Klinike, or The diet of the diseased· Divided into three bookes. VVherein is set downe at length the whole matter and nature of diet for those in health, but especially for the sicke; the aire, and other elements; meat and drinke, with divers other things; various controversies concerning this subject are discussed: besides many pleasant practicall and historicall relations, both of the authours owne and other mens, &c. as by the argument of each booke, the contents of the chapters, and a large table, may easily appeare. Colellected [sic] as well out of the writings of ancient philosophers, Greeke, Latine, and Arabian, and other moderne writers; as out of divers other authours. Newly published by Iames Hart, Doctor in Physicke.

The Diet of the Diseased. THE SECOND BOOKE. (Book 2)

THE ARGVMENT.

IN the second Booke wee descend to the handling of the Diet of the Diseased, and in what manner all the premisses are to be used by the sicke: and first of the aire fit for sicke and diseased persons, and in ex∣cesse how to bee corrected: where also something concerning fire, and what fewell is the best: and something also concerning the situatian of the house, where the sicke li∣eth, the chamber and bed, the sickes apparell on his body and bed; next we proceed to some generall directions and rules of the diet of the dis∣eased; concerning abstinence, a thinne and spare, a liberall or full, and a meane diet betwixt both. Afterwards we proceed to the particular preparation of the diet of the diseased; and first of that afforded by ve∣getables, bread especially; and what is the best, with some preparations therof for the use of the sick. Then followeth flesh of several sorts, the va∣rious and divers preparations, together with divers liquid substances thereof prepared; as broths, co••lices, conserves, gellies, &c. And next con∣cerning fish, fowle and egges; and whether fish may bee, and what best used by the sicke, and with what cautions. After is discussed the drinke of the diseased, both naturall and artificiall, alimentall & Physicall Of water, whether and how it may be safely used of the sicke. Of severall sorts of Physicall drinkes; as aqua vitae, usquebath, and divers sorts of strong waters; together with their right use and abuse▪ as also of divers drinkes made of honey, oximel, hydromel, mulsum or mulsa, divers drinkes made of barly, ptisin, creame of barly, &c. Of milk, whey, butter, cheese, and severall sorts of possets usefull for the sick▪ and something also concerning the use of emulsions, or almond mikes. And lastly, of the several sorts of exercise usefull in sicknes and in health.

CHAP. I.

Of the diet of the diseased in generall something, the utility and profit thereof. Of the aire in particular, and how to bee corrected in times of sickenesse, and what fewell is the best.

WHat hath been hithero handled, hath beene chiefly in regard of that which now hereaf∣ter ensueth; to wit, the Diet of the Diseased, which is the principall end I at the first aim∣ed at. And I cannot sufficiently wonder, this being a worke so profitable, so necessary and usefull for all sorts of people,* 1.1 that it hath beene hitherto so long neglected. And so much the more am I hereat amazed, in that so many both antient and late writers have so copiously handled the diet of healthfull people: yea, even here a∣mong our our selves, some such tractats have beene published in our vulgar tongue. Among the antients this part of Physicke hath scarce by any of set purpose been touched, but scatteringly here and there some few things have been said concerning this subject. a 1.2 Hippocrates is the first we read of, that ever set upon this businesse, and wrote some thing concerning the diet of acute diseases against the Guidian Physi∣tians of his time, above 2000. yeeres agoe, and which differed not a little from the diet used in our daies. And besides, his witing is so short and succinct after his Laconicke manner, that they are not obvious to every vulgar understanding. Since his time I know not any that hath published any tractat concerning this subject, excepting onely one b 1.3 Brudus a Portugall by nation, who hath written but slenderly of the diet to bee used in fevers. And yet we read the ancients were so carefull in the observation of diet, that among the Locrians, it was death without the Physitians prescription to drinke a draught of wine. c 1.4 Alexander the great commanded to put to death his Physitian Glaucias for allowing his favorite Hephaestion to drinke too much: or as some will have it, that seeing him drinke wine abundantly, he did not inhibite or hinder him.* 1.5 Among the Aegyptians it was strictly commanded they should fast till the fourth day. Since therefore, this part of Physicke concerning the diet of the diseased is so much neglected, what marveile, if diseases prove so fierce and furious? And there is no remedie so effectuall (saith d 1.6 Galen) which can produce the expected effect, if either not furthered by a due and convenient diet, or at least not hindered by disorder. And therefore it is the opinion of the e 1.7 same Author in another place, that people of inferior ranke, and smaller meanes, are often easilier and sooner cured than many of greater eminency and ability: and that by

reason of their willingnesse to be ordered by the Physitians prescipti∣on; whereas the richer sort often oppose them, desiring commonly to be cured with slight and triviall medicines, not able to expell so strong an enemy. And sometimes this is againe occasioned (saith f 1.8 he) by the assentation and indulgence of the Physitian, who will give them drinke as much as they desire, let them drinke wine when they de∣mand it, and suffer them to doe whatsoever they list: and finally, in every thing carry themselves in a slavish maner towards their patients, quite contrary to that which becommeth such as are descended of Ae∣sculapius, who ought to command his patients, as a Generall of an army commandeth his souldiers, or a King his subjects.* 1.9 It is moreover to be observed, that among the antients, the office of the Physitian was divided into three parts, and by consequence there were three sorts of Physitians. The first were such as assisted the sick observing all their actions, and seeing them observe the diet, and other things prescribed by the chiefe Physitians, called Architectonici, (answerable to our rati∣onall Physitians) when they came at their accustomed houres to visit them. The third sort were called Pepaedeumeni, who taught this art in the schooles, and brought up others in the same profession: to which are answerable the Doctors of the chaire in our Vniversities. Now, such as assisted the sicke, by reason they sate by their bedsides, were called Clinici; and from thence this part of physicke handling the diet of the diseased, was also called Clinice. The two later sorts of Physiti∣ans, wee have here in our countries; but with the first sort wee are not acquainted. And in truth this is a great defect,* 1.10 and the prejudice there∣by redounding to the publike not small, for as much as this charge is most commonly committed to ignorant women, with us called nurses, a people for the most part so wilfull, and wise in their owne eyes, and so selfe-conceited, that in stead of furthering the Physitian in his course, by keeping the patient strictly to his prescription, they are of∣ten the readiest to overthrow whatsoever they ordaine, unlesse it please them very well. And many other women also (the judicious, discrete and better bred, I alwaies except) who take chiefely this charge upon them, are much of the same stamp. And this was the reason why that famous h 1.11 Celsus wished an able and understanding Physitian never to be farre from his patient. Of this same diet of the diseased, my pur∣pose is with the aid of the almighty to discourse. Now, howsoever the matter of this diet be the same with that of healthfull people; yet the manner of preparation, use, and other circumstances doe not a little differ, as hereafter shall more plainly appeare. And first, I will begin with the aire:

As then the aire is that elemenr without the which, in health the life man of cannot subsist, and a sweet, pure, temperate aire a great meanes to preserve health: so is the aire, endued with the same laudable quali∣ties a great means to further the recovery of health already lost. In sick∣nesse therefore, it is a matter of no small consequence how the aire is or∣dered. Now, as it will not of any be denied, but that the best aire is to be made choice of, so againe, all are not able to change their owne naturall aire; some for want of ability, and some in regard of the nature of the

disease. In acute diseases (Fevers I meane, and such diseases as have Fevers for their continuall attendants; as Pleuresies, Squinancies, &c.) it is not safe to transport the sicke: In chronicall, and diseases of lon∣ger continuance; as dropsies, consumptions, &c. thou maiest be bolder. The aire then is in a double respect to be considered, either as the common ambient,* 1.12 or as it is included within some particular roomes. The aire, as the common ambient, which is of a laudable qualitie, neither too cold and piercing, nor too hot and foggy, if it be possible, and thy disease will permit, is to be made choice of. Now, the pro∣perties of the best and most laudable aire, together with nature & pro∣perties of severall sorts of winds, have beene heretofore at great length related. True is it indeed, that acute diseases seldome suffer the pati∣ent to remove his habitation, after he is once ceized with the same; for the which cause, we must use art to alter and correct the quality of the aire contrary to the disease,* 1.13 as wee shall shew anon. In chronicall and long lingering and continuing diseases, such as are dropsies, consumptions, quartanes, and the like, one may easily exchange the place of his abode for a better. And that this was also the practice of the antient Physiti∣ans▪ doth by that of i 1.14 Hippocrates plainly appeare, who wisheth the sicke in long continuing diseases, to retire themselves into another aire. And k 1.15 Galen himselfe, sent such as were sicke of consumptions, by meanes of ulcerate lungs, to a place not farre from Rome, called Tabiae, being a pretty high place, where was a pure dry aire, the which is even at this time also much frequented by such diseased people. And for this same cause in Plinies time,* 1.16 many, upon the same occasion sailed into Egypt. The like custome in these our countries wee likewise observe, to send the sicke either into a better aire, or else into his owne native soile.* 1.17 Now, the aire whither they are to retire, ought to be a pure, sweet, and fresh aire, not infected with any noisome and evill smells, nor yet neer any fennes, and standing pooles. But before I proceed, I must needs give an aduertisment to the reader, concerning the place for burying of the dead, on the which, if I insist a little, I must needes crave pardon, the matter being of some consequence for the health of mankinde. I say then,* 1.18 that the inveterate custome of burying the dead in Church∣yards, but especially in Churches, proveth often very pernitious and hurtfull to the health of the living. And this inconvenience in popu∣lous cities and townes, (especially in the noble City of London) may not seldome be observed: and that in such places principally, where the Church and Church-yard are so little, that often times new graves are digged for new guests, before the old inhabitants be quite metamor∣phosed into their mother mold; the which how inconvenient it is, e∣specially where the corps must stand unburied untill the sermon be fini∣shed, let the unpartiall reader judge. Sure I am this great Church of All-saints, in this towne, was already this last Sommer so fraught ful of dead corps, that it was a hard matter to finde a place to digge a new grave▪ and yet since that time, how many have there beene buried, there are a many witnesses. And so good Church men would many be after their death, who in their life time cared but little for comming at the Church assemblies; that if they be of any ranke or means, they must

needs lye in the chancell at the least;* 1.19 and then after a Popish super∣stitious conceit, many it may be, thinke they shall be the wel-comer to heaven. But they will finde I warrant them, that they reckoned without their host. And that this is not mine owne private opinion, it may appeare that it was accounted a matter of policy, not to bury within cities and townes; as may by a * 1.20 learned late Writer, who proves that the dead should be buried without cities and townes, and not in Churches; where are frequent assemblies and great concourse of people, which he there proveth by divers arguments and reasons. 1. This is proved, saith he, by the continuall custome of Gods owne peo∣ple, who buried their dead not within townes and temples, but in the fields, as by the Patriarchs may appeare. And this is yet made more manifest by that place of S. Luk. 7. where mention is made of the son of the widow of Nahum, who being dead, was carried out of the towne to be buried: upon which place, all the learned interpreters doe ob∣serve, that, not among the Jewes onely; but even among the Gentiles also, it was the custome to bury their dead without their cities and townes. 2 Reason is taken from charity towards our neighbour, against which is this custome of burying the dead in townes and temples, the health of the living by this meanes being hurt, and that by meanes of vapors and exhalations arising from these dead carkasses; and the which must needes exhale and rise up in greater abun∣dance, by how much more the place is close, and warmed by the multitude of people. And that such vapors and exhalati∣ons (especially if they proceed from bodies dead of the Plague) are venomous and contagious, our Physitians doe witnesse. And be∣sides, this earth being thus embrued with those venomous vapors, when it is moved, and cast up to bury new bodies, must needs send out evill and venomous vapors to the living. The 3. reason is taken from the originall of this custome, which was evill, and at first introduced by the Monks, Franciscan Friers especially, and that for their owne profit and gaine. And whereas God himselfe affirmed to the people of the Jewes, that the very touching of a dead corps made them uncleane, and that the place where it was laid, was thereby polluted: yet, those holy begging brothers hold that the sepulchers are the clea∣ner and purer, the nearer they lye unto the high Altar, howsoever their churches have before beene consecrated with their holy water. 4. The civill law it selfe condemneth this custome; and to this purpose are there cited the words of a learned writer: that to prevent the stinc∣king and noisome smell proceeding from dead bodies, by our ancest∣ors sepulchers were divised, not for the dead, but for the good of the living: for by reason of this noisome smell where dead bodies are bu∣ried, therefore the Emperour Adrian inflicted a mulct or fine of forty crownes to bee taken of such, as should bury any dead body within a city or towne, the place likewise to be confiscate, and the body like∣wise to be from thence removed; the magistrate permitting to be like∣wise punished. And the law of the 12 tables commanded likewise dead bodies to bee buried without the cities and townes. And some haue beene of that opinion, that no buriall place was to bee compared

with that of the open fields whereas grasse and flowers grow in great abundance. And 5. This is the laudable custome of some common∣wealths: as of Strasbourg, Nuremberge and Leipzig, whereas either very seldome, or never bury they any dead bodies in their Churches. Besides, this same point concerning the buriall of the dead, among other things was thought a matter worth the reformation: and ther∣fore at this day they have ordinarily other convenient places deputed for the buriall of their dead. And if we will yet more narrowly looke into this businesse, considering this is Gods house, the which, wee ought at least to keepe as cleane and sweet as those of our owne ordina∣ry abode; I thinke, we shall find it but a matter of equity. And I will yet appeale to any, whether they would have their owne houses, especially their parlours or roomes, where they are most frequently to be made places of burying the dead. And the Papists would yet make a man wonder more, who were so carefull and curious in contenting the outward senses, that not onely would they please the eyes of the specta∣tors with curious pictures and images, and by melodious musicke of organs and other instruments of musicke besides vocall, give so good content to the eares that notwithstanding, they were so carelesse of this other sense of smelling, that they would not spare to bury the dead even under the high Altar it selfe. But I thinke they may reply, there was another smell which did more affect them, to wit, that which did so much affect that Roman Emperour, Vespasian, the smell of gaine. And this pleasant smell was that which first forged purgatory, indulgences, consecrating of Agnus Dei, Episcopall palles, and innumerable other things, sent to Princes and great persons, and sold at a high rate: and this same bred first this burying in Churches, in S. Francis his habit, yea, caven hard by the high Altar; the which was little above 400 yeers agoe brought into the Church, whenas this begging brother-hood be∣gan to increase to a greater number than their almes and ordinary al∣lowance would well maintaine. But on this particular I will not dwell any longer, but wish that things might be so carried, as injury might be done to none: and withall, that a publike good might be alwaies pre∣ferred before any private or personall respects: neither were it a hard matter for mee to answer whatsoever could be objected against this so

laudable a custome of burying the dead in some place set apart for this purpose in some out-part of Townes and Cities, or rather without the same. Howsoever I have discharged my dutie as a Physitian, giving warning of the inconveniences from hence arising, and prescribing a sweet and wholesome aire, especially for the sicke. But of this, ••••us much shall suffice. Now, when there is any fault, either by excell•••••• defect in the aire, wee may safely correct the same.* 1.21 In the Sommer time, when the aire is too hot, wee are to use all meanes to coole and re∣fresh it; by strowing our roomes with cooling greene herbs: as lett••ces,* 1.22 vineleaves, violet leaves, sallow and the like, by sticking the roome with greene boughes, and letting in some aire by opening the windowes, if any, that looke towards the North. There may also great pales full of cold water be set in severall corners of the house, and sometimes water powred out of one uessell into another. If the aire againe be too cold,* 1.23 as in Winter, then the best way is to warme the roome with a good fire. And because fire is so necessary and vsefull, wee must have a speciall regard, especially being for the use of the sicke, of what fewell it is made. In the first place then, it must be made of drie wood, and not of greene smoakie sticks, very offensive both in sicknesse and in health. The fire of coles is not so good for the use of the sicke,* 1.24 especially such as are digged out of the bowells of the earth. And those wee common∣ly call char-coale, if either new kindled, or yet be in a narrow roome, are very hurtfull for any sicke, yea, will offend a healthfull person. And it is reported that Iovinian the Emperour travelling towards Rome in the Winter-season, by the way was lodged in a roome newly whited with lime, in the which, to aire the roome, was made a great fire of char-coale, and the next mor∣ning this Emperour was found dead in his bed, being stifled by the venomous va∣pours of these coales and lime. I remember, that living in Paris, 1608. A young Gentleman of Poictou in France, my chamber-fellow set a great pan of char-coale within his studie in the Winter time, shutting both doore and window,* 1.25 & within a little space came running out of his study halfe stifled, whenas being in mine own study within the same chamber, •• marvelling, and much amazed, came to him, asking him the cause of this sudden fright; who scarce able to speak, related the truth of the matter, and how that being almost suffocated with the venomous and suffocating vapours of these coales, hee was scarce able to open his study doore. Sweet wood, without all controversie, is best fewell; as Rosemary,* 1.26 Juniper, Bai-tree, if they were as frequent with us as in the south parts of France, and many other Countries. With us our ordinary wood of Ash, Elme, oake,* 1.27 sallow and beech are good fewell for the chamber of the diseased. But the poplar, the elder, and all sorts of thornes are farre inferiour to the former, by reason they trouble the head more, as witnesseth n 1.28 Ranzovius: and what if we adde to these the walnut tree, which hath beene ever reputed an enemie to that principall part? Besides, there is a fewell in the northerne parts of this Iland, called heath or ling, whereof there is great use made,* 1.29 as well for ordinary uses of baking, brewing and drying malt, as for burn∣ing in the chambers sometimes, both of sicke and healthfull persons▪ the which in my opinion is exceeding good, especially for the sicke, without any offence or hurt to any part of the body, being very good in

all manner of defluxions,* 1.30 and diseases from thence proceeding, and good to corroborat the sinews and nervous parts. If the aire of thy chamber be infested with noisome smells, if otherwise unavoidable, then art thou to correct the same with sweet smells: as of vineger, roses and rose water, sanders, &c; in hot diseases: and in cold diseases, with juniper,* 1.31 and many hot aromaticall smells. It is also to be observed, that such hot woods are best for the sickes chamber in cold, and not in hot acute diseases, unlesse the roome be large and spacious. If there be no other meanes to correct the aire, we are, if it be possible, to ex∣change it for a better, as hath been said already. But it is now time to come to the habitation of the sicke.

CHAP. II.

Of the particular Aire wherein the sicke liveth, to wit, his habitation, and the best situation thereof: As also, whether a countrie-aire, or that of townes or cities be best; where something concerning the si∣tuation of the towne of Northampton.

* 1.32THe ambient aire wee considered in a double respect, one generall, of the which already in the former Chapter; now in the next place wee come to consider of it in a particu∣lar relation to the sicke, considered in the ha∣bitation, or place where the sicke dwelleth. And since it is seldome so safe to remove the Diseased, there is therfore no small care to be had in the choice, of the place wherin any one is to live.* 1.33 The healthfulnes of the house is by the situation and structure thereof esteemed. That house is by many esteemed the best, which is situate somewhat high, and on a dry firme ground, sandy rather than any other: the house it selfe being of an in∣different and competent height, and looking towards the south princi∣pally; from Sommets heat well shaded, yet not deprived of cooling winds, and in Summer receiving the benefit of the Sun-beames in a∣bundance: the which ought also to bee accommodated with divers roomes, differing in bignesse and situation, where the sicke may so∣lace himselfe according to times and seasons.* 1.34 It is also here to bee un∣derstood that there bee no fennes, marshes, or any such noisome and stinking places neare to the sickes habitation. Now next to this situati∣on is that which is towards the Sun-rising: but worst of al towards Sun-setting, in Sommer especially: for in such places the morning light is more unpleasant, in which time, notwithstanding, the sicke should finde most solace. And the morning Sunne doth purge and rectifie the ambient aire, provided it be not admitted within the house, untill it hath first a little cleansed the aire, and dissipated and driven away the

thicke vaporous night exhalations, in moist times especially. And it were to bee wished also there were some pleasant springs, or some little cleere brooke, or swift running little river not farre from this ha∣bitation. Many great houses are now a daies so built both in cities and townes, and in the countrie that there may be choice of roomes, which way one will. Low roomes, especially vaults, or caves under the earth are the fittest for Fevers, spitting of blood,* 1.35 and faintnesse of heart; by reason of the coolenesse of the aire, which better uphold∣eth and mainteineth strength than higher roomes.* 1.36 Great and spatious roomes are fitter for fat and full bodies, by reason they draw ever in fresh aire, which discusseth and resolveth collected humors. In nar∣row roomes the aire is suffocate and stiffled up. And therefore we read that that great and memorable plague of the Athenians in the time of Thucidides, did first of all set upon the poore mens cottages.* 1.37 And common experience doth even so farre testifie unto us, that in any E∣pidemicall, contagious, or pestilentiall diseases, the meaner sort which live in little close roomes, are sooner and in greater number, than those who live in more spatious houses therewith surprized; as I my selfe could instance. And I beleeve, many are able to say something to this purpose, the alleies, and other close places of the city of London,* 1.38 at this last great and memorable plague. But in cold frosty wea∣ther, I confesse, especially where is no feare of any such infection, a close roome is not to bee refused; provided it bee not made too hot, and too many people be not suffered to be in it at once.* 1.39 And by the way, with o 1.40 Ranzovius, I cannot but reject the use of the aire of stones or hot-houses, as they are ordinarily used throughout all the Germane countries, which are ordinarily made so hot, that in the coldest frost of Winter one is not able to sit in them without sweating,* 1.41 as I have of∣ten, howbeit sore against my will, experimentally tried. And by this meanes the Pores of the body are so relaxed and dilated, that they ea∣sily receive the impression of the first occurrent cold aire. Now to this discourse of the aire & habitation belongeth also to say something of the light, wherwith the patient is often not a little affected.§ 1.42 If the sick be weake, then the light often offendeth, and is therefore to bee kept darke; especially if the eies be weake. If the sicke love the light, let him enjoy it; if no apparent danger be thereby procured: if both be troublesome, keepe a meane betwixt both. Where the sicke is not offended with the light, if the time and place concurre, especially in Winter; the beames of the glorious Planet Phoebus will not a little correct the ambient, and comfort the patients weake spirits. The co∣lour of the walls come also here within our consideration; which if whited with lime or chaulke, are likewise offensive;* 1.43 but especially if the roome be of it selfe full of light. Hangings also of severall co∣lours doe much trouble the eye-sight of the sicke, especially if they be mad. To this place may we also reduce that which writeth Hippocra∣tes. * 1.44 That it is not sufficient for the Physitian to play his part; but the sicke and the assistants, tending upon the sicke: and besides, all outward things must be accordingly accommodated. Such as are about the sicke ought to bee gentle and couteous, not peevish and froward, observing the sickes

humor and disposition, and in reasonable and lawfull things ready to fulfill his just desires; to cheere up and cherish the sicke, and to give them good words; but especially carefully and diligently to observe the Physitians prescriptions. The Physitians (saith p 1.45 Aristotle) can∣not alwaies cure the sicke, because it is in the hand of another man that he cure according to art, and not in the power of art it selfe. Besides, in the roome where the sicke lieth there should be heard no noise, nor ought the sicke be troubled with much talking; and therefore much company is to be avoided; especially in hot diseases and the like sea∣sons, and narrow roomes, which are thereby over heated. And q 1.46 P••••∣nie writeth, that it hath been observed, that wounds have beene the worse by much trampling and stirring with peoples feet. But concer∣ning the aire, there remaineth yet a question to be discussed, whe∣ther the aire of townes and cities, or that of the countrey be better?

Now this hath been an antient question among Physitians; and it seemeth it was by the antients decided on the countries side, in that the Temple of Aesculapius was built without the city of Rome; intima∣ting thereby the prerogative of the country-aire above that of cities and townes, as witnesseth r 1.47 Plutarch: and not for the gaine of Phy∣sitians, as s 1.48 Pliny prateth. It is true indeed that in the generall, and for the most part the countrie aire is more open and free, than that of cities and townes▪ which oftentimes by reason of multitudes of peo∣ple, nearenesse of buildings, narrownesse of streets (especially if they be not kept sweet and cleane) must needs bee farre inferior to the o∣ther. And yet are there herein divers particular cautions and limita∣tions to be observed.* 1.49 Some country-aire is farre inferior to that of ma∣ny townes: witnesse the hundreths in Essex, and the fennes in Lincolne∣shire; by which it plainely appeareth, there is great diversity in the qualities of the country-aires. There is againe some country-aire in its qualities simply considered, especially for the naturall inhabitants healthfull; and yet for some constitutions very dangerous: as many places of the North parts of this kingdome and Iland, where the aire is very sharpe and penetrant, and therefore might easily offend thinne and weake constitutions, and consequently procure distillations, from whence arise many dangerous diseases.* 1.50 There is againe a great differ∣ence to be found in divers cities and townes: for some are very great and populous; as Paris and London, &c: and therefore in such cities, the aire must needs be grosser and thicker, and not so sweet and whole∣some as that of the countrie: and therefore in such populous places, it is good for the patient, if it be possible, especially in chronicall, or diseases of long continuance, to remove into a sweet country-aire. A∣gaine, some townes are so well situated, and so free from the aforena∣med annoyances, enjoying so free an aire, that they often equall, if not exceed sometimes a country-aire: for as I have already said, some country-aire may be too sharpe and piercing, whereas a city or towne well situate in a temperate aire, and freed from these former inconve∣nients,* 1.51 may prove farre fitter for indisposed persons. Of such divers may by found within this noble Iland, amongst whom, in this respect, few exceed this antient towne and corporation of Northampton. This

towne hath for its soile whereon it is seated, a ground gravelly for the most part, and under this digging a little is to be found a good firme tough clay, producing good store of good stone, fit for buildings.* 1.52 It is situate in a fruitfull country, on the side of a hill, looking towards the South Sunne (the best situation as wee have already proved) the streets faire and spatious; and by the care and industrie of good go∣vernours, kept sweet and cleane; the buildings faire and beautifull, and adorned with such a market place, as few corporations in this kingdome exceed it; yea, very few that come neare or equall it. It is not my purpose to discourse of that old strong castle, together with the first founder, and the famous Churches and religious houses have been in and about this towne. And as the aire is good and wholesome,* 1.53 so is that other element of water, neither within nor without the walls wanting. Within are divers wholesome wells and springs: and with∣out the walls, besides many wholesome and pleasant springs, that fa∣mous River of Nine (so called from the nine springs, from which it hath its first orignall) which runneth all along the South side,* 1.54 and the West directly under the Castle walls, and with many serpentine win∣dings and turnings, thorow a pleasant medow ground above 30 miles in length, and conveighing its silver streames by the antient city and sea of Peterborrow, at length marrieth it selfe with the great Ocean, being every where furnished with many good and wholesome fish: such as be, Perches, great Jacks, Pickrells, Roches, Genious, little inferior to smelts; Chubs, silver-eeles, and divers others.* 1.55 And as for sweet and pleasant walkes of pastures and meadows, it is almost ever•• where with them environed. And all beyond the towne for many mi•••• North-ward, it is a dainty light gravelly ground, yet very profitabl•• and commodious both for corne and cattell. My purpose is not here to set downe a particular and exact geographicall description of this antient corporation; but onely by the way and occasionally discours∣ing of the aire, tooke occasion to acquaint the reader with a touch of the commodious and healthfull situation of the same.* 1.56 But this famous corporation hath now for a long time lyen lingring under the burden of wasting and consuming sickenesse, which hath eaten up, and con∣sumed the bowels, not of this onely, but of many other famous cities and corporations of this flourishing kingdome: my meaning is decay of trading, the which to supply, as a feeling member of the publikes wants, I wish, it were as well in my power, as to be moane and be∣waile the same. It is not unknowne to many of the inhabitants, what great trading by meanes of clothing hath been here in former times; as the ruines of some great buildings, imploied to that purpose, doe yet evidently witnesse. And I know nothing to the contrary,* 1.57 why this might not as well now bee followed, as it was in former times. This countrie is furnished with as good wooll as any other,* 1.58 and af∣fordeth this commodity to some of those countries where clothing is in greatest request. The water is likewise very good for dying, and no other conveniency, that I know, wanting, except good will,* 1.59 and an earnest desire to promote a publike businesse. And in so high esteeme hath this towne been had in former times, that besides Parliaments

here kept, and other solemne meetings, it was once accounted one of the fittest places for founding an Vniversity: and now for these ma∣ny yeeres hath beene accounted the fittest and most convenient place for publike meetings, as well of assise and sessions, as of any other impor∣tance: and that in regard of that entertainment and content which all things in even scales well weighed, may be better had in it than in any other towne in the whole Countie. And besides, this corporation yeeldeth as much to his Majesties exchequer, I thinke, as any other of that bignesse and trading. Neither yet hath this Towne come short of any in expression of dutifull and loyall affection to their Princes, according to the possibility of their powers. My wish therefore is, that a mother in Israel may not decay, but some regard may be had to the re-establishing of the former flourishing estate of this antient corporation. And this by no meanes, in my opinion, might sooner be effected, than by setting up this antient trade of clothing againe: for this purpose it were a worthy worke,* 1.60 and deserving great commendation, if such as have had their first being in this place, God having now made them his Stewards of a great substance, would helpe to uphold their aged, and weake decaying mother. And this were a pious worke (at least in a large acceptation) and a part of that honour the childe oweth to an aged, and decayed pa∣rent. Remember that the very heathen held this tenent, that men were not only borne for themselves, but that their common countrie claimed some interest in them. To incourage others in the prosecution of so laudable a worke,* 1.61 one Alderman of this same corporation, hath now of late broken the yce, and againe, like a good Patriot, minding the pub∣like good (whereof now most are unmindfull) hath at his owne cost and charges, begunne to set a foot this laudable trade of clothing: the which, if well followed, and seconded by others, and neighbours in the country would further to set forward so laudable an enterprize; it would in a short time, prove no small benefit both to the towne and countrie; and by this meanes, many poore might well be set a worke, who now are forced either to begge their bread, or else labour hard at knitting stoc∣kings, which will not furnish them with browne bread to fill their hungry bellies, especially in these hard pinching times: besides, some other inconveniences on which I cannot spend time. I adde onely this, let us follow and imitate the laudable industry of the Dutch, in provi∣ding for their poore,* 1.62 and setting them a work. They suffer no straggling beggers among them, and why may wee not as well? Another thing there is, which would much further and advance this businesse, and prove beneficiall, not to this corporation alone, but to other market townes also: to wit, Owndel, Thrapstone, and Waldenborrow, together with the whole adjacent country, and other neighboring shires: and this is by making the river of Nine navigable from Peterborrow to Northampton. Now, let every one seriously consider the need, and they shall find more than enough; if it were but even in regard of the scarcity and decay of fewell in this Westerne part of the shire, besides many other bene∣fits would from thence arise: as preserving the high-waies (now chargeable to the countrie in regard of much carriage by cart) keeping

the meddowes from so frequent overflowing; and that by meanes of scowring the chanell, and raising the banks: besides the importation of corne, and other commodities in time of dearth; and againe, expor∣tation of the same commoditie of corne in time of greater plentie and cheapnesse; besides many other benefits whereon I may not now dwell. As for any objections to the contrary, they may easily be answered, and the worke knowne to be faiseable, having been long since surveied, and the charges cast up, and an act ready drawne to be put up in parchment divers yeeres agoe; and this same Alderman lately mentioned (as hee hath ever manifested himselfe a good Patriot, in furthering any pub∣like good) at that time followed the same businesse. I hope, when time and opportunity shall serve, good Patriots will not be unmindfull of promoting and furthering the publike good; and those whom it more neerely concerneth, even this same in particular. And although, I shall perhaps, by some be censured for this digression; yet, because I thought it not impertinent, I must needs crave the curteous reader pardon, and so I now proceed to the prosecution of the businesse I have begunne.

CHAP. III.

Of the clothing and covering of the sicke, as also concerning shifting of the diseased, and of the error of the vulgar practising the contrary: Something concerning the bed wherein the sicke lieth, and whether the sicke ought to have his haire cut.

NOw, because among other uses of clothes, one is to keepe and defend us from the injuries of the ambient aire; therefore after our dis∣course of aire, I thinke it materiall to say something of the clothing and covering of the sicke. Now, our meaning is of such clothes as cover the sickes bed, and lie upon him: and the sicke are either covered with many & thicke heavy clothes to defend them from the injury of the cold aire, or else with thinne covers, for feare, lest they be by multitude of clothes oppressed, and internall heat increased. a 1.63 Hippocrates in cholericke diseases, cove∣reth the sicke with thinne and soft clothes. And Asclepiades the Physiti∣an, saith b 1.64 Pliny, did abrogate this troublesome custome of covering the sicke with so many clothes. In that great and fearefull sweating sicknesse it was observed, that most died by reason they were covered with so many clothes: for, their opinion was, saith c 1.65 a learned Writer, that the disease was to be helped by sweating, which by all meanes they laboured to further. In the beginnings of the paroxysmes,* 1.66 or fits of fevers, we ought to cover the sicke with many clothes, that the sicke

may quickly grow warme, and the cold be driven away: and for this purpose, the parts which are cold are to be rubbed with warme clothes. After they beginne to be warme,* 1.67 the clothes are to be taken off, and to∣ward the declining of the heat to be laid on againe, the better to pro∣voke sweat. Moreover, it is to be observed, that more clothes be used in the night-time than in the day, and that by reason the d 1.68 night aire is colder than that of the day. But if it should so fall out that the sicke could not sleepe with a multitude of clothes, then were it good to wait while they be asleepe, and then to cover them. Now, the bed wherein the sicke lieth, is not to be neglected: as for the forme of the bed, a high headed bed, such as is now in greatest request, and we commonly call French beds,* 1.69 (especially in Sommer-time, and in hot acute dis∣eases) are the best for the use of the sicke, and afford him most aire: and withall, I would have the ascent, or going up to it low and easie. In Sommer and hot weather, in hot acute diseases, the curtaines would be thinne,* 1.70 in Winter, and colder weather thicker. As for the bed he lieth on, downe beds are the hotest of all others, and next to them ordina∣ry feather beds; yet both doe much heat the sicke, especially in Som∣mer, and hot acute diseases. And therefore I can in no wise approve of the preposterous German custome, to cover them with one feather bed,* 1.71 and lay another under them. Wooll beds and mattrices are cooler▪ and fitter than the former, if the sicke would be perswaded to indure a little hardship for a future benefit.* 1.72 But straw and chaffe, especially of oats, are coolest of all other, and fittest for sicke folke, if people would prise more their health than their ease. In Babylon (saith a late Writer) great men used in Sommer to lie upon beds of leather▪* 1.73 filled with cold water, which I would not advise our new fashi∣on-mongers to imitate. And they say in Italy they use even at this day to lie upon leather-beds filled with wind, as we doe here our foot-balls, and the French their ballownes. Our low field beds and canopy beds, are not so good in the former cases as high beds. The best of all others are accounted such as hang by cords, whereby this benefit may be rea∣ped,* 1.74 that the sicke may be rocked asleepe; as is the custome of the Bra∣silians, to have their beds hung betwixt two trees, for feare of venomous vermine.

