The principal nauigations, voyages, traffiques and discoueries of the English nation. [vols. 1-3] made by sea or ouer-land, to the remote and farthest distant quarters of the earth, at any time within the compasse of these 1600. yeres: deuided into three seuerall volumes, according to the positions of the regions, whereunto they were directed. The first volume containeth the worthy discoueries, &c. of the English ... The second volume comprehendeth the principall nauigations ... to the south and south-east parts of the world ... By Richard Hakluyt preacher, and sometime student of Christ-Church in Oxford.

To proue by authoritie a passage to be on the Northside of Ame∣rica, to goe to Cathaia, and the East India.

Chapter I.

WHen I gaue my selfe to the studie of Geographie, after I had perused and diligently scanned the descriptions of Europe, Asia & Afrike, and conferred them with the Mappes and Globes both Antique and Moderne: I came in fine to the fourth part of the world, commonly called America, which by all descriptions I found to bee an Iland enuironed round about with Sea, hauing on the Southside of it the frete or straight of Magellan, on the West side Mar del Sur, which Sea runneth towards the North, separating it from the East parts of Asia, where the Dominions of the Cathaians are: On the East part our West Ocean, and on the

North side the sea that seuereth it from Groneland, thorow which Northren Seas the Passage lyeth, which I take now in hand to discouer.

Plato in Timaeo, and in the Dialogue called Critias, discourseth of an incomparable great I∣land then called Atlantis, being greater then all Affrike and Asia, which lay Westward from the Straights of Gibraltar, nauigable round about: affirming also that the Princes of Atlantis did aswell enioy the gouernance of all Affrike, and the most part of Europe, as of Atlantis it selfe.

Also to proue Platos opinion of this Iland, and the inhabiting of it in ancient time by them of Europe, to be of the more credite; Marinaeus Siculus in his Chronicle of Spaine, reporteth that there haue bene found by the Spaniards in the gold Mines of America, certaine pieces of Money ingraued with the Image of Augustus Caesar: which pieces were sent to the Pope for a testimo∣nie of the matter, by Iohn Rufus Archbishop of Consentinum.

Moreouer, this was not only thought of Plato, but by Marsilius Ficinus, an excellent Floren∣tine Philosopher, Crantor the Graecian, and Proclus,* 1.1 and Philo the famous Iew (as appeareth in his ••ooke De Mundo, and in the Commentaries vpon Plato) to be ouerflowen and swallowed vp with water, by reason of a mightie earthquake, and streaming downe of the heauenly Flud∣gates. The like whereof happened vnto some part of Italy, when by the forciblenes of the Sea, called Superum, it cut off Sicilia from the Continent of Calabria, as appeareth in Iustine,* 1.2 in the be∣ginning of his fourth booke. Also there chanced the like in Zeland a part of Flanders.

* 1.3And also the Cities of Py••rha and Antissa, about Meotis palus: and also the Citie Burys, in the Corynthian bosome, commonly called Sinus Corinthiacus, haue bene swallowed vp with the Sea, and are not at this day to be discerned: By which accident America grew to be vnknowen of long time, vnto vs of the later ages, and was lately discouered againe, by Americus Vespucius, in the yeere of our Lord 1497. which some say to haue bene first discouered by Christophorus Columbus a Genuois, Anno 1492.

The same calamitie happened vnto this Isle of Atlantis 600. and odde yeres before Plato his time, which some of the people of the Southeast parts of the world accompted as 9000. yeeres•• for the maner then was to reckon the Moone her Period of the Zodiak for a yeere, which is our vsuall moneth, depending à Luminari mino••i.

So that in these our dayes there can no other mayne or Islande be found or iudged to bee par∣cell of this Atlantis, then those Westerne Islands, which beare now the name of America: coun∣teruailing thereby the name of Atlantis, in the knowledge of our age.

Then, if when no part of the sayd Atlantis was oppressed by water, and earthquake, the coasts round about the same were nauigable:* 1.4 a farre greater hope now remaineth of the same by the Northwest, seeing the most part of it was (since that time) swallowed vp with water, which could not vtterly take away the olde deeps and chanels, but rather, be an occasion of the inlarging of the olde, and also an inforcing of a great many new: why then should we now doubt of our Northwest passage and nauigation from England to India? &c. seeing that Atlantis now called America, was euer knowen to be an Island, and in those dayes nauigable round about, which by accesse of more water could not be diminished.

Also Aristotle in his booke De mundo, and the learned Germaine Simon Gryneus in his an∣notations vpon the same, saith that the whole earth (meaning thereby, as manifestly both appeare, Asia, Africk, and Europe, being all the countreys then knowen) is but one Island, compassed a∣bout with the reach of the sea Atlantine: which likewise prooueth America to be an Island, and in no part adioyning to Asia, or the rest.

* 1.5Also many ancient writers, as Strabo and others, called both the Ocean sea (which lieth East of India) Atlanticum pelagus, and that sea also on the West coasts of Spaine and A∣frick, Mare Atlanticum: the distance betweene the two coasts is almost halfe the compasse of the earth.

So that it is incredible, as by Plato appeareth manifestly, that the East Indian Sea had the name Atlanticum pelagus of the mountaine Atlas in Africk, or yet the sea adioyning to Africk, had the name Oceanus Atlanticus of the same mountaine:* 1.6 but that those seas and the mountaine Atlas were so called of this great Island Atlantis, and that the one and the other had their names for a memorial of the mighty prince Atlas, sometime king thereof, who was Iaphet yongest sonne to Noah, in whose time the whole earth was diuided betweene the three brethren, Sem, Cam, and Iaphet.

Wherefore I am of opinion that America by the Northwest will be found fauourable to this our enterprise, and am the rather imboldened to beleeue the same, for that I finde it not onely confirmed by Plato, Aristotle, and other ancient Phylosophers: but also by all the best moderne

Geographers, as Gemma Frisius, Munsterus, Appianus, Hunterus, Gastaldus, Guyccardinus, Michael Tramasinus, Franciscus Demongenitus, Bernardus Pureanus, Andreas Vauasor, Tra∣montanus, Petrus Martyr, and also Ortelius, who doth coast out in his generall Mappe set out Anno 1569, all the countreys and Capes, on the Northwest side of America, from Ho••helaga to Cape de Paraman••ia: describing likewise the sea coastes of Cataia and Gronland, towards a∣ny part of America, making both Gronland and America, Islands disioyned by a great sea, from any part of Asia.

All which learned men and painefull trauellers haue affirmed with one consent and voice, that America was an Island: and that there lyeth a great Sea betweene it, Cataia, and Grond∣land, by the which any man of our countrey, that will giue the attempt, may with small danger passe to Cataia, the Moluccae, India, and all other places in the East, in much shorter time, then either the Spaniard, or Portugal doeth, or may doe, from the neerest parte of any of ••heir coun∣treys within Europe.

What moued these learned men to affirme thus much, I know not, or to what ende so many and sundry trauellers of both ages haue allowed the same:* 1.7 But I coniecture that they would neuer haue so constantly affirmed, or notified their opinions therein to the world, if they had not had great good cause, and many probable reasons, to haue lead them thereunto.

Now least you should make small accompt of ancient writers or of their experiences which trauelled long before our times, reckoning their authority amongst fables of no importance: I haue for the better assurance of those proofes, set downe some part of a discourse, written in the Saxon tongue, and translated into English by M. Nowel seruant to Sir William Cecil, lord Burleigh, and lord high treasurer of England. wherein there is described a Nauigation, which one Ochther made, in the time of king Alfred,* 1.8 King of Westsaxe Anno 871. the words of which discourse were these: Hee sailed right North, hauing alwaies the desert land on the Star∣borde, and on the Larbord the maine sea, continuing his course, vntill hee perceiued that the coast bowed directly towards the East, or else the Sea opened into the land he could not tell how farre,* 1.9 where he was compelled to stay vntil he had a westerne winde, or somewhat vpon the North, and sayled thence directly East alongst the coast, so farre as hee was able in foure dayes, where he was againe inforced to tary vntill hee had a North winde, because the coast there bowed directly towards the South, or at least opened he knew not howe farre into the land, so that he sayled thence along the coast continually full South, so farre as he could trauell in the space of fiue dayes, where hee discouered a mighty riuer, which opened farre into the land, and in the entrie of this riuer he turned backe againe.

Whereby it appeareth that he went the very same way, that we now doe yerely trade by S. Ni∣cholas into Moscouia, which way no man in our age knew for certaintie to be by sea, vntil it was since discouered by our English men, in the time of King Edward the sixt:* 1.10 but thought before that time that Groneland had ioyned to Normoria, Byarmia, &c. and therefore was accompted a new discouery, being nothing so indeede, as by this discourse of Ochther it appeareth.

Neuerthelesse if any man should haue taken this voyage in hand by the encouragement of this onely author, he should haue bene thought but simple: considering that this Nauigation was writ∣ten so many yeres past, in so barbarous a tongue by one onely obscure author, and yet we in these our dayes finde by our owne experiences his former reports to be true.

How much more then ought we to beleeue this passage to Cataia to bee, being verified by the opinions of all the best, both Antique, and Moderne Geographers, and plainely set out in the best and most allowed Mappes, Charts, Globes, Cosmographical tables & discourses of this our age, and by the rest not denied, but left as a matter doubtfull.

To prooue by reason, a passage to be on the Northside of Ame∣rica, to goe to Cataia, &c. Chap. 3.

FIrst, all seas are maintained by the abundance of water, so that the neerer the end any Riuer,* 1.11 Bay or Hauen is, the shallower it waxeth, (although by some accidentall barre, it is sometime found otherwise) But the farther you sayle West from Island towards the place, where this fret is thought to be, the more deepe are the seas: which giueth vs good hope of continuance of the same Sea with Mar del Sur, by some fret that lyeth betweene America, Groneland and Cataia.

