples.
• * 1.141

  Agaynst hurtfull vvoormes.
• * 1.142

  To keepe Apples.
• * 1.143

  The Peare.
• * 1.144

  To keepe Peares.
• * 1.145

  The Quince
• * 1.146

  To keepe Quinees.
• * 1.147

  〈1 paragraph〉〈1 paragraph〉
• * 1.148

  The Seruisse t••••e.
• * 1.149

  Pomegra∣nates.
• * 1.150

  Cytrons.
• * 1.151

  The Mul∣bery tree.
• * 1.152

  The Cornel
• * 1.153

  Ziziphus.
• * 1.154

  Italian ••••∣be••ts.
• * 1.155

  The Bay.
• * 1.156

  Nutte trees.
• * 1.157

  The Al∣mond tree.
• * 1.158

  Wallnuts.
• * 1.159

  〈1 paragraph〉〈1 paragraph〉
• * 1.160

  〈1 paragraph〉〈1 paragraph〉
• * 1.161

  Chestnuts.
• * 1.162

  The Chery tree.
• * 1.163

  Plome trees.
• * 1.164

  The Peache tree.
• * 1.165

  The Abry∣co••••.
• * 1.166

  The Date.
• * 1.167

  Shadovve of trees.
• * 1.168

  Dropping of t••••••s.
• * 1.169

  Proyning.
• * 1.170

  S••arefying.
• * 1.171

  Abl••••ue••∣ton.
• * 1.172

  Remouing.
• * 1.173

  VVhē trees beare not, or holde not their fruite, a remedy.
• * 1.174

  Of VVod.
• * 1.175

  The Oke.
• * 1.176

  ••eechvvood
• * 1.177

  Mast, and his differences.
• * 1.178

  The Elme.
• * 1.179

  Ash groues.
• * 1.180

  The Pine.
• * 1.181

  Fyrre trees.
• * 1.182

  The Pytch tree.
• * 1.183

  The Alder.
• * 1.184

  Poplar, vvhite and blacke.
• * 1.185

  VVyllovves.
• * 1.186

  Osyars.
• * 1.187

  For planting of Os••••res.
• * 1.188

  The Fyrre.
• * 1.189

  Th•• Mast∣holme.
• * 1.190

  The Larsh.
• * 1.191

  The Ashe.
• * 1.192

  Iuniper.
• * 1.193

  The Cedar.
• * 1.194

  The Cy∣presse.
• * 1.195

  The Pine.
• * 1.196

  The VVal∣nutte tree.
• * 1.197

  The wylde Olyue.
• * 1.198

  The H••lly.
• * 1.199

  〈1 paragraph〉〈1 paragraph〉
• * 1.200

  The Date tree.
• * 1.201

  The Corke
• * 1.202

  VVhat turne each tymbe•• serues.
• * 1.203

  For Shyps.
• * 1.204

  For Houses.
• * 1.205

  For vvater courses.
• * 1.206

  For be••••ing of 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.207

  〈1 paragraph〉〈1 paragraph〉
• * 1.208

  〈1 paragraph〉〈1 paragraph〉
• * 1.209

  〈1 paragraph〉〈1 paragraph〉
• * 1.210

  For hastes, and handles.
• * 1.211

  ••o•• Tar••ets
• * 1.212

  〈…〉〈…〉 ••aues.
• * 1.213

  ••or vv••te•• vvoo••••••••.
• * 1.214

  ••or co••••ng
• * 1.215

  The barke.
• * 1.216

  Byrdlyme.
• * 1.217

  Vernishe.
• * 1.218

  Amber.