Now, from the covering of the bed, to the covering of the sickes body in bed, and immediatly touching the same; and first wee will beginne with the head-peece, his cap I meane. It is an inveterate and radicated custome, in all diseases, to cover the head with thicke caps or other clothes;* 1.75 esteeming all manner of defluxions and diseases to proceed from the head, and as it would seeme by their practice, to proceed of a cold cause: whereas by this meanes they rather increase, for the most part this paine, if any there be already; the head like a ventose, or cupping glasse, attracting vapours from the neather parts. A∣vicen warneth us, that too much covering of the head weakneth it. And yet it is thoght by many that the head can never be sufficiently coverd. I confesse, in this case it is hard to set down and determine all the parti∣cular circumstances; as of the time of the yeer, the sex, the nature of the disease, the age and constitution of the diseased, according to which

circumstances, the Physitian is forced to accommodate his particu∣lar prescription of clothes. And heere I must needs give warning to younger people, that they would not so much in their health op∣press themselves with such a multtiude of cloths, who keep themselves so warme in their younger yeeres, that they become farre infirmer af∣terwards when they come to age, and apter to receive harme by the least blast of cold wind. There is a great difference to bee had both in our clothing and diet, according to the severall seasons of the yeere.* 1.76 The apparell in Sommer and warme weather, ought to be thinner than in Winter; and among these, the hotter constitutions ought to goe thinlier clothed than others. And as on their body, so on their bed the clothes ought to be thinner. But few, if any, observe the difference to bee observed of the beds they lye on; it being for an uncontrolled custome received, both for young and old, hot and cold complexions, to lye both Sommer and Winter on the softest feather-beds they can.* 1.77 And yet for hot constitutions, especially the younger sorts, and such as have hot livers and kidnies, and molested with the stone in the kid∣nies, especially in the Summer time, this custome cannot but be hurt∣full. And as for this covering of the head, as it is indifferently used, alike in Sommer and Winter, of young and old, and all complexions whatsoever, I hold it a very pernicious custome, especially in the younger sort, and very prejudiciall to their health.* 1.78 It is a great fault in many parents, that they are too carefull in the nice and choice ten∣der educating of their infants, who in their tender yeeres might be ea∣sily accustomed to goe thinner in their apparell; and custome would afterwards make this easy. And this wee may see apparently in many of our Gentle-women, who both young and old, both Sommer and Winter, go with naked breasts, wrests and necks; and yet never com∣plaine; in this verifying the old proverb to be true, Pride is never pain∣full. And yet those parts are, according to Physitians prescriptions, most carefully to be kept warme. And yet all this notwithstanding, as also all our best Divines preaching to the contrary, and oppugning this pride by their pens, we see, how carefull many are to accustome and inure their children with this kind of pride; whenas for the most part (alas more is the pitty!) there is but small regard had of their vertuous education in the feare of God. But I leave this Purita∣nisme.

Another point in the clothes and covering of the sicke to be conside∣red, is the quality, that they be cleane and sweet.* 1.79e 1.80 Hippocrates would have the Physitian to bee neatly and decently apparelled, and perfu∣med with sweet odours, that by this meanes, he might bee the more acceptable and pleasing to his patients. How much more then ought the sicke himselfe to be neat and cleane in his apparell? And it is no small contentment to the sicke, when hee seeth himselfe neat and cleanely in his clothing. Againe, it much discourageth and deject∣eth the sicke, when he is suffered to lye stinking like a hogge in the mire, in dirty and foule clothes. And f 1.81 Galen advertiseth us, that young children, who after much crying, could neither by the teat, by rocking nor singing be quieted; by changing of their foule and stin∣king

clothes, and exchanging them with cleaner; were presently stilled.* 1.82 But, me thinkes, I heare some of our wise women, at least in their owne conceits, with open mouth cry out against me, by reason, I wish, the sicke should be often shifted, objecting in the first place, that by this meanes the sicke may catch cold; and next that it weak∣neth the sicke to bee thus shifted. To the first I answere, it is but a foolish feare,* 1.83 the vulgar often fearing where there is no cause: but howsoever, if it be in cold weather, it may by meanes of the fire easi∣ly be prevented; and if in warme weather, their feare is frivolous. As for the other feare, which I have heard some women object, of wea∣kening the sicke, it is very absurd, and as frivolous as the former: And so farre is it from weakening the sicke, that on the contrary, it is ra∣ther a meanes to further and increase strength. And to make this more plainely appeare,* 1.84 we are to take notice that in the body of man, there are three severall concoctions: the first, in the stomacke or maw, cal∣led chylification; having for excrement, the fecall ordure, or ordina∣ry egestions. The second, in the liver, veines, called sanguification; and hath for excrement, the urine. The third, is called nutrition, and is performed in the whole body; and hath for excrements, certaine fuliginous vapors, which by insensible transpiration breath out by the pores of the body; and the sweat, which is apparent to the eye. Now in time of sickenesse, especially in all sorts of Fevers, these excrements doe most abound, and make foule the linnen they lye in, and that they weare next their skinne; for the which cause, sicke folkes should have their linnen often shifted, especially when they sweat much. Besides,* 1.85 if they bee not shifted, this danger yet insueth, that if the sweat continue about the body, it will bee drawne in againe by the same way it went forth; and then judge whether thou likest that bet∣ter, or sweet cleane linnen. For this must be well considered, that the arteries of the body have a double motion, one whereby they expell these excrements already named; and the other whereby they draw in the ambient aire to refresh the blood. Now whatsoever aire is next unto them, be it good or bad, sweet or stinking, they draw it in. And therefore, if thou let this dung-hill lye about thee, undoubtedly the arteries will draw in these noisome excrements, which will suffocate naturall heat, and by consequent, prolong thy disease. And a g 1.86 lear∣ned French Physitian who doth much inveigh against this nastinesse (that so also it may appeare, this is not mine owne private opinion) to prove this truth bringeth in an instance: Let any person come newly out of a heat hath, where there is great store of dust newly raised, he shall presently feele a pricking over his whole flesh; which is nothing else but this small dust drawne in by the arteries. The case then thus standing, all filth and cor∣ruption ought to be cleansed from the skin, and all the pores and pas∣sages thereof kept open and cleane, by removing whatsoever might let or hinder the same, And for this end and purpose, the Romans and Greeks in antient times had so frequent use of their frictions and hot bathes. Let this then be a warning to all those who attend the sicke, that they have a speciall care of shifting and keeping them cleane and sweet, as hath beene said already, and let the contrary erroneous cu∣stome

be hence forward••for ever buried in the dust.* 1.87 One thing yet re∣maineth concerning warming of the sickes bed, whether it be to bee used? I answere, in weake and aged people especially, and the Win∣ter time in others also, there is no doubt to bee made of altering the cold aire of the bed with a warming-pan: but in young people, in hot acute diseases, and the Sommer time, when all tendeth to heat, I see no necessity, yea rather hurt than any good; unlesse some cold consti∣tutions, or decrepit old age doe plead for a continuance of this custome, and then I shall not bee against it. But whether this be so convenient for such as live in health, may with better reason be demanded?* 1.88 I an∣swer, that for young people I wish, they were not so daintily brought up, and accustomed to this warming of their beds, which maketh them afterwards the more unfit to undergoe any hardship. But for the antienter sort, tender women, and such as have heretofore accustomed themselves thereunto, I am not against the airing of their bed in cold Winter weather, that so going to bed, they may still finde the bed-clothes somewhat warme about them at their first downe-lying.* 1.89 To this place also belongeth to say something concerning the haire of the head, and whether in sickenesse it ought to bee cut, or no? My pur∣pose is not here to insist upon the generation, utility, and proper use, and the material cause, & differences of haire with many other things; this onely know, that haire is but an excrement, and properly no part of the body, in the esteeme of all our Physitians; and yet appointed for a speciall use to cover and adorne that part wherunto it is appropri∣ated. In women, it hath beene alwaies a comely ornament and cover of the head. And to men, (saith the Apostle) doth not even nature teach you that it is a shame for a man to weare long haire.* 1.90 But I come to the question, whether in the Diseased, it bee safe to cut the haire of the head or no? Long and thicke haire keepeth in fuliginous excre∣ments of the head, and suffereth them not so well to breath out of the pores; from whence rheumes are ingendred, the originall almost of all diseases. Hence was it that the Aegyptians painted Aesculapius bald; thereby signifying thus much, that the haire was to be cut short; yea, if it were even shaven, it were better for a mans health than to weare long haire. It is therefore best in all diseases of the head, especially in long continuing defluxions of sharpe rheumes, to shave the head, according to the opinion of antient and late Physitians. In a word, it is better both in sickenesse and in health to have the haire rather short than long; howbeit the too often cutting of the haire is not so good, and the often shaving of the beard and face is evill, and not to be used. I enter not here upon particulars, in what diseases the haire is chiefely to be cut, yea even shaven; whereof something may per∣haps more largely be spoken in any another place.* 1.91 But this which hath already been said, may easilie convince the more than mad effoe∣minate custome of our effoeminate age,* 1.92 wherein men are not now contented with that portion of haire, which their Maker in his wise∣dome thought fit for them; but besides, must have their head covered with a great bushie perwig, both to the great dishonour of Almighty God, and with no small prejudice to their health, as by the premisses

may easily appeare. I deny not, but some of them have scalded their haire in the fire of the Barber-surgeons purgatory, and therefore have the more need to cover that deformitie: but let others take warning by their harmes. But as for women, they being commonly of a colder constitution than men, and their heads weaker, their haire is not com∣moly so hurtfull for them: besides, that h 1.93 their haire was given them for a cover and ornament. But as for their curles, false & sophisticate haire, either not content with that colour which God gave them, or else be∣cause they would not seeme to yeeld to old age; as I do not much mer∣vaile at such tricks in a stewes strumpet, or a cōmon curtisan: so I think, they no waies beseeme a sober, modest and grave Gentle-woman, e∣specially in the state of wedlocke, and now attained to some com∣petent number of yeeres. I wish both sexes to call to mind that saying of a French writer, speaking against the pride of women, painted faces, and many other particulars, almost 80. yeeres agoe. i 1.94 That when as they shall stand before the Tribunall of the great GOD of Heaven at that last and dreadfull day, it is to be feared that the Judge of all the world will say unto them, get you out my presence into everlasting damnation: for I doe not acknowledge this colour, haire, &c; to be of my making. But as concerning the abuse of this excrement of haire both in men and women, directly crossing the Apostles rule, men wearing side and long haire, and some wearing it longer on one side than the other, by them now called a love-locke: women againe, quite contrary to womanly decency and modesty (that I say nothing of Gods command) cutting and clip∣ping their haire, and the great injury they heerein offer to Almigh∣ty God, it being daily by our learned Divines preached against, and a k 1.95 learned religious Gentleman having lately of purpose written a tractate concerning this same subject in both sexes, where at great length he proves both the unseemelinesse and unlawfulnesse of this custome, I will not insist upon it. I will onely tell you of a l 1.96 mon∣strous and strange disease in the haire, heard of but of late yeeres, and not recorded by any antient author that ever we read of. And this is nothing else but an agglutination, or inviscation of the haire of the head and beard, by which meanes it acquiteth sometimes the forme of some great adder, or snake; and sometimes of lesse serpents: and these horrid and hideous serpent-like locks doe often occupy the whole superficies of the head and beard; insomuch, that who so beholds this

strange serpent like sight, may the easilier be induced to beleeve that monstrous Gergonean head, the Poets attribute to Medusa. And as the author affirmeth, may it not seeme a strange thing, that plaine and smooth haire in so cold a climat (meaning Poland and a part of Ger∣many) should so curle and balter, and contract such hideous and strange shapes: besides, that they should bee of so loathsome and putrid a smell. And which hath never yet been heard of, that these baltered locks being prickt with a pin, should presently yeeld blood. And it hath been observed, that such as have cut off these locks, have either suddenly become blind, or else a great defluxion of humors hath falne downe upon some other parts of the body. This disease hath of late yeeres runne thorow a great part of Poland; and entered also into some parts of Germany. If God should send it here over among us to punish this prodigious pride in the use of this same excrement, were it not just with God, to punish us in the same part wee offend in? This Au∣thor affirmeth, it is most frequent in women: but another affirmeth, it as often frequenteth men, and that they let both these prodigious locks of haire and beard hang downe over their shoulders, and many times downe to their breast and navill, a strange and prodigious thing to be∣hold.

CHAP. IIII.

Of abstinency, either from some, or all sorts of food, for a short, or a longer time; and of severall sorts of abstinence.

AFter the aire, and such other things thereon depending, I now proceed to the Diet of the Diseased. But before wee come to discourse of the particular sorts of Diet, wee must per∣mit some generall rules and directions con∣cerning the Diet of the Diseased. Now all manner of Diet is of a threefold nature, a thinne spare diet, a liberall or full, or a meane betwixt both. A thinne or spare diet we call, either a totall abstinence from all food for a certaine time; or else a very sparing use of one or more sorts. Now of all other Diets this is the most sparing, when the sicke for certiane daies takes no sustenance at all. And this abstinence among some of the antients, the Greekes especially, was often very ri∣gid and strict; insomuch that many times the patient was suffered to take no kind of sustenance for the space of three, foure, five or six daies. But because we are now falne upon this point of abstinence, it will not, I hope, be unwelcome to the reader to make a particular enumera∣tion of all the sorts of fasts whatsoever. Now then as repletion and

gluttony is the cause of manifold mischiefes in the body of man; so this abstinence seemeth to make amends for that which is don amisse.* 1.97 Now this abstinence is of divers sorts, and may be reduced to these foure; naturall, voluntary, miraculous, and violent or forced. Naturall I call, when as nature in her full strength and vigour, and health; or yet foi∣led with some sickenesse, abhorreth the use of some certaine kindes of food, and therefore abstaineth from the use of the same. Another absti∣nence againe is in diseases, when as the appetite is either quite lost, or else smal or slender, loathing food for the most part: which refusing and loathing is called by the Greekes, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and by the Latines, a 1.98 nausea & fastidium cibi. Voluntary abstinence I call that, which is by mature advice and deliberation willingly and freely undertaken: and this, according to the severall ends and scopes it propounds to it selfe, is also of divers sorts. For either it is physicall, politicall and civill, religious or superstitious.* 1.99 Physicall abstinence I call that, whereby people whether sicke or in health, either for preserving and maintei∣ning this healthfull estate, or else for recovering of the same being now lost, by the appointment and prescription of the Physitian, doe either abstaine from all manner of food, or else from some certaine kindes, contrary to their health and constitution: and this either for a certaine and determinate time, or for ever; and which is there∣fore called Diet.* 1.100 Politicall or civill abstinence is that, whereby peo∣ple upon certaine occasions, as profit or others, for a certaine time, ab∣staine either from all, or some certaine particular kindes of food, be∣ing then it may be, imploied about som earnest busines; as when b 1.101 Saul followed hard after the Philistines, he discharged any to eat till the eve∣ning.* 1.102 And of this nature is our Lent fast or abstinence in this Iland both in England and Scotland, according to the expresse words of the statute (howsoever some a little to symbolize with our neighbour-Romanists would faine have it a little to smell of religion) and was no doubt upon very good grounds and considerations injoined to be obser∣ved.c 1.103* 1.104 The third sort of voluntary abstinence, is called religious, and had its originall from God himselfe; which is againe either morall or ceremoniall.* 1.105 Morall againe is either ordinary and daily, or else extra∣ordinary, and ordained but for a certaine time. Ordinary and daily abstinence is nothing else but temperance and sobriety, which as it hath been in no small request even among the heathens; and that not for their healths sake alone, but that they might thereby also the bet∣ter wait upon their contemplations and philosophicall studies: how much more then doth it become us Christians?* 1.106 Religious extraordi∣nary abstinence at any time undertaken, is that which wee commonly call a fast; and being not onely a bare abstinence from food for a time, but from all other delights also; that thereby we may the better bee fitted,* 1.107 to pray either for the removall of judgements present, or keep∣ing off judgements imminent, and like to overwhelme us. And this was very frequent among the people of the Jewes, and was either pub∣like or private. Would to God we were made more acquainted with this noble ordinance of Almighty God, when as both in regard of our owne selves, and our distressed neighbours abroad, our need hath been

so great.* 1.108 Ceremoniall abstinence is when we abstaine from certaine kindes of meats, and that for religions sake: the which kind of absti∣nence was by God himselfe strictly injoined the Jewes, and lasted till the comming of the Messias, d 1.109 which tooke away that partition wall; as may by divers places of the new Testament appeare. There was lastly, & is yet, a certaine superstitious kind of abstinence, whereby som peo∣ple, without any warrant of the word, abstained from certaine kindes of meat: and such were both some heathens, and some hereticks al∣so, and bastard christians. Among the heathens, Pythagoras of Samus, who lived during the Babilonian captivity, abstained from all manner of flesh, and that for feare lest some mens soules might bee conveied into such beasts as he might eat of, as witnesseth e 1.110 S. August. and f 1.111 S. Ierom. tells us that the antient Aegyptian Priests, after they were once initiated into that superstitious worship, abstained from wine and flesh ever after. The Babilonians also lived onely upon fish, and the Persian Magi lived onely upon meale and herbs. g 1.112 Plutarch also repor∣ted that the priests of Heliopolis abstained from all manner of diet that might increase lust and wantonnesse, and never wine to come within their temples. And it is h 1.113 reported, that the antient inhabitants of this Iland abstained from the hare, the hen, and the goose. And o∣thers againe abstained from certaine vegetables, fruits, flowres, &c. Some abstained from all manner of flesh. The i 1.114 Esseans among the Jewes eat neither flesh, nor yet drinke wine; nay eate not of any creature that ever had in it any blood. In the time of the primitive Church, e∣specially a little after, many heresies sprang up, amongst whom, som forbad the eating of flesh; and some both that and wine. k 1.115 The Eu∣cratite who came out of the schoole of one Tatianus abstained from all flesh; withall so strictly abstained from all wine, that they would not so much as use it in the holy Sacrament, but in stead thereof used wa∣ter. The Ebionites also condemned altogether the use of flesh. The l 1.116 Marcionites were so farre from eating of flesh, and placed holinesse in the eating of fish. And the m 1.117 same father affirmeth, that the Monta∣nists lived on bread, salt and pulse, and dranke onely water: they ab∣stained at certaine times from flesh and wine. The Maniches, of one Manes a Persian hereticke so called, about the yeere of our Lord 247. among many other and destestable errors, brought in this also of ab∣staining from certaine meats; as all manner of flesh, egges, milke, and all things made of the same: the reasons see in n 1.118 S. Augustine. They forbad also the use of wine, were it never so new, and yet per∣mitted the use of grapes. The same hereticks forbad also the use of marriage. It is also to be observed, o 1.119 that all this abstinence was on∣ly forbidden their elect ones, and such as they tearmed perfect and initiated into their sacred mysteries: but to their hearers, who were but novices and beginners such meats were permitted. p 1.120 The same heresie was againe about the yeere of our Lord 300. by one Priscillia∣nus in France and Spaine renewed, from whom it received also a new name. And this same heresie, as by many fathers it was spoken against, so was it by many q 1.121 councels condemned, r 1.122 Among the Russians or Muscovites, the Metropolitans, the Arch bishops and Bishops alwaies ab∣staine

from flesh: and yet when they invite any lay-men, or other priests to their table, they set flesh before them: and yet may neither an Abbot nor Prior eat any. Besides, the Russians never eat of any thing killed by the hand of a woman, esteeming it altogether uncleane: and therefore in the absence of all mankind out of the house, if they have any pullaine or other creature to kill, the women stand in the house-doore, holding a knife in their hands, intreating any that passeth by to performe this kindnesse for them. Now besides these afore-mentio∣ned severall sorts of abstinence,* 1.123 there is yet another voluntary absti∣nence, which is miraculous; as that of Christ, Moses and Elias, which is beyond the reach of any ordinary person; although we read of many strange stories of such as fasted not onely many daies, weekes and mo∣neths; but even many yeeres also, as hath been declared already. The last kind of abstinence is involuntary,* 1.124 when as any one is forced against his will to fast, and is divers waies procured, whereon I will not now insist.* 1.125 The excellency then of a right abstinence may evidently ap∣peare, which is not properly an abstinence from any one particular kind of food, either totall or for a time: but a sober and moderate use of all the creatures at all times, especially in sickenesse; as it is some∣times necessary for a time to abstaine from all, and sometimes from some sorts of food. In health, moderation and temperance are never out of season, and totall abstinence at sometimes required; and that both for preventing infirmities, and sometimes a religious abstinence is to be observed,* 1.126 as hath been said already. As for religious abstinence from certaine kinds of meats, not I, but the s 1.127 holy oracle it selfe, which cannot erre, doth plainely evince to be a doctrine of devils. And here by the way, if there were no other marke, it may easily appeare, that the Church of Rome is an apostaticall and hereticall church, and jum∣peth just with the Hereticks of antient times, whom the Fathers of the Church have confuted. They would beare the world in hand, they abstaine from flesh in Lent and some other daies.* 1.128 A great matter in∣deed, when they are fed with the best fish they can come by, dressed with the most curious sauces, and afterwards well washt downe with the best wine or other strong drinke. Besides the variety of banqueting stuffe, march-panes, and varieties of other junkets, all which notwith∣standing, this must needs be accounted a strict abstinence and fast, e∣specially,* 1.129 if these things come but in the name of a drinking. Now would I willingly aske one of their wisest prophets, whether a peice of powdered beefe, or other meat, such as wee ordinarily use; or a dish or two of dainty fish well dressed, it may be with wine sauce, and divers good spices, and afterwards made to swimme in the belly with good wine, be more inciting to lust? It is well knowne that wine yeeldeth a more speedy nourishment, and is farre sooner distributed through the body, & a little quantity therof more cheereth and cherisheth the drooping spirits, and with lesse oppression, and withal inciteth more to lust, than a great quantity of flesh; which must lye a long time heavy in an ordinary stomacke before it bee concocted, and thorow the body distributed, and then by assimilation and agglutination converted in∣to aliment. And this is the judgement of all our both antient and later

learned Physitians: yea doth not even ordinary experience instruct us in this truth? And yet here is no small quarrell, because we will not assent to their Pharisaicall superstition, and will not in every thing jumpe with them in their erroneous judgement. And I pray you,* 1.130 is not this a meere mockage, that a little before Lent, especially on Shrovetuesday, (by the French called Mardy-gras, or fat tuesday, and by some here in former times gut-tide) they let the reines loose to all manner of lasciviousnesse, and all excesse of riot: pampering their bellies with the best cheere, the most exquisite wines and strong drink is to be had; assuming to themselves liberty of doing what they list; ad∣dicting themselves to dancing, dicing, drabbing, and all manner of other insolencies: insomuch that one would thinke all the divells in hell, and all these foule fiends were then set at full libertie;* 1.131 in this e∣qualling, if not exceeding, the heathenish Bacchanalia. And which is yet more, their Romish god the Pope, must that day depart the citie of Rome, and then all manner of insolencies and outrages (greater than which, if as great, were scarce ever by any heathens committed) of all sorts, without any controll there committed. And in this is veri∣fied the saying of that t 1.132 Florentine Secretary to bee true; that if the court of the Pope with his Cardinalls were translated from Rome, and placed among the Switzers (a people in those times most ingenuous, and freest from all manner of exoticke vices) they would in a short space become the most wicked, factious people in the whole world: in so great credit was then this court of Rome, even in the esteeme of those who made profession of the same religion. But these, and a thou∣sand more of their pranks are better knowne to the Christian world than I can relate them. My purpose is onely here to let the world know, how senslesse and absurd is this superstitious kind of abstinence from flesh onely, whereof like proud Pharisees, they make so great an ostentation, and would put out the eyes of the world, that they should see nothing in the cleere Sun-shine. And yet what is all this but a re∣nuing of the antient heresies lately mentioned? and renuing heathen∣ish superstition? Nay it doth plainely and evidently appeare, that the antient hereticks and heathens did farre surpasse in this point, many of our Romanists. If they would, as they pretend, subdue the lust of the flesh, why doe they not then abstaine from wine, in that point farre sur∣passing any flesh, as hath been proved? And why doe not their Priests and clergie-men abstaine from wine, and forbid it the people, at least in Lent and on fasting daies? I have already instanced in the like ab∣stinence both in heathen and heretickes. If Sir Iean and his generation will reply, that they must serve at the altar, and therefore must both drinke for themselvs and the people, who by their Canons, are debar∣red from the cup: I cannot deny, but as in many other things, so here∣in likewise, their clergy have been too hard for the laity: yet good Sir Iean, if you have purchased such a privilege above the people, mee thinkes, you might the better abstaine from wine at other times, e∣specially those of your strictest abstinence; and might likewise ab∣staine from many flatuous meats, as many sorts of bulbous roots, which all our Physitians doe hold to be irritamenta & incitamenta lib••∣dinis.

The Abissine Priests and religious persons so strictly observe their Lent fast, that it is reported of them, that they eat nothing but roots, and drinke water during that time; yea, and stand often up to the chinne in cold water: and the Laity, during that time onely eate bread and drinke water. If our supercilious Pharisaicall Romanists would imitate this rigid austerity, the Clergy I meane, it would coole their courages, yet withall purchase them a great deale of more praise and reputation, than many of them have hitherto attained unto. I am not ignorant, that some of the simpler sort of their religious orders are more rigid and austere in their manner of living than many others: but this I confidently avouch, that for the most part, their Clergy, especially the greater sort, are as licentious and luxurious, as any sort of people this day living under the face of heaven, upon which point I will not here digresse. Now to conclude this point of absti∣nence, we are so farre from rejecting, and far lesse from finding fault with it, that we wish it in farre greater request than hitherto it hath been: I meane, not onely that ordinary and customary abstinence, or sobrietie in meat and drinke, and other delights; but even that other sort of fast also, which we have wished might bee more in pra∣ctice. But I hate and abhorre these counterfit and hypocriticall, hea∣thenish and hereticall-like fasts of our Pharisaicall Romanists, with their many idle repetitions of their many mumpsimus upon their beads, ma∣king a shew of prayer, where there is nothing but a little lip-labour, without any true religion, or any true devotion indeed. But having said more than I doubt I shall be thanked for, I leave this point, and proceed.

CHAP. V.

Of Aliment or Diet of the Diseased in generall: whether a thinne and spare Diet, or a full or liberall be better?

FRom the Elements wee are now comming to the aliments, of nourishment and food fit for the sicke. Now as by the moderate and timely use of aliments the diseased reapeth no small benefit; so againe by the immode∣rate and unseasonable use of the same, the diseased is much indammaged and indange∣red. And for this cause no small care ought to be had of the Diet of the Diseased. We made mention of three sorts of Diet, of the which we have a 1.133 Galen for our warrant: a thinne or slender, a full and liberall, and a meane or middle diet betwixt both. Now these two extremes have a great latitude and extension. In the first place, a thin and spare diet is either simply thinne and sparing, more sparing, and

most sparing of all. So againe, the like by way of opposition is to be understood of a full and liberall diet.* 1.134 Now an absolute thinne and spare diet, called victus tenuissimus, is nothing else but an absolute abstinence from all manner of food whatsoever: or at most, permit∣ting onely the use of a drinke made of water and hony, called by the antient Greekes, melicratum. And this manner of abstinence did the antients use in most acute diseases, which were terminated on the fourth day. And when they did a little exceed this first so thinne and slender diet, or abstinence, they did then allow the sicke some barly-water, ptisan or creame of ptisan at most. This was usuall among the Greekes, which strict and rigid kind of diet the Arabians were not able to undergoe. And it may bee the Greekes,* 1.135 either because they were thicker skinned, or else surprized with sharper sickenesses, did more easily endure this kind of diet. It may be also the Arabians fared better than the Greekes, and were not therefore able to endure this kinde of diet. And in this wee adhere more to the Arabians than to the Greekes.* 1.136 And therefore, if Physitians should now imitate the Hippocraticall course of dieting, they should be utterly shent. Galen was not so rigid and strict in his diet: for he often suffereth the sicke to use some suste∣nance in acute diseases, and often findeth fault with certaine Physi∣tians called diatritarij, who pined their patients with abstinence, in the beginning of their disease made them fast untill the fourth day, and after againe exhibited something on the sixt, and againe on the eight; and so consequently after the first foure dayes, they fed them but every other day. And b 1.137 this manner of cure is by Celsus Aurelius called a circular cure. To this manner of cure was quite contrary that manner of diet, which used that antient Physitian Petronius, who abbridged his patients of no kind of diet, but filled them with wine and flesh. And this is that we call a full or liberall diet, according to the exten∣sions and latitude therof. To this manner of diet ours approcheth near∣est: and it is the cōmon opinion of our people, of our vulgar women es∣pecially, that unlesse the sicke be crammed with all manner of food, he is quite starved. And this commeth often to passe by importunitie of those about them, and sometimes by meanes of the Physitian, saith c 1.138 Galen; who to give satisfaction to the sicke, and assistants, often∣times giveth way to such a diet. Followeth now in the next place a question to be discussed, whether a thinne or slender, or a full and li∣berall diet be the better? Now as almost all diseases have their origi∣nall and beginning from gluttony, and abundance of humors; so would it seeme the cure thereof required principally abstinence and hunger: For by this meanes the body is dried up, and superfluous humors ex∣hausted. And it is reported, that the Emperour Aurelian in his sicke∣nesse used no other Physicke.d 1.139e 1.140 Hippocrates seemeth in some places to allow of a full diet in all diseases; and f 1.141 againe in other places to stand for a thinne and slender diet, finding fault with the Guidian Physitians, who in the beginning of the disease, permitted the use of a more liberall diet. g 1.142 Galen often preferreth a slender diet before a full and liberall: and that by reason a full and plentifull diet breed∣eth innumerable dangers in the body, which a thinne and slender diet

doth not, the which, if to the body troublesome, may easily by addition be amended.* 1.143 This question cannot absolutely be determined, by reason both are alike, and equally necessary, all circumstances well & seriously considered, but especially having a due regard to the strength of the pa∣tient, together with the nature of the disease. h 1.144 We must conjecture, saith Hippocrates, whether the sicke be like to hold out with such a diet or no, or whether the disease will not first give over, before there need any alteration in the diet. But with us wee need never be afraid that there be any fault committed in the defect; wee are most commonly inclined to be faultie rather in the excesse. And howsoever, I confesse indeed, our bodies are not able to beare that antient strict and rigid Grecian thinne and spare diet, yet I wish there were a more moderate course taken for moderating the diet of our diseased. But riot and excesse haue so ceized upon us in our health, that it is a hard matter to regulate our desires according to reason, when wee are diseased. Now, wee proceede to other circumstan∣ces according to this subject.

CHAP. VI.

Certaine Rules and Lawes from whence the Diet of the diseased is desu∣med.