2 Also if that America were not an Island, but a part of y^e continent adioyning to Asia, either

the people which inhabite Mangia, Anian, & Quinzay, &c. being borderers vpon it, would before this time haue made some road into it, hoping to haue found some like cōmodities to their owne••

3 Or els the Scythians and Tartarians (which often times heretofore haue sought farre and neere for new seats,* 1.12 driuen thereunto through the necessitie of their cold and miserable coun∣treys) would in all this time haue found the way to America, and entred the same, had the passa∣ges bene neuer so straite or difficult; the countrey being so temperate, pleasant and fruitfull, in comparison of their owne. But there was neuer any such people found there by any of the Spa∣niards, Portugals, or Frenchmen, who first discouered the Inland of that countrey: which Spa∣niards, or Frenchmen must then of necessitie haue seene some one ciuil man in America, consi∣dering how full of ciuill people Asia is: But they neuer saw so much as one token or signe, that euer any man of the knowen part of the world had bene there.

4 Furthermore it is to be thought, that if by reason of mountaines, or other craggy places, the people neither of Cataia or Tartarie could enter the countrey of America, or they of America haue entred Asia if it were so ioyned: yet some one sauage or wandring beast would in so many yeres haue passed into it: but there hath not any time bene found any of the beasts proper to Cataia, or Tartarie &c. in America: nor of those proper to America, in Tartarie, Cataia, &c. or any part of Asia. Which thing proueth America, not onely to be one Island, and in no part adioyning to Asia: But also that the people of those Countreys, haue not had any traffique with each other.

5 Moreouer at the least some one of those painefull trauellers, which of purpose haue passed the confines of both countreys, with intent only to discouer, would as it is most likely haue gone from the one to the other: if there had bene any piece of land, or Isthmos, to haue ioyned them together, or els haue declared some cause to the contrary.

6 But neither Paulus Venetus, who liued and dwelt a long time in Cataia, euer came into America, and yet was at the sea coastes of Mangia, ouer against it where he was embarked, and perfourmed a great Nauigation along those seas: Neither yet Verarzanus, or Franciscus Vas∣ques de Coronado, who trauelled the North part of America by land, euer found entry from thence by land to Cataia, or any part of Asia.

* 1.137 Also it appeareth to be an Island, insomuch as the Sea runneth by nature circularly from the East to the West, following the diurnal motion of Primum Mobile, which carieth with it all inferiour bodies moueable, aswel celestiall as elemental: which motion of the waters is most eui∣dently seene in the Sea, which lieth on the Southside of Afrike, where the current that runneth from the East to the West is so strong (by reason of such motiō) that the Portugals in their voy∣ages Eastward to Calicut, in passing by Cap. de buona Sperança are inforced to make diuers courses, the current there being so swift as it striketh from thence all along Westward vpon the fret of Magellan, being distant from thence, neere the fourth part of the longitude of the earth: and not hauing free passage and entrance thorow the fret towards the West, by reason of the narrownesse of the sayd Straite of Magellan, it runneth to salue this wrong (Nature not yeelding to accidentall restraints) all along the Easterne coastes of America, Northwards so far as Cape Fredo, being the farthest knowne place of the same continent towards the North: which is about 4800 leagues, reckoning there withal the trending of the land.

8 So that this current being continually maintained with such force, as Iaques Cartier affirmeth it to be, who met with the same being at Baccalaos, as he sayled along the coastes of America, then either it must of necessitie haue way to passe from Cape Fredo, thorow this fret, Westward towards Cataia, being knowen to come so farre, onely to salue his former wrongs, by the authority before named: or els it must needes strike ouer, vpon the coast of Island, Norway, Finmarke, and Lappia, (which are East from the sayd place about 360 leagues) with greater force then it did from Cape de buona Sperança,* 1.14 vpon the fret of Magellan, or from the fret of Magellan to Cape Fredo, vpon which coastes Iaques Car••ier met with the same, considering the shortnesse of the Cut from the sayd Cape Fredo, to Island, Lappia, &c. And so the cause Effi∣cient remaining, it would haue continually followed along our coasts, through the narrow seas, which it doth not, but is disgested about the North of Labrador, by some through passage there thorow this fret.

The like course of the water in some respect happeneth in the Mediterrane sea (as affirmeth Conterenus) wheras the current which commeth from Tanais,* 1.15 & Pontus Euxinus, running along all the coasts of Greece, Italy, France, and Spaine, and not finding sufficient way out through Gibraltar, by meanes of the straitnesse of the fret it runneth backe againe along the coastes of Barbary, by Alexandria, Natolia, &c.

It may (peraduenture) bee thought that this course of the sea doth sometime surcease, and

thereby impugne this principle, because it is not discerned all along the coast of America, in such sort as Iaques Cartier found it: Whereunto I answere this:* 1.16 that albeit, in euery part of the Coast of America,* 1.17 or elswhere this current is not sensibly perceiued, yet it hath euermore such like motion, either in the vppermost or nethermost part of the sea: as it may be proued true, if ye sinke a sayle by a couple of ropes, neere the ground, fastening to the nethermost corners two gunne chambers or other weights: by the driuing whereof you shall plainely perceiue, the course of the water, and current, running with such course in the bottome.

By the like experiment, you may finde the ordinary motion of the sea, in the Ocean: howe farre soeuer you be off the land.

9 Also there commeth another current from out the Northeast from the Scythian Sea (as M. Ienkinson a man of rare vertue, great trauaile and experience, told me) which runneth West∣ward towardes Labrador, as the other did, which commeth from the South:* 1.18 so that both these currents, must haue way thorow this our fret, or else encounter together and runne contrarie courses, in one line, but no such conflicts of streames, or contrary courses are found about any part of Labrodor, or Terra noua, as witnesse our yeerely fishers, and other saylers that way, but is there disgested, as aforesayd, and found by experience of Barnard de la Torre, to fall into Mar del Sur.

10 Furthermore, the current in the great Ocean, could not haue beene maintained to runne continually one way, from the beginning of the world vnto this day, had there not beene some thorow passage by the fret aforesayd, and so by circular motion bee brought againe to maintaine it selfe: For the Tides and courses of the sea are maintayned by their interchangea∣ble motions: as fresh riuers are by springs, by ebbing and flowing, by rarefaction and conden∣sation.

So that it resteth not possible (so farre as my simple reason can comprehend) that this perpe∣tual•• current can by any meanes be maintained,* 1.19 but onely by continuall reaccesse of the same wa••er, which passeth thorow the fret, and is brought about thither againe, by such circular mo∣tion as aforesayd. And the certaine falling thereof by this fret into Mar del Sur is prooued by the testimonie and experience, of Bernard de la Torre, who was sent from P. de la Natiuidad to the Moluccae, Anno domini 1542. by commandement of Anthony Mendoza, then Viceroy of Noua Hispania, which Bernard sayled 750. Leagues, on the Northside of the Aequator, and there met with a current,* 1.20 which came from the Northeast the which droue him backe againe to Tidore.

Wherfor••, this current being proued to come from C. de buona Sperança to the fret of Ma∣gellan, and wanting sufficient entrance there, by narrownes of the straite, is by the necessitie of natures force, brought to Terra de Labrador, where Iaques Cartier met the same, and thence certainly knowen, not to strike ouer vpon Island, Lappia, &c. and found by Bernard de la Torre in Mar del Sur, on the backeside of America: therefore this current (hauing none other passage) must of necessity, fall out thorow this our fret into Mar del Sur, and so trending by the Muluccae, China, and C. de buona Sperança, maintaineth it selfe by circular motion, which is all one in na∣ture, with Motus ab Oriente in Occidentem.

So that it seemeth, we haue now more occasion to doubt of our returne, then whether there be a passage that way, yea or no: which doubt, hereafter shall be sufficiently remooued. Where∣fore, in mine opinion, reason it self, grounded vpon experience, assureth vs of this passage, if there were nothing els to put vs in hope thereof. But least these might not suffice, I haue added in this chapter following, some further proofe hereof, by the experience of such as haue passed some part of this discouerie: and in the next adioining to that the authority of those, which haue sailed wholy, thorow euery part thereof.

To proue by experience of sundry mens trauels, the opening of some part of this Northwest passage: wherby good hope remaineth of the rest. Chap. 3.

PAulus Venetus, who dwelt many yeres in Cataia, affirmed that hee sayled 1500 miles vpon the coastes of Mangia, and Anian, towards the Northeast: alwayes finding the Seas open before him, not onely as farre as he went, but also as farre as he could discerne.

2 Also Franciscus Vasques de Coronado passing from Mexico by Ceuola, through the countrey of Quiuira, to Siera Neuada, found there a great sea, where were certaine ships laden

with Merchandise, carrying on their prowes the pictures of certaine birds called Alcatrarzi,* 1.21 part whereof were made of golde, and part of siluer, who signified by signes, that they were thirty dayes comming thither: which likewise proueth America by experience to be disioyned from Cataia, on that part by a great Sea, because they could not come from any part of Ameri∣ca, as Natiues thereof: for that, so farre as is discouered, there hath not bene found there any one Shippe of that countrey.

* 1.223 In like maner, Iohn Baros testifieth that the Cosmographers of China (where he him∣selfe had bene) affirme that the Sea coast trendeth from thence Northeast, to 50 degrees of Sep∣tentrional latitude, being the furthest part that way which the Portugals had then knowledge of: And that the said Cosmographers knew no cause to the contrary, but that it might continue further.

By whose experiences America is prooued to be separate from those parts of Asia, directly a∣gainst the same. And not contented with the iudgements of these learned men only, I haue sear∣ched what might be further sayd for the confirmation hereof.

4 And I found that Franciscus Lopez de Gomara affirmeth America to be an Island, and likewise Gronland: and that Gronland is distant from Lappia 40 leagues, and from Terra de Labrador, 50.

5 Moreouer, Aluarus Nunnius a Spaniard, and learned Cosmographer, and Iacobus Car∣tier, who made two voyages into those parts, and sayled 900 miles vpon the Northeast coastes of America doe in part confirme the same.