AS in the structure and building of houses, we must lay a good foundation, before ever we beginne to build: so no lesse carefull ought wee to be this case, where the Diet of the diseased is to be handled, to lay a good and firme foundation, whereon our building may stand the firmer; wee are therefore in the first place to take notice of certaine rules or lawes (call them as you list) which in the ordering of the diet of the diseased are care∣fully to be considered:* 1.145 and they are all reduced to these two principall heads, being all desumed or fetcht from the party diseased, or from the disease. In the party diseased, or the sick himselfe, we are to consider, the strength, the temperature, the disposition or quality of the body, the age, custome, particular, or individuall disposition or propertie of each person (expressed by this word idiosyncrasia) the time of the yeere, and the region where one liveth. Now, the first and principall rule, law or judication,* 1.146 is taken from the strength of the sicke person; which by a due and convenient diet, answerable to requisite necessity must be sustained, to the end the diseased may the better be inabled to over∣come the contumacy of the disease: for here nature must play the phy∣sitian in curing of the disease, both food and physicke receiving their power and efficacie from our naturall heat, and from divine benedicti∣on

principally, which we ever would have to be understood. This one thing is alwaies, saith a 1.147 Celsus, to be observed, that the Physitian pre∣sent, diligently observe the strength of his patient, and so long as it holdeth out, to cure him by abstinence: but if feeblenesse be feared, let food then supply what is wanting. In the next place, the tempera∣ture of the body is to be considered: for this, wee may easily observe, that cholerick complexions are not long able to indure long abstinence, although in perfect health; and if they be at any time ceized with any diseases proceeding from choler, they are by a thinne and slender diet much offended. In the third place, wee are carefully to consider of the frame and structure of the body, called Habitus; for such as are of a thinne and slender constitution of body, are more by a thinne and slen∣der diet offended, than others of a thicker. Wee are not also to neglect the age, for old people are best able to indure abstinence;* 1.148 and next un∣to them, those of a consisting or middle age: but children, and little in∣fants, are with fasting most offended. By old age, I here vnderstand greene old age, as it is called, cruda viridis{que} senectus, and not decrepit old age, which by reason of the languishing and decaying of the innate naturall heate, as the oile of a lampe, unlesse it be frequently by good and comfortable food, and good drinke refreshed, will quickly faint under the burden. And this must be done frequently, and often, not confertim, or abundantly at once; lest this small fire be by too much fe∣well suddenly suffocated and oppressed.* 1.149 And since custome often car∣rieth so great a stroke, that wee see, even poisons by long continued custome converted into food; it is not slightly in ordering the diet of the diseased to be past over. And experience it selfe doth even teach us, that things wherewith we were formerly accustomed, doe lesse of∣fend us. The prerogative of custome b 1.150 Galen well describeth by the example of Arius the Peripateticke, who being much molested with a great weaknesse of stomacke, that he durst neither indure the cold aire, nor once so much as taste a drop of cold water; falling into a fever, and forced to drinke cold water, died suddenly. And therefore if any were in their health accustomed to eat twice or thrice aday, not onely are we to yeeld to this custome in their sicknesse; but even to permit unto them their accustomed houres, unlesse some sudden accident (as the fit in a fever or the like) doe hinder us. Now, besides the premises, every one almost hath some certaine peculiar property, or condition,* 1.151 called idiosyncrasia, whereunto belongeth often some peculiarity in appetite, and other things, and to the which sometimes wee are forced to give way: and wee finde often, by common experience, that when the stomacke is whetted on, and eagerly longeth after some particular food, howsoeuer, it may be in it selfe not so fit, having injoyed it, greedily imbraceth, and with great facility concocteth the same: and this c 1.152 Hippocrates in his aphorismes, did very well expresse. But herein I would not that any one should, at randome, let loose the reines of his appetite, but carefully, and with good counsell regulate and moderate his desires. We are in the next place to consider the time of the yeere, howsoever, many may, perhaps, thinke it to small purpose. But as in health this is to be observed, there must then be like correspondency in

the time of sicknesse. And certaine it is, that in Winter, the internall heat of the stomacke, and inward parts, is farre intenser, and greater than in Sommer, and the concoction easilier performed; and therefore no question is to be made, but that the quantity of aliment must needs be answerable, and in greater abundance than in Sommer, when as by the heat of the ambient aire the internall is extracted, the pores of the body rarefied and dilated, and sweat with fuliginous excrements more copiously expelled. And therefore a lesser quantity of food, of a laudable quality and easie of digestion; as also a more liberall allow∣ance of drinke is then to be permitted. And this was the opinion of d 1.153 Hippocrates, and so hath beene held by all our Physitians, that in Win∣ter wee are to feed most liberally, in Sommer very sparingly, and in the Spring and Autumne, to keepe a meane, betwixt both the former, what∣soever any say to the contrary.* 1.154 The region wherein any one liveth, is likewise not to be neglected: for in cold countries, where people feed more plentifully, there the sicke is to be allotted a more liberall allow∣ance,* 1.155 than in hot countries: as Spaine, Egypt, and the like. And mee thinks, that besides all the premisses, the calling, or course of life one leadeth is worth the consideration: for the which cause, schollers, and others accustomed to a sedentarie life in their health; as then their diet ought to be more sparing and easier of concoction than for other peo∣ple: so falling sicke, the like caution must be observed. And here women come also to be considered, who, for the most part use lesse exer∣cise than men, and have the pores of their bodie lesse perspirable, and often a colder complexion: and this is chiefely of the better sort, who live in ease and idlenesse, Influence and abundance of all things, to be understood. In the next place wee come to rules of diet desumed from the disease it selfe, which was the second head wee here proposed to handle.* 1.156 And these rules must be understood by dividing them into their proper ranks, and must be illustrated by accommodating them to fe∣vers; few diseases without a fever ceizing on the body of man; and therefore in this discourse wee have of them a speciall regard, though other diseases also shall not be neglected. All diseases then are either acute and of a shorter continuance,* 1.157 and for this cause called acute; or else chronicall, or of longer continuance. Acute and short diseases, require a slender and sparing diet, and the shorter and sharper the dis∣ease be, the more sparing should be the diet. Againe, in chronicall and long continuing diseases, the diet must be allowed more liberall; lest in a long journie nature being toiled and tired out, before shee be at her journies end, faint and succumb under the burthen of the disease. Now, of chronicall diseases, some are of a longer continuance than o∣thers;* 1.158 and therfore as to them that continue long, wee allow liberall allowance, so to the longer wee still allow the more liberall allowance: and on the contray, since among short and sharpe diseases, some are shorter and sharper than others; as the acute and sharpe requireth a sparing, so the sharper a more sparing, and the sharpest of all, the most sparing diet of all; which approacheth neerest to that strict diet of Hippocrates: having all this while a principall regard to the strength of the patient, and other cicumstances already nominated. Now, be∣sides,

the difference of the nature of the disease,* 1.159 no lesse carefull and circumspect ought wee to be in the observing the times of the disease, both generall and particular. The generall time, I call the whole course and continuance of the disease: the particular, the paroxysmes, or ex∣acerbations of the same, and in fevers commonly called fits. Now in both these times, as well generall as particular, wee are diligently to observe the beginning, the increase, the heighth, and the declining: many in the beginning of the disease, if they foresee the disease, like to be of long continuance, doe use to feed the sicke liberally. But ac∣cording to e 1.160 Celsus, in the beginning of the disease, the sicke should suf∣fer hunger and thirst: for if corrupt humours abound, the best food is but by them corrupted. Foule bodies (saith f 1.161 Hippocrates) the more thou feedest, the more thou hurtest. Wherefore in the beginning, if strength permit, wee are by degrees to withdraw their food, untill the heighth of the disease, in the which, if it be an acute disease, they are more spa∣ringly to be fed. In diseases therefore,* 1.162 that very speedily come to their heighth, a very thinne and slender diet is to be used. But where it ma∣keth not so great hast to the heighth, then are wee in the very time of the heighth, as also a little before, to withdraw some part of their diet, and before permit to them more liberall allowance, that the sicke may the better hold-out. But there being so many severall circumstances herein to be observed, and the severall and individuall constitutions be∣ing so various, it is very hard to set downe any certaine rule concerning this particular. In diseases which give no intermission; as continuall fevers, beware of feeding the sicke in the exacerbation or worst time,* 1.163 but wait for some remission, when the sicke findeth some alteration.* 1.164 In in∣termitting fevers; as tertians, quartanes, &c. except their fit should prove very long, and their strength feeble, feed them not in their fit, but wait for the remission or declining of it: or else prevent the fit cer∣taine houres, lest it surprize the sicke with a full stomacke, and so pro∣long it. But if it should come to passe, that the sicke were not able to attend this appointed time, then were it better to take something in the beginning, or increasing of the fit, and no waies towards the heighth of it: and yet if strength should faile, it were better to yeeld to an inconvenience, than to a mischiefe. And there g 1.165 Galen diligently ob∣serving the strength of his patients, fed some of them in the beginning, some in the vigor and very heighth of the fit, which occasioned some to mocke and deride him. But with us, women, many times, must have their will, although it cost the patient his life; and what they ap∣prehend to be right, the Physitian may often spend his breath, but doe little good. I wish people therefore to be wise, when they see especial∣ly it lieth them upon their lives; and if they will learne wit of no body else, let them learne some of Satan: h 1.166 Skinne for skinne, and all that a man hath will he give for his life.

CHAP. VII.

What things in prescribing Diet for the diseased are to be observed.

OF the three severall sorts of Diet fit for the dis∣eased; to wit, a sparing, slender, or thinne, a liberall or full, and a meane diet betwixt both, wee have already discoursed. Each of these diets is so called in relation to the ali∣ments which nourish sparingly, liberally, or in a meane maner. Now, in each of these ali∣ments, we are to consider the substance, quan∣tity, quality, the fit time for feeding the sicke, the order, and the preparation, or manner of preparing the same. The substance of food is either solid or liquid, of easie or hard degestion, yeelding to the body good or bad nourish∣ment.* 1.167 That aliment which is appropriated for the sick, ought to be easie of digestion, of a good and laudable juice, and nourish much in a small quantity; and liquid or solid, according to the nature and variety of the disease. a 1.168 Hippocrates used to feed the sicke of fevers with suppings. And b 1.169 Aristotle, wisheth us to feed the sicke in fevers, with suppings at the beginning, especially, by reason or their lightnesse, and facility of concoction and distribution. The quantity or measure of the Diet of the diseased, must be ordered according to the sense and feeling of the sicke, and nature of the disease, as c 1.170 Hippocrates well expresseth it. Now, it is not unknowne, that whole and sicke folkes are not with alike quantity of food to be fed. And this by the practice in Hippocrates appeareth, where d 1.171 Cratolaus being sicke e 1.172 contenteth himselfe with the one halfe of his former allowance. To the quantity wee may also referre the number of repast, which must be measured according to cu∣stome, which is consonant to f 1.173 Hippocraticall prescription. And this according to many severall circumstances, is also variable. The next is the quality, which we are not to neglect, nor slightly to be past over. Healthfull and sound people ought to use a diet like unto their owne temper and constitution: but the sicke are to use a diet contrary to their disease. A hot distemper requireth a cooling diet, and rest from motion. Neither are wee in the diet of the diseased, onely to consider the first qualities; as hot and cold, moisture and drinesse, but even the second qualities also; as opening and astringent, &c. If the hu∣mours be tough, then have they need of opening diet; as all manner of obstructions: defluxions need astringent and strengthening diet. As for the time of feeding the sicke, as witnesse g 1.174 Galen, it is very hard to define, and that in regard of the diversity of fevers, requiring divers times for diet. In diseases, wee may consider a double time of feeding the sicke, one of election, another of coaction, or necessity. That of election I call, when as the disease gives the sicke some truce, and

leaveth the sicke sometime free for food. That of necessitie and coacti∣on, when as for preserving strength, we are forced at uncertaine times to feed the sicke. Now, for feeding the sicke, the day-time is alwaies the best, as witnesseth h 1.175 Celsus, and many other Physitians. i 1.176 Ioubert, a French Physitian, much inveigheth against that perverse and preposte∣rous custome of feeding the sicke in the night time, and giveth this reason for his assertion: The day is ordained for our nourishment, as the night for rest and sleepe; now, by sleepe the noisome and noxious hunmour, cause of the disease, is concocted, the naturall heat now by reason of sleepe being recalled into the center: now, if by nourishment in the night time,* 1.177 thou make a distraction of naturall heat to helpe concoction, it must needes have the smaller force to subdue the disease, and from hence arise many crudities, the cause of much evill in the bo∣dy. But if, perhaps, the sicke cannot sleep, and have bin sparingly dieted in the day time; then may wee give the sicke some supping, as a little broth, almond, milke, or the like: but in no case let the sicke ever be wakened out of his sleepe to take any food; it being farre better to let the sicke take his rest, than unseasonably to waken him for food: for k 1.178 watching suffereth not the disease to come to maturity, making all sustenance harder to digest. It may then be asked what time of the day is fittest to feed the sicke? and in what time of the day may the diseased feed freeliest? If it may be with conveniency, the morning is the best time, or towards noone, and worst towards night. It hath been already proved, that in healthfull people a larger supper is allowed:* 1.179 but in the sicke it is not so, as hath been already proved. Besides, experience it selfe telleth us, that toward night, and in the night time, diseases most commonly afflict most: what reason then is there to oppresse the body with a double burthen? And this is principally to be observed in all defluxions and diseases of the head, yea, even in health it selfe, much more then in sicknesse to be observed. The order of diet in the diseased is then chiefely to be observed, when there is variety of dishes;* 1.180 which, whether fit for the sicke or no, would be considered. A single diet is alwaies most profitable, agreeing best with health, and in sicknesse is easiliest concocted. The multiplying of many severall lusts, l 1.181 saith Pliny, is pernicious, and a multitude of sauces is yet farre worse. And yet some would have the sicke use variety of dishes, especially in a weake and queazie stomacke, that by tasting a little of every dish, his weake stomacke might the better be whetted on. But if it be possible, and strength subsist, the sicke is not to be incited to such variety,* 1.182 for feare lest he eat more than hee can well overcome. But in the diet of the diseased, the preparation is not of smallest moment: as whether it be better rosted, boiled or baked, the which is, according to di∣vers circumstances, varied, as wee shall heare more hereafter. Some∣times also sauces are not unseasonable for the sicke; and for this cause some Physitians have written tractats concerning this subject: and to speake the truth, they are the fittest for the sicke, to excite and stir up their weake and languishing stomacke, which often by all our art, wee can scarce indure to take so much sustenance, as will support their weake strength for a few daies. Now, as there is a preparation requi∣red in the diet, so is there also in the diseased, who is to wash his mouth

with faire water,* 1.183 or water and vineger, with a little wine, or other fit and convenient liquor. And is principally in Fevers, where the mouth is often so furred, principally to be observed, to wash away that slime, and other stuffe that sticketh to the tongue and palat of the mouth, and giveth a bad rellish to all that is eaten. Besides, * 1.184 as Avicenne saith, the sicke, if it be possible, should sit up in his bed to take his food, and so for a while after continue: for by this meanes conco∣ction is farre better, than any otherwise performed. Now to the par∣ticular Diet of the Diseased.

CHAP. VIJ.

Of fit Diet for the Diseased, and that of severall sorts, and first of that which vegetables affordus, as bread, herbes and fruits.

THe matter of Diet for the Diseased, as wee have already said of the Diet of healthfull people, is either taken from vegetables, or plants and fruits: or else from living crea∣tures and their parts: as from beasts, fowle and fish. Among plants or vegetables, corne, and among corne, wheat, whereof the best and wholesomest bread for the use of man is made, challengeth by right the first place. That bread then is best for the use of the sick which is made of the best wheat,* 1.185 not fusty, mildewd, or of any o∣ther evill quality; and withall made of new ground meale, which is better than long kept. This bread would be a little salted, and mode∣rately leavened: for so it becommeth more pleasant to the taste, ligh∣ter and easier of digestion, and lesse stopping. In our countries here we have a custome to adde barme to our bread, which other countries, as France, Italie and Spaine, &c. use not; and therefore I give warning, that this be sparingly used in the sickes bread, very bitter barme e∣specially; which maketh both the bread unpleasanter, and hotter in acute diseases, and hot bodies. As for salted bread, a 1.186 Galen himselfe doth not reject it, even in Fevers; and besides, even in the cure of a dry stomack alloweth the use of it. Bread for the sickes use is to be used new, and not old; especially not above two or three daies at the most. New bread is two manner of waies used, either simply as it is of it selfe, or else artificially prepared. Simple bread I call such as it is baked,* 1.187 when it is so administred to the sicke. Bread is againe pre∣pared after the baking, and that divers wayes. Now whether the one or the other be used, the crummes are the best, the crust being of an evill quality. Ordinary simple bread was used either hot, or after it was cooled. A b 1.188 late writer sheweth that the antients used hot bread. And Hippocrates used hot bread in the cure of that kind of Dropsie

which wee call anasarca or leucophlegmatia, which neverthelesse else∣where hee c 1.189 alloweth not of. Hot bread filleth suddenly, is hard of digestion, and drieth much; and this later reason might move him to exhibit it in that kinde of Dropsie.* 1.190 But cold bread was ever most in request, and is also the best, especially if not too old, as hath beene already proved. As for the preparation of bread,* 1.191 the antients used ei∣ther to wash it in faire water, or else to mingle it with flesh broth. d 1.192 Pliny affirmeth that wheat-bread being washed either in cold or warme water, is a very light food for the sicke. Now they used to wash their bread two manner of waies: either they soaked and stee∣ped their bread in warme water, which they often shifted untill such time as it had quite lost all the taste of leaven and salt: or else they grated and punned it small, and so steeped it in faire water, and strai∣ned it through a cleane linnen cloth; by this meanes making a sepe∣ration of the solid from the subtilest parts, which subtile thinne part they afterwards boiled untill it grew thicke. This washed bread both Hippocrates and Galen used to coole in all kindes of Fevers. Wee use rather to wash it in rose-water, adding some sugar and currants.* 1.193 Nei∣ther was it the custome onely to steepe bread in water,* 1.194 but in wine also; where they were free from any Fever. Wee use rathe to toste bread at the fire, and so steepe it in wine,* 1.195 And that sometimes also they mingled bread with fresh broth is apparent out of the same e 1.196 Hippocrates. There are also divers artificiall preparations of bread which may be usefull in some diseases:* 1.197 as biscuits prepared with di∣vers ingredients; as yolkes of egges, annise and fennell and coriander seeds, with a little sugar, and may be usefull for weake stomakes, and rheumatik persons. But because few of our Gentle-women are ignorat of the preparation of these and the like,* 1.198 I shall not need to insist upon their preparation. Besides these, there are divers sorts of march-panes made, partly for superfluity and adorning great feasts, and great mens tables; and partly also sometimes for physicall uses: as in hecticke Fevers, and some pectorall diseases, which here to particularize, is neither the particular place, nor my purpose. But before I finish this point concerning bread, I must advertise all diseased people,* 1.199 that since unleavened bread, as pycrusts, many sorts of cakes and the like, are not so fit even for the use of healthfull people; how much more then are they unfit for the sicke? Such bread is alwaies very hard to be con∣cocted, and apt to ingender obstructions and the stone.

Now in the Diet of the Diseased there is no small use made of herbs,* 1.200 whereof we have spoken already. Herbes minister but small nourish∣ment, and serve rather to alter than to nourish the body. And there∣fore they are of good use to coole, to open obstructions, and keepe the body soluble: of the which both juleps, apozemes, and divers decoctions are made, according as the nature of the disease requireth. We use them likewise in the sickes broths, according as we see occa∣sion. Now that herbs nourish but little, a 1.201 Galen himselfe avoucheth, affirming, that men cannot live upon herbes, although beasts are there∣with nourished. And Hippocrates affirmeth, that those who use this kind of food much, live a shorter while than others. And b 1.202 Galen

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upon that place expoundeth the word imbecillis cibus, or a feeble food, to bee such as yeeld little or small nourishment to the body: such are herbes, and many sorts of fruits growing upon trees: and such, saith Hippocrates, are both of a short continuance, and make them short li∣ved who use them: by reason such food maketh but short stay within the body. Out of this place then is confuted the opinion of c 1.203 Cardan, affirming, that such as lived on fruits and herbes were longer lived than those who lived on flesh, which hee would prove by the antient fathers, and by Eremites living in deserts onely upon such food. But this may easily be answered,* 1.204 that it was our forefathers frugality, free from all manner of excesse and riot, and not the quality of their food which prolonged their lives. Besides, their lives were for other necessary and usefull ends then prolonged, as we have heretofore touched. As for Hermites, and others who live long by the use of such diet, I doubt not but with the moderate use of flesh, and keeping a moderation in all o∣ther things, they might have lived longer, and in as good health of bo∣dy, whatsoever Cardan say to the contrary.

* 1.205Now it may againe be demanded, whether fruits may be admitted into the Diet of the Diseased? I answere, it would seeme that by rea∣son of their waterish juice they should bee excluded: yet no doubt they may safely be used, at least some sorts; as apples for melancho∣ly,* 1.206 capers for the spleene, pomegranats for hot and cholerick stomacks, the quinces in fluxes of the bellie; in costivenesse, prunes and cher∣ries; raisins and currants for the liver: and so of divers others accor∣ding to severall occasions. d 1.207 Trallian tells us that the Aegyptian Physi∣tians fed their sicke of Fevers with cucumbers and melons; and that by reason they cooled much and nourished little. But e 1.208 Cardan alto∣gether disalloweth of any such diet. And it were farre more tolerable to use the distilled water of such fruits. I doubt not, but fruits may sometimes be exhibited to the sicke, provided they be first rosted, that by such meanes, the moist watery juice may either be corrected or dis∣sipated.* 1.209 Now the antients had another fashion of rosting their fruits than we have, as may by the same late alledged Author appeare; who speaking of the use of peaches in a tertian, saith, that being hung up, they are to bee rosted by the onely heat of the fire. f 1.210 Galen in two or three places explaneth this manner. They tooke (saith he) a high pot, which they filled ful of water, & within the pot above the water they set in grate, on the which they layed their fruits, and so rosted them at this vapor. And g 1.211 S^t. Ierome writeth, that cookes were wont after this manner to rost their phesants,* 1.212 which made them farre daintier to the taste. Our age hath in use to preserve divers sorts of fruits in the Autumne, and so to keep them both for necessity and delight.* 1.213 But I wish they bee sparingly u∣sed of the sicke, especially in Fevers and hot cholericke constitutions, by reason that sugar wherewith they are preserved, is quickly in such turned into cooler; besides, that the too frequent use of such things quickly cloggeth and overthroweth a weake stomacke, whereof we are to have alwaies a principall regard.

CHAP. IX.

Of Flesh, and what sorts of flesh are fittest for the sicke, and how to be exhibited.

ALthough wee have already spoken sufficiently both of the nature and nourishment that seve∣rall sorts of Flesh efford the body of man; yet will wee now say something more of this sub∣ject, as it hath relation to the sicke. That flesh was a strong nourishment, Pythagoras was not ignorant, saith Pliny, who changed the wrestlers diet from pulse to flesh; their fat and gluttonous substance, having neerest affi∣nity with mans radicall moisture: and there∣fore, as well in sicknesse as in health, it yeeldeth strength and vigour to the party that useth it. But all sorts of flesh are not promiscuously and indifferently to be used of the sicke: for, among foure-footed beasts,* 1.214 some for goodnesse and wholesomnesse, are farre before others to be preferred. And here for the use of the sicke, are principally recommen∣ded Weather mutton and Veale. Among fowle, young pullets, Hennes, Cocks and Capons, Pigeons, Partridges, Phesants,* 1.215 thrush and some others: and all these kindes of flesh are common to all diseases; and besides, there are yet some certain sorts of flesh proper to some par∣ticular diseases. Such flesh is in a double manner adminstred unto the sicke; either in substance, boiled or rosted; or else their juice drawne out by decoction, called broth; or else expressed and strained; called commonly colices or gelees: or, lastly, distilled; and so called destilled restorative water of Capon, or any other flesh. Besides these afore∣mentioned, Hippocrates accustomed to feed his sicke with other sorts of flesh; as with the flesh of Hares, Hogges, Horses,* 1.216 Asses and Whelpes, which with us are now altogether out of request. But a question may be here asked, whether flesh be in diseases a fit and con∣venient food. And it hath beene by some Arabian Physitians called into question, who forbid flesh in all sorts of fevers;* 1.217 and that by reason it is easily, by the distempered heat of the fever, putrefied and corrup∣ted. And by the fame authority was it denied in the inflammation and consumption of the lungs. And in the Ile of Crete, it was not permitted to feed the sicke with flesh. h 1.218 Hippocrates himselfe, in fractures of the skull, forbiddeth flesh, untill the tenth day. But there he must be un∣derstood of solid flesh, by reason hee forbiddeth any mastication or chewing. But to forbid broths, colices or gelees, and the like,* 1.219 I see no reason: and therfore with the same Hippocrates, and the generall cur∣rent of all our best Physitians, wee allow of the use of flesh for the sicke. Ewes flesh is often used by Hipprocrates, and commended by Galen:* 1.220 but wee to better purpose, use Weather mutton, to them altogether un∣knowne; and the which we have from the Arabian Physitians, who first

used it.* 1.221 And in this flesh, it is also to be observed, that it is colder in quality than either Ewes or Rammes flesh: and it is to be observed, that the flesh of gelded beasts is both sweeter and cooler than of the ungelded. As for Veale, the antient Greeke Physitians seldome used it, and wee read not of it above once in i 1.222 Hippocraters. And for this are wee also beholden to the Arabian Physitians, and k 1.223 Averroes in par∣ticular, who averreth, that it may safely be used in all diseases. l 1.224 Ano∣ther antient Physitian, would not have the sicke to meddle with it, al∣though in health he holdeth it to be a singular good nourishment. And some thinke it too moist, and that it was therefore in the Easterne countries quite forbidden. But it is now without any doubt by all our Physitians admitted into the Diet of the Diseased. Hogges flesh was both by Galen and Hippocrates, had in high esteeme for the sickes use, howbeit it be now altogether banished from the Diet of the Dis∣eased. And wee read, that m 1.225 Galen gave to the sicke in a tertian, Hogges braines and feet: as also gives Hogges feet boiled in pti∣san for a restorative diet. How would this rellish our dainty palats? And that * 1.226 Hippocrates himselfe did use it, may also appeare, by that hee warneth us to eat it without the skinne: and Galen in his commentary, taketh it for granted, that Hogges flesh and Pigges ought to be eaten without the skinne, quite contrary to our custome, who hold that the daintiest of all the rest: but I warne weake stomackes to looke to themselves. Young sucking Rabbets are for the sicke, with us, in no small request, yet let them not be too young. Now, as concerning fowle, o 1.227 Galen affirmeth, that if compared with foure footed beasts, their nourishment, as it is farre lesse, so is it farre ea∣sier of digestion; especially the wings of such fowles as are in per∣petuall motion, and affoord the body a wholsome and subtill nou∣rishment. All manner of wilde fowle, saith p 1.228 Hippocrates, are of a drier substance than foure-footed beasts: and whatsoever creatures yeeld no spittle at the mouth, are of a drier substance than others. And the wilde fowle are drier than the tame of the same kinde. And therefore the flesh of the stocke-dove is drier than that of our ordi∣nary Pigeon:* 1.229 among all manner of fowle, our Hennes, Cocks and Capons for the sickes use beare away the bell. Neither was it without a mysterie that the Cocke was consecrated to Aescula∣pius. As for the Goose, Ducke, and other water fowle, they are seldome allowed the sicke, especially in acute diseases. And it is to be observed, that in antient times the comparison was betwixt the flesh of the Cocke and the Henne, which of their flesh was the best,* 1.230 some preferring that the Cocke: as for Capons, which wee acknowledge both in sicknesse and in health to be better than both the former,* 1.231 they were to the antients unknowne. Above all sorts of pullaine, pullets, or pretty bigge Chickens are accoun∣ted the best for the sickes use, especially if they be of a white co∣lour: for such are not so hot as the others, and therefore fittest for fevers and hot diseases. The antients used especially the stones and wings of pullaine, as may by q 1.232 Galen appeare; and this must be understood of young pullets, and not of old Cockes. Now, as for

old cocks, they were of old chiefely used to purge the belly,* 1.233 being for that end and purpose stuffed with divers ingredients; which is even usefull with us at this day also. As concerning Capons, a question may here be moved, whether they ingender not the gout: and that this questi∣on seeme not strange, it hath beene by some of later times,* 1.234 called into question: and howsoever it hath beene held both of r 1.235 Cocks and Hens also, yet principally and chiefely of Capons; and that principally if they be old: the reason whereof is pretended, that these creatures are obnoxious to this disease, witnessed by certaine knots gro∣wing sometimes on old Capons legges. But in my opinion, this is but a needlesse and frivolous feare, it being a thing most certaine, that in a good and strong stomacke, they will be converted into a good and laudable nourishment. As for those who feed every day dain∣tily upon that or any other delicate food, using little or no bodily exercise, nor keeping a good moderation in their diet, be they young or old they shall find they shall either ingender the gout, or as bad, if not a worse disease. So that I cannot adhere to their opinion, who hold any specificall podagricall qualitie in this kind of fowle more than in any other food.* 1.236 The young pullets of Turkies may be ranked among our pullaine, and may likewise bee safely used of the sicke.* 1.237 As for Phesants, I forbid them to no body that can come by them.* 1.238 As con∣cerning pigeons, it may be demanded whether they bee safe for the use of the sicke? The Arabian physitians, by reason of their heat, ut∣terly rejected pigeons from the use of the sicke, which we understand of the elder. As for young pigeons, they are nothing so hot,* 1.239 especi∣ally well blooded under the wing. And therefore, all the controversie betwixt the Arabian and Greeke Physitians concerning the temperature of pigeons may easily, by distinguishing the ages, be composed. Old pigeons are hot and dry, and the young rather temperate, participa∣ting of some heat. s 1.240 Wild pigeons by reason of their drinesse accoun∣ted better (especially in moist diseases) and their young ones hatch∣ed in the Spring, better than those in Autumne.* 1.241 Others hold that ordinary pigeons hatched towards Harvest, when corne beginneth to ripen, are best, and feed fattest. There are some which hold an opini∣on that pigeons are good against the plague, and that such as eate of them often in such seasons, free themselves from pestiferous and conta∣gious diseases. And for this cause, if the plague at any time had been in Persia, Plinius, secundus the Physitian was wont to make pigeons his chiefe food. It is moreover to be observed, that pigeons never bee ro∣sted with their heads: for it hath been observed,* 1.242 that such as have often eaten them thus, have by degrees falne blind: and it is moreover held, that thus they ingender the leprosie. t 1.243 Rhasis also relateth a hi∣story of a certaine Casipha (as he calleth him) who having thrice in one day eaten of pigeons rosted with their heads,* 1.244 the same day died sud∣denly. As concerning Partridges, u 1.245 Galen writeth, that the flesh of young Partridges is of a laudable nourishment; but the elder of a more solid substance, and harder of digestion, which neverthelesse be∣ing two or three daies hung up, becommeth tenderer. Now concern∣ing this flesh betwixt the Greeke and Arabian Physitians, there is no

lesse controversie than was about the former, and by distinguishing the ages,* 1.246 may as easily be composed. As for Thrushes they are by Galen ac∣counted among good and laudable nourishment, as ingendring nei∣ther too thicke nor too thinne humors: and it seemeth, it was accu∣stomed to be prescribed to sicke persons, by the ancient Romane Phy∣sitians: as may appeare by the prescription of them to Pompey in his sicknesse, x 1.247 who would rather venture his life, than be beholden to Lucullus for them. The larke is of very good nourishment, and easy of digestion, and good in moist diseases, especially commended a∣gainst the wind-colicke. It is somewhat dry, and therefore not so fit in Fevers; and if used, they are best boiled, by this meanes becom∣ming moister. The Larke with the tuft on the head is the best. And it is to be observed that in Fevers, wilde fowle, by reason of the drinesse, is not neere so good as the tame.

CHAP. X.

Of Egges, and ••••••ir use, whether they may safely be allowed the sicke? Of divers liquid substance made of flesh; a••••roth, colice, gelee, restorative distillations, &c.

NExt to fowle, for the affinitie, wee are to say somethings of Egges, as being their proper birth and off-spring, as I may call them, and will withall subjoine next after them, for the affinitte, some liquid substance made of them. This then is a light, liquid and laudable nourishment for the sicke. There is no food (saith a 1.248 Pliny) that nourisheth more in sickenesse, and burdeneth lesse the stomacke, supply∣ing the place both of meat and drinke. And yet is this food by some called in question, whether it may be allowed the sicke or no?* 1.249 and that for a double reason, both in regard of the plenti∣full nourishment it yeeldeth in Fevers, and by reason also of a suppo∣sed exorbitant heat in this aliment more than in another. And this hath beene not a feare among the vulgar onely, but even some learn∣ed b 1.250 Physitians have held the same opinion. And if at any time, say they, the antients did allow of egges in Fevers, it was never in the beginning, but in the declining of the disease; unlesse it were in ex∣treme weakenesse, which overturneth and altereth all order in Diet. c 1.251 Galen in tertian Fevers alloweth both the yolkes of egges, and roc∣ky fishes; but withall giveth us warning, that this diet was onely for the daintier and nicer sort: but that in others it were better according to the Hippocraticall rule, to use the juice of ptisan untill the crise. And againe in d 1.252 another place, in a Fever with swounding he allow∣eth of egges before the fourth day, and afterwards flesh. And e 1.253 Hip∣pocrates

where there is no Fever permitteth the use of rere-rosted egges,* 1.254 which in a Fever, it is like hee would not have permitted. But it might be proved, that sometimes in the inflammation of the liver and of the lungs, where there is alwaies a Fever conjoined, he permitted the use of egges. But what talke we of antient times, when as people lived more frugally, and used not so liberall and plentifull a diet as now adaies, and we were never now able without danger of life to sustaine so strict a diet, as did the diseased in those daies? And ther∣fore in our daies to give the sick egges to eate,* 1.255 yea even in acute disea∣ses, we see no danger at all. As for the feare of heat in egges it is very frivolous, they being very temperate, allaying the acrimony and sharpenesse of humors, and withall moisten much. The f 1.256 yolke of an egge applied to any part grieved with paine, easeth the same: and ac∣cording to the cōmon consent of Physitians such things as ease paines, called properly anodyna, are of a temperate facultie. Besides, the white of an egge cooleth, as daily experience teacheth us.* 1.257 And although the white of the egge be cooler, yet is it withall harder of digestion than the yolke: and therefore Galen in the aforementioned place in a tertian admittteth of the yolke onely. And a late writer condemneth much the vulgar erroneous opinion of the heat of egs, affirming withall that the Italian Physitians doe ordinarily exhibite them to their patients, even of hot constitution of body, and the like diseases, and that even in the heat of Sommer.* 1.258 As for the feare of nourishing too much, we esteem that to be a singular prerogative in egges above many other meats, that they nourish much in a small quantity; as being that which we cheifly aime at in great weakenesses, and which we may easily regulate according to our plea∣sure, exhibiting a quantity answerable to present necessity.* 1.259 My mea∣ning all this while is of hens egges, as being of all others the most temperate, and most appropriate for the sickes use.* 1.260 Such egges also are esteemed best, which are laid of a hen troden with a cocke: for others nourish lesse, are of lesser quantitie, and moisten lesse,* 1.261 if wee will beleeve Aristotle. In egges also the preparation or dressing is of no small consequence. They are commonly either boiled in water with the shell, or rosted likewise with the shell, or boiled a little in seeth∣ing water or other liquor without the shells, called potched egges;* 1.262 or fried in a frying-pan with butter, and sometimes with an addition of herbes or others things. Of all these preparations the boiled in water without the shell, or potched are best and fittest for the sick, & potched in vineger or verjuice, as some use to doe, they coole,* 1.263 and withall corro∣borate a hot and weake stomacke. The next in goodnesse are accounted those are boiled with the shell in water,* 1.264 by reason they are all alike and equally bo••••••d. Egges rosted in the imbers or otherwise are therefore held inferior to the former, because they are not so equally rosted: how∣beit if care be had in the rosting, I hold them nothing inferior to the o∣ther, if not better. But for the use of the sicke a speciall care must be had, that they be not hard.* 1.265 Egges fried are worse than any of the former, and therefore altogether to be forbidden the sicke. Some∣times they have mingled with them divers sorts of herbes,* 1.266 tansey especially, (whereof this composition taketh the name) and creame;

which howsoever used, are no waies to be allowed sicke folkes, being heavy of digestion even for the healthfull, especially for weake sto∣macks, Of Egges also are made caudells, which being made of drinke that is not too strong may without any danger be allowed the sicke; of the making whereof there is hardly a woman in the countrie, I thinke, that is ignorant.* 1.267 But that we may discerne the good from the bad, it is materiall for us to know some certaine markes which may make this appeare. The Priests, it seemeth, in former times, as they ever loved their belly well, so set they us downe three marks whereby we may dis∣cerne the best: that an Egge be new laid, long in figure, and white in colour, according to the * 1.268 old proverbiall verse. But to know the new laid from old, stale and addle, wee must yet finde out some more markes. New laid Egges are commonly full, and the stale empty to∣wards the broder end, which is also the cause that stale and addle Egges swim in the water, when as the new laid fall to the bottome. Besides, new laid Egges, betwixt thee and the light looke brighter and clearer than the stale and addle ones, which looke more darkly and obscurely. Another signe is, that when it is opened, an old and stale Eg, the yolke especially disperseth it selfe, whereas the new and fresh laid clingeth close together. I have the longer insisted upon Egges, by reason it is so usefull an aliment for the sicke, and the vulgar is so possessed with a needlesse feare of a supposed excessive heat in this food, and therefore thought good to remove all such rubs.

* 1.269Having heretofore sufficiently spoken of solid flesh, as also of egges, I come now to speake of some liquid substances made of flesh, and fit for the use of the sicke. The juice of flesh nourisheth more speedily and easily than the solid substance it selfe. It is farre easier, saith * 1.270 Hip∣pocrates, to be refreshed with drinke, than with solid food: which is not onely to be understood of drinke, but of liquid and supping meats also. Whosoever have need of a sudden and speedy refection, b 1.271 saith the same Author, humid or moist diet, is the best to repaire strength. And whosoever have yet need of a speedier way, it may be effected by smels. The antient Physitians therefore, taught by experience, that often∣times the sicke was not able to concoct solid food, found out this way of suppings. The c 1.272 same Authours counsell is againe in another point carefully to be observed: that such as are able to digest and con∣coct solid food, to such, suppings are to be denied: for they exclude the use of other food: but to such as cannot make use of any other, to such,* 1.273 suppings are to be allowed. Moreover, in the preparation of these liquid substances, there must be an especiall care had of cleanli∣nesse, both in the persons that prepare them, and in the vessells wherein they are prepared. The persons must be neat and cleanly▪ skilfull in such preparations, and carefull in skimming off skum and fat, offensive to a weake stomacke. The vessels wherein they are made must be cleane and free from all filth,* 1.274 evill smell or taste. The matter of such vessells are best of earth, yron, or silver: but brasse is the worst of all other, and what is made therein is likeliest to offend a weake stomake, especially if it stand any space in it, as experience daily teacheth us. Some brasse, I confesse, is better than other, and yet the best bad enough.

Of all these liquid substances, that which we commonly call broth, is most ordinary, and made after various and divers waies,* 1.275 according to the nature of the disease, and party diseased, and the patients palate. Some is made with herbs, some without; some with plummes (as they call them) raisins of the Sunne, or currants, or dried prunes, and some without any. The variety therefore of broths being infinite, it were a tedious taske to enter upon this subject. But one sort of broth was wont to be made by the antients of an old Cocke to purge the belly, be∣ing for that end stuffed with many such ingredients fit for that pur∣pose, which is even usuall with us at this day also. I will instance in one fit to be used in pectorall diseases. Take an old Cocke,* 1.276 and after a long combat with another Cocke, kill him, pull him, and cleanse him of all his intralls; then fill his belly with barlie prepared as it ought, raisins of the Sunne stoned, violet leaves, maidens haire, a little hysop and peny-riall, with a little salt: boile him till the flesh come from the bone, then bruise him well, and squeeze out all his moisture, and of this broth take a good draught. There are yet many sorts of broth used for severall ends and purposes; some to coole, some to strengthen and cherish nature, &c. Amongst restorative broths, there is one in frequent use, especially in consumptions and great weaknesses,* 1.277 made with the outlandish root, fetcht us from beyond sea, called from the soile, China-root. The proportion of this root to the liquour is not alwaies the same in every sicke person. The China-root must be heavy, and not worm-eaten, and being thinne sliced, must stand about twelve houres by a soft fire, not boiling at all, but simpering by it; and after∣ward provide a good bigge young red Cocke-chicken well dressed and cleansed from his intralls, bruise him and put him to thy China,* 1.278 adding ingredients, as the nature of the disease and other circumstances shall permit: as in pectorall diseases, such as wee nominated already, more or lesse, as occasion shall require, which cannot be determined: and in other cases, the ingredients may be altered accordingly. It must boile till little above the fourth part remaine, and it looke red in colour, be∣ing still well skimmed as it boileth, and towards the later end adde to your broth the bottome of a manchet, and two or three chives of mace: and when all is sufficiently boiled, bruise your chicken in a stone mor∣ter, and squeeze out the juice, and adde to your broth; whereof, being sweetned with sugar, the diseased may take a little draught an houre or two before dinner, supper, or both, if need be. In my opinion the quan∣tity of China would not be under an ounce, and seldome exceed two. Howsoever, in time of need it is safest to be directed by learned counsel, which may direct the right preparation and use according to severall circumstances. Againe, sometimes meat is first well rosted,* 1.279 and after∣wards pressed out in a presse or otherwise, and seasoned with sugar, or made a little tart with a little juice of a lemmon, or otherwise appropri∣ated to the patients palat, as particular occasions shall require: which they call in latin expressum, or a juice squeezed out of flesh. And this is best given by it selfe without any other broth or liquor: and this is bet∣ter for cold constitutions than for hot, and consequently for the like dis∣eases. Now, when the flesh is let boile untill all the substance of the

meat be boiled away in the broth, and then strained thorow a clean lin∣nen cloth;* 1.280 it is called in latine consumptum, and in the English a colice, and may likewise be seasoned and salted according to the liking of the sicke. This colice is either taken of it selfe, or else mingled with other broth. Another liquid substance there is yet extracted out of flesh, which we commonly call a gelee, which is made of a capon or a big cocke-chicken,* 1.281 and a couple of calves feet, and so let boile untill it fall to pieces, and being sufficiently boiled, the skum and fat being carefully taken off, it must bee well strained thorow a cleane linnen cloth, and the juice so strained is to bee sweetned with a little sugar, and seasoned with a little cinamon, and so set on the fire a∣gaine to boile a wame or two, adding thereto, if thou wilt, two whites of egges the better to clarifie it. After all is done, straine it through an Hippocras bagge, which being cold will turne to a gelee, and may bee coloured with a little saffron or red sanders, and with a graine or two of muske or amber-greze, if the patient please, this may also acquire a pleasant smell. This gelee may also bee used either by it selfe, or else mingled with broth. If there be a Fever, it is best to boile it in faire spring-water: if there be neither Fever, nor yet feare of any, then the one halfe, or yet lesse, may be of white wine, which will make it both pleasant to the pal••t,* 1.282 and very comfortable to refresh weake nature. Our Gentle∣women have in frequent use a gelee made of harts horne, which I hold very good, especially in pestelentiall and contagious disea∣ses, or in pox and measels is very soveraine. Those of ability may adde to it a little of confectio alchermes or de hyacintho, and then it will bee very soveraine. And if thou wilt have this or any other gelee tart, thou maiest adde a little juice of Lemmon or the like to it. Besides all these, there is yet in use for sicke folkes, a forme of restorative distillation made of a capon,* 1.283 or other restorative flesh with an addi∣tion of cordiall ingredients for that purpose. Some find fault with this distillation, because of the impression of fire left in it, and may bee distastfull to the sicke. But this may easily by a glasse still in balneo mariae be prevented. But the truth is, that by this meanes the phlegmaticke and watry part is onely extracted, which hath but very small nourishing power in it: since that which nourisheth (as witnesseth d 1.284 Galen) ought to bee of a tough, thicke and glutinous substance, to the end it may bee the more firme and permanent. These kinde of distillations are very frequent it France and some o∣ther countries; insomuch that they are to bee found ready distilled in many Apothecaries shops; which a learned e 1.285 French Physitian findeth fault withall, as being fusty, and of no value at all; if they be kept but a litle while. With us these are not so in request; yet to speake mine opinion also, since they retaine both some taste and smell of the meat they are distilled of, (if carefully done) although their nourishment be but very small, yet see I not, why in great weak∣nesses, and a loathing of all food, these may not sometimes bee ad∣mitted, especially, since thereby no damage or detriment whatsoe∣ver redoundeth to the stomacke, or other part, it passing so speedily

thorow the body. There are also some restoratives made of flesh brui∣sed and minced, made up in solid formes, and may be used in chro∣nicall diseases, but are not for Fevers, nor other acute diseases. But at this present, I will dwell no longer on this, not this subject of flesh, but will say something concerning fish.

CHAP. XI.

Of Fish, and whether they may be allowed the sicke.

NOw, because sicke persons are not all and al∣waies to be fed with one and the same food, and some in their sicknesse loath flesh; it may then be demanded, whether Fish may not be permitted sicke folke, although they be not so nourishing, & are also indowed with another manner of juice? and therefore whereas flesh is forbidden in Lent, yet Fish are permit∣ted. It may by many places both of a 1.286 Hippo∣crates & Galen evidently appeare, that the an∣tient Physitians fed their patients more with fish than flesh. Besides, when as the sicke loathed their hony water and ptisan, Galen allowed them rockie fish boiled in water, prepared with leekes, dill salt, and a little oile b 1.287 Cardan, in the Diet of the Diseased, preferreth fish before flesh; and that because they are of a cooler quality, moisten more, and nourish lesse. And that the Arabian Physitians allowed to their patients the frequent use of fish, it may by c 1.288 Averroes appeare. Their manner was to fry them in oile, by which manner of food their opinion was, that the liver was much strengthened. d 1.289 A late Writer is of opini∣on, that most of the antient Physitians used to feed their patients with fish rather of custome, than that they esteemed them better than flesh. And this may yet the better appeare to be true, in that the Easterne people, and the Greekes especially, used, and doe yet at this day, very frequently use fish; as is by e 1.290 a learned Physitian, who, of late yeeres, travelled into those countries, well observed. But if wee shall in even scales weigh both flesh and fish, we shall finde that flesh doth farre sur∣passe fish in good and wholesome nourishment, and that even by the testimony of f 1.291 Hippocrates himself. Fish indeed, saith he, in the same place, are a light meat, both boiled and broiled, both by themselves and with other meat. And yet they differ thus among themselves: fish of ponds and pooles, the fattest especially, as river fish also, are harder of digestion: but Sea, fish living neere the shore, are lighter; and easier of digestion: and among them againe,* 1.292 fish boiled are easier of digestion than rosted or broiled. And therefore in case of restoring strength, feed the sick with the former: but if thou wilt either keepe the sicke at a low ebbe, or yet abate some of his strength, feed him with the

latter, which are lighter and nourish lesse. Flesh therefore beeing wholesomer than fish, yeelding a more laudable nourishment to the body, they are rather by way of permission, to satisfie their languishing appetites, then otherwise allowed sicke people; and that even in Fe∣vers,* 1.293 where we affect a moistening diet. But then if may in the next place bee demanded, what fish are best for the use of the sicke? All fish are either bred in fresh waters or in the Sea. Sea-fish a∣gaine, are either such as frequent the shore, called littorales: or else live most among rockes, called Pisces saxatiles; or else they live in the depth of the maine Ocean, callen therefore Pelagici. g 1.294 Galen preferreth sea-fish before fresh-water fish: and againe among sea-fish, those who live among rockes; as the sole, sea-perch, and the like, he accounteth best. Neither yet are such as live in the maine Ocean and neare the shore to bee misliked. That kinde of fish, saith h 1.295 Celsus, is lighter that liveth among the rockes, than among sand; and againe, that which liveth among the sand is lighter, than that which liveth among mud and slime. And therefore fishes living in lakes, ponds, pooles, or rivers, must needes bee inferior to the former.* 1.296 And yet notwithstanding fishes living in cleere and roc∣ky rivers, and which have a quicke current, are not to bee misli∣ked: such as are the Pyke and pickerell, the Perch and carpe. The Go∣nion especially, called the river smelt, may as safely as any fish be allowed the sicke. Galen would have all his fish prepared with his white broth,* 1.297 as he termeth it, being made, as wee mentioned before, with faire water, dill, leekes, and a little salt. But since Galens time the case is much altered, and our European palats have since that time well improved their sense of tasting.* 1.298 In acute diseases especial∣ly, a tart sowre taste gives our patients best content. And for this pur∣pose we use, not without good reason, the juice of a Lemmon, as also of a sowre Orange, a soveraine good sauce in all Fevers, infections and contagions especially, both unknowne in Galens time. And for a corrective in all fish sauces, pepper and salt are with us in most fre∣quent use and request, the former not then so much by him used. In France,* 1.299 I remember, there was a frequent use of a broth made of mushels with the yolke of an egge, made tart with verjuice of sowre grapes, which pleaseth the palat well, and is not impertinent for a weake sto∣macke, whereof in my fever I made now and then a triall.

CHAP. XII.

Of the Drinke of the diseased, and first of Water, with the frequent use therof in antient times, whether, and how now to be exhibited, and how before to be prepared, and how to supply the defect thereof, where it is not to be admitted.

WHat cruelty it were, after so many and various sorts of meat, it may be, scorched with seal∣ding heat in the heighth of a Fever, without a comfortable refreshing with that so much desired drinke, those who have beene scor∣ched in this purgatory can best tell: and therefore with the assistance of the Almigh∣ty, I purpose to dwell a little upon this so usefull and profitable a point.* 1.300 And how use∣full and profitable the handling of this point is, may from hence easily appeare, that many times the stomacke re∣fuseth all manner of sustenance whatsoever, especially in great weak∣nesse and acute diseases, and yet drinke is seldome out of season. And in this same particular, we see by experience, it is a hard matter to make the sicke keepe within compasse. But because all times are not alike fit for drinke, therefore must we be a little more circumspect in the choice of the time when it is fittest for the sicke to drinke. And therefore when the time is not fitting, wee must acquaint the sicke, saith a 1.301 Celsus, that when the fit is over hee shall drinke, and that as abstinence from food will shorten the fit, so when the fit is over past, the lesse he now drinke, the lesse desire shall he have after to drinke. But because often times little or no food serveth the sickes turne, therefore must wee be the more carefull to gratifie them in their drinke. Now, as for the time, if election may have place, wee are to make choice of that time when he goeth to rest. b 1.302 Celsus in another place, would have the sicke in the night time to rest, and neither to eat nor drinke, if it be possible, and drouth be not too urgent, in which case hee would not have the sicke too much tormented with thirst. But because sometimes the mouth and the throat are drie, and crave drinke, when as the internall and inferiour parts are plentifully supplied with moisture; which is that we call sitim mendosam, or a false thirst, as there is also a false appetite; therefore it wil not be amisse sometimes to wash the mouth & throat with a little cold drinke, sometimes with a little faire water, and a few drops of wine vineger, or some such other liquor; and sometimes some preserved or conserved barberries, raspes, ribes, some lemmon sliced and sugred, or the like acid things; and sometimes a stewed acid prune, keeping the stone in his mouth, as the manner is, or any other like art may be used to deceive this counterfeit thirst. But when the house is now all on a fire, we must needs have some liquour to quench this heat, and ex∣tinguish the fire: even so when this house of mans body is all on a fire,

wee must needs have some moisture to quench the same. Now what this must be,* 1.303 is our purpose here to discusse. The most antient drinke, and most common to all living creatures is water, of the which, as in generall usefull to all, and in particular, as serving for drinke in health∣full persons hath beene already spoken. Now we are to speake of it as it serveth for the use of the sicke, and whether it bee usefull for all or not?* 1.304 The use of water we read to have been very frequent among the antients, and especially the Guidian and Rhodian Physitians used it much, and that chiefly in acute diseases; whom therefore c 1.305 Hippo∣crates reproveth for not distinguishing the causes of diseases, which may often alter our purpose of exhibiting water to drinke in acute dis∣eases, especially where there is a burning Fever proceeding of choler. And this he there illustrateth by the example of the inflammation of the lungs, where he affirmeth, that neither staieth it the cough, nor maketh spit up eafilier; but in a cholericke constitution is altogether converted into choler: and besides, is hurtfull to the nether parts about the stomacke, over∣throwing the whole body, especially if dranke fasting. If there bee any inflam∣mation of the liver or spleene, it increaseth the same, swimming and floting in the stomacke, descending slowly, being hard and not easy to bee concocted: for the which cause also it looseneth not the belly, provoketh not urine, nor futher∣eth any excretion. And d 1.306 Galen himselfe also confirmeth this same o∣pinion, adding, that when as Hippocrates perceived the harmes and mis∣chiefes proceeding from the drinking of water, abstained from the use of it in all acute diseases, and betooke himselfe to drinks made of hony and water, of honie and vineger, and sometimes to wine. And with them yet agreeth e 1.307 a late Wri∣ter, who out of divers places of both these Authors compared and par∣allelled together, mainteineth, that in acute diseases water is altoge∣ther hurtfull. And of the same opinion is likewise f 1.308 another learned Physitian, yet with this qualification, that if a small quantity of water be added to a great quantity of choler, it is quickly converted into cho∣ler: but a great quantity of water drunke, tempereth and allaieth the heat of the choler, and so overcommeth it, whereas a small quan∣tity increaseth this humor, being turned into the same. g 1.309 Another antient Physitian notwithstanding controlleth this opinion of Hippo∣crates,* 1.310 and affirmeth the quite contrary. But to compose this contro∣versie, our Authors meaning is to be understood of water actually cold, which indeed in pectorall diseases, and for the breast it selfe is very hurtfull, and hindereth expectoration: but being once boiled, it groweth thinner and more subtile, and then onely fit in pectorall dis∣eases to further expectoration. And it cannot be denied, that cold water is very profitable and usefull in acute diseases, as may even by divers other places both of Hippocrates and Galen appeare:* 1.311 and besides, most of our antient and moderne writers with one unaminous consent approve of the same. But in the use thereof wee must diligently consi∣der, both the nature of the disease, and constitution of the Diseased. And it is the saying of the same h 1.312 Hippocrates; whose bellies are hard and apt to bee inflamed, they are to drinke the lightest and purest water: but whose bellies are soft, moist and phlegmaticke, such are to use hard, thicke and some∣what saltish waters, subsalsis is his word. Now water is not in all diseases

to be used after one and the same manner. In burning Fevers, water is to be drunke cold, in pectorall diseases, a little warmish. Now, that it was familiar in antient times to give cold water to drink in hot acute diseases, I shall make it appeare. i 1.313 Galen himselfe findeth fault with Erasistratus and his followers for denying cold water in burning Fevers. And againe, for the same cause k 1.314 reproveth Thessalus, and braggeth, that hee hath often cured distempered hot stomackes with drinking cold water, yea, even sometimes cooled with snow it selfe. And a∣gaine, in l 1.315 another place hee cureth that sort of Fever, called Ephemere or Diaria, that is of one day, by this same meanes. And in the same booke, by this onely meanes hee preventeth this same disease. And in m 1.316 another place giveth us yet warning, that this is a remedy fit for any sort of Fever, providing it be drunke in great abundance. n 1.317 A late Ger∣man Physitian also braggeth how many fevers hee hath by this meanes cured; and I know it will seeme no strange thing to heare a o 1.318 Portugall relate what cures he hath by this meanes performed, as in his centuries is at length to be seene. Neither is it my purpose to spend time, and increase the bulke of this booke by relating of such stories. And it is not only commended in all ordinary acute diseases, but even in maligne and pestilent Fevers also, as witnesseth p 1.319 Celsus, and is the opinion of the Arabian Physitians, who all seeme to have borrowed it of q 1.320 Hippocrates, who relateth the story of one sicke of a pestilent Fever, who having drunke great store of cold water, and cast it up againe, recovered pre∣sently his health. And besides, the same r 1.321 Celsus in fluxes of the belly, and in all defluxions proceeding of choler, commendeth this as a sove∣raine remedy. The point then being reasonably well cleared, it resteth to be considered, how it is to be exhibited.s 1.322Hippocrates, in that hot coun∣trie would have the drinke for the diseased to be exposed to the night aire, that so it might receive the morning dew, which might increase the coldnesse thereof: but because this procureth to it some acrimony, some would have other meanes tried; as salt-peter, snow, &c. Concer∣ning the which, wee have sufficiently spoken heretofore. But I would not have any such extraordinary actuall frigidity by any such meanes in this case procured, it being so prejudicial to heath, howsoever, peradven∣ture at the first not so sensibly perceived. Now, in the exhibition of wa∣ter to the sicke, two things are to be considered, the fit and convenient time when, and the quantity thereof. The time is either generall,* 1.323 to wit, the course of the disease, or particular, the exacerbation or paro∣xysme, which we call the fit. Concerning the generall time, all are not of one mind: for t 1.324 Galen, and our Greeke Writers, would have us wait for signes of concoction in the urines and other excrements. The u 1.325 Arabian Physitians are of another minde, and would have us give store of cold drink in the very beginning of the disease. It is indeed very certain, that better it were to wait for signes of concoction, if the fever were not vio∣lent: but in extremity of heat, and for feare of further inconvenience by meanes of too long absteining, it is better to yeeld to an inconvenience than to a mischiefe. True it is indeede, that drinking of cold water be∣fore signes of concoction, may somewhat prolong the disease, and make the humour grosser, and more crude: but againe, this scalding heat

would parch up the humours of the body before these signes of conco∣ction. And therefore * 1.326 Galen sometimes fore-seeing this danger, was forced even in the beginning of the paroxysme to take this course. As for the particular time,* 1.327 in intermittent Fevers, it is by x 1.328 Hippocrates himselfe determined, while as he willeth us in the fit to absteine from all manner of food: and if hee forbid food, why not drinke also? since that by much drinking in the beginning of the fit, wee see it prolonged. While the feet are yet cold, wee are to absteine not from suppings on∣ly, but from all manner of liquid substances, saith the same Hippocrates, and so the common currant runneth, that the sicke should not drinke during the fit, and yet are not all of this minde. And there is a y 1.329 lear∣ned late Writer, who would not have the sicke altogether debarred from drinke during the fit. And although, saith hee, Hippocrates willed us during the fit to absteine from all food, even from suppings also, yet must not this be extended to drinke. And Galen himselfe, in the heighth of a burning Fe∣ver, ordeineth a good draught of cold water: and the fit of an intermitting Fever is correspondent and answerable to the whole duration and continuance of continu∣all Fevers. As for my part, as I would not be too rigid in denying any reasonable gratification which might not prove prejudiciall to the pa∣tient; so would I not be too servile and obsequious without some great necessitie, it being most commonly seene, that if wee give an inch, they will take an ell. Besides, there is difference betwixt our bodies here, and the French in the South parts of that Kingdome where this Author lived: and both in regard of the ambient aire, and their ordinary diet and drinking of wine, their bodies in any fever must needs admit of a higher degree of cooling, than our moist foggie phlegmaticke bodies in this our climat. But if any particular individuall patient should be thus by excessive heat scorched up, as I should not my selfe be too rigid,* 1.330 so I wish others to be wise. It resteth in the next place to define the quantity, which would seeme to be controverted, some allowing of a great draught at once, and some againe, would have drinke taken by degrees. It is by the most, both Greeke and Arabian Physitians maintei∣ned, that the sicke may drinke, ad satietatem; even to satiety. But z 1.331 A∣ristotle seemeth to be of another minde, and it seemeth, it was the cu∣stome of some Physitians of his time:* 1.332 for, saith he, Physitians use to give cold drinke by degrees, whereof he rendreth this reason; that be∣ing thus drunke by degrees it moisteneth more than drunke plentifully and at once: even as wee see soft showers moisten more than great da∣shes of raine.* 1.333 I answer, that wee intend not here so much humectation, as sudden extinction of this exorbitant scorching heat: for even as we see in Smiths forges, that a little water kindleth the fire, and maketh it burne faster; even so doth a little drinke rather increase the heat of the fever, than extinguish it. Now, because so great a quantity of cold water, if it should long lodge within the body, might breed some incon∣venience, it is therefore by Physitians appointed, that the sicke should cast it up againe, as both by a 1.334 Hippocrates, and many other Authours may appeare. And b 1.335 in another place relating the disease and death of the wise of one Antiochus in Larissa, to the end of his long discourse subjoineth this, that it seemed shee might have lived, if shee could have drunke

store of cold drinks, and cast it up againe. But now, to come home to our owne country wherein we live, and to see how the premisses may agree with us, I thinke it will not be impertinent. It is then to be observed,* 1.336 that all those countries wherein the Greekes and Arabians lived, were ve∣ry hot, and the inhabitants thereof much naturally addicted to drin∣king of water, their wine being there too strong for ordinary drinke, as it is in many parts of Europ even at this day, where the vulgar drinke most water, or mingled with a little wine, and therefore in time of sick∣nesse cannot so much offend them. But with us water is not so usuall for ordinary drinke, and therefore might more wrong our bodies. Be∣sides, water is hurtfull to weake stomackes, whose bodies abound not with blood, or yet are troubled with any tumour, or inward inflamma∣tion, and oppressed with tough and crude clammy humors.* 1.337 And there∣fore wee safely permit the use of small beere, which neither indange∣reth the body, if not cast up againe, neither can it much wrong the body by sudden overcooling of the same. Besides, the boiling correcteth the crudity; the barly is good in all acute diseases, as after shall appeare; and the hoppe openeth obstructions of the inward parts. If the patient, after a good draught can cast it up againe, it will doe him good: and if not, it will finde a vent some other way, as being farre more penetrant than water. And as for the benefit might by casting it up againe be procured, it may by meanes of a convenient vomit easily be effected, which may by a discreet Physitian be according to severall circumstan∣ces accomodated. But if the heat were yet very violent, and more coo∣ling drinke be yet requisite, we are not unfurnished of variety of distil∣led waters, whereof we can easily compose such variety of cooling ju∣leps, with the addition of tart acid juices and liquors, as may give con∣tent to the nicest and daintiest palats. And wee are not unfurnished of barly waters, posset drinkes of severall sorts, and many others, whereof we purpose shortly to make mention. And yet, if wee would make use of water in fevers, I see not but it might be very well,* 1.338 and to good pur∣pose used. I would have then pure spring water well boiled, and after∣wards well cooled againe, and then made tart with a spoonfull or two of good white-wine vineger, or some drops of the acid spirit of vitriole, some barberries, or the like. This would prove a soveraine good cooling and wholesome drinke in all hot fevers whatsoever, contagious or others: and the poorer sort might reap as much benefit by this, as any other drinke.

CHAP. XIII.

Of warme Drinke, and whether it be usefull or no.

WHat hath hitherto beene spoken concer∣ning cold water, and the many waies were used to coole it its hot countries, to please the palate, wil easily finde credit with a vulgar understanding,* 1.339 hot drinke being of no living creature whatsoever desired, and can∣not therefore be naturall: for thirst is no∣thing else but an earnest desire of a cold and humid substance. Now, de facto, that there were such hot drinkes in use among the anti∣ents, if we should deny, yet many Authors will make the truth thereof appeare. But whether this now used in sicknesse or in health, or both; as likewise de iure whether usefull for the body or no, resteth now to be discussed. It hath beene an usuall speech among people, that wee ought to drinke as hot as our blood, and that for feare, lest naturall heat by cold drinke be quite extinguished. And it would seeme that the antient Romans had this custome in frequent use: for wee read that a 1.340 in Rome there were shops where such hot drinkes were sold; called therefore Thermopolia,* 1.341 as may appeare by that the Emperour Claudius discharged this custome, and tooke quite away all such places. And againe, Caius Caligula put to death a Master of one of these shops, for selling of this warme drinke, during the funeralls of his wife Drusilla. And from this warme drinke was the Emperour Tiberius nick-named Biberius Caldius mero.* 1.342 And in great families, one of the servants had the charge of fetching such warme water, which was alwaies in a readinesse to be sold, the which, if he brought too late, his punishment was 300 stripes. And that the Romans had it in ordinary use, especially at their suppers, when as they fed most liberally, may also by many places of the old b 1.343 Poets appeare. And the old comicke Poet c 1.344 Plantus make thereof frequent mention, and many other Authors, whom for brevity I here passe by. d 1.345 A late Writer rendereth a reason why some of the Easterne nations, as namely the inhabitants of China and Iapan use warme drinke, and yet live long, and in good health, to wit, that by reason of the ex∣treme heat of the ambient aire, their stomackes and inward parts are cold, and therefore, to warme them within, use this warme drinke. * 1.346 Others againe, used this warme drinke onely for wantonnesse, to make them cast up their meat, and so fill their stomacke againe with fresh food: the which, the same Authour also out of some an∣tient Writers relateth, and that this was a common custome among the Rhodians. f 1.347 Some againe were of opinion, that the antients never dranke warme water of it selfe, but mingled with their wine. At least, it seemeth it was the custome of some, as likewise that nothing

might be wanting at a great and sumptuous feast, as the Poet intima∣teth unto us. * 1.348 Some againe thinke that although they warmed their water, yet that they let it coole againe before they either drunke it, or mingled it with their wine: at least it seemeth it was the custome of some, as of some others, to warme both their water and their wine, and then to coole them being so mingled before they dranke them. h 1.349 Some learned men are also of opinion that these warme drinkes were not alwaies water, but some other sweet artificiall drinkes, and which people out of wanton∣nesse were wont to drinke: as is the custome both in high Germanie and the Low-countries to repaire in a morning to cer∣taine shops where strong waters are sold, whereof they drinke some, being mingled with sugar or sweet sirup.* 1.350 But certaine it is, the best course is to drinke our drinke cold, as it is in its owne na∣ture: and if in extreme cold, as in frosty weather, or any otherwise be by extreme cold drinke offended; then may they qualifie this ex∣treme quality, either by putting a warme tost into it, or otherwise abate the extremity of the cold, but in no case to drinke it hot. And yet we see, that even among our selves we have a custome sometimes to drinke warme wine, burning it with spices, as is supposed,* 1.351 to qua∣lifie the heat and strength of the wine, and so drinke it warme. But in my opinion, this is a wrong both to the wine and themselves also: burning away the spirit, which is the life of the wine, they procure unto it an accidentall and adventitious heat, more hurtfull to the bo∣dy, than the naturall heat of the wine it selfe. And besides, although it be often used in cold weather, yet to drinke it so actually hot is no∣thing so good, the wine howsoever it be actually cold, yet doth it al∣waies by a potentiall heat warme the inward parts.

But let us now see whether warme water were in use with the sicke or no?* 1.352 It would seeme to bee more usefull for the sicke than for the whole, and the Arabian Physitians administer it in pectorall diseases, by reason cold drinke is an enemy to all the pectorall parts. And an i 1.353 antient Roman Physitian commendeth it in all Fevers. k 1.354 Others com∣mend it in that Fever called diaria, or of one day. Besides, the Greeke Physitians used it ordinarily in diseases of the reines. But yet that it is not so good for the stomacke, cannot bee denied.* 1.355 And although it be not now the custome with us to give our patients warme-wa∣ter to drinke, yet upon divers occasions we use also warme drinks▪ as warme posset drinke to further the operation of vomits, and o∣thers to provoke sweat. And howsoever we use not to exhibite this warme water, as did many of the antients; yet because we are ac∣customed for the sickes use and benefit to boile our water with ad∣dition of some simples, something I will say concerning this point. Water boiled is more subtill and of a more sudden penetration,* 1.356 than crude as it commeth naturally out of the earth. The antients boiled it either with the heat of the Sunne, or of the fire. And the Persian and Aegyptian Kings were wont to boile their water at the he at of the Sunne, were it never so thinne and pure in it selfe. With us we have in use a double boiling of water: the one by the heat of

the fire in ordinary vessells,* 1.357 the other by way of distillation to the anti∣ents unknowne. Which of these two wayes is the best, we are now to inquire. Our Physitians are for distilled water, and must needes be the best. Indeed boiled water is to bee preferred before the crude, and is farre more familiar for the stomacke: but in this, distillation hath the preheminence,* 1.358 that whereas by decoction many thinne parts are e∣vaporated, this is here avoided. And indeed by distillation all uncouth taste, if any, is removed, and by reason of this refining and attenuati∣on, it will also keep a long time without putrefaction. But this point is so cleere, that I shall not need to prosecute it any longer. And al∣though we are not accustomed to distill ordinary water, yet is it very frequent with us to distill waters out of simples of all sorts, both hot and cold, whereof here to speake is not now my purpose. Onely this one thing I adde, that whereas some object that waters distilled in stills made of metall, either are not so good by reason of some relicks of the mettall communicated unto them, or else have some smoakie or firie impression left behind in these waters: I answere, the first feare is frivolous, and builded on a false foundation, and the other may by care and diligence be much prevented. But if any be so curious and fearefull, they may have their waters distilled per balneum Mariae, in glasse stills, if they will be at cost. But it is the custome of many people,* 1.359 that they would fare well and pay little for it. Now before I fi∣nish this point, I must give warning to such as attend the sicke, that they doe not unseasonbly too much obtrude upon the sicke these their warme drinks, or suppings, wherein women doe very much exceed, and many times quite debilitate and overthrow their weak stomacks. And this shall for this particular now suffice: as occasion shall offer it selfe, I shall now and then touch upon some particular abuses and failings in this kind; and now I proceed to some other drinks, and first concerning wine, and whether the sicke may be suffered to drinke any.

CHAP. XIIIJ.

Of wine, and whether it may safly be administred to sicke? Of artifi∣ciall wines; of aqua vitae, usquebath, and other strong waters.

OF wine we have already spokē at great length and of all the severall sorts thereof, the right use and abuse, resteth now to say some∣thing thereof, as it hath relation to the sick. Of the excellent vertues of this king of li∣quors there is no doubt to be made; but yet the event is often doubtfull, whether it may prove a profitable medicine, or a deadly poi∣son. And therefore a 1.360 Pliny relateth, that a fa∣mous wiseman called Androcides wrote good counsell to Alexander the Great, as an antidote against his intemperance: when thou art to drinke wine, O King, remember that thou drinkest the blood of

the earth: For as hemlocke is to man a poison, even so is wine. To which precepts if he had hearkened, he had not in his drunken fits imbrued his hands in his deerest friends blood. So that of it may truely bee said, there is nothing more conduceth to the strength of the body, not yet more dangerous delight than this, if not regulated according to reason. No mervaile then, if there ought to bee great caution and circumspection in exhibiting this to sicke folkes: and indeed there hath beene some alteration among Physitians, whether wine might safely bee exhibited to sicke people? For si••••e diseases are cured by contraries, and wine in the estimation of all Physitians is reputed hot, it will follow that to drinke wine, especially in hot diseases (for of others there is no controversie) is to increase the disease. b 1.361 Plutarch writes that Alexander the great falling into a Fever, and drinking wine liberally, by that meanes died; how∣beit we are not ignorant, others hold an other opinion concerning his death: & yet it cannot be denied, but wine might hasten his end. It may be then admired and wondered at, why c 1.362 Hippocrates in Fevers and hot diseases permitteth the use thereof. Neither yet did d 1.363 Galen in like cases deny his patients the use of wine. If the like care and caution they used in the exhibiting of it were observed, no doubt, it might be without feare yeelded unto. The wine they used was thinne,* 1.364 weake white wine, called by him vinum aquosum, or watery wine, much dege∣nerating from the nature of strong hot wine: and there he findeth fault with the Guidian Physitians, who were altogether ignorant of the right use of wine; affirming, also that we may safely, even in a Pleuresie or in∣flammation of the lungs, exhibite such wines: providing, still there bee nei∣ther great headach; nor deliration or perturbation of mind; as likewise that the spitting up of tough phlegme bee not hindered, nor urine suppressed, &c. And a little after, thou must know that it will be lesse hurtfull to the blad∣der and upward parts, if it be thinne and waterish, as he termeth it: but bet∣ter for the guts if it be stronger. It appeareth then plainely, that even in the opinion of Hippocrates such small wines might be used of the sick. And therefore these wines, which in comparison of others may bee called e 1.365 cold (of the which both Hippocrates and Galen are to be under∣stood) are often without danger administred to sicke persons. But in the use thereof wee are diligently to consider, besides the quality, whereof we have already spoken, the quantity and opportune time of offering the same. The quantity cannot well be determined, yet must it be by moderation regulated, and severall circumstances not negle∣cted. The fit and opportune time is by the same authors assigned, when signes of concoction appeare, or in the declining of the Fever. As likewise in a pleuresie or inflammation of the lungs, the matter being now concocted, and the inflammation abated; and by this meanes expe∣ctoration is furthered, not hindered. Something notwithstanding, is to be yeelded to custome and old age. If any from their youth bee brought up with wine, they will hardly admit of any other drinke, neither will the stomacke commonly admit of any other liquor. But heare what Pliny saith concerning this same subject. f 1.366 As concerning Fevers, saith he, it is certaine we ought never to give wine in that disease, but to such as bee of good yeeres, and that in the declining of the disease onely.