6 Likewise Hieronymus Fracastorius, a learned Italian, and trauailer in the North parts of the same land.

7 Also Iaques Cartier hauing done the like, heard say at Hochelaga in Noua Francia, how that there was a great Sea at Saguinay, whereof the end was not knowen: which they presup∣posed to be the passage to Cataia,

* 1.23Furthermore, Sebastian Cabota by his personal experience and trauel hath set foorth, and de∣••cribed this passage in his Charts, which are yet to be seene in the Queens Maiesties priuie Gal∣lerie at Whitehall, who was sent to make this discouery by king Henrie the seuenth, and entre•• the same fret: affirming that he sayled very farre Westward, with a quart••r of the North, on the Northside of Terra de Labrador the eleuenth of Iune, vntill he came to the Septentrionall lati∣tude of 67 degrees and a halfe, and finding the Seas still open, sayd, that he might, & would haue gone to Cataia, if the mutime of the Master and Mariners had not bene.

Now as these mens experience hath proued some part of this passage: so the chapter follow∣ing shal put you in full assurance of the rest, by their experiences which haue passed through euery part thereof.

To prooue by circumstance that the Northwest passage hath bene sayled throughout. Chap. 4.

* 1.24THe diuersitie betweene bruite beastes and men, or betweene the wise and the simple is, that the one iudgeth by sense onely, and gathereth no surety of any thing that he hath not seene, felt, heard, tasted, or smelled: And the other not so onely, but also findeth the certaintie of things by reason, before they happen to be tryed. Wherefore I haue added proofes of both sorts, that the one and the other might thereby be satisfied.

1 First, as Gemma Frisius reciteth, there went from Europe three brethren through this passage: whereof it tooke the name of Fretum trium fratrum.

2 Also Plinie affirmeth out of Cornelius Nepos, (who wrote 57 yeeres before Christ) that there were certaine Indians driuen by tempest, vpon the coast of Germanie which were presen∣ted by the king of Sueuia, vnto Quintus Metellus Celer, the Proconsull of France.

* 1.253 And Plinie vpon the same sayth, that it is no maruell though there be Sea by the North, where there is such abundance of moisture: which argueth that hee doubted not of a nauigable passage that way, through which those Indians came.

4 And for the better proofe that the same authoritie of Cornelius Nepos is not by me wre∣sted, to proue my opinion of the Northwest passage: you shall finde the same affirmed more plain∣ly in that behalfe, by the excellent Geographer Dominicus Marius Niger,* 1.26 who sheweth how ma∣ny wayes the Indian sea stretcheth it selfe, making in that place recital of certaine Indians, that were likewise driuen through the North Seas from India, vpon the coastes of Germany, by

great tempest, as they were sayling in trade of marchandize.

5 Also while Frederic Barbarossa reigned Emperour, Anno Do. 1160.* 1.27 there came certaine other Indians vpon the coast of Germanie.

6 Likewise Othon in the storie of the Gothes affirmeth, that in the time of the Germane Emperours, there were also certaine Indians cast by force of weather, vpon the coast of the sayd countrey, which foresaid Indians could not possibly haue come by the Southeast, South∣west, nor from any part of Afrike or America, nor yet by the Northeast: therefore they came of necessitie by this our Northwest passage.

To prooue that these Indians aforenamed came not by the Southeast, Southwest, nor from any other part of Afrike, or America. Cap. 5.

FIrst, they could not come from the Southeast by the Cape de bona Sperança, because the roughnes of the Seas there is such (occasioned by the currents and great winds in that part) that the greatest Armadas the king of Portugal hath, cannot without great difficulty passe that way, much lesse then a Canoa of India could liue in those outragious seas without shipwracke (being a vessell of very small burden) and haue conducted themselues to the place aforesayd, be∣ing men vnexpert in the Arte of nauigation.

2 Also, it appeareth plainely that they were not able to come from alongst the coast of Afrike aforesayd, to those parts of Europe, because the winds doe (for the most part) blow there Easter∣ly off from the shore, and the current running that way in like sort, should haue driuen them Westward vpon some part of America: for such winds and tides could neuer haue led them from thēce to the said place where they were found, nor yet could they haue come from any of the coun∣tries aforesayd, keeping the seas alwayes, without skilful mariners to haue conducted them such like courses as were necessary to performe ••uch a voiage.

3 Presupposing also, if they had bene driuen to the West (as they must haue bene, comming that way) then they should haue perished, wanting supplie of victuals, not hauing any place (once leauing the coast of Afrike) vntill they came to America, nor from America vntill they arriued vpon some part of Europe, or the Islands adioyning to it, to haue refreshed themselues.

4 Also, if (notwithstanding such impossibilities) they might haue recouered Germanie by comming from India by the Southeast, yet must they without all doubt haue striken vpon some other part of Europe before their arriuall there, as the Isles of the Açores, Portugal, Spaine, France, England, Ireland, &c. which if they had done, it is not credible that they should or would haue departed vndiscouered of the inhabitants: but there was neuer found in those dayes any such ship or men but only vpon the coasts of Germanie, where they haue bene sundry times and in sun∣dry ages cast a land: neither is it like that they would haue committed themselues againe to sea, if they had so arriued, not knowing where they were, nor whither to haue gone.

5 And by the Southwest it is vnpossible, because the current aforesayd which cōmeth from the East,* 1.28 striketh with such force vpon the fret of Magellan, and falleth with such swiftnesse and furie into Mar del Zur, that hardly any ship (but not possibly a Canoa, with such vnskilfull ma∣riners) can come into our Westerne Ocean through that fret, from the West seas of America, as Magellans experience hath partly taught vs.

6 And further, to prooue that these people so arriuing vpon the coast of Germany, were In∣dians, & not inhabiters of any part either of Africa or America, it is manifest, because the natiues both of Africa and America neither had,* 1.29 or haue at this day (as is reported) other kind of boates then such as do beare neither mastes nor sailes, (except onely vpon the coasts of Barbarie and the Turkes ships) but do carie themselues from place to place neere the shore by the ore onely.

To prooue that those Indians came not by the Northeast, and that there is no thorow nauigable passage that way. Cap. 6.

IT is likely that there should be no thorow passage by the Northeast, whereby to goe round a∣bout the world, because all Seas (as aforesayd) are maintained by the abundance of water, waxing more shallow and shelffie towards the ende, as we find it doeth by experience in Mar•• Glaciali, towards the East, which breedeth small hope of any great continuance of that sea, to be nauigable towards the East, sufficient to saile thereby round about the world.

* 1.302 Also, it standeth scarcely with reason, that the Indians dwelling vnder Torrida Zona, could endure the iniurie of the cold ayre, about the Septentrional latitude of 80. degrees, vnder which eleuation the passage by the Northeast cannot bee (as the often experience had of all the South parts of it sheweth) seeing that some of the inhabitants of this cold climate (whose Summer is to them an extreme Winter) haue bene stroken to death with the cold damps of the aire about 72 degrees,* 1.31 by an accidental mishap, and yet the aire in such like Eleuation is alwaies cold, and too cold for such as the Indians are.

3 Furthermore, the plercing cold of the grosse thicke aire so neere the Pole wil so stiffen and furre the sailes and ship tackling, that no mariner can either hoise or strike them (as our experience farre neerer the South, then this passage is presupposed to be, hath taught vs) without the vse whereof no voiage can be performed.

4 Also, the aire is so darkened with continuall mists and fogs so neere the Pole, that no man can well see, either to guide his ship, or direct his course.

5 Also the compasse at such eleuation doth very suddenly vary, which things must of force haue bene their destructions, although they had bene men of much more skill then the Indians are.

* 1.326 Moreouer, all baies, gulfes, and riuers doe receiue their increase vpon the flood, sensibly to be discerned on the one side of the shore or the other, as many waies as they be open to any main sea, as Mare Mediterraneum, Mare Rubrum, Sinus Persicus, Sinus Bodicus, Thamesis, and all other knowen hauens or riuers in any part of the world, and each of them opening but on one part to the m••ine sea, doe likewise receiue their increase vpon the flood the same way, and none other, which Mare Glaciale doeth, onely by the West; as M. Ienkinson affirmed vnto me: and therfore it followeth that this Northeast sea, receiuing increase but onely from the West, cannot possibly open to the maine Ocean by the East.

7 Moreouer, the farther you passe into any sea towards the end of it, on that part which is shut vp from the maine sea (as in all those aboue mentioned) the lesse and lesse the tides rise and fall. The like whereof also happeneth in Mare Glaciale, which proueth but small continuance of that Sea toward the East.

8 Also, the further yee goe toward the East in Mare Glaciale, the lesse salt the water is: which could not happen, if it were open to the salt Sea towards the East, as it is to the West on∣ly,* 1.33 seeing Euery thing naturally ingendreth his like: and then must it be like salt throughout, as all the seas are, in such like climate and eleuation.

And therefore it seemeth that this Northeast sea is maintained by the riuer Ob, and such like fresshets,* 1.34 as Mare Goticum, and Mare Mediterraneum, in the vppermost parts thereof by the ri∣uers Nilus, Danubius•• Neper, Tanais, &c.

9 Furthermore, if there were any such sea at that eleuation, of like it should be alwaies frozen throughout (there being no tides to hinder it) because the extreme coldnes of the aire being in the vppermost part, and the extreme coldnesse of the earth in the bottome, the sea there being but of small depth, whereby the one accidentall coldnesse doth meet with the other, and the Sunne not hauing his reflection so neere the Pole, but at very blunt angles, it can neuer be dissolued after it is frozen, notwithstanding the great length of their day: for that the sunne hath no heate at all in his light or beames, but proceeding onely by an accidentall reflection, which there wa••teth in effect.

10 And yet if the Sunne were of sufficient force in that eleuation, to preuaile against this ice, yet must it be broken before it can be dissolued, which cannot be but through the long continuance of the sunne aboue their Horizon, and by that time the Sommer would be so farre spent, and so great darkenes and cold ensue, that no man could be able to endure so cold, darke, and discomforta∣ble a nauigation, if it were possible for him then, and there to liue.