And in acute diseases to none but such as have manifest remissions, especially in the night time, the halfe of the danger being in the night time, that is, hope of sleepe to such as shall then drinke. It must therefore be given onely with meate, neither after sleepe, nor yet after any other drinke, that is onely taken when the diseased is dry, and almost in the case of greatest extremity, all hope almost now failing us. In such places then where such smal wines grow, as in the Ile of France about Paris, and in the countrey of Xantonge, especially about Rochell,* 1.367 they may freely give the diseased such smal wines without any danger at al. And of such a thinne acid, and somwhat tartish wine, com∣posed of most white grapes, and a few red, I my selfe made a triall in a double tertian during my abode in France. This they cal couleur dupesche, or peach coloured wine from the colour of the peach flowre or bloome:* 1.368 and this wine mingled with water did both quench thirst without any apparent heat, and provoked both sweat and urin. But let us now draw nearer home, and see whether wine may be allowed our sicke? It is not unknown that our cold moist climat bringeth not this noble liquor of the grape to any maturity or perfect ripenesse, so that whatsoever wine we use,* 1.369 we are beholden to our neighbour countries for it: besides, that wine not being our naturall drinke in time of health, is neither in time of sickenesse of us to be used, especially in hot acute diseases. And our wines are commonly so strong, that it is not fit to administer them to sicke folkes;* 1.370 howbeit if any, I thinke our Rhenish were the safest and fittest, if it were free from brimstone, or such other trash, where∣with our vintner,* 1.371 wine-brewers doe oftentimes marre our best wines. But God of his singular goodnesse hath furnished us with a wine be∣fitting our owne countrie and climat, which being also in ordinary use in time of health, may freely and without any danger be allowed the Diseased in time of sicknesse, But because in imitation of wine, this our northern wine (for so I may cal it) wee are likewise furnished with divers sorts, differing in strength one from another, we may, ac∣cording to the nature of the disease and constitution of the diseased, al∣low the sicke such as shall be thought most fitting. But in acute disea∣ses the smaller the beere be,* 1.372 it is so much the better; provided it be nei∣ther too new, too stale, nor taste too much of the hop, which will make it more heady and hotter. Let people therefore beware of their march beere and strong ale in all such infirmities, which may as much offend their bodies,* 1.373 as strong wines doe others in hot countries. But in any case, let this beere be very cleere, and not thicke and muddy. Most of our ordinary people, in the country especially, are perswaded, that wine and strong drinke will recover all diseases whatsoever, bee they never so hot and acute. And a bottle of good wine is commonly the first physicke they send for to the next market towne. But many times before their recovery, they are forced to their cost to recant their for∣mer erroneous opinion, and often cry a too late peccavi.

* 1.374Now besides naturall wines made of the juice of the grape onely, there bee also severall sorts of artificiall wines made for divers uses: some made with purging ingredients to purge the body, and so for di∣vers dayes to be drunke, according as the Physitian in discretion shall thinke fit, and the strength of the patient, and nature of the disease

shall suffer. Some, againe, are appropriated for other uses: as for strengthening of the stomacke, opening of obstructions, and innume∣rable others. But because these artificiall wines are commonly to best purpose made with new wines, when they are new prest out of the grape, therefore wee are deprived of the benefit of making such artifi∣ciall wines. In stead of them, wee use to boile in our new wine,* 1.375 our wort I meane, such ingredients as we thinke fitting for that we intend; either purging simples or others: as sage, wormewood, &c. And thus wee make severall sorts of diet drinkes, and ales, for severall ends and purposes. But amongst many others,* 1.376 there is a drink made with scurvy-grasse, much used by our Ladies and Gentlewomen in the spring of the yeere for clearing of their blood. Many, I am sure, make use of this drinke without any use or need at all, but only out of a wanton custome, and a certaine preconceived opinion of making them looke faire.

Out of wine is also extracted a noble liquor or spirit, called for the noble effects (as being esteemed the true balsame of a mans life) A∣quavitae, or water of life. This liquour by many hath been much mag∣nified, and no small commendations ascribed unto it, for the preserving and mainteining the life of man for many yeeres. Among many there is g 1.377 an Italian Writer, who doth exceedingly extoll and set forth the praises thereof, and relateth many histories of such as have by meanes thereof prolonged their lives for many yeeres.* 1.378 As one Physitian called Antonius Sapelius, who, after hee had atteined to 80 yeeres of age, by the use of this liquor, lived yet 22 more.* 1.379 The like hee relateth of another famous Phy∣sitian called Iacobus Parmensis,* 1.380 who attributed his long life of 90 yeeres to the use of this noble liquor. But what? me thinks I heare some secret complaints of aurum potabile, as though it were somewhat thereby disparaged; by meanes whereof, notwithstanding, they say men may live multitude of yeeres. But I heare nothing but words, their smoakie promises not be∣ing seconded by answerable events, as I have already proved. But I wish people to be wise, and cautelous in the use of this or any other such hot fiery liquor. Those of whom this late alleaged Author made mention,* 1.381 were Physitians, and of a good age, and no strangers to the state of their own bodies, and well able to judge what might best make for the preser∣vation of their own healths, and so might find that benefit therby, which another might long seek, and at length, perhaps, for his labour,* 1.382 find a late repentance. If it be usefull for any, it is especially for old and cold moist constitutions; and so no question, moderatly used now and then, it may produce a marvellous good effect in spinning out of divers yeeres, the thred of mans life. And therefore let youth, and hot and dry constitu∣tions, be very wary in the use of this, or any other such hot waters. There is also a spirit extracted out of our Northern wine, beere or ale, I meane,* 1.383 the which, although inferiour to the former, yet may it well in time of neede, with good successe be used. That which is most commonly sold under this name of Aquavitae, and in most frequent use,* 1.384 is nothing else but a liquour distilled out of the dregges and washings of ale and beere barrells, and might rather from the evill it breedeth in the body, be cal∣led, Aquamortis. The right spirit of wine, if it be as it ought,* 1.385 will suffer drops of oile to sincke to the bottome, and will dissolve Campher:

besides, being once set a fire, it is quickly all wasted away. And such a liquor would be used onely in extremity, in swounding, and the like, and then but a very small quantity at a time. I deny not but it may be of good use also, which commeth somewhat short of this absolute per∣fection: howsoever, I advise thee, as thou lovest thy life and health, know well what water thou medlest with, and especially shunne such stuffe as I have already disclaimed. Somewhat milder than this Aquavitae is that strong water, wee commonly call Vsquebach, so much in use among the Irish, having for this same purpose some Liquirice and raisins of the Sunne, and withall some Cloves, Mace and Ginger. This is likewise cautelously to be used, and especially of cold phleg∣maticke constitutions, and in a cold and moist constitution of the aire. But still beware of excesse, even in those whom it best befitteth. There are yet an infinit other varieties of strong waters, both simple and compounded,* 1.386 destilled both with wine, ale and beere, and take the denomination from that simple or simples wherewith they are distilled: as Wormwood-water, Balme-water, Cinnamon-water and the like; and they reteine the vertue of the simples whereof they are distilled, whereof we have at large already discoursed. Some of these waters againe, are com∣pounded of many severall simples; and take the denomination either from that which is most predominant; as the Theriacal-water: or else from the sublime and extraordinary effects; as aqua coelestis, aqua mi∣rabilis, &c. and sometimes from the Author also; as Doctor Stevens his water.* 1.387 But whosoever is too busie, or bold with any of these hot waters in ordinary use, either for furthering concoction, or otherwise, shall at length finde them produce the like effect, as lime laid to the roots of trees; which howsoever it hasten the fruit for the present, yet killeth it the trees in a short time. And this I have in some of my very good friends and patients often found too true; with whom I wish sound rea∣son might have more prevailed than their owne disorderly appetites. I have observed in some, who had these hot liquors in too frequent use, as they pretended, to warme their stomacks, that at length they came to this pitch, that whether they drunke any of these sublimate waters, or the best sacke or other wine whatsoever, they found no more heat in it than of a cup of cold water powred downe their throats. But this was not all the harme from thence ensuing, but was after accompanied with an extraordinary great distempered heat, both in the liver and kidnies; and in some an irrecoverable scirrbus in the liver, a disposition to a dropsie, and in conclusion, an untimely death. I could easily, at great length, dilate and discourse largely upon this one point, but that I hasten to the other matters which yet remaine to handle.

CHAP. XV.

Of divers drinkes made of hony: mulsum, mulsa, or hydromel, and oxy∣mel, with the various waies of composition, and their excellent ver∣tues.

ALthough wee have already handled hony with the vertues thereof, and divers other things concerning this subject; yet now wee are to speake of it againe at more length, at least of some drinkes made thereof, of no small use in the Diet of the Diseased. And the praise of it may from hence appeare, in that the Land of Canaan was commended, and that by the Authour of truth himselfe, to be a Land flowing with milke and hony. Of this many excellent drinkes were made by the antients, which with us at this day are not in so great request. Howbeit even at this day, some nations, where hony is plentifull, make thereof some drinkes very usefull both in sicknesse and in health: as namely, the Polonians, Lituanians, or country of Lettow, and other territories subject to the Polonian Crowne, where good wine is scant, and good hony plentifull; and therefore in stead of wine use this drinke. And wee have already made mention of Metheglin, made in Wales. Now,* 1.388 of hony were made three sorts of drinkes, differing one from another: The first of those was called Mulsum, or a drinke made of hony and wine: another Mulsa, or Hydro∣mel, a drinke made of water and hony; the third of hony and vineger, water sometimes being mingled therewith, and by them called Oxymel; at this day with us in no small request, in pectorall diseases especially. The first of these then is that which the antients called Mulsum, and so celebrated by that Roman Pollio, as wee have already mentioned. And that this was a very antient drinke, may by a b 1.389 late learned Writer ap∣peare, who proveth the same against Plutarch, who held it in his time to be but a new invention. His opinion hee proveth both by the authority of Homer and Hippocrates, who call this drinke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Of this drinke c 1.390 Pliny maketh one Aristeus a Thracian the author, and the which drinke he brought into that credit and reputation, that in these daies there was no sort of drinke in greater request, howsoever, now in our daies neglected. It was made of tart or sharpe wine and hony, taking its name a mulcendo, from mitigating and qualifying the sharpnesse and tartnesse of the wine. Pliny would have it made of old wine, as being easiliest incorporated with the hony. That this is that Oenomeli menti∣oned by Dioscorides, may by comparing that place of Pliny with his, easi∣ly appeare. d 1.391 Plutarch writeth, that honie spoileth and corrupteth the wine, and may therefore be questioned, whether it be wholesome or no? I answer, that being new made, it is windy; but being well boiled, and

kept a good while, it becommeth a most wholesome drinke. And many, saith the same Pliny, have by the continuall use of this drinke, atteined to old age, as hath been already in Pollio instanced. This drinke is in some places of Hippocrates prescribed in pectorall infirmities. The likest to this drinke, is that famous Metheglin, so much used in Wales. e 1.392 In some sea-cities of Germanie, they make this Mulsum, and mingle therewith many aromaticall simples. There was another drinke made of the same hony and water onely,* 1.393 and in no small request among the antients, called therefore Hydromel. Of this drinke, there were divers manners of composition: f 1.394 Dioscorides maketh it of two parts of old river water, and one part of hony boiled together, and set a long time in the Sunne. g 1.395 Pliny composeth it of hony and raine-water long kept, boiling the water with the third part of hony, untill the third part of it were wasted away. There was also another drinke made of hony, in request among the antient Greekes,* 1.396 called Apomeli, and was made of the hony-combes, washed and boiled in faire water. h 1.397 Galen maketh yet mention of ano∣ther manner of composing this drinke; taking of vineger one part, of hony two parts, of faire water foure parts, and so boiled them, where no mention is made of the combes.* 1.398 The Arabian Physitians made their Mulsa or Hydromel after this fashion. They tooke one pound of very good yellow hony, and not too old, which they boiled with eight times as much spring-water in an earthen or stone vessell, skimming them well, and boiling altogether at a great fire, and then straining it thorow a cleane linnen cloth. In i 1.399 Hippocrates, wee read of two sorts of this Mulsa, or Melicratum, one ravv, another boiled. The former was made of three parts of spring-water, or old raine-water, and one of ve∣ry good hony well mingled together, and set a long time in the Sunne. The second sort which was boiled, was composed of the same quantity, but presently boiled to the wasting away of the third part. Besides, he maketh there two sorts of this drinke, according to the predominancy of the one or the other of these two: for when the quantity of water ex∣ceeded that of hony,* 1.400 it was called Melicratum aquosum, but when there was greater store of hony than water, then it was call Sincerum Melicra∣tum, or pure and plaine hony-water. In our daies, some make this drinke of good pure hony one part, and six times as much good spring water, well boiled and skimmed, till the fourth part be wasted away. To know whether it be sufficiently boiled or no,* 1.401 put into it an egge, and if it swimme on the top, it is sufficient, but if it sincke to the bottome it is not. When it is tunned up, for better defecation and purging, in hot weather, especially in hot countries, it may be set into the Sunne for certaine daies. It may be about a quarter old before it be drunke. When it is very old, the use of it is condemned, even by k 1.402 Pliny him∣selfe. This drinke might be of good use in many infirmities of the bo∣dy, of the brest especially, excepting alwaies hot and cholericke consti∣tutions. It might be made tarter by meanes of some vineger, or some other acid or sharpe juice, provided alwaies it exceed not.

* 1.403There was yet another drink made of hony, in no small request among the antients, called Oxymel, or sirup of vineger; the which is even at this day in no small esteeme and account. This drinke is both by

l 1.404 Hippocrates and Galen highly commended and esteemed of; affirming it to bee of an opening and cleansing faculty, without any danger of heat; and that increaseth not the Fever, and yet openeth and cleans∣eth effectually, and that it is very usefull for all ages. A m 1.405 late Wri∣ter affirmeth, that this is a very wholesome drinke, and may safely be used in all Fevers, and that there is no better drinke to quench extreme thirst. And n 1.406 another saith no lesse in the commendation of it. Some differences of opinions there are concerning the composi∣tion of this drinke. Hippocrates maketh it of hony, vineger and water, not expounding the quantity of any one. o 1.407 Galen mentioneth a three∣fold manner of compounding this drinke,* 1.408 but to none of them addeth he salt, as doth Dioscoride: Take of veneger one part, well skimmed hony two parts, let them boile with a gentle fire untill their qualities be well united together. With water it is thus made: for one part of hony, take foure parts of faire spring water, and let them boile o∣ver a soft fire, untill it yeeld skumme, and when a great part of the water is wasted away, then adde thereto halfe as much vineger as re∣maineth of the water, and boile them well, untill there be a firme u∣nion of all their qualities together. Thirdly, it is thus made: al the three are at the very first mingled together, taking for one part of vine∣ger two parts of hony, and foure parts of faire spring-water, boiling them untill there remaine a third. This Hippocrates often mentioneth, though not alwaies under one name. We have the composition therof set downe in our late dispensatories. p 1.409 Some take one part of vineger, two parts of spring water, and foure of pure hony, letting them all boile untill they attaine to the forme of a liquid sirup, I meane not so high boiled as some sirups: for it will thus keepe well enough. q 1.410 Some againe make it after this fashion: take of good hony foure pounds, faire spring-water two pounds: let the water and the hony be boiled together untill the water be quite wasted away, and the hony well skimmed, and then adde thereto two pound of good sharpe wine vineger, and boile it to the thicknesse of an ordinary sirup. This oxy∣mel or sirup of vineger is a very excellent medicine for expectoration, or cleansing and cutting tough phlegme stuffing up the pipes of the lungs, and exceeding good in many pectorall diseases. But many, by reason hony is not so pleasant to their palats, therefore they use in stead thereof sugar, which indeed is not so forcible, nor effectuall as the former: but we are falne into such times, wherein people are all for toothsomnesse, and little for wholesomnesse.* 1.411 In the composition of this drinke, there must a speciall care be had of the hony it is made of, that it be of the best, such as we have already described. The vi∣neger would be of the best sharpe white wine vineger, if it can be had, and the water must be pure spring water, and approaching as neere as may be to our description of such water of best note.* 1.412 Besides these or∣dinary Oxymels, there are yet some other compounded with divers in∣gredients, both purging and others: as with hellebore, with squills and the like, all which here to set downe were both tedious and need∣lesse; such as would make use of any such, may, as occasion and neces∣sity shall require, have them prescribed by the learned and judicious

Physitian.* 1.413 But in the use of this, as in many other medicines, there is a great error in the ordinary use of it committed; and that by reason, the vulgar use it promiscuously in any matter whatsoever, distilled or falne downe upon the lungs, be it thicke or thinne; whereas in a sharp thinne tickling rheume this can doe no good at all, but rather harme. But because this is not the proper place to convince and confute these errors, this being spoken but by the way, I will here leave this point. Neither yet will I insist at this time upon any other compositions made of hony, it being only my purpose in this place to discourse of such drinkes as are made of hony, and by the way to give a taste, what was the opinion of antiquity concerning hony, and the high esteeme they had thereof, and how usefull a thing it is both in sickenesse and in health, howsoever in this degenerate and wanton age, wherein we now live, it be too much contemned and despised.

CHAP. XVJ.

Of divers drinkes made of barly, very usefull for the sicke, and in fre∣quent request, as ptisan, barly-water, creame of barley; and wherein our formes differ, from those of antient times. Some thing concerning emulsions both almond milke, and others.

THis graine (barly I meane) in Greece hath been in no small esteeme and request, and that by reason of divers drinkes made ther∣of for the use of the sicke.* 1.414 It is temperate in quality, in all likelihood and probability, howbeit a 1.415 Galen maketh it cold and dry in the first degree. Howsoever, it is very fit and proper in Fevers and hot diseases, and that after severall sorts and fashions prepa∣red. And besides, it participateth likewise of an abstersive or cleansing facultie, whereby it is to good purpose used in pectorall infirmities. Of this graine the antients made a water for the sicke, from thence called barly-water. And of the same graine was there yet made an other composition, which they called Ptisan. Of this Ptisan, b 1.416 Hippocrates maketh frequent mention. Of this now wee reteine the name onely, ptisan being nothing else (saith a c 1.417 late Writer) but a drinke made of licorice, and a little barly, and some∣times without it. The ptisan in use among the antients, especially with Hippocrates, was nothing else, but that which we commonly call creame of barly, and served the sicke in stead both of meat and drinke. It was made of divers sorts of graines, both of wheat, rice and barly, &c. But that of barly for the sicke was alwaies in highest esteeme. And this diversity ministred occasion to d 1.418 Aristotle to aske the questi∣on, whether Ptisan made of wheat or barly were the best for the use of

the sick?* 1.419 And Ptisan made of wheat was for these reasons preferr'd before that made of barly: first, by reason that such as eat bread of wheat are cō∣monly more vigorous and sound of body than those who use barlybread. Againe, say they, barly is harder of concoction than wheat. And thirdly, barlybread was never in so high an esteem, as that of wheat, but alwaies esteemed of farre meaner account. The answer is easy,* 1.420 that the comparison here is not absolute, but relative; having relation to the sicke. Indeed absolutely compared together, wheat doth excell the o∣ther; but in relation to the sicke barly is farre better, especially in Fe∣vers and pectorall diseases, being more cooling and cleansing than the other, which indeed is rather harder to be concocted, and apter to in∣gender obstructions. And for this cause Hippocrates useth this most commonly in restorative diet, and that of barly in acute diseases. The manner of preparation of this antient ptisan or creame of barly, as we may call it, d 1.421 was after this manner: they tooke graines of barly full, per∣fectly ripe, neither too old nor too new; this they steeped a little in water, then beat it in a morter, to cleanse away the chaffe and husks, afterwards washed it and rubbed it with their hands, and afterwards let it dry: when they made use of it, for this ptisan, they tooke one part of barly thus prepared, and twelve parts of faire water, which they let boile at a soft fire while it swelled, and was boiled to a thinne pap, having lost all the windinesse, and being so boiled they gave it their sicke. Some added to this messe sweet new wine boiled, which they called sapa, and some a little hony, wheat or flowre; and sometimes a little oile, vinegar or salt. In many places of this kingdome there is commonly in use for this purpose, a certaine kind of ready prepared barly, to be sold in shops, called French barly, whereof both this cream of barly is commonly made, and whereof wee make use in our broths also, and barly-water.* 1.422 This barly we use to boile and shift twice or thrice the waters untill it colour them no more, and then boile it with a sufficient quantity of faire spring water (the proportion of the anti∣ents may be observed) and then straine it through a clean linnen cloth, adding thereto a little sugar or sugar-candy, and a little rose-water. To correct the crudity (especially in a weake stomacke, and it bee often to bee used) wee may boile with it some whole mace: or else when it is strained, we may adde thereunto a little small cinamon-wa∣ter, which will both correct the crudity, and not overheat the body If some acid juice of lemmon or other shall be added thereunto, if need so require, thou mayest use thy discretion; in acute and maligne Fe∣vers especially, but not in pectorall diseases. In defect of cinamon-water a little powder of cinamon may be used. In this decoction who listeth may also boile other cooling or pectorall herbs, according to the nature of the disease and party diseased: as violet leaves, strawberry leaves, succory, endive, agrimony, or the like. But beware the taste be not marred, lest the patient reject all; and boile no sorrell nor other acid or sharpe thing in it, especially if it be to be kept for oftner than once or twice: but the fresher it be, the better it is. This is very sove∣raine good in all Fevers and pectorall diseases, especially for young people, for hot and dry cholericke constitutions. But I will advertise

thee of one thing, that whereas there is an opinion held among many that no barly but this, they call French,* 1.423 will serve the turne; our owne barly may bee easily so prepared, that it may very well serve our use. And to this purpose it may either be beaten in a bagge, as wheat is commonly ordered for frumenty; or else, which is the cheaper and lesse chargeable, provide a deep stone or wodden trough, wherein put a little quantity of rough barly with a little warme water, and then with a beetle with a long head for the purpose, beat it untill the husks come off: afterwards winnow it, still rubbing it with thy hands, and then let it dry, and when thou wilt use it, wash it in warme water, which thou maiest shift untill it looke cleane and white, and colour the water no more. And this may with a small labour, and I am sure with lesse charges, be made ready as often as need shall require. And this may be used whensoever we need the use of barly, either for this we have spoken already, for broth, barly water, almond milke, or any like use. And thus they prepare it in the north parts of this kingdome, in all the kingdome of Scotland, and in Ireland also, where they use much barly in their brothes, and for other uses also; and yet never make use of any but this.* 1.424 And besides, in Scotland of this graine there is made a dish, which they there call orgemond; and is made of barly thus prepared, together with milke and hony, and is answerable to our frumenty here; but in my opinion farre wholesomer: and this is a dish, at most of the country merry meetings in no small esteeme there among them.

* 1.425There was yet besides this they called a ptisan, a barly-water in use among the antients, wherof e 1.426 Hippocrates indeed maketh mention, how∣beit setteth not downe the manner of preparation, no more then doth Galen explaining that place.* 1.427 To the Arabians therefore for this barly-water are wee most beholden, who used it much. f 1.428 Oribasius maketh particular mention of the same, where hee would not have the barly prepared, as we have already set downe, but onely a little bruised, and twice washed in warme water, and afterwards boiled in a gallon of water till it was burst, ad crepaturam hordei. This liquor being strained was reserved for the use of the sicke,* 1.429 and was called barly-water. Bar∣ly-water was in very great request among the Arabian Physitians, both made of whole barly,* 1.430 and of barly prepared and cleansed. That of pre∣pared barly was of two sorts, as may bee collected out of g 1.431 Mesue, first thus: take of barly prepared and cleansed one pound, boiling it in twenty times so much faire spring-water, in an earthen glased pot, untill the halfe, or two parts of the water were wasted away: this they called a physicall barly-water. The other was thus made: take of barly as before well prepared, often washed in warme water, one pound which they let boile a wame or two in twenty times as much faire spring-water, and after this was cast away, they added againe as much more water, and let it boile untill the halfe of the water was wasted away; and this they called a physicall food. But the immoderate use of this barly-water is dangerous,* 1.432 in cold and windy stomacks, especi∣ally, and in hypocondriacke melancholy, being it selfe also somewhat windy.* 1.433 But by correction this may easily be amended, as wee have

said already. We seldome now use the decoction of barly alone, but with addition of other simples; as divers sorts of cooling herbes, and sometimes of opening roots and some prunes, sweet∣ning it with sugar to liking: and wee may also adde some juice or sirup of lemmon, or some other acid juice; as some drops of the acid spirit of vitrioll or sulphure.* 1.434 The poorer sort may make for themselves a decoction of ordinary barly a little bruised, boi∣ling therewith some cooling herbes, and a sticke of licorice or two, and after it is strained adde thereto a little white wine vineger, and a sticke of cinamon; or else some whole mace may bee boi∣led in it. Or they may boile faire spring-water with some mace,* 1.435 or without, and afterwards adde a sticke of cinamon, and a little vineger and sugar, or else boile in it a little hony; and so may they make for themselves a wholesome and pleasant cooling drinke, which they may safely use in all hot diseases.

Besides these drinkes made of barly,* 1.436 wee have yet amongst us the frequent use of a drinke which was not used among the anti∣ents, made of sweet almonds in manner of a milke, and is there∣fore commonly called by the the name of Almond-milke. This milke is much used, in Fevers especially,* 1.437 and in pectorall infir∣mities, being often also called by the name of emulsion. This drinke is sometimes made of water and almonds alone without a∣ny addition, and after sweetned with sugar; or else are boiled in the decoction many other ingredients. And howsoever Almonds bee in themselves a little hot, or rather temperate, yet being prepared, and made into an emulsion after this manner, they qua∣lifie and moderate the heat of the body, and withall doe cut and at∣tenuat tough and phlematicke humors in the breast,* 1.438 and further expectoration. And this emulsion serveth often in stead both of meat and drinke, and is often used, when as all other food is re∣fused. And I thinke it often with us, supplieth the roome of that Ptisan so much and so often by Hippocrates commended; although wee have it also in use with us. But for the most part we use a de∣coction made with barly, cooling herbes, raisins of the sunne stoned, and sometimes in pectorall infirmities, a little licorice, and so make a decoction, whereof we make our almond milke. The barly may be of our ordinary barly without any other preparation,* 1.439 save a little bruising. The almonds are to bee blanched in warme water, and cleansed from their thinne skinnes (unlesse in some loosenesse, where we require astriction) and then beaten in a stone morter with a wooden pestell, the liquor by little and little added, and seve∣rall times squeezed out, untill all the milkie substance be expressed. And take heed the almonds be not too old, as being then too oilie; and withall let the liquor bee warme, when it is added to the al∣monds. Sometimes wee adde some seeds unto this emulsion,* 1.440 as let∣tice or poppy-seeds, especially in long watching, where sleepe is wanting, and so give a draught of it towards bed-time. Sometimes we adde also some other cooling seeds, as melon seeds, cucumber seeds, especially in diseases of the kidnies; and then the greater seeds

must be cleansed from their skums, and so mingled with the almonds ready blanched, and beaten with them, and the other seeds mingled and beaten without any other preparation: and of these greater seeds we mingle sometimes a greater, and sometimes a smaller quantitie, and so of the others,* 1.441 as necessitie requireth. In the sweetning of emul∣sions or almond milkes we are to observe this caution, that in Fevers we adde alwaies lesse sugar, for feare of increasing choler: but in pe∣ctorall diseases,* 1.442 where there is no Fever, we may be the bolder. It is also in the use of these emulsions to be observed, that they be neither too frequent, nor yet too fulsome or thicke of the almonds; and it is best after the expression of the almonds, to give it a wame or two up∣on the fire, and then adde some rose-water to it, if thou wilt. The rich∣er sorts,* 1.443 if they please, may make their emulsion all with rose-wa∣ter or strawberry-water. If any acid thing, as juice or sirup of lemmons or the like be added, it must onely bee added to the draught the pati∣ent takes at one time; otherwise it would quickly sowre it all. The poorer sort may use a milke or emulsion like unto this made of the ker∣nels of haselnuts or filberds blanched as are the almonds, and made with a convenient decoction of cooling herbs or other things, as wee have said already. There are yet besides these, divers other sorts of emulsions made without almonds, for divers intentions; as in pesti∣lent and contagious diseases, made of many severall cordiall ingredi∣ents:* 1.444 as namely, of the aforenamed seeds and others; as also of corall, pearle, amber, harts-horne, all extracted with appropriated decocti∣ons or distilled waters, fitted and appropriated for that purpose, on the which I cannot particularly insist. And I have so much the long∣er dwelt upon these drinkes of the Diseased, in regard it doth so much concern the sick, as also in regard of the great neglect in this particular point, and the wrong and injury is thereby offered the sicke. Now concerning milke, and what is made thereof, if, and how it may bee administred to the sicke? and so I will finish this point of their meat and drinke.

CHAP. XVIJ.

Of milk of divers kinds, whether fit to be used of the Diseased? and what is the best, how to be used. As also of whey, posset-drinkes of seve∣rall sorts. Of butter and cheese and white meats.

FRom artificiall milke it is high time we come now to natural, there being at this time more frequently used both to nourish the body, and to alter and change the quality of the humors. Milke is milked from divers beasts: as from mares, asses, goats, ews,* 1.445 cowes, &c. And womans milke is both u∣sed for the nourishment of her owne infant, and sometimes also sought for thein consump∣tions, as a principal restorer of decaied nature.* 1.446 In Spaine they use Camels and asses milke both in consumptions and dropsies: and in old time sowes milke was also in request. Asses milke is yet in great request in those countries, where such beasts a∣bound: as in France, Spaine and Italy. At this day the Tartars,* 1.447 as well as the old Scythians, use little other diet either for meat or drinke but mares milke. The a 1.448 antient Numidians also used for their chiefe diet mares milke. And some particular persons have lived all their life time on nothing else but milke; as b 1.449 Plutarch reporteth of one Sostra∣tes. And c 1.450 a late Writer maketh mention of a maide living then in the Low-countries, sixteene yeeres of age, who from her nativite had never tasted of any food but milke. And d 1.451 another instanceth in a country-fellow in Holland, who in all his life time never used any suste∣nance but milke, and yet was very lusty and healthfull in body.* 1.452 The milke of all others most temperate, and best, is womans milke, which is used to bee suckt out of the breast, the which is the best way: for if it be but a little kept, it sowreth, and is not so apt to nourish. Of this milke Hippocrates maketh no mention, which may seeme some∣what strange. The best excuse wee can for this pretend, is to say, that he regarded not so much in milke this alimentary power, as the abster∣sive faculty, in cleansing the ulcers of the lungs. In goodnesse of nou∣rishment next to it is thought to Ewes milke by some,* 1.453 as being thic∣kest and most nourishing, then next goats milke, after which follow∣eth cowes milke, and after it mares milke, asses and camels comming in at the last. In abstersion and cleansing of the lungs, asses milke hath alwaies challenged the first place, and with us, next to it is goats milke, for camels milke wee cannot come by it. But of all others Cowes milke both in sickenesse and in health with us is most usuall and ordinary. And goats milke moisteneth much,* 1.454 and is not so hot as some imagine, who hold that the goat is never without a Fever. As

for asses milke it is thinner,* 1.455 more cooling and moistening than any of the other, and ingendreth no obstructions, as other milke doth; and is therefore more physicall. And concerning this milke, this much upon mine owne experience I can testifie, that during my long sickenesse in France,* 1.456 I found more benefit by a moneths use of this milke, than by all the other coolers I used: in so much that whereas before no drink could satiat my unsatiable drouth, I was with my mornings draught of this milke so refreshed, that I little regarded any other drinke for all that day following. But because cowes milke is with us in most frequent and common request, wee will bend our speech most to this kind of milke.* 1.457 And because the goodnesse of the milke dependeth not a little upon the goodnesse of the beast from whence it is milked, we are therefore to consider the estate and disposition of the creature. A browne womans milke is accounted the best, even in the judgement of Hippocrates. The beast from whence milke is to bee milked, ought to be of an indifferent size of body, neither too fat or corpulent, nor yet too leane.* 1.458 And here the colour commeth also to bee considered. A blacke Cowes milke is by most esteemed the best, howbeit some like as well of a red or kindled coloured, as they call it. Some againe esteem browne beasts milke the best, as being of a strong constitution of bo∣dy. But indeed none of these can come amisse, howbeit I thinke that of a blacke cow rather best than otherwise: but of white beasts, the milke is worst and weakest. The difference in the goodnesse of the milke is likewise taken from the goodnesse of the food the beast feed∣eth on.* 1.459 In the beginning of the Spring therefore, by reason the herbs are then moist and waterish, therefore the milke is then also thinner, and nourisheth lesse: it is better towards the latter end of the Spring and beginning of Sommer, and yet better in the midst of Sommer. In Autume it is thicker,* 1.460 and nourisheth farre more, although then, e∣specially in Winter, it is not so physicall. The worst milke is that which is milkt from beasts feeding on graines, in such places where they brew much: as in some populous townes, where in the Winter∣time they feed their beasts with graines; the which, although by this meanes it is more copious,* 1.461 yet is it thinne, waterish, and of small va∣lue, as the beast likewise feeding on this food is the worse. Beasts fee∣ding on high and hilly places yeeld farre better milke, than they that feed in vallies and moist places. In the goodnesse of milke wee are likewise to observe the age of it; that is, how long after the birth. For milke after the birth,* 1.462 but a small space being betwixt them, is thicke, uncleane, and not so wholesome for use. Neither yet is that so good, that is very old, being too waterish, and therefore not so nourishing. That then betwixt both these extremes is the best. In the next place we are to consider the qualities and markes of the best milke. It ought then to be white in colour,* 1.463 of equall consistence, which being drop∣ped on the naile standeth round and firme without dispersing, or spreading abroad. All which properties if they bee found in any milke, we may freely pronounce that it is good and whole∣some. Asses milke wee must here except, which by reason of the thinnesse, cannot obtaine all these aforenamed properties.

In the next place wee are to consider for whom milke may be fit (since for all it is not so usefull) and for whom not?* 1.464 It is therefore no waies good for such as are much subject to wind, and rumbling in their bellies, who have the forepart of their belly stretched out, and as it were pulled up, and obstructed; nor yet for such as are very thirsty, or are much inclined to head-ach, nor in Fevers, to weake stomackes, and such as use to belch up crudities, and often of an evill taste, or that are oppressed with weaknesse or impurity in their stomackes: but to such as are accustomed to this liquor, whose stomacks are strong and them∣selves free from any obstruction of liver, and spleene, &c. being free from the burthen of bad humours, and their stomackes neither too hot nor too cold: for in the former, the milke is quickly converted into cho∣ler, and in the later it is quickly curdled. But howsoever,* 1.465 it is good to be sparing in the use of it, unlesse thou have beene long accustomed to this food: for it is hurtfull to the eyes and teeth, and if the use thereof be too frequent, it ingendreth the stone in the kidnies and blad∣der. The diseased then, who is to use it,* 1.466 must first have his body by purging prepared, and then it must be taken in a morning fasting, lest by the admixture of other aliments, it be corrupted in the stomacke. After the taking of milke,* 1.467 the patient is to absteine from all manner of other sustenance, untill such time as it be voided out of the body, if given to loosen the belly: or else untill it be turned to nourishment, if given to that purpose. Now, whether the patient reape any benefit thereby or no, may be discerned, if he cast it not up againe,* 1.468 and if he feele no raw evill favoured belchings. After the drinking of milke the sicke is to rest, lest by the motion and agitation of the body, the heat be attracted from the center of the body to the circumference, and so the concoction thereof be hindred. But it may be asked whether the sicke may not sleepe after it? I answer,* 1.469 that it is onely to very weake persons permitted, and not to others, for whom it is very hurtfull, especially if drunke in any great quantity; lest head-ach, heavinesse and drowsinesse of the whole body follow after.* 1.470 Womans milke is best suck'd out of the brest, which if the sicke refuse to doe, then it is thought expedient that it be milked in a cleane vessell,* 1.471 standing in wa∣ter a little warmish, and so presently drunke up. Milke of beasts is to be drunke warme immediatly after the milking, with the addition of a little sugar rosat, or other ordinary sugar in defect thereof.* 1.472 The antients added hony and a little salt to it, especially when they would have it to purge: and so might wee well at this day, if our palats were not now adaies growne so dainty and nice, that no sweetning now will serve our turnes, unlesse fetch'd from Madera, Barbary, or Brasill. Howsoever,* 1.473 the poorer sort may use it after this manner. The ordinary measure to take at once, some would have it to be three or foure ounces, or about a quarter of an English wine pint, according as the nature of the disease and diseased shall indicate to vs. e 1.474 Galen in a Fever hecticke, beginneth with two ounces, and then addeth halfe as much more, increasing the quantity, untill such time as hee saw it sufficient for the sicke. Physiti∣ans of old, were wont to give milke to the sicke in a very great quantity: and f 1.475 Hippocrates gaue at once almost five quarts of Asses milke, and

sometimes lesse. But hee giveth onely Asses milke in this abundant quantity, so farre as we can read: and elsewhere, he giveth sometimes above a gallon and a halfe, and sometimes above two gallons of this same milke. g 1.476 Rondeletius addeth this caution in the use of Asses milke, that if it be used to cleanse and purge, wee may use an English pint at a time, but if it be used for aliment, then a lesser quantity will serve the turne, lest it trouble the stomacke. I dranke as much as was milk'd from the Asse at a time, the quantity I remember not. But such as have in their health beene accustomed to the use of milke, may drinke as much as they please. Sometimes the antient Physitians, and Hippocrates himselfe also,* 1.477 in benigne and milde Fevers, and in internall heats used to boile good store of water with their milke, and so gave it their sicke to drinke.

But because milke in its owne entire substance is not alwaies so safe for the sicke; besides, there being so many cautions to be observed, and so many cases wherein it is not safe to exhibite it; it therefore being composed of three severall substances, the mercuriall or waterish part, called serum,* 1.478 and in English whey, may farre safelier in any disease be exhibited than any of the other. This serous substance doth cut tough humors,* 1.479 cleanse and loosen the belly: and therfore whatsoever milk most aboundeth with this moist substance, is most wholesome, and although often used, yet hurteth least. Such are Womans, Goats, Asses & Camels milke: for the whey of such milke is accounted good against the Iandise, dropsie, arising from the obstructions of the inward parts, as also a∣gainst Scabs, Morphewes, Tetters, Freckles of the face, and Cataracts of the eyes.* 1.480 Of all other wheyes, that of Goats milke is esteemed the best: for it participateth of a sharpe nitrous quality, whereby it cleanseth; a thinne and subtile quality, whereby it openeth obstructions; cold and moist,* 1.481 whereby of cooleth and moisteneth in all Fevers: it is good a∣gainst Dropsies, Iandise, the Spleene, melancholicke diseases, obstructi∣ons from choler, diseases in the kidnies, and all inflammations. The an∣tients used also often to infuse their medicines in whey, made especial∣ly of Goats milke; although sometimes mention be also made of whey of Cowes milke, which now is most in request. h 1.482 Antient Physitians make mention of two sorts of whey; one of the whole substance of the milke as it is, and another of milke already skimmed: but the first is the best, and loosenth the belly most. Both these sorts were prepared after a double manner; one without commixtion of any other substance, called a simple manner, and was thus prepared: the milke being very hot, they suddenly set within it another vessell full of cold water, and so by this sudden concurse of hot and cold, was made this separation. Some would have this vessell of i 1.483 silver, some of brasse, others care not what the metall be. Boiled with a very hot fire, it often also quickly curdleth, and then by straining, one substance is separated from ano∣ther.* 1.484 Another way of separation, was called compounded, by addition of some other substance, rennet, juice of the figge tree, &c. And many other things,* 1.485 as well hot as cold, will easily curdle milke. It is more∣over to be observed, that whey acquireth unto it selfe divers qualities according to the various preparations thereof: for that which is made

with rennet is sharper than that which is made without any addition of any other substance. That which is made with sowre juices, as of lemmons and the like, is more cooling and pleasing to the palat, and more appropriate, and fitting for hot and maligne diseases; howbeit more hurtfull for any internall ulceration, or excoriation. Now,* 1.486 for the quantity, it must be measured according to the nature and constitution of the patient, observing also these cautions following: to wit,* 1.487 that it be drunke blood-warme in a morning fasting. Some give above a pint, if for the qualifying of sharpe humours; but if to purge, then about three pints, and Hippocrates to almost two pints more. Wee follow rather the Arabians directions, who give it from halfe a pint to a wine quart and upwards; and this quantitie must be taken by degrees, not all at once, and the patient must walke a turne or two betwixt, as is the manner in drinking of minerall waters. And as did the antients,* 1.488 so doe we likewise, often boile in our whey divers sorts of simples, and with us is much used in the Sommer-time, for cooling and clearing the blood. We use Endive, or Succory, fumiterre especially, dock-roots, &c. Ac∣cording to the particular occasion, and the parties constitution, &c. Who useth it. And this is often used even of healthfull persons.

Wee make our whey for the sicke after a farre other manner,* 1.489 which we commonly call posset-drinke, and is made after divers manners. In fevers, and hot diseases, we turne the milke only with the juice of a lem∣mon; and this we call lemmon posset,* 1.490 being both cooling and cordi∣all: and in the absenee of lemmons, wee may make use of the juce of sorrell, or some wine vineger, which the poorer sort may use, whensoe∣ver they have need. And in the use of posset-drinke▪ this is to be obser∣ved, that it be alwaies made cleare for the sick; and if it be not so at first,* 1.491 with an addition of some such acid juice, as wee have already named,* 1.492 it may easily be effected. That made with sorrell is in very great re∣quest, especially of the wood-sorrell, or sorrell dubois is the best, and dif∣ferreth in shape and forme from our ordinary sorrell. We use often al∣so to boile holy thistle in our posset-drinke, in fevers especially.* 1.493 Posset-drinke made after this manner, is good in all pestilentiall and contagi∣ous diseases, and are with us every where in great request. Againe, wee use another manner of making this posset-drinke; when as wee mingle some cold beere, ale or wine with our hot milke, and so make a posset-drinke not altogether so cooling as the former, yet safely used in many infirmities. In diseases that are not of so hot a nature,* 1.494 wee may make our possets with a little white wine, as also in the declining of fe∣vers, which is good both to provoke urin and sweat. And this I thinke be the fittest and safest way to use wine for the sicke, unlesse in chronicall and long continuing diseases.* 1.495 Wee use also sometimes plaine and or∣dinary posset-drinke, made of ordinary drinke, which is much used for the furthering of the operation of vomits, and sometime used as a lava∣tive after the taking of purges; in which cases I wish the milke be not skimmed, but even as it commeth from the Cow: as for the curd,* 1.496 I wish sicke folkes especially, altogether to absteine from it. And as for our eating possets (although many country people are of opinion,* 1.497 that a posset, a cup of wine, or strong water, will cure any disease) I advise the

sicke altogether to absteine from them. And to speake the truth, in best health, they are used rather for wantonnesse than need, being alto∣gether superfluous, being used especially after a good meale, as they are often used after supper.* 1.498 In Scotland, the better sort make their pos∣set onely of milke and white wine, with a little sugar and cinnamon, which they drinke, and give away the curd, which is the best way of using it, and least hurtfull to health.

Now, in milke, the next substance to be considered, is that which swimmeth upon the top, and is called the creame of the milke, or flos lactis,* 1.499 which we commonly call butter, and use it for dressing of meat, and many other uses, as in other countries they use oyle. It is a very wholesome dish for healthfull people, moderatly, and in due season used; best in a morning, at the beginning of dinner, or at breakefast. If immoderatly and unseasonably used, it swimmeth on the top of other meats, hindreth concoction, fumeth up into the head, dulleth the sen∣ses,* 1.500 and hurteth the eye-sight. In sicke folkes it is seldome to be used, especially in a weake stomack, as it is most commonly: and their meat dressed with much butter oftentimes, so cloggeth their stomackes, that it maketh them altogether unfit for any other food, and especially butter much boiled, as it is not good in health, so is it yet farre worse for weake and sicke people: and therefore I advise all those who dresse the sickes meat, to be very circumspect in the use of butter.

* 1.501The third substance in milke, is the terrestrious substance, which we commonly call cheese, and concerning this, it may be demanded, whether the sicke may safely eat cheese,* 1.502 or no? I answer, that in acute diseases, where solid food is not allowed, farre lesse are we to give way to this solid and terrestrious substance. But in the declining of the dis∣ease, & when the sick beginneth now to feed more on solid food, if espe∣cially it be earnestly desired; and in chronicall diseases, if the sicke hath before bin accustomed to this food, then a little sometimes, to satisfie a longing appetite, may be allowed: provided it be good cheese, made of unskimmed milke, neither too old, nor too new, and in a small quantity. Others, I wish to be sparing in the use of this aliment. In all manner of laskes and loosnesses, the use of it is most safe, if there be no other impediment.* 1.503 Old hard cheese is neither good in sicknesse nor in health; nor that which is made of too cleane skimmed milke, whereof I have seene some in Saxony which might well have served in stead of chalke; and to mend the matter, was well seasoned with blacke poppy seeds. And what good can any expect from the use of rotten putrified cheese, crawling full of maggots, so greedily, notwith∣standing of some gluttons gaped after? Now, whereas I say, that too new cheese is not to be used, I doe not exclude the use of new cheese, after it is a little kept, as is the custome in many places of this Kingdome, and none better than in Northampton shire, without any disparagment to o∣ther places. And of such cheeses, I thinke, is hee to be understood, who wrote these k 1.504 verses following:

Caseolos nisi lactantes & ab ubere Pressos Ne crebro comedas consuluisse velim,

Inde putri mordax vesice pondus adhaesit, Gutta nec inde boni sanguinis ulla venit. To eat cheese oft, I would not wish that thou should make a trade, Vnlesse it be some new milke cheese, new from the udderne made. For from thence to the bladder doth a smarting paine proceed, And not a drop of wholesome blood from thence will in thee breed.

Cheese is most ordinarily eaten after other meats to close up the sto∣macke, which is indeed the best way. And by this meanes it openeth the belly; howsoever, cheese in it selfe bindeth: and yet taken at the beginning of the meale, it produceth a contrary effect, and best to be used in fluxes, according to this vulgar verse.

Caseus ante cibum confert, si defluat alvus, Si constipetur terminet ille dapes. If thy body be laxative, cheese before meat is fit: If costive, then thou shalt doe well to end thy meale with it.

Howsoever, cheese is to be used sparingly, especially in weake sto∣macks, and such as lead a sedentary life, and use but little exercise: for in such, too frequently and too liberally eaten, it wil breed the stone, and all manner of obstructions, the colicke, and many other diseases. And therfore it is a good caveat which was included in this verse following:

Caseus est sanus, quem dat avare manus. A sparing hand in the use of cheese I hold alwaies the best.

And in making of cheese this caution is to be observed,* 1.505 that it taste not too much of the rennet, which is nothing so pleasant to the palat, and maketh the cheese hotter. And therfore the Italian Parmesan cheese is for this cause in farre higher esteeme, by reason they say it is made with thistles, only, without any rennet at all. As for strong stomackes, and laboring people, with Ostritch stomacks, which would overcome yron, and whose best meales are often made with cheese, these rules doe not so much concerne them.

And now in generall, concerning the use of milke in healthfull peo∣ple, I deny not, but for many people it is very soveraine good and whole∣some aliment, especially for hot bodies, and in Sommer time, and so it moisteneth very much, and may be corrected with sugar or salt from curdling in the stomacke, or with some spear-mints put into it. Some∣times milke sowreth of selfe, especially in the Sommertime;* 1.506 and sometimes it is also of purpose suffered to sowre, and that for the serum or sowre whey it aftewards yeeldeth, which is very pleasing and usefull for a hot and dry body, and exceeding good to quench thirst, and allay the extremity of heat in any hot disease, being an easie and cheape drinke for the poorer sort, especially. This kinde of drinke is in very great request in the Northerne parts of this Iland, where it is called of some whigge, and of others wigge. Butter-milke,* 1.507 which remaineth after the chirning, is cooler than other milke, yet not so good for nou∣rishments, and being a little sowrish, it is best for hot and dry bodies. For sicke people, it is best to make with this milke a posset,* 1.508 with a little white wine, which will be a very pleasant and wholesome drinke, the curd being separated from the drinke. And it is to be observed, that that whey which is last prest out of the cheese is the thickest, aptest to

ingender obstructions, and not so usefull as that which is thinner. Milke is best, as we have said, for hot & dry bodies, and good strong stomacks, and if used of moister and more phlegmaticke bodies (for whom it is not so good) it will be best to boile it, adding thereunto a little sugar or some hony and salt,* 1.509 and a little powder of cinamon & other spice. And it is alwaies best to eat milke by it selfe, a pretty distance from other food, and after the use of it, wash well thy teeth & gums with beere, wine, or vineger. As for the proverbiall speech, If thou wilt live ever, wash milke from thy liver, it is most absurd and erronious; this being a meanes to make it curdle the sooner,* 1.510 which is that wee labour here to avoid. But of milke are made many other dishes, which wee commonly call white meats, whereof a word or two before wee conclude this point. White meat is not only here, but in many other places of Christendome in very great use, and in no small esteeme among many; of all which, to speake, were here too tedious. In generall then, all manner of white meats are apt to ingender obstructions, to fill the body with grosse, crude, and phlegmaticke humours: and therefore altogether unfit for weake sto∣mackes,* 1.511 and such as are subject to any kinde of obstructions, either in the brest or nether belly: and are worst for old age, cold and phlegma∣ticke constitutions, and all such as lead a sedentary life, although I shall hardly perswade women that they receive any harme by the use of them. Of all other white meats, there is here with us one sort of white meat made of milke and wheat,* 1.512 called frumentie, in greatest and most frequent request, which is a strong nourisher, and therefore requireth a strong stomacke, it being hard of concoction, and a great enemy to any oppilations, especially if it be thickened with flowre, as most doe ordinarily use it; howbeit corrected with cinnamon or other spices, it is so much the better, and some adde also sugar and currants, wherewith I can finde no fault. Rice pottage made after the same manner, of Rice and milke,* 1.513 is much of the same operation, howbeit the later, I thinke, is more binding, and therefore may both be very well used in laskes and fluxes of the belly. And of the same nature is that which the French use much,* 1.514 made of millet. And besides, of milke there are no small variety of dishes made for ordinary food, and for feasts and great ban∣quets, the which were here too long to relate. But all white meats, espe∣cially the more liquid they be, would be eaten before any other meat, or betwixt meales:* 1.515 and all suppings, or liquid meats, brothes, or the like, must be used at the beginning of our meales; and so ought cru∣stards,* 1.516 although custome hath much prevailed to the contrary. But all these white meats must be left of our sicke, especially of acute diseases, as being hard of concoction, apt to ingender obstructions, and by conse∣quence like to prolong the disease. In some chronicall diseases, as in fluxes, some of them may with discretion, to good purpose be used. And this shall suffice to have said of milk, as also concerning the whole drink and Diet of the Diseased; now come wee to certaine other things be∣longing also to this subject.

CHAP. XVIII.

Of exercise, which terminateth in rest: the necessity and utility thereof; together with the divers and various sorts of exercise, as well gene∣rall as particular, with severall circumstances to be observed.

HAving handled somewhat at large both the elements, the aire especially, and the relati∣on they have unto the body of man in sicke∣nesse and in health: as also aliments of all sorts, conteining the whole matter of the diet of whole and sick persons: there remaine yet, notwithstanding, divers other things concerning this subject, of Diet to be hand∣led. In the next place, therefore, wee are now to say something concerning motion or exercise, and rest from the same. To prove the utility and necessity of exercise, and agitation or motion of the body, it being so undeniable a truth (yea, even among vulgar judgements, with whom, neverthelesse, other truth in this profession, find oftentimes but hard entertainment) I hope I shall need to spend the lesse time in proving the same.* 1.517 But that in the mouth of two or three witnesses, the truth may the better be esta∣blished; Besides some reasons, I will produce some authorities of an∣tient Physitians and Phylosophers, that so it may appeare this is not mine owne bare assertion onely. Now, the utility of exercise duely and orderly used as it ought, is threefold: the increase of naturall heat, a more speedy motion and distribution of the spirits thorow the body, and addition of strength to all the members therof: and besides the che∣rishing of naturall heat, fuliginous excrements are expelled, concocti∣on furthered, and strength added to the nerves, and all the parts of the body. And of these, a 1.518 Galen discourseth at great length; and not onely he but b 1.519 Hippocrates himselfe. Whosoever eateth, saith he, unlesse he use bodily labour and exercise, cannot long continue in health. * 1.520 And againe, in ano∣ther place, It ought to be the care of such as will be carefull of their health, not to satiate themselves with food, and not to be averse from exercise. And the c 1.521 same author averreth, That Nature her selfe, without the counsell or advice of any other, hath sound out certain motions for the better performance of her actions. d 1.522 And labour and exercise. saith he, are very usefull for the ioints and musculous parts, but food and fleepe for the inward parts of the body. And Galen in many places of his workes, doth not a little extoll and magnifie exercise, as in these words following. e 1.523 To mainetaine our bodies in good health, we must beginne with labour and exercise. And elsewhere. To maineteine the body in good health, the moderate exercise of the body is marvellous usefull and necessary: but on the contrary, rest, ease and idlenesse are very hurtfull. And in the same book hee affirmeth, That both himselfe, and a companion of his, for the space of ma∣ny yeeres, lived in very good health, hee attributed to the moderate and seasonable use of their exercise: by meanes whereof crudities were avoided.

And of the same minde is the learned g 1.524 Celsus, Sluggishnesse, saith he, dulleth the body, exercise and labour maketh it firme and strong: the one haste∣neth on old age, the other prolongeth the time of youth. And the opinion of h 1.525 Plato, is, that exercise strengtheneth, but ease and idlenesse corrupteth the body. But fearing to trespasse too much upon the readers patience in the enu∣meration of more Authorities, I come next to the time, and then to the several sorts of exercises, of us seriously to be considered. The fittest and most opportune time for exercise is agreed upon among all our Physi∣tians, in the generall, to be best before meales, when concoction is ac∣complished, to be seene in the urines. And as for the particular time of the day, the morning is both by Hippocrates, and of others preferred before any other time of the day. Howsoever, let this alwaies carefully be observed, that thy exercise be not undertaken before thy food be well concocted, and that now the time of thy next repast approach. And this a late Writer proveth both by reasons, and the example of Alex∣ander the great. And Hippocrates mentioning the moderate use of di∣vers things, which concerne the life of man, ranketh labour and exer∣cise in the first place. i 1.526 Let labour or exercise, and meat and drinke, carnall copulation and sleepe, all be used with moderation. And k 1.527 Celsus wisheth those who in the day time have been busied, either with their owne private, or else with the publike affaires of the Common-wealth, to set apart sometime wherein they may take care of their owne body. Now, the principall care thereof consisteth in the use of exercise, and ought alwaies to be used before meales: and hee that hath taken lesse paines, and his food be well concocted, may use it more freely: but he that hath beene toiled out with labour, and hath not well concocted his food, let him use exercise more sparingly. And this was the sauce the noble Cyrus used in all his warlike expeditions: for saith l 1.528 Xenophon, he never supped before he had sweat, or had performed some warlike exploit, or some rusticall and country imploiment, and by this meanes, inioyed his health perpetually. And besides, being not only sollicitous of himselfe, but also of all his souldiers & servants health, he had an especiall care that they were never admitted either to dinner or supper before they had laboured hard. And the m 1.529 Egyptian youth by the command of Amasis, did not eat before they had run about * 1.530 20 miles: and Tully relateth, that Denis the Tyrant, having supped with the Lacede∣monians, said, hee cared not much for their blacke-broth, which was, notwithstan∣ding, the principall dish of the feast: whereunto the Cooke replied, that it was no marvell: for, saith hee, the sauce was wanting. What sauce, saith the Tyrant? n 1.531 Labour and exercise, saith hee, in hunting, sweating, running, hunger and thirst: for these be the sauces wee Lacedemonians use. And o 1.532 Hippocrat•••• hath one particular precept to this purpose, to use exercise before our meales. Labour and exercise, saith he, must goe before our meales. But to use exercise, especially if it be violent, immediatly after meals, is altogether unfit for the health of man. And that by reason it filleth the body full of crudities; from whence proceed strong and often invin∣cible, and incurable obstructions, the orignall, and as I may say, the mo∣ther of most Fevers, and a multitude of other diseases: for the foode being before concoction violently expelled out of the stomacke, must needes much annoy the body.* 1.533 Let such therefore looke to themselves, and be warned, who, immediatly after meales give them∣selves

to any violent exercise; as jumping, dancing, and the like violent motions, and agitations of the body. Having now sufficiently dis∣coursed of the time, wee come next to the place.* 1.534 Now the place where exercise is used, is not of small consequence: as whether it be in a towne, or in the country: and in particular, whether within doores or without; in a warme aire, or in a cold; whether in a blu∣string windie, or in a calme and quiet aire. We are againe to consider the place wee tread on, or whether it bee hard or soft; grassie, dusty, sandy, wet with water or snow; or whether hard or dry. And againe, we are to consider the p 1.535 time of the yeere, whether in Sommer or Win∣ter, &c; which doe intend or remit the manner of exercise. Violent exercise in Sommer in the heat of the Sunne, heateth much, dissolveth and melteth the humors, and procureth distillations: and where the braine aboundeth with humors, the head weake, and the stomacke stuffed with crudities, it occasioneth sometimes death, or at least very dangerous diseases. And in Winter exercises in the Sun, being violent, cause wearinesse, inward impostumes, as pleuresies; in hot countries, I thinke especially, such as is Spaine, where this author lived. In the shade it is safer, yet ought it to be shorter in Sommer, and lesse violent: but in Winter it may bee more violent. In the use of exercise, againe we are to consider the persons to be exercised: as whether men or women, young or old, weake or strong: for according to these and other the like circumstances, the manner of exercise must bee ordered and altered. The strong may use stronger exercise than the weake; and the man other exercise than the woman: and againe, the same patient is to alter his exercise according to the seasons of the yeere and other circumstances. Children againe are not to use such exercise as able young men; and old age must use such exercise as becommeth that age. Cholericke persons also are not so much to exercise their bodies as the phlegmaticke and other constitutions,* 1.536 and withall their exercise must be gentler: and the like is to bee said of thinne, extenuate, dry bodies, who by strong and violent exercise are much in damaged. And exercise in the quality must also bee ac∣commodated according to severall circumstances, as hath beene tou∣ched already, and shall more particularly hereafter appeare.* 1.537 And in it we consider first the manner of exercise; whether violent or no? whether by lifting any great weight, a lighter, or of a middle size: and whether it bee continued or interrupted; whether the motion bee swift or slow. Wee are againe in it to consider the site and posture of the bodie moved: as whether it stand upright, bee crooked, or turne and winde about in a circular motion. Exercise of the body standing upright, is more beneficiall, and easier; bending and stooping is more laborious and painfull: but circular motion or turning round is of all others the worst, procuring giddinesse and casting, especially where the body is thereunto most prone. As for the time of duration or continuance of the exercise, which we comprehend under the name of quantity, it is likewise va∣rious according to the nature of the partie exercised:* 1.538 and is either great, small or a meane betwixt both. That Physitians call great,

which soonest causeth lassitude or wearinesse; that small which nei∣ther increaseth the heat of the body, nor causeth a more frequent re∣spiration: a meane betwixt both, which both increaseth the heat, and maketh a more frequent respiration. It is notwithstanding a ve∣ry hard matter to determine to any the quantity of exercise he is to use, q 1.539 there being such a variety and difference in the individuall constitutions of particular persons; and withall, so many severall circumstances to be considered; the exercise being to be accommoda∣ted to the nature, strength, age, and necessity of the partie to be exer∣cised. And as there ought to be a due proportion betwixt the quan∣tity of food, and the duration of exercise, so is this not so easy to find out. But in the use of exercise we must observe this rule, that the re∣spiration grow more frequent, or else it deserveth not the name of ex∣ercise: and in some exercises we somtimes cease not untill r 1.540 we sweat; which is also variable according to the constitution of the body, time of the yeere, &c. Howsoever, whensoever thou seelest any lassi∣tude or wearinesse, and the alacrity and vigor of thy body any white abated,* 1.541 know for a certaine, it is then high time to give over. Now besides the premisses, the antients observed an order in their exercise, using in the first place frictions and inunctions, as a preparative for o∣ther exercises, as may at length in s 1.542 Galen appeare. Now these fri∣ctions were in very great use among the antients, and now among us in little or no use,* 1.543 howbeit in some particular cases they might bee yet of good use among us; but here I will not insist upon them, but pro∣ceed to the division of exercises. Of exercises, therefore some exer∣cise the body alone: as jumping, dancing, digging, &c. Others a∣gaine exercise the mind alone: as all manner of serious cogitations and study. Some exercise both the body and the mind: as playng at hand-ball, at tenice, &c. Againe, some exercise the whole body; as playing at tenice, and many others: some but one part; as singing, speaking, and reading aloud, exerciseth the lungs; ringing, the armes especially, and pectorall parts; digging the reines and loines, &c.* 1.544 Another difference of exercise there is also according to the end some being onely exercises; as wrestling, running, walking, and the like, our end in them being onely our pleasure, recreation, or exer∣cise of the body: but in others there is more labour and toile, and in the which we propound to our selves some profit, at which we prin∣cipally aime; as in digging, plowing, harrowing, and divers other sorts of husbandry; and the like may be said of divers manuall trades and handicrafts.* 1.545 And according to the quality, some exercises are valid and strong, and some more mild and easy. Strong and violent exercises are wrestling, foot ball play, and the like, which are sparing∣ly to be used; howbeit tennice play used with moderation, I thinke hath scarce its fellow, as exercising the whole body, and that with∣out any hurt. Hunting and hawking howbeit they exceed many o∣ther exercises, yet are they more obnoxious to hazard and danger than many others; and being exercises and recreations chiefly appropria∣ted to the gentry, they doe not so well besit trades-men and people of inferior condition. And in these same recreations I wish the gentry

would use a moderation,* 1.546 and not make of a recreation a trade and voca∣tion, and mis-spend so much pretious time, which was alloted them for a better end, and whereof they must one day give an account. And I wish them seriously to consider, that the end why they were pla∣ced in this world, and adorned with so great dignities and prehemi∣nences above the inferiour ranke of people, was not to t 1.547 eate and drinke and play, as was reproached to the people of the Jewes: but the more God hath graced great ones, the more honour and service he requireth at their hands. But to our purpose againe.* 1.548 There are againe some exercises, wherein sometimes the party exercised is the principall agent and mover himselfe; as in walking, running, and the like: and sometimes the motion dependeth on an other; as in sai∣ling, riding, travailing by coach or waggon, by ship, &c.* 1.549 And the kinds of exercise differ both one from another, and sometimes even one and the same kind of exercise from it selfe: as namely, the motion of a coach or waggon is farre more unequall than that of a horse, and the more uneven and rugged the way is, the more unequall is the motion: as riding on a hard trotting horse is farre more violent and laborious than riding on an easy ambler. And therefore it is not without good reason, that such as ride post use to sweath themselves about the midle,* 1.550 and eate little: for by this meanes they become subject to the lesse danger. And it is to be observed, that hard riding is hurtfull for a weake backe, and sometimes is the meanes of breaking some small veine, whereupon often insue incurable ulcers in the kidnies or blad∣der, being also an enemie to weake legges; and besides▪ hard riding often overturneth the stomacke, especially if it bee weake and full, and yet more if the partie be not accustomed to ride.* 1.551 Sailing differ∣eth likewise according to the water whereon one saileth. On the O∣cean where are great waves, and good gales of wind the motion is more unequall, and sooner maketh a weake and full stomacke to vomit, and so proveth a good helpe for our health. But to saile on a fresh-water river on a calme day, is far easier, and troubleth the body far lesse.* 1.552 Next to this is the carrying of one in a chaire on mens shoulders; and car∣rying in a litter is a meane betwixt the two former. Now besides the premisses, there are yet a multitude of exercises; both universall, which exercise the whole body; and also particular, which exercise some part thereof. The whole body was exercised in that play with a little ball, which u 1.553 Galen so highly commendeth in a booke made in the cōmendation therof, which, as appeareth, differed much from our ten∣nice play, in that there was in it mutuall imbracings and graplings. But in my opinion, as I have said already, tenice-play moderately used yeeldeth to no other exercise whatsoever.* 1.554 We may here take in wal∣king, which used with moderation, is hurtful to no age, sex, & may (con∣trary to other exercises) be even used after meals. Besides these, foot∣ball play, wrestling and cudgell play exercise the whole body, (how∣beit the taste lighteth many times on some one part) and many more which I willingly here passe by. There are also som particular exercises,* 1.555 which exercise some one part of the body or more: and some of those againe, besides the part moved, move the whole body also. And a∣gaine,

of these some are appropriate and peculiar to some particular part onely; as namely, the voice to the brest and lungs, masticati∣on to the jawes, seeing to the eye. And therefore all such members as have a free motion, and for some proper utility and use, ought to be exercised; as the lungs, brest, armes, legges, &c. But the head, because it obtained not motion from any proper utility or profit, but onely to avoid dangers, therefore needeth it no exercise. Crying ther∣fore or reading with a loud and audible voice is very beneficiall for the lungs,* 1.556 if they be not too weake, and no ulcer either present or imminent, either there or in the brest; and therefore very good for preaches that have strong lungs. If it continue long, it heateth the whole body, helpeth the shortnesse of breath, wasteth the super∣fluous moisture in the muscles of the pectorall parts, concocteth cru∣dities in those parts, and furthereth expectoration: but withall, if vi∣olent and of long duration, it hurteth the head, if weake already, ca∣cochymicall,* 1.557 replete and bursten bodies. Great, loud, long, crying and singing, sounding the trumpet, playing on pipes, and the like instru∣ments, are hurtfull to schollers especially, in that it attracteth the heat upwards. To row with oares exerciseth the armes and upper parts strongly. Ringing of bells, swinging with a rope, playing at shittle∣cocke,* 1.558 and the like, exercise the armes and upper parts especially, and consequently the whole body also. And so doe shooting with bow and arrowes, gouf-playing, and the like. But cleaving of wood, saw∣ing, drawing of water, howbeit they exercise the armes and pectorall parts, yet communicate they not so much motion to the rest of the bo∣dy as the former. Cleaving of wood shaketh the head more than the rest.* 1.559 Digging exerciseth the kidnies and the backe. Walking exer∣ciseth the feet and nether parts principally, but consequently the rest of the body also. This exercise as hath been said already may bee used of any age or sex, and may at pleasure be intended or remitted accor∣ding to pleasure. After meales, if moderate, it may safely be used, espe∣cially after supper. It helpeth too concoct crudities, is good against the wind colicke, helpeth infirmities of the stomacke, is good to pre∣vent the stone in the kidnies and the bladder, besides many other bene∣fits it procureth to the body of man; and is very usefull for such as lead a studious and sedentary life.* 1.560 Some professions there are, who ordina∣rily use some parts of the body more than others; as Tailors and Shoo∣makers, their hands and armes; Weavers, their feet; Smithes, and such professions as handle the hammer, their hands and armes. Such persons therefore, when they are to exercise their bodies, let them ex∣ercise those parts which are most deprived of motion. Such persons as exercise little, must detract somewhat from their ordinary diet, and feed more sparingly.

CHAP. XIX.

Of the exercises of the mind: whether at our meales wee may discourse and deliberate of serious affaires, and what was the custome and practice among the antients. Accomodation of exercises to the sicke, and how safe it is for them to use exercise.

AS there are exercises of the body,* 1.561 so are there likewise exercises wherwith the mind is bu∣sied and imploied: and such are all manner of thoughts, serious cogitations, cares, and all manner of imploiments, wherewith the mind of man is imploied. This must also be mode∣rate and seasonable,* 1.562 otherwise it overthrow∣eth the whole man. And this of all others concerneth most such as lead a contempla∣tive and sedentary life; as Schoolers, and such as are imploied about weighty affaires in Church or common-wealth: and therefore it is with an unanimous consent of all our Physitians agreed upon, that wee are at meales to banish farre from us all sad and serious thoughts and cogitations, as hindering and distracting the worke of naturall heat, which is to concoct the aliment in the stomacke. And for this cause was it that Physitians did inhibite study for the space of certaine houres after the repast, according to this tri∣viall verse.

Nec propere à mensâ studijs vacaveris unquam, Sed tribus aut horis quatuor inde vaca. Haste not from study to thy booke, from study still refraine. Three or foure houres, then thereunto thou mayest repaire againe.