11 Further, the ice being once broken, it must of force so driue with the windes and tides, that no ship can saile in those seas, seeing our Fishers of Island, and the New found land, are sub∣iect to danger through the great Islands of Ice which fleete in the Seas (to the sailers great dan∣ger) farre to the South of that presupposed passage.

12 And it cannot be that this Northeast passage should be any neerer the South, then before recited, for then it should cut off C••remissi, & Turbi Tartari, with Vzesucani, Chisani, and others from the Co••tinent of Asia, which are knowen to be adioyning to Scythia, Tartaria, &c. with the other part of the same Continent.

And if there were any thorowe passage by the Northeast, yet were it to small ende and purpose for our traffique, because no shippe of great burden can Na••igate in so shallow a Sea:

and ships of small burden are very vnfit & vnprofitable, especially towards the blustering North, to performe such a voyage.

To prooue that the Indians aforenamed, came only by the North∣west, which induceth a certaintie of our passage by experience. Cap. 7.

IT is as likely that they came by the Northwest, as it is vnlikely that they should come either by the Southeast, Southwest, Northeast, or from any other part of Africa or America, and therefore this Northwest passage hauing bene alreadie so many wayes proued, by disproouing of the others, &c. I shall the lesse neede in this place, to vse many words otherwise then to con∣clude in this sort, That they came onely by the Northwest from England, hauing these many reasons to leade me thereunto.

1 First, the one halfe of the windes of the compasse might bring them by the Northwest, be••∣ring alwayes betweene two sheats, with which kind of sayling the Indians are onely acquainted, not hauing any vse of a bow lin••, or quarter winde, without the which no ship can possibly come either by the Southeast, Southwest or Northeast, hauing so many sundry Capes to double, whereunto are required such change and shift of windes.

2 And it seemeth likely that they should come by the Northwest,* 1.35 because the coast whereon they were driuen, lay East from this our passage, And all windes doe naturally driue a ship to an opposite point from whence it bloweth, not being otherwise guided by Arte, which the In∣dians do vtterly want, & therefore it seemeth that they came directly through this our fret, which they might doe with one wind.

3 For if they had come by the Cape de buona Sperança, then must they (as aforesaid) haue fallen vpon the South parts of America.

4 And if by the fret of Magellan, then vpon the coasts of Afrike, Spaine, Portugall, France, Ireland or England.

5 And if by the Northeast, then vpon the coasts of Ceremissi, Tartarij, L••ppia, Island, Terra de Labrador, &c. and vpon these coasts (as aforesaid) they haue neuer bene found.

So that by all likelihood they could neuer haue come without shipwracke vpon the coastes of Germanie, if they had first striken vpon the coastes of so many countries, wanting both Arte and shipping to make orderly discouery, and altogether ignorant both in the Arte of Nauigation, and also of the Rockes, Flats, Sands or Hauens of those parts of the world, which in most of these places are plentifull.

6 And further it seemeth very likely, that the inhabitants of the most part of those countries, by which they must haue come any other way besides by the Northwest, being for the most part Anthropophagi, or men eaters, would haue deuoured them, slaine them, or (at the least wise) kept them as wonders for the gaze.

So that it plainely appeareth that those Indians (which as you haue heard in sundry ages were driuen by tempest vpon the shore of Germanie) came onely through our Northwest pas∣sage.

7 Moreouer, the passage is certainely prooued by a Nauigation that a Portugall made, who passed through this fret, giuing name to a Promontorie farte within the same, calling it after his owne name, Promontorium Corterialis, neere adioyning vnto Polisacus fluuius.

8 Also one Scolmus a Dane entred and passed a great part thereof.

9 Also there was one Saluaterra, a Gentleman of Victoria in Spaine, that came by chance out of the West Indias into Ireland, Anno 1568. who affirmed the Northwest passage from vs to Cataia, constantly to be beleeued in America nauigable. And further said in the presence of sir Henry Sidney (then lord Deputie of Ireland) in my hearing, that a Frier of Mexico, called Andrew Vrdaneta, more then eight yeeres before his then comming into Ireland, told him there, that he came from Mar del Sur into Germany through this Northwest passage, & shewed Salua∣terra (at that time being then with him in Mexico) a Sea Card made by his owne experience and trauell in that voyage, wherein was plainly set downe and described this Northwest passage, agreeing in all points with Ortelius mappe.

And further, this Frier tolde the king of Portugall (as he returned by that countrey home∣ward) that there was (of certainty) such a passage Northwest from England, and that he meant to publish the same: which done, the king most earnestly desired him not in any wise to disclose or make the passage knowen to any nation: For that (said the king) if England had knowledge

and experience thereof, it would greatly hinder both the king of Spai••e and me.* 1.36 This Frier (as Saluaterra reported) was the greatest Discouerer by sea, that hath bene in our age. Also Sal∣uaterra being perswaded of this passage by the frier Vrdaneta, and by the common opinion of the Spaniards inhabiting America, offered most willingly to accompanie me in this Discouery, which of like he would not haue done if he had stood in doubt thereof.

And now as these moderne experiences cannot be impugned, so, least it might be obiected that these things (gathered out of ancient writers, which wrote so many yeeres past) might serue litle to prooue this passage by the North of America, because both America and India were to them then vtterly vnknowen:* 1.37 to remooue this doubt, let this susfise: That Aristotle (who was 300. yeeres before Christ) named Mare Indicum.* 1.38 Also Berosus (who liued 330 yeres before Christ) hath these words, Ganges in India. Also in the first chapter of Hester be these wordes, In the dayes of Assuerus which ruled from India to Aethiopia, which Assuerus liued 580 yeeres before Christ. Also Quintus Curtius (where he speaketh of the conquests of Alexander) mentioneth India. Also, Arianus, Philostratus, and Sidrach in his discourses of the warres of the king of Ba∣ctria, and of Garaab, who had the most part of India vnder his gouernment. All which assureth vs, that both India and Indians were knowen in those dayes.

These things considered, we may (in my opinion) not only assure our selues of this passage by the Northwest, but also that it is nauigable both to come and go, as hath bene prooued in part and in all, by the experience of diuers, as Sebastian Cabota, Cor••erialis, the three brethren aboue na∣med, the Indians, and Vrdaneta the Frier of Mexico, &c.

And yet notwithstanding all this, there be some that haue a better hope of this passage to Ca••aia by the Northeast then by the West, whose reasons with my seuerall answeres ensue in the chapter following.

Certaine reasons alleaged for the proouing of a passage by the Northeast, before the Queenes Maiestie, and certaine Lords of the Coun∣sell, by Master Anthonie Ienkinson, with my seuerall answeres then vsed to the same. Cap. 8.

BEcause you may vnderstand as well those things alleaged against me, as what doth serue for my purpose, I haue here added the reasons of Master Anthony Ienkinson a worthy gentle∣man, and a great traueller, who conceiued a better hope of the passage to Cataia from vs, to be by the Northeast, then by the Northwest.

He first said that he thought not to the contrary, but that there was a passage by the North∣west,* 1.39 according to mine opinion: but assured he was, that there might be found a nauigable pas∣sage by the Northeast from England, to goe to all the East parts of the world, which he ende∣uoured to prooue three wayes.

* 1.40The first was that he heard a Fisherman of Tartaria say in hunting the Morce, that he sayled very farre towards the Southeast, finding no end of the Sea: whereby he hoped a thorow pas∣sage to be that way.

* 1.41Whereunto I answered, that the Tartarians were a barbarous people, and vtterly ignorant in the Arte of Nauigation, not knowing the vse of the Sea Card, Compasse or Starre, which he confessed to be true: and therfore they could not (said I) certainly know the Southeast from the Northeast, in a wide sea, and a place vnknowen from the sight of the land.

Or if he sailed any thing neere the shore, yet he (being ignorant) might be deceiued by the doubling of many points and Capes, and by the trending of the land, albeit he kept continually alongst the shore.

And further, it might be that the poore Fisherman through simplicitie thought that there was nothing that way but sea,* 1.42 because he saw no land: which proofe (vnder correction) giueth small assurance of a Nauigable sea by the Northeast, to goe round about the world, For that he iudged by the eye onely, seeing we in this our cleare aire doe account twentie miles a k••n at Sea.

* 1.43His second reason is, that there was an Unicornes horne found vpon the coast of Tartaria, which could not come (said he) thither by any other meanes then with the tides, through some fret in the Northeast of Mare Glaciale, there being no Unicorne in any part of Asia, sauing in India and Cataia: which reason (in my simple iudgement) forceth as litle.

* 1.44First, it is doubtfull whether those barbarous Tartarians do know an Unicornes horne, yea, or no: and if it were one, yet it is not credible that the Sea could haue driuen it so farre, being of such nature that it will not swimme.

Also the tides running too and fro, would haue driuen it as farre backe with the ebbe, as it brought it forward with the flood.

There is also a beast called Asinus Indicus (whose horne most like it was) which hath but one horne like an Unicorne in his forehead, whereof there is great plenty in all the North parts ther∣unto adioyning, as in Lappia, Noruegia, Finmarke, &c. as Iacobus Zieglerus writeth in his historie of Scondia.

And as Albertus saieth, there is a fish which hath bu•• one horne in his forehead like to an Uni∣corne, and therefore it seemeth very doubtfull both from whence it came, and whether it were an Unicornes horne, yea, or no.

His third and last reason was,* 1.45 that there came a continuall streame or current through Mare Glaciale, of such swiftnesse (as a Colmax told him) that if you cast any thing therein, it would pre∣sently be carried out of sight towards the West.

Whereunto I answered,* 1.46 that there doth the like from Maeotis Palus, by Pontus Euxinus, Si∣nus Bosphorus, and along the coast of Graecia, &c. As it is affirmed by Contarenus, and diuers others that haue had experience of the same: and yet that Sea lieth not open to any maine Sea that way, but is maintained by fresshets as by Tanais, Danubius, &c.

In like maner is this current in Mare Glaciale increased and maintained by the Dwina, the riuer Ob, &c.

Now as I haue here briefly recited the reasons alleaged, to prooue a passage to Cataia by the Northeast, with my seuerall answeres thereunto: so will I leaue it to your iudgement, to hope or dispaire of either at your pleasure.