But this is not of any ordinary, but of very serious and weighty stu∣dy to be understood, which is not a good while after meales to be un∣dertaken. Now it would be well considered, what bodies are most hurt by much serious study and intent cogitations of the mind. Dry bo∣dies, especially such braines are most indammaged and indangered thereby. And therefore hot and dry bodies, or yet cold and dry me∣lancholicke bodies must use a moderation in this particular, or else they will repent when it is too late. I cannot here enter upon par∣ticulars concerning this point, but advise every man narrowly to have an insight into the temperature of his owne body, and to order it ac∣cordingly. Phlegmaticke and sanguine constitutions are freed from this feare, this exiccation which wee so feared in the former, being for them beneficiall rather than any wayes prejudiciall.* 1.563

But here ariseth a question from that which hath been said concer∣ning serious and intent cogitations at meales, whether we may not du∣ring meales discourse or deliberate about serious and weightie

affaires, or discourse of any serious Philosophicall or other grave que∣stion? Now that this was an antient custome both to deliberate of serious affaires in their feasts, as also to discourse of divers philosophical questions,* 1.564 is by divers antient authors apparent. And therefore Ne∣stor in a 1.565 Homer is brought in at a great feast, all the Peeres of Greece there assembled, perswading Agamemnon to take some speedy course to helpe the then distressed Gre••ians against the Trojans. And the Persi∣ans in their great feasts being full of wine; were wont to consult of warre, and every man thus full of wine was suffered to give his voice for the warre. But the next day after they were wont to meet againe, and not till then being sober, to make a full conclusion of all affaires. This same probleme is of set purpose handled by some antient authors, and the affirmative by them mainteined, that during feasts and great meetings we may freely talke and discourse of serious affaires. And this is the opinion of two famous antient Writers, b 1.566 Plutarch and Mae∣crobius, the one a Greeke, the other a Romane Writer, who have both of set purpose,* 1.567 handled this same question. If Philosophy bee banished from banquets (saith the aforenamed C. Macrobius) then let her nurce also, to wit, honesty and modesty, packe them hence: and then let both piety and sobriety also be gone:* 1.568 for which of these discerne greatest commendation, I can hardly discerne. But the same Author in that place setteth downe at great length many directions concerning this same point: Amongst others, that we are to not enter upon the depth of any philosophical point, but such as may be both easy and profitable. And of the very same opinion is Plutarch also. And indeed in a publike meeting such things are to be discussed, as the whole company may understand,* 1.569 and may, if need be, reply to the purpose; lest it fall out, as it did with the Fox and the Crane. d 1.570 The Fox at a certaine time invited the Crane to dinner, and set upon the ta∣ble a messe of thinne pottage, which the Crane with his long bill could not take up to satiat his hungry appetite: the Crane therefore in requitall inviteth the Fox to a feast, where was set upon the table a vessell full of food, having a long narrow mouth, into the which the Cranes long bill could easily entex, and eat up his food, when as master Fox went home almost famished. And besides, it is by e 1.571 Aulus Gellius also apparent, that these philosophicall discourses were at such meetings in very great request, and by Plato himselfe. This limitation then being carefully observed there is no doubt, it seemeth, but we may often discourse of honest serious matters, and such as may be profitable to the hearers. And therefore a f 1.572 late wri∣ter discoursing of this subject, hath these words. Who (saith hee) at such a solemne meeting could indure a Physitian prescribing strict rules of meate

and drinke? A divine to enter upon that profound point of predestination? A lawyer upon some intricate case of law? or a philosopher to enter upon a dis∣course of the first matter, or any other intricate point of metaphysicke? an Astro∣nomer to discourse of his circles, epicycles, and the like? But that there was a custome of handling and discussing of some serious matter, which might even exercise the wit, among many nations, by the practise of the Philistines may plainely appeare, to whom Sampson (no doubt ac∣cording to their ordinary custome at such meetings) propounds his riddle. Now (saith the same author) if these antient wise philosophers, al∣together ignorant of the true heavenly philosophie, did notwithstanding, not onely in their schooles, but even in their parlours; thinke it not unseemely to discourse of serious matters, conducing to the leading of a comfortable, quiet and happy life, and of letters and the liberall arts: how much more doth it then become us Christians, instructed in the true knowledge of heavenly wisedome, in our pub∣like meetings to accommodate all our discourse to honest, pious, profitable and reli∣gious matters, and such as might tend to edification, according to the Apostles rule; that is partly for the Glory of God, and partly for the strengthening and confirming of our mutuall faith, hope and charitie. And yet, saith he, some there are, who thinke it a thing very absurd and unseemely at such publike mee∣tings, to admit of any speech of God, of divine matters, or a Christian mans duty: howbeit, on the contrary they admit and allow of the free use of scoffing, flowting, of unseemely jesting, quips and satyricall tants, not only vaine, idle and ridiculous; but even oftentimes blasphemous against God, and contumelious to our neighbors. But farre different from this was the custome of our most wise Lord and Master IESVS CHRIST, who, as in the whole Evangelicall history may appeare, not onely in the Temple, in the Synagogues and other places; but even at table tooke all occasions of giving good and wholsome precepts, not onely for leading an honest and civill life here among men, but even to atteine to eternall life also. And this same custome was also in the primitive Church imitated, as witnesseth Tertullian. g 1.573 So they talke (saith hee) as knowing that the Lord heareth them; that is, their discourse is chast, pious and religious, of the which they know they have an eare-witnesse, even the allseeing, and all-hearing God himselfe. In the same place he mainteineth certaine hymnes and praiers, which did both proceed and follow these love-feasts. And S. Chrysostome hath to this same purpose a worthy speech, not to be past over in silence: Would to God (saith he) that both in the wine Tavern, at their merry meeting in their feasts, in their hot-houses, yea, and every where men would discourse of hell-fire: for the of∣ten remembring of hell, would prove a meanes to keep men out of hell. And for this same cause was hell made and threatned, that by the seare thereof being battered,

wee might not fall therein. Besides these ordinary grave Philosophicall and religious discoureses during their meales, they had oftentimes also others, who, during their meales, read to them some antient histo∣ry, or some other memorable matters, as the same Author out of ma∣ny antient Writers, maketh it evidently appeare. And it is recorded of Alexander Severus the Emperour, that during dinner or supper, or else, after, either he himselfe read something, or else gave diligent at∣tention to others while they read. And of the same Emperour it is also recorded, that whensoever hee dined or supped in private, then hee ad∣mitted into his company Vlpian, and other learned men, by whose lear∣ned discourses, hee confessed he was both refreshed and fed. The like is also recorded of Charles the great, that during dinner and supper, hee had some histories or exploits of antient Kings read unto him. And not onely the Christians of the primitive Church, did in laudable imitati∣on of antiquity accommodate this custome unto themselves, in causing read some portions of holy Scriptures during meales; but is now be∣come customary in some Colleges of our Vniversities. I will adde yet but a few words out of this same Author, they being so pertinent, be∣fore I finish this point. Now, from these conviviall conferences, as well of our Saviour Christ, as of the Christians of the primitive Church; how farr doth our table talke differ, daily experience sufficiently doth testifie unto us. Their speeches and conferences were grave, modest, chast, pious and religious: ours againe, are light, vaine and idle, filthy and obscene, blasphemous, contumelious and opprobri∣ous both to God and man. And it was a holy saying of the antient Hebrewes, that such as in their festivall meetings had no talke of divine matters, were as if they had eaten of the sacrifice of the dead. But on the contrary, such as doe magni∣fie the Word of God, his Law, his workes of divine wisedome, upon those resteth the divine benediction, and are as if they had eaten at Gods owne Table. But now with us the custome is farre contrary, many Christians being of opinion, that all religious speeches are then altogether out of season, and if any one shall speake any thing tending this way, hee shall be esteemed an uncivll and unmannerly person. And now (alas, the greater is the pitty) our feasts are so full of intemperance and gluttony, that if a man should insert any holy and pious speech, it will be but as pearles cast to Dogges and Swine. I need no comment to explaine these words; the text is plaine enough, and I leave the explication.

* 1.574It resteth now, that I should say something of the exercise befiting the sicke, it being the thing I here principally aime at; howbeit it was necessary I should make an enumeration of them all; and as the matter of the diet both of the whole and sicke, is one and the same; so are their exercises also,* 1.575 not differing so much as their diets doe. In the exercise then of the sicke, two things are to be observed: first, in what diseases exercise may be used, not being usefull in all; and the modera∣tion thereof in such diseases where it may safely be used. Some diseases then are acute, and others againe, chronicall. Of the former, some are called simply acute, some peracute, and some perperacute; which are certane degrees of sharpe diseases. Of these two later sorts, the acci∣dents are commonly so violent and fierce, and the diseases so dangerous, that in a very short time they are terminated either to life or death; and by reason therof, they are not to use any exercise at all. Of the first sort

againe, to wit, of acute diseases, some are of longer continuance;* 1.576 and some of shorter; some give some intermission, some scarce any remis∣sion. Such as give intermission, admit of exercise also, and in that time when they find most ease, and such as they were in health accustomed unto, and if it may with convenience, about the same time, especially when the intermission is of any long duration: provided alwaies, that the exercise be answerable to their strength and other circumstances. Where there is no intermission, and the accidents not very violent, with some remission, some gentle exercise may in the remission be al∣lowed. Now, where any exercise may be either in acute or chronicall diseases admitted, walking may safely for the most part be used: pro∣vided still there be not a great debility in the nether parts, which yet by the helpe of a staffe, or leading by the armes may be helped, and the defect supplied. As for chronical diseases,* 1.577 although they are commonly of longer continuance than acute, yet unto some of them is denied the use of exercise which consisteth in motion, their nature requiring rest and quietnesse: such as are ulcers in the lungs and brest. As for other chro∣nicall diseases, most of them may admit of walking, unlesse in great debility of the legges; as in violent paroxysmes and paines of the gout, or some such other infirmities. And in many diseases where the sicke is not so well able to move himselfe,* 1.578 yet may he be moved by ano∣ther, as in a chaire: and if hanging beds were here in use for the sicke, they would proove of very good use, and with more facility procure sleepe to the sicke, as I have touched heretofore. And frictions,* 1.579 al∣though they be now almost out of use with us, yet were they among the antients of very good use in many diseases by way of diversion; as also ligatures of the extremities are for the same purpose of very good use: as in swounding, in immoderate fluxes, of blood and other humours. In violent fluxes tending downewards therefore,* 1.580 wee are to use frictions and liga∣tures of the armes, wrists and fingers: and in the suppression of any wonted evacuation, we use these meanes, neere and tending to the part affected, to further this evacuation. But to enter upon particular exer∣cises befitting severall particular diseases, this is neither the proper place, nor yet my purpose, where I can onely insist upon generall di∣rections. And as for exercise of the minde, the anxiety and trouble of mind by reason of the sicknesse, and the manifold, painefull and trou∣blesome accidents, as individuall companions attending the same, to∣gether with many future (howbeit sometimes needlesse and frivolous) feare doe often so wholly possesse the mind of the sicke, that he need∣eth no other imploiment: besides, that many times there is some∣what to doe about the disposing of a mans temporall estate. I wish therefore that the sicke (especially in acute diseases, fevers, and the like) be troubled, as little as may bee with any serious or weighty affaires, either studies or others. I except alwaies the care of the soule, which is never unseasonable, which neverthelesse, I wish, it be not put off to the last, as is too common with the most part. It is now, I confesse, thought sufficient, if the sicke (death especially be∣ing apprehended; or else be sure of silence) send to the Parson of the Parish, and sometimes to some other, whom perhaps he fancieth best,

to say some good prayers by his bed-side, although all his life time he never cared for praier or any other good exercise; and then after opus operatum, this formality being now performed, with a Lord have mercy upon us, whatsoever the former life hath been, without any more adoe, thinketh to goe straight to heaven in a feather-bed. And here is the greatest miserie, that many times they meet with some Empi∣ricke divine (for there are many Empiricke devines as well as Physitians; the more is the pity!) who after a formall confession of their sinnes in the generall, apply presently their plaister of mercy to all indiffe∣rently, without any further searching into the wound, and like a skill∣full spirituall Physitian laying first before them the terrors of the law, searching into the sore, humbling them for their sinnes, and then powring in the oile of mercy.* 1.581 Therefore as in bodily health, I ad∣vise every man to looke narrowly to his Diet, to refraine from such things as may prejudice the health of his bodie, and prevent dis∣eases, or at least make them farre more easy to bee endured when they come: so I wish every one to bee warned to have a speciall care of the spirituall estate of the soule, in feeding it with the wholesome food of Gods Ordinances, the Word and Sacraments and other good meanes; and in any case not to surfet thy soule with sinne (that so thou mayest prevent many dangerous diseases) which will never with a formall Lord have mercy on us, and some prayer booke of thine owne, thy minster or others (for with ma∣ny to pray without booke smelleth ranke of puritanicall precise∣nesse) without a true and serious Repentance from the bottome of thy heart, ever bee expiated. If this were carefully observed and practised, and people would make their reckonings ready in their life time, and not post off all to the last, but often too late repentance, the sicke would not often be so much dismaied at the pronouncing of his finall sentence; nor the Physitian often∣times so much troubled, how and in what manner to deliver this unwelcome message. But I know some will say now: Suitor ul∣tra crepidam, and therefore since the pens and pulpits of our lear∣ned Divines give daily warning of this danger, I will cease from digressing any further; but among many other worthy workes pu∣blished concerning such subjects, I wish the reader to bee acquain∣ted with two, published by a h 1.582 reverend Divine of Northampton∣shire: the one a Comfortable walking with God, and the other, Instructi∣ons for comforting afflicted consciences.

* 1.583Now after all exercises and motion and agitation of the body, there must be in due and convenient time a cessation and rest, and into this must all motion and exercise terminate and end, and al∣ternatively succeed each other. Now as motion and exercise is accounted usefull for all men, and after to succeed; so would it seeme that no person, in health I meane, and able for exercise, is to bee freed therefrom, and so to live in ease and idlenesse. And yet i 1.584 Hippocrates seemeth to command the contrary, wish∣ing hot and cholericke constitutions to rest, and not to use exer∣cise. And k 1.585 Galen hath likewise something tending to the same

purpose. This is not a little to bee admired, saith he, that whereas Hip∣pocrates is of opinion, that it is farrebetter for hot constitutions to live at rest than to use exercise, yet many Physitians there are who scarce are able to discerne such constitutions, and therefore indifferently appoint every one exercise alike. But wee are not here simply and litterally to un∣derstand Hippocrates of a meere idle sluggishnesse, which was ne∣ver of any wise Physitian yet allowed;* 1.586 but whereas he denieth such constitutions exercise, hee is of strong and violent exercises to bee understood, and such as may safely bee allowed to other constitutions. And indeed, hot and cholericke constitutions, by meanes of violent labour and exercise, especially in Sommer and hot seasons, fall often into hot and choloricke diseases, which by avoiding this violent motion might bee avoided.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Diet of the diseased hath beene hitherto much neglected.
• a 1.2

  Hippocrates first be∣ganne this subject.
• b 1.3

  Brudus Lusitanus scripsit de victu febri∣cit. lib. 3.

  Strictnesse of the Locrians in the diet of the diseased.
• c 1.4

  Q Curtius.
• * 1.5

  Among the Aegypti∣ans.
• d 1.6

  Lib. de theriaca ad Pisonem.
• e 1.7

  Meth. med. lib. 11.
• f 1.8

  1 Meth.
• * 1.9

  The office of the phy∣sitian among the an∣tients divided into three parts, and con∣sequently there were 3 sorts of physicians, 1 Clinici. 2 Architectonici. 3 Pepaedeumeni. Aristot 3. polit.
• * 1.10

  The care of assisting the sicke most com∣monly committed to women.
• h 1.11

  Ex his intelligi potest ab uno medico multor ••non posse curari, eum{que} (si artifex est) idoneum esse qui non multum ab aegro recedit Et iterum paulo post. Ille assideat necesse est, qui quod so∣lum opus est visurus est, quādo minus imbecillis futurus sit nisi cibum acciperit, Cels. libr. 3. cap. 4.
• * 1.12

  The aire considered in a double respect.
• * 1.13

  In chronicall diseases the aire is to be ex∣changed for a better if it may be, but sel∣dome in acute.
• i 1.14

  6 Epidem.
• k 1.15

  5 Math med.
• * 1.16

  Custome with us to send the sick into an∣other aire.
• * 1.17

  Qualities of the aire whither one is to re∣tire himselfe.
• * 1.18

  Inconvenience in bu∣rying of dead bodies in the Church-yard.
• * 1.19

  Against policy to bu∣ry in Churches.
• * 1.20

  Curet etiam ut lo∣ca sepultu••arum & monumentorum sint extra frequentem coetum hominum, eo nempe loco, quo vi∣vis non possint noce∣re.

  Expostio.

  Nempeid vult canon, lo•• ••a sepulturarum debere esse extra urbes; in o & extra templa, in qui∣bus homines frequente•• conve nunt, id quod probatur ex perpetua consuetudine popu••i Dei qui mortuos suos sepe∣l••t, non in urbibus & templis, sed in campis; sicut videre est in histo∣ria Patriarcharum, qui omnes in campis sepeli∣ri voluerunt, & impri∣mis manifeste testatur Evangelista Lucas. cap. 7. Ʋbi narrat filium vi∣dua habitantus in u••be Naum, cum mortuus esset, deportatum fuisse extra urb••m adse ul∣turam▪ ••d qu••m lo••um vide quae an••otet ••octi interpretes, qui id om∣nes uno ore profitentur, non tantum Iudaeorum, sed etiam gent••••m 〈◊〉〈◊〉 remfuisse, ut mortuos suos esserrent extra ur∣bes. Ʋide etiam ••••∣martyr loco commu∣clall. 2. loco de s•• pu••t.

  2 Ratio aucitur ex charitate proximi, cu•• plane aduersatur iste mos sepeliendorum mortuorum in urbibus & templis, dum nempe valetu••••ni & vitae vi∣vorum nocetur, per hae∣litus qui exc••daveribus mortuorum in urbibus & temp••s tanto copio∣siores exhilant, quanto locus est conclasi••r, & ob hominum frequenti∣am tepidior; quos qui∣dem balitus, praesertim ex eorum cadave••••bus, qui peste e••••••••cts sunt evaporantes, venenatos ac contagiosos medici testantur: inter quos Le••in. Lemn. 2. De mirac Nat cap ••. Vt non dicam hoc loco de 〈…〉〈…〉 & ter∣r•••• in qui 〈…〉〈…〉 plura 〈…〉〈…〉; quam 〈…〉〈…〉 ea ••o a 〈…〉〈…〉 nata quasi quam mate∣riam 〈…〉〈…〉 m••∣nument•••• 〈…〉〈…〉 istud mov. a•• & effo••••tur 3 Ratio e•• a caus•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 & or••∣gine estius consu••tud••nu sepeliendorum ma••tu••∣rum in templ••••; quam originem 〈…〉〈…〉, vel id testimoniam est, quod nempe Mon••••m, & prae••itim ••••a•• c••••∣cani. ac praeser••m 〈◊〉〈◊〉 a••••untes ex ist•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ra mor••u••rum quae in temp in temp i•• fiant, non nisi lucrain•• qu••lium quae∣siverint tur•••• ••mum. & quidem ita suae si•• erint, ut n•••• ••xpe••••••rint templa 〈◊〉〈◊〉 quae aqua 〈…〉〈…〉 c••••at 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ac con••amin••ri, cum Deut ipse di••••rte in 〈…〉〈…〉 ••andum ea 〈…〉〈…〉 & pu∣•• 〈…〉〈…〉 ai 〈…〉〈…〉 sum∣mo altare viciniora. Ac∣ce 〈◊〉〈◊〉, & aliud argu∣mentum ex testimo••io ••uris ci••ilu, de quo•• ure pl••••••t annotare verba: Francisci Ripae extracta de peste, cap. 4 ante citato, ubi iuquit, ad removen∣cum ••oe••or••••m ex cadaveribus provenientem a maioribus nostris inventa sunt sepulchra non defunctorum causa, sed viven∣tium gratia instituta: Nam quia sepulchra ut plurimum foetent, staruit D. Adrianus poenam ••0. aureorum in eos qui in ci∣vitate sepulchrum ••ociunt locumq publicati iussit, & corpus inde transferri, eadem Magistratibus patientibus imminente. 3. § Divus Adria••us F. de sepulchrorum violatoribus Huc accidit & lex 12. tabularum, quae jussit humari corpora extra urbem ••••verbis: Mo••tu••m hominem in urbe ne sepelito. Quam legem citans Franciscus Patricius & ipse homo Pontificius lib. 5. de institutione reipubl. tit. 10. in••••r alia haec etiam addit verba: Nullum genus sepulturae megis laudandum puto, quam hu∣m••••ones sub di••, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 flores & herbae na••cuntur; tam id in sepulchris vetustissimis inscriptum sit Sparge rosas lector, vel can••id a lilia pone stem Manibus date lilia plenis, Item purpureos spargam flores. Et addit Patricius Pulchrius est & optabilius Germinatiti teriae ••••••di hoc corpus, cum ex tali terra factum sit, & ut aequum est, ut f••lius in gremium matris revertatur. De∣ni{que} etiam a edit hodierna consuetudo laudatissimarum rerum publicarum, Argentinensis Norib••••ensis, Lipsensis, in quibus vel rara, v••l nulla etiam mortaliorum cadavera in templis urbanis humantur. De Spartanis m••ror, quod permiforint mortuos in urbe sepe∣l••i: de quo ••m consuetudine, vide Era••um libr. 3. pag. 110. Interim tamen vetuerunt ne monumenta in templis fierent, sed ••uxta, Vide i••id

  Ante annos cir••iter 400. haec execrabilis consuetudo coepit, cum ante haec tempora. etiam Martyrum cadavera extra urbes sepulta 〈…〉〈…〉. Franciscani enim & Dominicani cum viderent numerum fraterculorum angeri, nec tantos sumplus ipses su p••••ere, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 em••ugendae pecuuia artem invenerunt, ut homines in cucullis Monacborum, & prope altare sepeliri deber, 〈…〉〈…〉 duent, ita ut recte quis dicat, Nullam artem acquitendae pecuniae esse probatiorem quam mortuorum, Vide ibedem plu•••• Ca••. 10.
• * 1.21

  ••••••••ectiō o•• 〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.22

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 to coole the aire in Sommer.
• * 1.23

  Warming of the cold aire in Winter.
• * 1.24

  The fewell whereof the fire is made.

  Sea coale and pit-coale ••re naught.

  〈…〉〈…〉 ••••ndled in a close ••••ome dange∣••ou••.

  History
• * 1.25

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.26

  Sweet wood i•• th•• best.
• * 1.27

  Good fewell 〈…〉〈…〉 Worse fewell.
• n 1.28

  De conservanda va∣letud. cap. 7.
• * 1.29

  Heath or ling whol∣some fewell.
• * 1.30

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 wa••e••.
• * 1.31

  Hot and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 woods 〈…〉〈…〉 whom 〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.32

  Consideration of the particular aire about the sicke.
• * 1.33

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 situation of the 〈…〉〈…〉 station.
• * 1.34

  The next best situati∣on

  The worst.
• * 1.35

  Low ••oomes in what diseases best.
• * 1.36

  Great and spatious roomes.
• * 1.37

  Narrow and close rooms in contagious and pestilentiall dis∣eases are not good.
• * 1.38

  Close roomes when best.
• * 1.39

  Stones and hot-hou∣ses not wholesome.
• o 1.40

  Locoprius citato.
• * 1.41

  Of Light, and how it maybe used about the sicke.
• § 1.42

  Alium enim lux, ali∣um tenebrae magis tur∣bant, reperiuntur{que} nul∣lum discrimen depre∣hendi, vel hoc, vel illo modo possit. Optimum ita{que} est utrum{que} experi∣ri, & habere eum qui tenebras horret in luce, eum qui lucem ut tene∣bris. At ubi nullum ta∣le discrimen est, aeger si vires habet, loco lucido, si non habet, obscuro continendus est. Cels. lib. 3. cap. 18. & Hip∣poc. lib. de medico.
• * 1.43

  The Colour of the walles.

  Hangings of the roome.
• * 1.44

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Aph. 1. lib. 1.
• p 1.45

  Liv. ut anima 〈…〉〈…〉.
• q 1.46

  〈…〉〈…〉 cap 3.
• r 1.47

  In quaestion Romanis
• s 1.48

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 29 cap. 1.

  Country aire in ge∣nerally an•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the most part to bee pre∣fer••••d.
• * 1.49

  Great diversitie in countri•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.50

  Diversitie in the aire of seve••all townes and cities.
• * 1.51

  Good and wholesom aire of the towne of Northampton.
• * 1.52

  Situation of this Towne.
• * 1.53

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.54

  River of ••••ne, and good 〈…〉〈…〉 breeding ••••er∣in.
• * 1.55

  ••••stures and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 about 〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.56

  Decay of 〈…〉〈…〉 this, com•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 many other con••••••••••∣tions of this kingdom
• * 1.57

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 wood of Nor••hamp••o•• shire.
• * 1.58

  Good water for dy∣ing.
• * 1.59

  This towne commo∣dious for enterta••n∣ment for great mee¦tings.
• * 1.60

  Clothing wold make this corporation flou∣rish.
• * 1.61

  Master Iohn Denbigh, one of the Aldermen of Northampton hath begun to set up clo∣thing.
• * 1.62

  The river of Nine made navigable wold prove beneficial both for towne and coun∣trie.
• a 1.63

  Lib. de intern. affe••••.
• b 1.64

  Lib. 25. cap. 3.
• c 1.65

  Cornel Gemm•• lib. 2. cosmo••••••t.
• * 1.66

  When to cover the sicke▪
• * 1.67

  More clothes to be used in the night than in the day.
• d 1.68

  Galen comment in eam par li••. 6. in epid e∣videnter vigilans cali∣c••or e••tertus, &c.
• * 1.69

  Best form of beds for the sicke to lie in.
• * 1.70

  Bed he lieth on, and whether feather beds be best.
• * 1.71

  Wood-beds and mat∣••••••ces.
• * 1.72

  Beds of straw and c••affe.
• * 1.73

  Bed filled with water. With 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.74

  Hanging beds.
• * 1.75

  Erroneous custome of too much covering the ••ead.
• * 1.76

  Difference of clothes according to the sea∣sons.
• * 1.77

  Downe and feather-beds hurtfull for hot livers, kidnies, and the stone.
• * 1.78

  Parents much to bee blamed for the toe too nice and tender education of their children.
• * 1.79

  Qualitie of the clothes about the sicke, that they bee sweet and cleane.
• e 1.80

  Lib. de medico.

  The sicke ought to be often shifted.
• f 1.81

  Eib. 1. de sanit, tuend.
• * 1.82

  Obiections of the vulgar.
• * 1.83

  Answere.
• * 1.84

  Three concoctions in the body of man, with their severall excre∣ment••▪
• * 1.85

  Inconveniences and harmes by not shift∣ing the sicke.
• g 1.86

  Laurent. loubert. des erreurs populaires partie 2 cap. 5.
• * 1.87

  Whether the ••ed ••ee to be warmed. An••w••••e
• * 1.88

  Wh•••• or it ••e fit for healthfu•••• people. Answere.
• * 1.89

  Whether in sickenes the haire is to be ••ut.
• * 1.90

  Answer••.
• * 1.91

  Effoeminate custom•• of our age.
• * 1.92

  Disguising of the head with perwigs.
• h 1.93

  1 Cor. 1••.1
• i 1.94

  Fra••ca•••• Grand••u, Cure de l'〈◊〉〈◊〉 de∣grate de 〈◊〉〈◊〉 S. Ioan ••aptistee a••gers an liure da de ••ruition de •• orgued ••oada••••, &c.
• k 1.95

  M. Prin. of Love∣locks
• l 1.96

  I 〈…〉〈…〉 pilorum af∣f••••••u, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 aliud est a••••m 〈◊〉〈◊〉 o vel 〈…〉〈…〉 def••••xiou•• ad a••••a•• nartes 〈◊〉〈◊〉 gravissime tar queri. Maximam partem foeminas invadit. Eos etiam qui porriginem capitis, quam vulgus tineam vo∣••a••, medicamentis repe••••utientibus represserunt. Praeterea foeminas quae menstruis temporibus non satis purgantur. Quis non novum, mirab••••e, & horridum putei, capillos ex propria naturâ planos, demissos ac simplices, sponte sua, sub coelo admodum frigi∣do inc••••spari, paulo post erigi, involvi, at{que} indissolubiliter conjungi, varias recipere figuras, quando{que} maximi cuiusdam anguis, aliquaudo plu••••um & minorum serpentum, u••di{que} vermes, spurcitiem, foetorem{que} redolere: quod{que} omnium maximum est, & a seculo in ••••ditum, ac•• perpu••ctos, vel transfixos sangumem effundere. Hercules Saxonia praxeos suae lib. 10. cap. 1. Horridum quoddam, i••••pexum, adeo{que} intricatum capitis at{que} barbae capillit••um, apud nostros haud infrequens, caeterum veteribus cuiuscun{que} aetatis medi∣c•• incognitum o••servare li••et: Quo affecti praelongas capillorum tricas & cincinnos mirifice intricatos, digitisaepe crassitiae, ex re∣•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 capi•••• & barbae capillitio, ad bumeros, pectus, & aliquando ad umbilicum us{que} demissos, propendere videas, aspectu plane mon∣•••• ••ico, & Gorganeum caput praeserente. Quos illi magna religione incultos, nec ferro praescindere, nec pectine explicare sustinent. Persuasi omnino, gravissima capitis morborum fomenta, velut Apoplexiae, Paralyscos, Maniae, & comprimis Cephalalgiae perti∣naces, consimilium{que} ma••eriam i••sdem alen••is absumi. Qua sine superstitione, sine multa hominum observatione ducts, quidvis petius, quam corundem culturam, aut perfectionem, velut prorsus infaustam & lethalem admittunt. Factis{que} de experimento & hi∣storia perteulis, sententiam suam mordicus tuentur. Ioana. Georg. Schenckius, Schenck. E. Hagenones. medicus observat. m••dic lib. 1. observ. De Tricis I••cuborum.
• * 1.97

  Abstinence fourefold Naturall. In health. In sickenesse;
• a 1.98

  Nausea a navibus & navigatione, quod na∣vigantibus praesertim in marinausea oberiri so∣leat.

  Voluntary abstinence fourefold.
• * 1.99

  Physicall
• * 1.100

  Politicall or civill ab∣stinence.
• b 1.101

  1 Sam. 14.25.
• * 1.102

  Our Lent fast a poli∣ticall, not religious nor superstitious fast.
• c 1.103

  5. Q Elizab. 5.
• * 1.104

  Religious fast and is either moral or cere∣moniall.
• * 1.105

  Morall, ordinary or extraordinary. Ordinary.
• * 1.106

  Extraordinary.
• * 1.107

  Extraordinary reli∣gious t••st publike or private.
• * 1.108

  Ceremoniall absti∣nence.
• d 1.109

  Matth. 15.11. Acts 10.34. Colost. 2.14. 1 Timoth. 4. &c. Superstitious absti∣nence or fast.
• e 1.110

  Lib. 7. de civit. Dei. cap 2. & lib. 18. cap. 25. Plutarch. 8 sympos. probl. 7.
• f 1.111

  Lib. 2. advers. Jovin.
• g 1.112

  Lib. bello de Jfide & Osyride.
• h 1.113

  Caesar. comm. a•• bello Gall. lib. ••.
• i 1.114

  Joseph. de bello Judo. lib 2. cap. 7. Philo. lib. peculiari de eorum vita.
• k 1.115

  Epiphanius tom. 2. lib. 1.
• l 1.116

  Tertul. in catalog. haeres.
• m 1.117

  Idem lib de ••eiunia adversus Psychos, & lib. de cultu foeminar.
• n 1.118

  Lib. 6. contra Faustin. cap. 6. & lib. 3. cap. 5. & lib. de haeres.
• o 1.119

  Idem contra Faustin. lib. 30. cap. 5.
• p 1.120

  Bernard. sermon. 66 in Cantica.
• q 1.121

  Synod ancyrana cir∣ca annum Domin. 318. can. 14. Total. 1 can. 21 Eraccarensi prima cele∣brata in Hispania anno 690. can. 14. & 32. Gangrensi. can. 2. damnara fuit.
• r 1.122

  Sigismund. Baro in comment, rerum Mus∣covit.
• * 1.123

  Voluntary, miracu∣lous abstinence.
• * 1.124

  Involuntary or for∣ced abstinence.
• * 1.125

  True abstinence, and the excellency of the same.
• * 1.126

  Abstinence from cer∣taine k••nds of meates by Scripture condem∣ned.
• s 1.127

  1 Tim. 4.1, 2, 3.
• * 1.128

  Popish abstinence or fast as they use it a meere mocking of God.
• * 1.129

  Popish fasting, Diet as nourishing as ours and iuciceth as much to lust as ours, if not more.

  Wine nourisheth & cherisheth more sud∣denly and speedily than any flesh.
• * 1.130

  Great gluttony and disorders among the Romanists at Shrove∣tide.
• * 1.131

  Insolency in Rome it selfe; ••qualling o•• exceedin•• the hea∣thenish Ba••c••••na••••a.
• t 1.132

  And although J∣taly be the country of al Christendome nea∣rest to the Romane church, yet is it most certaine that in ••t there is of all others least religion and pi∣ety to be found, and that by reason this holy court doth no∣thing else but sow distention, and breed all manner of disor∣ders. And if any make a doubt of it, and that he may assure himselfe that all this mischiefe proceedeth from the church of Rome, let him but transport for a cer∣taine time the Papall chair into the coun∣try of the Switzers, an honest and peaceable people, and in a shore time thou shouldst see them as bad as any of their neighbours. Machiavell in his booke of the Prince, part. 1. maxime 4. in∣tituled. That the church of Rome is the cause of all the cala∣mities that have be∣falne Jtaly,
• a 1.133

  Comment. in lib. Hip. de victu acut.

  Three sorts of Diet.
• * 1.134

  Absolute thinne and spare diet.
• * 1.135

  Thin and slender diet
• * 1.136

  Hippocriticall Diet too rigid and strict for our climat,
• b 1.137

  Mercur. variar. lect. lib. 6.

  A full and liberal die••
• c 1.138

  Comment. ad partic. 1 lib. 1. de vict. acut. Whether a thinne & slender, or a full and liberal diet be better?
• d 1.139

  Flavius Vopiscus in eius vita.
• e 1.140

  Aph. 4. & 5 lib. 1.
• f 1.141

  Lib. de victu acut.
• g 1.142

  Comment. in eundem lib. & alibi.
• * 1.143

  Answer to the for∣mer question.
• h 1.144

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Apo. 9 lib. 1.
• * 1.145

  Rules or Lawes from whēce the diet of the diseased is desumed, reduced to two prin∣cipall heads.

  In the diseased, what things to be observ'd.
• * 1.146

  1 Rule, or iudication from the strength.
• a 1.147

  Vnum illud & sem∣per, & ubi{que} servendum est, ut aegri vtres subtu∣de assidens in al••us in∣spiciat, & quair diu sa∣pererunt, abstinentia pugnet: si imbecillita∣tem vereri coeperit, cibo subveniat, Cels. l••br. 3. cap. 4.

  2 The temperature of the body.

  3 The structure of the body, Habitus.
• * 1.148

  4 The are. Who best indureth abstinence.
• * 1.149

  5 Custome,
• b 1.150

  Lib.
• * 1.151

  6 Jdiosyncrasia, or an individuall property and condition.
• c 1.152

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Hippoc. Aph. 38. lib. 2.

  7 The season of the yeere. ••.
• d 1.153

  Aph. 18. libr. 2.
• * 1.154

  8 The region where∣in one liveth.
• * 1.155

  9 The calling, or course of life.
• * 1.156

  Rules, or indication desumed from the disease it selfe.
• * 1.157

  All diseases, either a∣cute or chronicall.
• * 1.158

  The Diet to be ac∣commodated accor∣ding to the continu∣ance of the diseased.
• * 1.159

  Diet to be a mini∣stred according to the times of the dis∣ease.

  The time general and particular.
• e 1.160

  Lib. 2 cap 16.
• f 1.161

  Aph 9 lib. 2.
• * 1.162

  Diet in acute disease•• how to be ••••pen••ed.
• * 1.163

  In continuall fevers.
• * 1.164

  In intermitting fe∣ver••.
• g 1.165

  10. Meth. & sequen∣ti de diata aegrorum a∣git.
• h 1.166

  Iob ••.
• * 1.167

  Properties of nou∣rishment fit for the use of the sicke.
• a 1.168

  Lib. de victu acut. & alibi passim.
• b 1.169

  Probl. 32. sect. 1.
• c 1.170

  Lib. de veteri medi∣cina.
• d 1.171

  7 Epid.
• e 1.172

  Dimidiata chaenice contentus erat. Lib. de victu acut.
• f 1.173

  Hippoc. aph. 16. lib. 2. & 6. Epid.
• g 1.174

  Lib. ad Thrasib. de dè∣aeta, cap. 57

  A double time of fee∣ding the sicke; of e∣lection and necessity.
• h 1.175

  Lib. 3 cap. 6.
• i 1.176

  Des erreurs populai∣res, part. 2 cap. 8.
• * 1.177

  Preposterous custom of feeding the sicke in the night.
• k 1.178

  Hippoc. lib. de vict•• acut.
• * 1.179

  What time of the day fittest for feeding the sicke, and when hee may feed freeliest, at dinner or supper.
• * 1.180

  The order of the sickes diet.

  Whether variety may be allowed to the sick
• l 1.181

  Cibus homini simplex: acervatio saporum pe∣stifera, & condimenia perniciosiora, libr. 12. cap. 54.
• * 1.182

  Preparation of the diet varieth much.
• * 1.183

  Preparation in the sicke in himselfe re∣quired.
• * 1.184

  The sicke should sit up to eat.
• * 1.185

  Best bread for the use of the sicke.
• a 1.186

  7 Meth▪ med.
• * 1.187

  Two sorts of bread. Simple bread. Prepared bread. Crummes. Crust.
• b 1.188

  Merc. variar. lect. l. 6
• c 1.189

  Lib. de diaeta acut.
• * 1.190

  Cold bread best, and not too stale.
• * 1.191

  Preparation of bread for the sicke.
• d 1.192

  Elb. 22. cap. 25. How the Antients washed their bread.
• * 1.193

  Our manner.
• * 1.194

  Bread soked in wine.
• * 1.195

  In flesh broth.
• e 1.196

  Lib. de affection.
• * 1.197

  Biscuits and the like.
• * 1.198

  March-panes.
• * 1.199

  Vnleavened bread unwholesome.
• * 1.200

  Herbs usefull in the Diet of the diseased.
• a 1.201

  Lib. de facult. natur.
• b 1.202

  Comment. ad eam partic. lib. 6. Epidem. imbecilliora cibaria breviorem vitam ha∣bent,
• c 1.203

  Lib. de sanit tuend.
• * 1.204

  Those who live on herbes and fruits live not longer than such as live on flesh.
• * 1.205

  Whether fruits may be admitted into the Diet of the Diseased. Answere.
• * 1.206

  What fruits best.
• d 1.207

  Lib. 12.
• e 1.208

  Lib. de abusu med.
• * 1.209

  How the antients ro∣sted their fruits.
• f 1.210

  Lib. 2. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 & initio lib. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• g 1.211

  Epist. 83.
• * 1.212

  Preserving of fruits.
• * 1.213

  Sparingly to bee used in Fevers.
• * 1.214

  Flesh fittest for strōg nourishment.

  What foure-footed beasts are best for the use of the sicke.
• * 1.215

  What fowle.
• * 1.216

  Antient Physitians dieted their sick with flesh, uncouth to us.
• * 1.217

  Whether flesh may be used of the sicke.
• h 1.218

  Lib. de carn.
• * 1.219

  Answer.
• * 1.220

  Ewes flesh used by the antients.
• * 1.221

  Flesh of gelded crea∣tures better than of others.

  Veale seldome used in antient times.
• i 1.222

  Lib. de ratione victus.
• k 1.223

  Lib. 4. collect.
• l 1.224

  Lib. 1. ad Glancon.
• m 1.225

  Lib. de diaeta acut. & Gal. in comment.
• * 1.226

  Hogges flesh, as also pigges to bee eaten without the skin

  Of fowle, and what nourishment they af∣ford.
• o 1.227

  3. de alim. facult.
• p 1.228

  2 de diaeta.
• * 1.229

  Among all fowle, pul∣laine most familiar for the use of the sicke.
• * 1.230

  Capons unknown to the Antients.
• * 1.231

  Pullets best for the sicke.
• q 1.232

  Lib. 1. ad Glauc.
• * 1.233

  Old Cocks how used of old.
• * 1.234

  Whether Capons in∣gender the Gout.
• r 1.235

  Vide Crat. consil. me••icin. consil. 229.225, &c. Answere.
• * 1.236

  Turkies.
• * 1.237

  Phesants.
• * 1.238

  Pigeons whether safe to be used of the sick.
• * 1.239

  Temperature of pi∣geons.
• s 1.240

  Arist. de hist avium. lib. 5. cap. 7.
• * 1.241

  Pigeons good against the plague.
• * 1.242

  Pigeons to be rosted without their heads.
• t 1.243

  Lib. ••
• * 1.244

  History.
• u 1.245

  Lib. de euch••m.
• * 1.246

  Thrushes.
• x 1.247

  Plutarch. in vitae Pompe••••. Larkes.
• a 1.248

  Lib. 29. cap. 3.
• * 1.249

  E••••es whether good for sicke folke?
• b 1.250

  Alois. Mundella e∣pist. 29.

  Latinus Henricus in quaest. medictnal.
• c 1.251

  Lib. 1. ad Glanc.
• d 1.252

  18 method.
• e 1.253

  Li. de ras, vict in aecut.
• * 1.254

  Egges permitted b•• Hippocrates.
• * 1.255

  Egges may safely be used even in Fever or any acute disea••
• f 1.256

  Diosc••n. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. 2. cap 43.
• * 1.257

  The white of the eg••e co••leth.
• * 1.258

  To nourish much in a smal quanti••y is a sin∣gular good property.
• * 1.259

  Hens egges best.
• * 1.260

  Of a hen troden with a cocke a••e best.
• * 1.261

  Preparation of egges.
• * 1.262

  Boiled without the shell, called p••••¦ched egges.
• * 1.263

  Boiled with the shell.
• * 1.264

  Rosted egges.
• * 1.265

  Fried egges
• * 1.266

  Tansies.
• * 1.267

  Markes of good Eg••.
• * 1.268

  Regula presbyteri ju∣bet hoc pro lege teneri, ut bona sint ova, candi∣da longa nova.
• * 1.269

  Of the iuice of flesh of severall sorts.
• * 1.270

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

  Hippoc. Aph. 11. lib. 2.
• b 1.271

  Lib. de aliment.
• c 1.272

  Lib. de affection.
• * 1.273

  In the preparation of these liquid substan∣ces made of flesh, care must be had of the cleanlinesse of the persons, and the like care of the vessells they are made in.
• * 1.274

  Earthen and iron ves∣sells best, brasse the worst.
• * 1.275

  Broth made after di∣vers manners.
• * 1.276

  Broth made of an old Cocke in pecto••all diseases.
• * 1.277

  China broth in con∣sumptions and great weaknesses.
• * 1.278

  It may also be made with Veale, or other meate, howbeit in weake and sicke peo∣ple, a chicken is com∣monly best lik'd of.
• * 1.279

  Expression of the iuice of rosted meat, called expressum.
• * 1.280

  Colice called cousup∣tum.
• * 1.281

  Gelee.
• * 1.282

  Gelee of harts horn.
• * 1.283

  Restorative distillati∣ons of capon or other flesh.
• d 1.284

  Lib. de mercur. cap. 9.
• e 1.285

  Rondlet. lib. de fa∣bric. cap. de causo.
• a 1.286

  Lib. de victus rations in morb. a••utis, &c.
• b 1.287

  Lib. de sanit. tuend••
• c 1.288

  Lib.
• d 1.289

  Mercur. v••••iar lect. libr. 2. cap. 25.
• e 1.290

  Pellonius observat. libr. 2.
• f 1.291

  Lib. de affection.
• * 1.292

  Different nourish∣ment which fish af∣foord.
• * 1.293

  What fish best for the use of the sicke.
• g 1.294

  Lib. de euch. & cach.
• h 1.295

  Lib. 2. cap. 18.
• * 1.296

  What river-fish best.
• * 1.297

  Preparation of fish in antient times.
• * 1.298

  Preparation in our times.
• * 1.299

  Mushell broth made with the yolke of an egge.
• * 1.300

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• a 1.301

  Decendus est aeger, 〈…〉〈…〉 in potione 〈…〉〈…〉 ••¦bo indugere, 〈…〉〈…〉 cap. 6.

  Most opportu••e time for drinke.
• b 1.302

  Lib 8. cap. 9. Sitis mendosa. A fal••e thirst.
• * 1.303

  Water the most anti∣ent and common drinke.
• * 1.304

  Water very frequent among the antients.
• c 1.305

  Lib. de diaeta acut.
• d 1.306

  Gal. in commen
• e 1.307

  Augerius Ferrerius in castigat. pract.
• f 1.308

  Mercur. variar. lect. lib. 2.
• g 1.309

  Trallianus.
• * 1.310

  How water is to bee exhibited without hurt.
• * 1.311

  What things in the use thereof to bee considered.
• h 1.312

  Lib. de acre, aquis & tocis.
• i 1.313

  Lib. 9 meth, &c.
• k 1.314

  7 Meth med.
• l 1.315

  10 Meth.
• m 1.316

  Lib. de victa in acut. comment. 4.
• n 1.317

  Erastus Antipara••. Part. 4.
• o 1.318

  Amat. Lusit. centur. 4. curat. 14. centur. 1. curat. 3.
• p 1.319

  Lib. 3 cap. ••.
• q 1.320

  Lib. 7. epid. in aegrot•• 7. qui suit meton.
• r 1.321

  Libr. 1. cap. 6.
• s 1.322

  6. Epidem. How water is to be prepared for the use of the sicke.
• * 1.323

  In the exhibiting of cold water, what things to be conside∣red
• t 1.324

  11 Meth & commen. lib de victu acut.
• u 1.325

  Rhas. libr. 1. divis. ca. 148. Averih. collect. lib. 7. cap. 8.

  The generall time.
• * 1.326

  10 Meth.
• * 1.327

  Particular time.
• x 1.328

  Lib. de diaeta acut.
• y 1.329

  Ioubert des erreurs populaires partic. 2. cap. 7. Contre ceux qui ne permetient aux f••brici∣tans de boire durant, leur acces, &c.
• * 1.330

  The quantity.
• z 1.331

  Proct. 57. sect. 1.
• * 1.332

  Obiect.
• * 1.333

  Answere.
• a 1.334

  De d••••ta acut. Cels. lib. 3. cap. 7.
• b 1.335

  Lib. 5. epid.
• * 1.336

  Accommodation to our owne countrie 〈◊〉〈◊〉 climat.
• * 1.337

  Small beere with i•• in stead of water al¦lowed the sick, and so to be used.
• * 1.338

  How water may safe liest of us be used.
• * 1.339

  What thirst is: Hot drinkes have bin in use of old.
• a 1.340

  Dio 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.341

  Thermopolia in Rome, place•• where hot drinkes were sold.
• * 1.342

  Fiberius Cal••ius mero.
• b 1.343

  Quando vocatus ad∣est calid•• frigida{que} mi∣nister. luven.

  Caldam poscis aquam sed nondum frigidale∣nit: Alget adhuc nudo clausa culina soco, Mat.
• c 1.344

  In Vers. in Trinum∣mo, Rudente, in pseu∣dolo.
• d 1.345

  Stu••k Anntiqu con∣••••••. libr. ••. cap. 6. ex 〈…〉〈…〉. Iud.
• * 1.346

  〈…〉〈…〉 ex 〈◊〉〈◊〉, tem ex Athen. 8 Di••noso••.
• f 1.347

  Mercur. ••ariar. lect. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. 1.

  Frigida non d••crit, non decrit 〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.348

  Idem Stuck. ex 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• h 1.349

  Lambi••. & Turne••. in praed. Plauti loc. refe∣rente eodem Stuckio ibid.
• * 1.350

  Cold drinke is best and most usefull.
• * 1.351

  Burning of wine whe∣ther better for use than other wi••e▪
• * 1.352

  Whether warm drink be useful for the sicke
• i 1.353

  Cels. lib. 3. cap ••.
• k 1.354

  Trallianus & Pau∣lus Aegineta.
• * 1.355

  Warme drinke in use with us also.
• * 1.356

  Boiled water.
• * 1.357

  Distillation 〈◊〉〈◊〉 us in frequent use, to the antients unknowne.
• * 1.358

  Distilled waters to be preferred before o∣thers.
• * 1.359

  Needlesse feare of som conceived in the use of distilled wa∣ters.
• a 1.360

  Androcide••s sapien∣tia claruo ad Alexan∣drum Magnum scripsit intemperantiam eius ••o∣hibendam sic scripsit. Ʋtinam potaturus rex, memento te bibere san∣guinem t••rrae. Situti venenum est hominici∣cuta, ita & vinum. Quibus praecep is si ille obtemperavisset, pro∣fecto am••cos in temu∣tentia non interemisset Plin lib. 14. cap. 5.
• b 1.361

  In vita Alexandri magni.
• c 1.362

  De victu in a••utu.
• d 1.363

  In comment & alibi
• * 1.364

  Wine may safely som∣times be exhibited the sicke.
• e 1.365

  Vide Gal. sub finem lib. de euch & cacoch Circumstances consi∣derable in exhibiting wine to the sicke.
• f 1.366

  Quod ad febrium ae∣gritudines attinet, cer∣tum est non dandum in febre, nisi veteribu•• ae∣gris vinum, nec nisid •• clinante morbo. In a∣cutis vero periculis nul∣lis nisi qui manifestas remissiones habeant, & bas noctu potius. d••mi∣dia enim pars periculi est noctu: hoc est spe¦somai bibentibus, nec a partu abortuve: nec a libidine aegrotanti∣bus, nec in capitis dolo∣ribus, nec quorum ac∣cessiones cum frigore extremitatum fiant: nec in febri tussienti∣bus, &c. Et paulo post, dari uti{que} non nisi in ci∣bo debet, nec a somno, nec praecedente alio po∣tu: hoc est uti{que} sitienti, nec nisi in desperatione summa, &c.
• * 1.367

  Plin. lib. 28 cap. 2.
• * 1.368

  Wine called couleur du pesche.
• * 1.369

  Accommodation to our climat.
• * 1.370

  VVhat wine with us fittest.
• * 1.371

  Beere better for our sicke than wine.
• * 1.372

  In acute diseases the smaller the better.
• * 1.373

  Erroneous opinion of the vulgar, esteem∣ing strong drinke a Panacea or catholick medicine against all diseases.
• * 1.374

  Artificiall wine.
• * 1.375

  Diet drinkes made of ale or beere.
• * 1.376

  Scurvy grasse ale. Scurvy-grasse is good a••ainst obstructions of the spleene, and accidentally cleareth the blood, and i•• therefore good a∣gainst the Scurvy.

  Of Aquavitae, and o∣ther strong sublima∣ted waters.
• g 1.377

  Savonatola tractati•• de aqua vitae.
• * 1.378

  Historie.
• * 1.379

  Another.
• * 1.380

  Aurum potabile pro∣duceth but few wit∣nesses of its efficacy.
• * 1.381

  Srongwaters sparing∣ly & warily to be used.
• * 1.382

  For whom most use∣full.
• * 1.383

  Spirit of ale or beere.
• * 1.384

  Ordinary aquavitae pernicious to the health of man.
• * 1.385

  The right spirit of wine how to be dis∣cerned.
• * 1.386

  Great variety of strōg waters.
• * 1.387

  Great danger in the too frequent use of these sublimate wa∣ters, especially in the yonger sort.
• * 1.388

  Three sorts of drinks made of hone in use among the antients.
• b 1.389

  Mercur. variar. lect. lib. 6.
• c 1.390

  Plin. lib. 7. cap. 56.
• d 1.391

  4 Sympos. Pro•••• ••.
• e 1.392

  Piacotonius lib. de cerevisia & mulsa.
• * 1.393

  Hydromel, and divers compositions thereof.
• f 1.394

  Libr.
• g 1.395

  Loco nuper citat.
• * 1.396

  Apomell.
• h 1.397

  4 De san. tuend.
• * 1.398

  How Hydromel or Mulsa was made a∣mong the Arabian Physitians.
• i 1.399

  Lib. de victu acut. Two sorts of it a∣mong the Greekes.
• * 1.400

  Melicratum Aquosum, & sincerum.
• * 1.401

  To know when it is boiled enough.
• k 1.402

  Lib. 31. cap 6.
• * 1.403

  Oxymel, or sirup made of vineger.
• l 1.404

  Lib. de diaeta acut. Gal. in commen & 8. meth & 11. m••th.
• m 1.405

  Augerius Ferrer••us in castigat. pract.
• n 1.406

  Thaddeus Dunus in epist. medicinal.
• o 1.407

  4 de san••t. tuenda.
• * 1.408

  Divers composition of Oxymel.
• p 1.409

  Iohann. Renod. in∣stitut. Pharmaceut. lib. 3. cap. 4.
• q 1.410

  Val. Cordus ex me•• antidoterio.
• * 1.411

  Choice to be made of the ingredients of this drinke.
• * 1.412

  Divers compounded Oxymels are made of hony.
• * 1.413

  Great error in the ordinary use of Oxi∣mel, and other expe∣ctorant medicines,
• * 1.414

  Temperature of bar∣ly.
• a 1.415

  7 simplic. medica. 1 de alim. lib. de in victu a∣••ut.
• b 1.416

  Lib de victu in acut. & alibi.

  Ptisan what in old time, & what with us.
• c 1.417

  Rond. instit. pharma∣ceut lib. 5. cap. 11. Pti••a•• made of divers graines.
• d 1.418

  Problem. 27. sect. 1.
• * 1.419

  Whether ptisan made of barly or wheat be better?
• * 1.420

  Answere.
• d 1.421

  Gal lib de ptisana. How the antient Greeke Physitians prepared this ptisan or creame of bar••y.
• * 1.422

  Manner of prepara∣tion with us.
• * 1.423

  How to prepare our owne barly to make this and other drinks made of barly.
• * 1.424

  Orgemond, and what it is.
• * 1.425

  Barly-water.
• e 1.426

  Lib. de diaeta acut.
• * 1.427

  Gal. in comm.
• f 1.428

  Collectan lib.
• * 1.429

  Barly-water of two sorts.
• * 1.430

  Of prepared barly two sorts.
• g 1.431

  Cap de pleurit. Preparation.
• * 1.432

  Caveat concerning the use of barly water
• * 1.433

  Our barly-water.
• * 1.434

  Barly water for the poorer sorts.
• * 1.435

  Another drinks to be used in any Fever.
• * 1.436

  Of emulsions or al∣mond milke.
• * 1.437

  In what cases most usefull.
• * 1.438

  The quantity of the Almonds must be ac∣cording as it is made thicke or thin, how∣beit the vulgar make it cōmonly too thick and fulsome,
• * 1.439

  The manner of pre∣paration.
• * 1.440

  Addition of certaīne seeds, and how to be used.
• * 1.441

  Cautions to bee ob∣served in emulsion.
• * 1.442

  They must not be too fulsome not too fre∣quent.
• * 1.443

  Some use to make the emulsions or al∣mond milks with the decoction of flesh; but if the partie bee weake stomacked, it may make him loath both that and all o∣ther food.
• * 1.444

  Divers sorts of e∣mulsions in time of need may be prepa∣red.
• * 1.445

  Several sorts of milk.
• * 1.446

  Asses and Camels milke in use for some diseases.
• * 1.447

  Mares milke in great request among the Tartars.
• a 1.448

  Leo Africanus▪
• b 1.449

  Sympos. lib. 4. probl. 1.
• c 1.450

  Bruyer in lib. 1. de re cibar cap. ••4.
• d 1.451

  Forest. schol ad ob∣servat. 5. lib. 4.
• * 1.452

  Womans milke best and most temperate.
• * 1.453

  Ewes milke. Goats milke. Cowes milke. Vse of asses milke in ulcers of the lungs.
• * 1.454

  Cowes milke with us most ordinary and fa∣miliar.
• * 1.455

  Commendation of asses milke.
• * 1.456

  Historie.
• * 1.457

  The beast from whence the milke is milked.
• * 1.458

  The colour.
• * 1.459

  The food on which it feedeth.
• * 1.460

  In what time of the yeere best.
• * 1.461

  The place where the beast feedeth.
• * 1.462

  The age of the milke.
• * 1.463

  Best m••l••e how to be discerned.
• * 1.464

  For whom it most sit. ••ac non propinand••m flatulentis, aut vent••••s ••arboruginis laboranti∣bus, non siticulosis, n••c febriculosis, nec eruda & nidorosa rubiantibus aut ventriculi debilita∣te & impuritate dona∣tis, Hippoc. aph 23. lib. 5 Diolcor. lib 2. cap. 4. Gal. lib. 11. simpl.
• * 1.465

  H••rmes proceeding frō the too frequ••nt use of milke.
• * 1.466

  How, and with what preparat••on to be v∣sed.
• * 1.467

  After the use there•• what to be done.
• * 1.468

  To know whether the patient reape any be∣nefit thereby.
• * 1.469

  Whether the patient may sleep after milke
• * 1.470

  Womans milke 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to be used.
• * 1.471

  Milke how to be cor∣rected before the use.
• * 1.472

  How the antients ••¦sed it.
• * 1.473

  The quantity or mea∣sure to be taken at a time.
• e 1.474

  Meth. med. lib. 10.
• f 1.475

  Lib de intern. affect. & 7 epid & a••bi exhi∣bet interdum ad 16. be∣minas, interdum sesqui∣congium quando{que} etiam duos congios lactis ali∣nini.
• g 1.476

  Lib. de ponder. & mensuris.
• * 1.477

  Water boiled with milke.
• * 1.478

  Whey, and the use thereof.
• * 1.479

  The faculties of whey
• * 1.480

  Best whey.
• * 1.481

  Whey of Goats milk, in what diseases most usefull.
• h 1.482

  Mesue lib. 2. distinct. 1. cap. 4.

  Gal. 10 de simpl. me∣dicin. facult, &c.
• i 1.483

  Dioscor. li. 2. ca. 64.
• * 1.484

  Separation called compound.
• * 1.485

  Qualities acquired by preparation.
• * 1.486

  The quantity or mea∣sure.
• * 1.487

  Cautions to be ob∣served in the use.
• * 1.488

  Clarified whey.
• * 1.489

  Of posset-drinke. Severall waies of pre∣paring posset drinke for the sicke.
• * 1.490

  Lēmon posset drinke.
• * 1.491

  Caution.
• * 1.492

  So••rel posset-drinke.
• * 1.493

  Posset-drinke in con∣tagious and pestilen∣tiall fevers.
• * 1.494

  White wine posset-drinke.
• * 1.495

  Plaine ordinary pos∣set drinke.
• * 1.496

  The curd.
• * 1.497

  Eating possets used most for wantonnes.
• * 1.498

  Best posset-drinke in in health.
• * 1.499

  Butter, and the best use thereof.
• * 1.500

  Whether it be usefull for the sicke, and how to be used.
• * 1.501

  Of cheese.
• * 1.502

  Whether the sicke may safely use cheese. Answer.
• * 1.503

  Cheese sparingly to be used.
• k 1.504

  Baptista Pieria.
• * 1.505

  Caution in making of cheeses:
• * 1.506

  Sowre milke.
• * 1.507

  Whigge, or whegge. Butter milke.
• * 1.508

  Butter milke. Posset drinke.
• * 1.509

  When milke is to be eaten.
• * 1.510

  Of white meats.
• * 1.511

  For whom unfit.
• * 1.512

  Of frumenty.
• * 1.513

  〈…〉〈…〉, or 〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.514

  Dum 〈◊〉〈◊〉, or pottage, o•• wh••te meat made 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.515

  When to be eaten.
• * 1.516

  Crustards.
• * 1.517

  Necessity and ut••it, of exercise.
• a 1.518

  Exercitatione tria cōmoda ••r••mum adve∣niunt. ••. ea membrorum nam{que} alli tu illorum dar••tic••: tum vero spi∣ritus fit con••••tatiore, calo••{que} innatus u••etur. Galen 2 de ••anit. tu∣enda.
• b 1.519

  Qui comodit nisi e∣tiam la••oribus vtatus, sanus esse non potest de vict. rat. 〈◊〉〈◊〉.

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Idem Hippoc. 6 Epid sect. ••
• * 1.520

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Idem ibi••. sect. 4.
• c 1.521

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• d 1.522

  Sanitatis tutula a la∣bore est incipenda, Gal. 2 de sanit. tuenda.
• e 1.523

  ad sanitatis tutelam mirum in modum prae∣stat moderata corporis exercitatio at contra quies & diuturnum oti∣nmu•• aximo est nocumē∣to Gal lib. de Eucb. & Cacoch.
• g 1.524

  Ignavia corpus habe∣tat, stimat labor: illa naturam senectutem, hic longam adoloscentiam reddit, Cels. l. 1 c. 1 & 2.
• h 1.525

  In Timeo.
• i 1.526

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Hippoc. ••. epid. sect. 6.
• k 1.527

  Quem interdiu vel d••mestica, ve•• civilia officia tenuerunt, huic tempus aliquod servan∣dum curationi lu•• cor∣poris est: prima autem e••us cura est exercita∣tio, quae semper antece∣dere cilium debet, &c. Cels. lib. 1. cap. 2.
• l 1.528

  Lib. 2. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• m 1.529

  Hetodor.
• * 1.530

  180 stadia.
• n 1.531

  Labor in venatu, su∣dor, cursus ab Eurota, sam••s, sitis: hisce enim epulis ••acedaemoniorum condiuntur epul••, Ci∣ce••o ••. Iuscul
• o 1.532

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, 6 Epid. sect. 4.
• * 1.533

  Violent exercise im∣mediatly after meals hurtfull.
• * 1.534

  Of the place where exercise is to be u••ed.
• p 1.535

  Mer••atus tam. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 lib. 〈…〉〈…〉. 166
• * 1.536

  The persons to be ex¦ercise••
• * 1.537

  The quality of ex∣ercise.
• * 1.538

  The quantity or time of duration.
• q 1.539

  Hippoc. 3 de diaeta.
• r 1.540

  Hippoc. 1.6. Epid. sect. 3.
• * 1.541

  Order of exercise.
• s 1.542

  2 de sanit. tuenda
• * 1.543

  Differences of exer∣cise.

  1 Difference, some exercise the body, some the mind, some both.

  2 Difference, some exercise the whole body, and som a part.

  3 According to the end.
• * 1.544

  4 According to the quality.
• * 1.545

  Strong and violent exercises sparingly to be used.
• * 1.546

  Hunting a••d 〈◊〉〈◊〉 modera••y to be 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• t 1.547

  Exod 3••.6.
• * 1.548

  5 Difference, from the principall agent.
• * 1.549

  One and the selfe∣same exercise differ∣reth sometimes from it selfe by reason of circumstances.
• * 1.550

  Hard trotting horse for whom hurtfull.
• * 1.551

  Sailing, and the dif∣ference thereof.
• * 1.552

  Carrying on 〈◊〉〈◊〉 shoulders.
• u 1.553

  De insu parvae pilae.
• * 1.554

  Tennice-play a good exercise.
• * 1.555

  Exercises of some particular parts,
• * 1.556

  Crying, reading loud speaking in what diseases helpefull or hurtfull.
• * 1.557

  Crying aloud, sing∣ing and playing upon instruments.
• * 1.558

  Mixt particular exer∣cise.
• * 1.559

  Commendation of walking
• * 1.560

  Observation of ex∣ercises according to the trade of life.
• * 1.561

  What are the exerci∣ses of the mind.
• * 1.562

  Caution for schollers
• * 1.563

  Whether at meales we may discourse of of any serious marter or discusse any seri∣ous affaires.
• * 1.564

  Answer.
• a 1.565

  Iliad. 1. & Athen in dip••••soph.
• b 1.566

  〈◊〉〈◊〉. probl. 1.
• * 1.567

  •• Saturnal. lib. 7.
• * 1.568

  ••imitation of convi∣v••a••l speeches.
• * 1.569

  Faule of the Fox and the Crane.
• d 1.570

  Idem Plutarch. ib.
• e 1.571

  Lib. 6. cap 13.
• f 1.572

  Po••ra si retores illi Philosophi ve••ae philo∣sophiae sapientie{que} ig∣nari ie imperiti, non in Cholis tantum, sed etiam in 〈…〉〈…〉 de ••e∣bus ••ravibas at{que} se••••s ad in ac beate{que} viven∣dum lissere••e fuerunt 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ti, quant magis nos Christianos vere solida{que} sapientin cognitione imbutos decet in nostris symposijs sermones inter nos conferre ••rave•• honestos, ••uios, re••ig••osos, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ad aedificationem, ut Apostolus Paulus loquitur, hoc est, partim ad Dei gloriam, partim ad mu∣•••••• si 〈…〉〈…〉 confirmationem spectent. Et ••amen sunt nonnulli qui omnem sermonem de Deo, de religione, de rebus di∣vinis at{que} 〈◊〉〈◊〉, de Christiani hominis officio in convivio valde indecorum, ei{que} minime convenientem esse existiment Ita{que} ut 〈◊〉〈◊〉 nonnutti Phi••osophie illi huminae: sic hodie plurimi Christianorum divinae illi nostra at{que} coelesti Philosophiae, hoc est, Theolo∣•••••• i•• convivus nullum volunt locum esse relinquendum. Sales tantum, jocos at{que} dicteria non modolevia, n••getoria at{que} ridicula, •• erumelu••m blasphema in Deum, at{que} contumeliosa in proximum in convivijs voluni locum babere. Ʋerum longe alia fuit summi illius 〈◊〉〈◊〉 sapient••••••••s{que} magistri at{que} Domini nostri Jesu Christi meus, sententia ac consuetudo: Is nam{que} teste Evangelica historia, non modo: ••••••mplo, in scholis sive sinagogis, alus{que} in locis; verumetiam in tri••linijs, in ipsa mensa non dubitavit, tum hujusce vitae pi••••••visi 〈◊〉〈◊〉 transigendae, tum aeternae illius adipiscendae optima saluberrima{que} tradero, ut Luc. 11.14. & alibi passim 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••est. Idem. 〈…〉〈…〉.
• g 1.573

  Ita fabulantur ut qui sciunt Dominum audi∣re, hoc e••, sermones in∣ter se conferunt, ••astos, pudicos, pro••, religio••o••, quorum noverunt se a••∣ritum havere testem ip∣sum Oeum ••••ncta vi∣dentem at{que} audientem. Facit ibidem mentio∣nem centionum at{que} pr••∣cationum, quae Agapas illas antecedere at{que} con¦sequi solebant. Idem e•• Tertul Apolog cap. 39. Vtinam in Tabernis vi∣nariis, in comessationi∣bus & balneis; imo & u∣bi{que} de Gehénna dispu∣taretur: non enim sinet in Gehennam incidere Gehennae meminisse. Propter hoc ipsum quis∣pe illam & paravit & minatus est ne in ipsam incidamus, timore ipsius meliores sacti, Idem ex Chrysost. Homil. 13. in Epist ad Roman. Ab hujusmodi eùm Christi tum Christianorum primogeniae ecclesie sermonibus convivialibus quantum discrepent nostri sermones conviviales quotidi∣ana experientia satis testatur. Erant illi graves, modesti, casti, pudici, pii, religiosi, nostri contrasunt leves, nugatorij, mendaces, scurriles, ••urpes, obscani, blasphemi, contumeliosi, quibus Dem patiter at{que} homines gravissime offenduntur. Sancte profecto veteres Hebraeorum sapientes dixerunt, eos qui in conviviis sermonem de rebus divinis non habent perinde se habere, ac si de sacrificiis mortuo∣rum comederent. Contra vero, qui Dei verbum, legem & divinae sapientiae opera celebrant, super hos quiescere divinite∣tem, & non secus eos habere, at{que} si de mensa ipsius Dei comederent. Contra hodie pleri{que} Christianorum sacrum sermonem plane 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 conviviu maxime existimant, quem siquis inferat, illum seu hominem incivilem, rusticum & agrestem exp••odunt at{que} ••ub∣sannant. Tamei si proh dotor! tanta est hodie nostrorum convivierum luxuria at{que} intemperantia, ut fiquis sacrúm aliquem & a••vi••um sermonem tis inferat, ille tanquam margaritas canibus at{que} porcit objiciens reprehensione digum esse videatur. Idem ibidem, ubietia•• plura de hac materia fusuis scripta videre est, ex antiqui•• scriptoribus & patribus, ut ex Plinia Iuniore, Cicerone, Iulio Capitolino, Seneca, Clemente Alexandr. August, Chrysost, &c. excerpta.
• * 1.574

  Accommodation of that which hath been said of exercises to the sicke.
• * 1.575

  In the exercise of the sicke two things to be observed.
• * 1.576

  What kind 〈…〉〈…〉 diseases 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it 〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.577

  Some chronicall ••••••∣eases admit not 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••••∣ercise••.
• * 1.578

  Hanging 〈◊〉〈◊〉 usefu•• for the sicke.
• * 1.579

  Frictions in frequent use among the ••••••••∣ents.
• * 1.580

  Ligatures of extre∣mities.
• * 1.581

  In time of health e∣very one ought to pre∣pare for death.
• h 1.582

  Robert Polton prea∣cher of Gods Word at Brougton in North∣ampton shire
• * 1.583

  Cessation and rest from exercise.
• i 1.584

  ••. Epid. sect. 4.
• k 1.585

  5 de 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••••venda.
• * 1.586

  Hot and dry consti∣tutions are not to use ••o viol••nt exercise as others.