How that the passage by the Northwest is more commodious for our traffique, then the other by the East, if there were any such. Cap. 9.

FIrst, by the Northeast (if your windes doe not giue you a maruelous speedie & luckie passage) you are in danger (being so neere the Pole) to be benighted almost the one halfe of the yeere, and what danger that were, to liue so long comfortlesse, voide of light, (if the ••old killed you not) each man of reason or vnderstanding may iudge.

2 Also Mangia, Quinzai, and the Moluccae are neerer vnto vs by the Northwest,* 1.47 then by the Northeast, more then two fiue parts, which is almost by the halfe.

3 Also we may haue by the West a yerely returne, it being at all times nauigable, whereas you haue but 4. moneths in the whole yeere to goe by the Northeast: the passage being at such ele∣uation as it is formerly expressed, for it cannot be any neerer the South.

4 Furthermore, it cannot be finished without diuers win••rings by the way, hauing no hauens in any temperate climate to harbour in there: for it is as much as we can well saile from hence to S. Nicholas, in the trade of Moscouia, and returne in the nauigable season of the yeere, & from S. Nicholas to Cerimissi Tartari, which stande at 80 degrees of the Septentrionall latitude, it is at the least 400 leagues, which amounteth scarce to the third part of the way, to the end of your voyage by the Northeast.

5 And yet after you haue doubled this Cape, if then there might be found a nauigable Sea to carie you Southeast according to your desire, yet can you not winter conueniently, vntil you come to 60 degrees, and to take vp one degree running Southeast, you must saile 24 leagues and three foure parts, which amounteth to 495 leagues.

6 Furthermore, you may by the Northwest saile thither with all Easterly windes, and re∣turne with any Westerly windes, whereas you must haue by the Northeast sundry windes, and those proper, according to the lying of the coast and Capes, you shalbe inforced to double, which windes are not alwaies to be had, when they are looked for: wherby your iourney should be great∣ly prolonged, and hardly endured so neere the Pole. As we are taught by sir Hugh Willoughbie, who was frozen to death farre neerer the South.

7 Moreouer, it is very doubtfull, whether we should long inioy that trade by the Northeast, if there were any such passage that way, the commodities thereof once knowen to the Moscouite, what priuilege so euer hee hath granted, seeing pollicy with the masse of excessiue gaine, to the in∣riching (so greatly) of himselfe and all his dominions would perswade him to presume the same, hauing so great opportunitie to vtter the commodities of those countries by the Narue.

But by the Northwest, we may safely trade without danger or annoyance of any prince liuing, Christian or Heathen, it being out of all their trades.

8 Also the Queenes Maiesties dominions are neerer the Northwest passage then any other great princes that might passe that way, and both in their going and returne, they must of neces∣sitie succour themselues and their ships vpon some part of the same, if any tempestuous weather should happen.

Further, no princes nauie of the world is able to incounter the Queenes Maiesties nauie, as it is at this present: and yet it should be greatly increased by the traffike insuing vpon this disco∣uerie, for it is the long voyages that increase and maintaine great shipping.

Now it seemeth necessarie to declare what commodities would growe thereby, if all these things were, as we haue heretofore presupposed, and thought them to be: which next adioyning are briefly declared.

What commodities would ensue, this passage once discouered. Cap. 10.

FIrst, it were the onely way for our princes, to possesse the wealth of all the East parts (as they terme them) of the world, which is infinite: a•• appeareth by the experience of Alexander the great, in the time of his conquest of India, and other the East parts of the world, alleaged by Quintus Curtius, which would be a great aduancement to our countrey, a wonderfull inriching to our prince, and an vnspeakable commoditie to all the inhabitants of Europe.

2 For through the shortnesse of the voyage, we should be able to sell all maner of merchandize, brought from thence, farre better cheape then eit••er the Portugall or Spaniard doth or may do. And further, we should share with the Portugall in the East, & the Spaniard in the West, by tra∣ding to any part of America, thorow Mar del Sur, where they can no maner of way offend vs.

3 Also we might sayle to diuers very rich countreys, both ciuill and others, out of both their iurisdictions, trades and traffikes, where there is to be found great abundance of golde, siluer, precious stones, cloth of gold, silkes, all maner of spices, grocery wares, and other kinds of mer∣chandize of an inestimable price, which both the Spaniard and Portugall, through the length of their iournies, cannot well attaine vnto.

4 Also we might inhabite some part of those countryes, and settle there such needy people of our countrey, which now trouble the common wealth, and through want here at home are infor∣ced to commit outragious offences, whereby they are dayly consumed with the gallowes.

5 Moreouer, we might from all the aforesaid places haue a yeerely returne, inhabiting for our staple some conuenient place of America, about Sierra Neuada, or some other part, wheras it shal seeme best for the shortning of the voyage.

6 Beside vttering of our countrey commodities, which the Indians, &c. much esteeme: as appeareth in Hester, where the pompe is expressed of the great king of India, Assuerus, who mat∣ched the coloured clothes, wherewith his houses and tents were apparelled, with gold and siluer, as part of his greatest treasure: not mentioning either veluets, silkes, cloth of gold, cloth of sil∣uer, or such like, being in those countreyes most plentifull: whereby it plainly appeareth in what great estimation they would haue the clothes of this our countrey, so that there would be found a farre better vent for them by this meanes, then yet this realme euer had: and that without depen∣ding either vpon France, Spaine, Flanders, Portugall, Hamborow, Emden, or any other part of Europe.

7 Also, here we shall increase both our ships and mariners, without burthening of the state.

8 And also haue occasion to set poore mens children to learne handie craftes, and thereby to make trifles and such like, which the Indians and those people do much esteeme: by reason where∣of, there should be none occasion to haue our countrey combred with loiterers, vagabonds, and such like idle persons.

All these commodities would grow by following this our discouery, without iniury done to a∣ny Christian prince, by crossing them in any of their vsed trades, whereby they might take any iust occasion of offence.

Thus haue I briefly shewed you some part of the grounds of mine opinion, trusting that you will no longer iudge me fantasticke in this matter: seeing I haue conceiued no vaine hope of this voyage, but am perswaded thereunto by the best Cosmographers of our age, the same being con∣firmed both by reason and certaine experiences.

Also this discouery hath bene diuers times heretofore by others both offered, attempted, and performed.

It hath bene offered by Stephan Gomes vnto Carolus the fift Emperour, in the yeere of our

Lord God 1527, as Alphonso Vllua testifieth in the story of Carolus life: who would haue set him forth in it (as the story mentioneth) if the great want of money, by reason of his long warres had not caused him to su••cease the same.

And the king of Portugall fearing least the Emperour would haue perseuered in this his en∣terprise gaue him to lea••e the ma••ter vnattempted, the summe of 350000 crownes:* 1.48 and it is to be thought that the king of Portugall would not haue giuen to the Emperour such summes of money fo••••••ges in mooneshine.

I•• hath bene attempted by Sebastian Cabota in the time of king Henry the seuenth, by Cor∣terialis the Portugall•• and S••olmus the Da••e.* 1.49

And it hath bene performed by three brethren,* 1.50 the Indians aforesaid, and by Vrdaneta the Frier of Mexico.

Also diuers haue offered the like vnto the French king, who hath sent two or three times to haue discouered the same: The discouerers spending and consuming their victuals in searching the gulfes and bayes betweene Florida and Terra de Labrador, whereby the yce is broken to the after commers.

So that the right way may now easily be found out in short time: and that with litle ieoperdie and lesse expences.

For America is discouered so farre towardes the North as Cape Frio, which is at 62 degrees, and that part of Grondland next adioyning is knowen to stand but at 72 degrees.* 1.51 So that wee haue but 10 degrees to saile North & South, to put the world out of doubt hereof•• and it is likely that the king of Spaine, and the king of Portugall would not haue sit out all this while, but that they are sure to possesse to themselues all that trade they now vse, and feare to deale in this disco∣uery, least the Queenes Maiestie hauing so good opportunitie, and finding the commoditie which thereby might ••nsue to the common wealth, would cut them off, and enioy the whole traffique to her selfe, and thereby the Spaniards and Portugals,* 1.52 with their great charges, should beate the bush, and other men catch the birds: which thing they foreseeing, haue commanded that no pilot of theirs vpon paine of death, should seeke to discouer to the Northwest, or plat out in any Sea card any thorow passage that way by the Northwest.

Now, and if you will indifferently compare the hope that remaineth, to animate me to this en∣terprise, with those likelihoods which Columbus alleaged before Ferdinando the king of Casti∣lia, to prooue that there were such Ilands in the West Ocean, as were after by him and others discouered to the great commodity of Spaine and all the world: you will thinke then this North∣west passage to be most worthy trauell therein.

For Columbus had none of the West Ilands set foorth vnto him, either in globe or card, nei∣ther yet once mentioned of any writer (Plato excepted, and the commentaries vpon the same) from 942 yeeres before Christ, vntill that day.

Moreouer, Columbus himselfe had neither seene America nor any other of the Ilands about it, neither vnderstood he of them by the report of any other that had seene them, but only comfor∣ted himselfe with this hope, that the land had a beginning where the Sea had an ending: for as touching that which the Spaniards doe write of a Biscaine, which should haue taught him the way thither, it is thought to be imagined of them, to depriue Columbus of his honour, being none of their countrey man, but a stranger borne.

And if it were true of the Biscaine, yet did he but roue at the matter, or (at the least) gathered the knowledge of it, by coniectures onely.

And albeit my selfe haue not seene this passage or any part thereof, but am ignorant of it as touching experience (as Columbus was before his attempt made) yet haue I both the report, re∣lation, and authoritie of diuers most credible men, which haue both seene and passed through some and euery part of this discouery, besides sundry reasons for my assurance thereof: all which Co∣lumbus wanted.

These things considered, & indifferently weighed togither, with the wonderfull commodities which this discouery may bring, especially to this realme of England: I must needes conclude with learned Baptista Ramusius, and diuers other learned men, who said, that this discouery hath bene reserued for some noble prince or woorthie man, thereby to make himselfe rich, and the world happie•• desiring you to accept in good part this briefe and simple discourse, written in haste, which if I may perceiue that it shall not sufficiently satisfie you in this behalfe, I will then impart vnto you a large discourse, which I haue written onely of this discouery.

And further, because it sufficeth not only to know that such a thing there is, without abilitie to performe the same, I wil at leasure make you partaker of another simple discourse of nauigation,

wherein I haue not a litle trauelled, to make my selfe as sufficient to bring these things to effect, as I haue bene readie to offer my selfe therein.

And therein I haue deuised to amend the errors of vsuall sea cards, whose common fault is, to make the degrees of longitude in euery latitude of one like bignesse.

And haue al••o deuised therein a Spherical instrument, with a compasse of variation for the per∣fect knowing of the longitude.

And a precise order to pricke the sea card, together with certaine infallible rules for the short∣ning of any discouery, to know at the first ••ntring of any fret, whether it lie open to the Ocean more wayes then one, how farre soeuer the sea stretcheth it selfe into the land.

Desiring you hereafter neuer to mislike with me, for the taking in hande of any laudable and honest enterprise: for if through pleasure or idlenesse we purchase shame, the pleasure vanisheth, but the shame remaineth for euer.

* 1.53And therefore to giue me leaue without offence, alwayes to liue and die in this mind, That he is not worthy to liue at all, that for feare, or danger of death, shunneth his countries seruice, and his owne honour: seeing death is ineuitable, and the fame of vertue immortall. Where∣fore in this behalfe, Mutare vel timere sperno.

Certaine other reasons, or arguments to prooue a passage by the Northwest, learnedly written by M. Richard Willes Gentleman.

FOure famous wayes there be spoken of to those fruitfull and wealthie Islands, which wee doe vsually call Moluccaes, continually haunted for gaine, and dayly trauelled for riches therein growing. These Ilands, although they stand East from the Meridian, distant almost halfe the length of the worlde, in extreame heate, vnder the Equinoctiall line, possessed of In∣fidels and Barbarians: yet by our neighbours great abundance of wealth there is paine∣fully sought in respect of the voyage deerely bought, and from thence dangerously brought home vnto vs. Our neighbours I call the Portugals in comparison of the Molucchians for neere∣nesse vnto vs, for like situation Westward as we haue, for their vsuall trade with vs, for that the farre Southeasterlings doe knowe this part of Europe by no other name then Portugall, not greatly acquainted as yet with the other Nations thereof. Their voyage is very well vnder∣stood of all men, and the Southeasterne way round about Afrike by the Cape of Good hope more spoken of,1 1.54 better knowen and trauelled, then that it may seeme needfull to discourse thereof any further.

2 1.55The second way lyeth Southwest, betweene the West India or South America, and the South continent, through that narrow straight where Magellan first of all men that euer we doe read of, passed these latter yeeres, leauing thereunto therefore his name. This way no doubt the Spaniardes would commodiously take, for that it lyeth neere vnto their dominions there,* 1.56 could the Easterne current and leuan•• windes as easily suffer them to returne, as speedily therwith they may be carried thither: for the which difficultie, or rather impossibility of striuing against the force both of winde and streame, this passage is litle or nothing vsed, although it be very well knowen.

3 1.57The third way by the Northeast, beyond all Europe and Asia, that worthy and renowmed knight sir Hugh Willoughbie sought to his perill, enforced there to ende his life for colde, con∣gealed and frozen to death. And truely this way consisteth rather in the imagination of Geogra∣phers, then allowable either in reason, or approued by experience, as well it may appeare by the dangerous trending of the Scythish Cape set by Ortelius vnder the 80 degree North,* 1.58 by the vn∣likely sailing in that Northerne sea alwayes clad with yce and snow, or at the least continually pe∣stred therewith, if happily it be at any time dissolued: besides bayes and shelfes, the water waxing more shallow toward the East, that we say nothing of the foule mists and darke fogs in the cold clime, of the litle power of the Sunne to cleare the aire, of the vncomfortable nights, so neere the Pole, fiue moneths long.

4 1.59A fourth way to go vnto these aforesaid happy Ilands Moluccae sir Humfrey Gilbert a lear∣ned and valiant knight discourseth of at large in his new passage to Cathayo. The enterprise of it selfe being vertuous, the fact must doubtlesse deserue high praise, and whensoeuer it shal be fini∣shed, the fruits thereof cannot be smal: where vertue is guide, there is fame a follower, & fortune a companion. But the way is dangerous, the passage doubtfull, the voiage not throughly knowen, and therefore gainesaid by many, after this maner.

* 1.60First, who can assure vs of any passage rather by the Northwest then by the Northeast? doe

not both wayes lye in equall distance from the North Pole? Stand not the North Capes of ey∣ther continent vnder like eleuation? Is not the Ocean sea beyond America farther distant from our Meridian by 30. or 40. degrees West, then the extreame poyntes of Cathayo Eastward, if Ortelius generall Carde of the world be true?* 1.61 In the Northeast that noble Knight Syr Hugh Willoughbie perished for colde: and can you then promise a passenger any better happe by the Northwest? Who hath gone for triall sake at any time this way out of Europe to Cathayo?

If you seeke the aduise herein of such as make profession in Cosmographie,* 1.62 Ptolome the father of Geographie, and his eldest children, will answere by their mappes with a negatiue, concluding most of the Sea within the land, and making an ende of the world Northward, neere the 63. de∣gree. The same opinion, when learning chiefly florished, was receiued in the Romanes time, as by their Poets writings it may appeare: tibi seruiat vltima Thyle, said Virgil, being of opinion, that Island was the extreme part of the world habitable toward the North. Ioseph Moletius an Italian, and Mercator a Germaine, for knowledge men able to be compared with the best Geo∣graphers of our time, the one in his halfe Spheres of the whole world, the other in some of his great globes, haue continued the West Indies land, euen to the North Pole, and consequently, cut off all passage by sea that way.

The same doctors, Mercator in other of his globes and mappes, Moletius in his sea Carde, ne∣uerthelesse doubting of so great continuance of the former continent, haue opened a gulfe betwixt the W••st Indies and the extreame Northerne land: but such a one, that either is not to be trauel∣led for the causes in the first obiection alledged, or cleane shut vp from vs in Europe by Groen∣land: the South ende whereof Moletius maketh firme land with America, the North part con∣tinent with Lappeland and Norway.

Thirdly,* 1.63 the greatest fauourers of this voyage can not denie, but that if any such passage be, it lieth subiect vnto yce and snow for the most part of the yeere, whereas it standeth in the edge of the frostie zone. Before the Sunne hath warmed the ayre, and dissolued the yce, eche one well knoweth that there can be no sailing: the yce once broken through the continuall abode the sunne maketh a certaine season in those parts, how shall it be possible for so weake a vessel as a shippe is, to holde out amid whole Islands, as it were of yce continually beating on eche side, and at the mouth of that gulfe, issuing downe furiou••ly from the north, and safely to passe, when whole moun∣taines of yce and snow shall be tumbled downe vpon her?

Well, graunt the West Indies not to continue continent vnto the Pole,* 1.64 grant there be a pas∣sage betweene these two lands, let the gulfe lie neerer vs then commonly in cardes we finde it set, namely, betweene the 61. and 64. degrees north, as Gemma Fr••sius in his mappes and globes imagineth it, and so left by our countryman Sebastian Cabot in his table which the Earle of Bed∣ford hath at Cheinies: Let the way be voyde of all difficulties, yet doeth it not follow that wee haue free passage to Cathayo. For examples sake: You may trend all Norway, Finmarke, and Lappeland, and then bowe Southward to Saint Nicholas in Moscouia: you may like∣wise in the Mediterranean Sea fetch Constantinople, and the mouth of Tanais: yet is there no passage by Sea through Moscouia into Pont Euxine, now called Mare Maggiore. Againe, in the aforesaid Mediterranean sea, we saile to Alexandria in Egypt, the Barbarians bring their pearle and spices from the Moluccaes vp the Red sea or Arabian gulph to Sues, scarcely three dayes iourney from the aforesayd hauen: yet haue wee no way by sea from Alexandria to the Moluc∣caes, for that Isthmos or litle straight of land betweene the two seas. In like maner although the Northerne pa••sage be free at 61 degrees of latitude, and the West Ocean beyond America, vsu∣ally called Mar del Zur, knowen so be open at 40. degrees eleuation from the Island Iapan, yea three hundred leagues Northerly aboue Iapan: yet may there be land to hinder the thorow pas∣sage that way by Sea, as in the examples aforesaid it falleth out, Asia and America there being ioyned together in one continent. Ne can this opinion seeme altogether friuolous vnto any one that diligently peruseth our Cosmographers doings. Iosephus Molerius is of that minde, not onely in his plaine Hemispheres of the world, but also in his Sea card. The French Geogra∣phers in like maner be of the same opinion, as by their Mappe cut out in forme of a Hart you may perceiue: as though the West Indies were part of Asia. Which sentence well agreeth with that old conclusion in the Schooles: Quic quid praeter Africam & Europam est, Asia est. What∣soeuer land doeth neither apperteine vnto Afrike nor to Europe, is part of Asia.

Furthermore it were to small purpose to make so long,* 1.65 so painefull, so doubtfull a voyage by such a newfound way, if in Cathayo you should neither bee suffered to land for silkes and siluer, nor able to fetch the Molucca spices and pearle for piracie in those Seas. Of a law denying all Aliens to enter into China, and forbidding all the inhabiters vnder a great penaltie to let in any

stranger into those countryes, shall you reade in the report of Galeotto Perera there imprisoned with other Portugals: as also in the Iaponish letters, how for that cause the worthy traueller Xauierus bargained with a Barbarian Merchant for a great summe of pepper to be brought into Canton, a port in China. The great and dangerous piracie vsed in those Seas no man can be ignorant of, that listeth to reade the Iaponish and East Indian historie.

* 1.66Finally, all this great labour would be lost, all these charges spent in vaine, if in the ende our trauellers might not be able to returne againe, and bring safely home into their owne natiue coun∣trey that wealth & riches, which they in forrein regions with aduenture of goods, & danger of their liues haue sought for. By the Northeast there is no way, the Southeast passage the Portugals doe hold as the Lords of those Seas. At y^e Southwest Magellans experience hath partly taught vs, and partly we are persuaded by reason, how the Easterne current striketh so furiously on that straight, and falleth with such force into that narrow gulph, that hardly any ship can returne that way into our West Ocean out of Mar del Zur. The which if it be true, as truely it is, then wee may say that the aforesayd Easterne current or leuant course of waters continually following af∣ter the heauenly motions, looseth not altogether his force, but is doubled rather by an other ••ur∣rent from out the Northeast, in the passage betweene America and the North land, whither it is of necessity caryed: hauing none other way to maintaine it selfe in circular motion, & consequent∣ly the force and fury thereof to be no lesse in the straight of Anian, where it striketh South into Mar del Zur, beyond America (if any such straight of Sea there be) then in Magellans fret, both straights being of like bredth: as in Belognine Zalterius table of new France, and in Don Diego Hermano de Toledo his Card for nauigation in that regi•••• we doe f••••de precisely set downe.

Neuerthelesse to approoue that there lyeth a way to Cathayo at the Northwest from out of Europe, we haue experience, namely of three brethren that went that iourney, as Gemma Frisius recordeth, and left a name vnto that straight, whereby now it is called Fretum trium fratrum. We doe reade againe of a Portugall that passed this straight, of ••hom Master Frobisher speaketh, that was imprisoned therefore many yeeres in Lisbone, to verifie the olde Spanish prouerbe, I suffer for doing well. Likewise Andrew Vrdaneta a Fryer of Mexico came out of Mar del Zur this way into Germanie•• his Carde (for he was a great Discouerer) made by his owne experi∣ence and trauell in that voyage, hath bene seene by Gentlemen of good credite.

* 1.67Now if the obseruation and remembrance of things breedeth experience, and of experience proceedeth arte, and the certaine knowledge we haue in all faculties, as the best Philosophers that euer were doe affirme: truely the voyage of these aforesayd trauellers that haue gone out of Europe into Mar del Zur, and returned thence at the Northwest, do most euidently conclude that way to be nauigable, and that passage free. So much the more we are so to thinke, for that the first principle and chiefe ground in all Geographie,* 1.68 as Ptolome saith, is the history of trauell, that is, reports made by trauellers skilful in Geometrie and Astronomie, of all such things in their iourney as to Geographie doe belong. It onely then remaineth, that we now answere to those arguments that seemed to make against this former conclusion.

* 1.69The first obiection is of no force, that generall table of the world set forth by Ortelius or Mer∣cator, for it greatly skilleth not, being vnskilfully drowen for that point: as manifestly it may appeare vnto any one that conferreth the same with Gemma Frisius his vniuersall Mappe, with his round quartered carde, with his globe, with Sebastian Cabota his cable, and Ortelius his ge∣nerall mappe alone, worthily preferred in this case before all Mercator & Ortelius other doings: for that Cabota was not onely a skilful Seaman•• but a long traueller, and such a one as entred personally that straight, sent by king Henry the ••euenth to make this aforesayd Discouerie, as in his owne discourse of nauigation you may reade in his carde drawen with his owne hand, that the mouth of the Northwesterne straight lyeth neere the 318. Meridian•• betweene 61. and 64. de∣grees in the eleuation, continuing the ••ame bredth about 10. degrees West, where it openeth Southerly more and more, vntill it come vnder the tropicke of Cancer, and so runneth into Mar del Zur, at the least 18. degrees more in bredth there, then it was where it first began: otherwise I could as well imagine this passage to be more vnlikely then the voyage to Moscouia, and more impossible then it for the farre situation and co••tin••••nce thereof in the frostie clime: as now I can affirme it to be very possible and most likely in comparison thereof, for that it neither coasteth so farre North as the Moscouian passage doeth, neither is this straight so long as that, before it bow downe Southerly towardes the Sunne againe.

* 1.70The second argument concludeth nothing. Ptolome knew not what was aboue sixteene de∣grees South beyond the Equinoctiall line, he was ignorant of all passages Northward from the eleuation of 63. degrees: he knewe no Ocean sea beyond Asia, yet haue the Portugals trended

the cape of Good hope at the South point of Afrike, and trauelled to Iapan an Island in the East Ocean, betweene Asia & America: our merchants in the time of king Edward the sixt discouered the Moscouian passage farther North then Thyle, & shewed Groenland not to be continent with Lappeland & Norway: the like our Northwesterne trauellers haue done, declaring by their na∣uigation that way, the ignorance of all Cosmographers that either doe ioyne Groenland with A∣merica, or continue the West Indies with that frosty region vnder the north pole. As for Virgil he sang according to the knowledge of men in his time, as an other Poet did of the hot zone.

Quarum quae media est, non est habitabilis aestu.* 1.71 Imagining, as most men then did, Zonam torridam, the hot zone to be altogether dishabited for heat, though presently wee know many fa∣mous and woorthy kingdomes and cities in that part of the earth, and the Island of S. Thomas neere AEthiopia, & the wealthy Islands for the which chiefly all these voyages are taken in hand, to be inhabited euen vnder the equinoctiall line.

To answere the third obiection,* 1.72 besides Cabota and all other trauellers nauigations, the onely credit of M. Frobisher may suffice, who lately through all these Islands of ice, and mountaines of snow, passed that way, euen beyond the gulfe that tumbleth downe from the North, and in some places though he drewe one inch thicke ice, as he returning in August did, yet came he home safely againe.

The fourth argument is altogether friuolous & vaine,* 1.73 for neither is there any isthmos or strait of land betweene America and Asia, ne can these two landes ioyntly be one continent. The first part of my answere is manifestly allowed of by Homer, whom that excellent Geographer Strabo followeth,* 1.74 yeelding him in this facultie the price. The authour of that booke likewise 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 to Alexander, attributed vnto Aristotle, is of the same opinion that Homer and Strabo be of, in two or three places. Dionisius in 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 hath this verse 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. So doth the Ocean Sea runne round about the worlde: speaking onely of Europe, Afrike and Asia, as then Asia was trauelled and knowen.* 1.75 With these Doctours may you ioyne Pomponius Mela. cap. 2. lib. 1. Plinius lib. 2. cap. 67. and Pius 2. cap. 2. in his description of Asia. All the which writers doe no lesse confirme the whole Easterne side of Asia to be compassed about with the sea, then Plato doeth affirme in Timaeo, vnder the name Atlantis, the West Indies to be an Island, as in a special discourse thereof R. Eden writeth,* 1.76 agreeable vnto the sentence of Proclus, Marsilius Ficinus, and others. Out of Plato it is gathered that America is an Island. Homer, Strabo, Ari∣stotle, Dionysius, Mela, Plinic, Pius 2. affirme the continent of Asia, Afrike, & Europe, to be enui∣roned with the Ocean. I may therfore boldly say (though later intelligences therof had we none at all) that Asia & the West Indies be not tied together by any Isthmos or straight of land, contra∣ry to the opinion of some new Cosmographers, by whom doubtfully this matter hath bin brought in controuersie. And thus much for the first part of my answere vnto the fourth obiection.

The second part, namely that America and Asia cannot be one continent, may thus be proued, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.* 1.77 The most Riuers take downe that way their course, where the earth is most hollow and deepe, writeth Aristotle: and the Sea (sayth he in the same place) as it goeth further, so is it found deeper. Into what gulfe doe the Moscouian riuers One∣ga, Duina, Ob, powre out their streames Northward out of Moscouia into the sea? Which way doeth that sea strike? The South is maine land, the Easterne coast waxeth more and more shalow: from the North, either naturally, because that part of the earth is higher Aristot. 2. Met. cap. 1. or of necessitie, for that the forcible influence of some Northerne starres causeth the earth there to shake off the Sea, as some Philosophers doe thinke: or finally for the great store of wa∣ters engendred in that frostie and colde climate, that the bankes are not able to holde them. Al∣ber. in 2. Meteor. cap. 6. From the North, I say, continually falleth downe great abundance of water. So that this Northeasterne currant must at the length abruptly bow toward vs South on the West side of Finmarke and Norway: or else strike downe Southwest aboue Groneland, or betwixt Groneland and Iseland, into the Northwest straight we speake of, as of congruence it doeth, if you marke the situation of that Region, and by the report of M. Frobisher experience teacheth vs. And M. Frobisher the further he trauailed in the former passage, as he tolde me, the deeper alwayes he found the Sea. Lay you now the summe hereof together. The riuers runne where the chanels are most hollow, the sea in taking his course waxeth deeper, the Sea waters fall continually from the North Southward, the Northeasterne current striketh downe into the straight we speake of, and is there augmented with whole mountaines of yce and snowe falling downe furiously out from the land vnder the North pole. Where store of water is,* 1.78 there is it a thing impossible to want Sea, where Sea not onely doeth not want, but waxeth deeper, there can be discouered no land. Finally, whence I pray you came the contrary tide, that M•• Frobisher

mette withall after that he had sailed no small way in that passage, if there bee any Isthmos or straight of land betwixt the aforesayd Northwesterne gulfe, and Mar del Zur, to ioyne Asia and America together? That conclusion frequented in scholes Quicquid preter, &c. was meant of the partes of the world then knowen, and so is it of right to be vnderstood.

* 1.79The fift obiection requireth for answere wisedome and policie in the trauailer, to winne the Barbarians fauour by some good meanes: and so to arme and strengthen himselfe, that when he shal haue the repulse in one coast, he may safely trauaile to an other, commodiously taking his con∣uenient times, and discreetely making choise of them with whom hee will throughly deale. To force a violent entry, would for vs Englishmen be very hard, considering the strength and valour of so great a Nation, farre distant from vs, and the attempt thereof might be most perillous vnto the doers, vnlesse their part were very good.

Touching their lawes against strangers, you shall reade neuerthelesse in the same relations of Galeotto Perera, that the Cathaian king is woont to graunt free accesse vnto all forreiners that trade into his Countrey for Marchandise, and a place of libertie for them to remaine in: as the Moores had, vntill such time as they had brought the Loutea or Lieutenant of that coast to bee a circumcised Saracene: wherefore some of them were put to the sword, the rest were scattered a∣broad: at Fuquien a great citie in China, certaine of them are yet this day to be seene. As for the Iapans they be most desirous to be acquainted with strangers. The Portingals though they were straitly handled there at the first, yet in the ende they found great fauour at the Prince his hands, insomuch that the Loutea or president that misused them was therefore put to death. The rude Indian Canoa halleth those seas, the Portingals, the Saracenes, and Moores trauaile continually vp and downe that reach from Iapan to China, from China to Malacca, from Malacca to the Mo∣luccaes: and shall an Englishman, better appointed then any of them all (that I say no more of our Nauie) feare to saile in that Ocean? What seas at all doe want piracie? What Nauigation is there voyde of perill?

* 1.80To the last argument. Our trauailers neede not to seeke their returne by the Northeast, nei∣ther shall they be constrained, except they list, either to attempt Magellans straight at the South∣west, or to be in danger of the Portingals for the Southeast: they may returne by the Northwest, that same way they doe goe foorth, as experience hath shewed.

The reason alleadged for proofe of the contrary may be disproued after this maner. And first it may be called in controuersie, whether any current continually be forced by the motion of Pri∣mum mobile, round about the world, or no? For learned men doe diuersly handle that que••tion. The naturall course of all waters is downeward, wherefore of congruence they fall that way where they finde the earth most lowe and deepe: in respect whereof, it was erst sayd, the seas doe strike from the Northren landes Southerly.* 1.81 Uiolently the seas are tossed and troubled diuers wayes with the windes, encreased and diminished by the course of the Moone, hoised vp & downe through the sundry operations of the Sunne and the starres: finally, some be of opinion, that the seas be caried in part violently about the world, after the dayly motion of the highest moueable heauen, in like maner as the elements of ayre and fire, with the rest of the heauenly spheres, are from the East vnto the West. And this they doe call their Easterne current,* 1.82 or leuant streame. Some such current may not be denied to be of great force in the hot zone, for the neerenesse there∣of vnto the centre of the Sunne, and blustring Easterne windes violently driuing the seas West∣ward: howbeit, in the temperate climes, the Sunne being further off, & the windes more diuers, blowing as much from the North, the West and South, as from the East, this rule doeth not ef∣fectually withholde vs from trauailing Eastward, neither be we kept euer backe by the aforesaid Leuant windes and streame. But in Magellans streight wee are violently driuen backe West∣ward: Ergo, through the Northwesterne straight or Anian frette shall we not be able to returne Eastward? It followeth not. The first, for that the northwesterne straight hath more searoome at the least by one hundreth English myles, then Magellans frette hath, the onely want whereof causeth all narrow passages generally to be most violent. So would I say in the Anian gulfe, if it were so narrow as Don Diego and Zalterius haue painted it out, any returne that way to bee full of difficulties, in respect of such streightnesse thereof, not for the neerenesse of the Sunne, or Easterne windes, violently forcing that way any leuant streame: But in that place there is more sea roome by many degrees, if the Cardes of Cabota, and Gemma Frisius, and that which Tra∣mezine imprinted, be true.

And hitherto reason see I none at all, but that I may as well giue credite vnto their doings, as to any of the rest. It must be Peregrinationis historia, that is, true reportes of skilfull trauai∣lers, as Ptolome writeth,* 1.83 that in such controuersies of Geographie must put vs out of doubt.

Ortelius in his vniuersall tables, in his particular Mappes of the West Indies, of all Asia, of the Northren kingdomes, of the East Indies, Mercator in some of his globes, and generall Mappes of the world, Moletius in his vniuersall table of the Globe diuided, in his sea Carde, and particu∣ler tables of the East Indies, Zalterius, and Don Diego, with Ferdinando Bertely, and others, doe so much differ from Gemma Frisius and Cabota, among themselues, and in diuers places from themselues, concerning the diuers situation and sundry limits of America, that one may not so rashly, as truely surmise, these men either to be ignorant in those points touching the afore∣said region, or that the Mappes they haue giuen out vnto the world, were collected onely by them, and neuer of their owne drawing.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Proclus pag. 24.
• * 1.2

  Iustine Lib•• 4.
• * 1.3

  Plin••e,
• * 1.4

  A minore ad m••iu••.
• * 1.5

  Strabo lib. 15.
• * 1.6

  V••lerius Ansel∣mus in Catalogo ••nno••um & p••in∣cipum. fol. 6. Gen. 9.10.
• * 1.7

  We ought by reasons ••ight to haue a re••e∣rent opinion of worthy men.
• * 1.8

  A Nauigation of one Ochther made in king Alfreds time.
• * 1.9

  A perfect de∣scription of our Moscouia voyage.
• * 1.10

  By Sir Hugh Willoughbie knight, Chan∣cellor and Bo∣rough.
• * 1.11

  Experimented by our English fishers.
• * 1.12

  Neede makes the old wife to trotte.
• * 1.13

  The Sea hath three motions.

  • ...1 Motum ab ori∣ente in occide••∣tem.
  • ...2 Motum fluxus & refluxus.
  • ...3 Motum circu∣larem.

  Ad coeli motum elementa omnia (excepta ••e••••a) mouentur.
• * 1.14

  Posit•• cau••a, po∣ni••ur effe••••u••.
• * 1.15

  Conteren••••••
• * 1.16

  An obiection answered.
• * 1.17

  The sea doth euermore per∣forme this cir∣cular motion, either in Supre∣ma, or concaua superficie aquae.
• * 1.18

  The yce set westward eue∣ry yeere from Island. Auth. Iona A••••g••imo.
• * 1.19

  The flowing is occasioned by reason that the heate of the moone boyleth, and maketh the water thinne by way of ra∣refaction.
• * 1.20

  An experience to prooue the falling of this current into Mar del Sur.
• * 1.21

  Alcatrarzi be Pellica••es.
• * 1.22

  Baros lib. 9. Of his first De∣cas cap. 1.
• * 1.23

  Written in the discourses of Nauigation.
• * 1.24

  Quinq••e sensu••.

  • 1 Vi••••s.
  • 2 Audi••us.
  • 3 Ol••a••ius.
  • 4 Gustus.
  • 5 Tactus.

  Singula••ia sensu, vni••••r••alia ve••ò mente pe••cipiun∣tur.
• * 1.25

  Lib. 2. cap. 66.
• * 1.26

  Pag. 590.
• * 1.27

  Auouched by Franciscus Lopes de Gomara in his historie of India, lib. 1. cap. 10.
• * 1.28

  This fift rea∣son by later ex∣periēce is pro∣ued vtterly vn∣true.
• * 1.29

  That the In∣dians could not be natiues either of Africa, or of America.
• * 1.30

  Quicquid natu∣rali loco priua∣tur, quam ••••tissi∣mè corrumpitur.
• * 1.31

  Qualis causa ta∣lis effectus,
• * 1.32

  Similium similis ••st ratio.
• * 1.33

  Quicquid cor∣rumpitur à con∣tra••io corrumpi∣tur.
• * 1.34

  Omne ••imile gignit sui simile.
• * 1.35

  True, both in ventis obliquè flan••ibus, as also in ventis ex dia∣metro spiranti∣bus.
• * 1.36

  The words of the king of Portugall, to Andro Vrdaneta a Frier, touch∣ing the concea∣ling of this Northwest passage from England to Ca∣taia.
• * 1.37

  An obiection.
• * 1.38

  Aristotle lib. de mundo, cap. 2. Berosus lib. 5.
• * 1.39

  The North∣west passage assent••d vnto.
• * 1.40

  The first rea∣son.
• * 1.41

  The answer or resolution.
• * 1.42

  Vlsus nonnun∣quam fallitur in suo obiecto.
• * 1.43

  The second reason or alle∣gation.
• * 1.44

  The answer or resolution.
• * 1.45

  The third and last reason or assertion.
• * 1.46

  The answer or resolution.
• * 1.47

  Some doubt of this.
• * 1.48

  This discoue∣ry offered.
• * 1.49

  This discoue∣ry attempted.
• * 1.50

  This discoue∣ry performed.
• * 1.51

  The labour of this discouerie shortned by other mens trauell.
• * 1.52

  Why y^e kings of Spaine and Portugal would not perseuer in this discouery.
• * 1.53

  Pereas qui vm∣bras times.
• 1 1.54

  By the Southeast.
• 2 1.55

  By the Southwest.
• * 1.56

  This is an er∣rour.
• 3 1.57

  By the Northeast.
• * 1.58

  Ortel. tab. Asiae. 3.
• 4 1.59

  By the Northeast.
• * 1.60

  Ob. 1.
• * 1.61

  In Theatro.
• * 1.62

  Ob. 2.
• * 1.63

  Ob. 3.
• * 1.64

  Ob. 4.
• * 1.65

  Ob. 5.
• * 1.66

  Ob. 6.
• * 1.67

  Cic. 1. de orat. Arist. pri. Metaph.
• * 1.68

  Lib. 1. Geog. Cap. 2.
• * 1.69

  Sol. 1.
• * 1.70

  Sol. 2.
• * 1.71

  Ouid. ••. Meta.
• * 1.72

  Sol. 3.
• * 1.73

  Sol. 4.
• * 1.74

  Lib. Geog.
• * 1.75

  No••e.
• * 1.76

  Richard Eden.
• * 1.77

  Lib. 2. Meteor. cap. 1.
• * 1.78

  Plin. lib. •••• cap•• 67.
• * 1.79

  Sol. 5.
• * 1.80

  Sol. 6••
• * 1.81

  Luc. lib. 1•• Pha••sal.
• * 1.82

  What the Easterne cur∣rent is.
• * 1.83

  Lib. 1. Geog. Cap 2.