The principal nauigations, voyages, traffiques and discoueries of the English nation. [vols. 1-3] made by sea or ouer-land, to the remote and farthest distant quarters of the earth, at any time within the compasse of these 1600. yeres: deuided into three seuerall volumes, according to the positions of the regions, whereunto they were directed. The first volume containeth the worthy discoueries, &c. of the English ... The second volume comprehendeth the principall nauigations ... to the south and south-east parts of the world ... By Richard Hakluyt preacher, and sometime student of Christ-Church in Oxford.

THE FIRST AND SECOND DISCO∣uery of the gulfe of California, and of the Sea-coast on the North∣west or backside of America, lying to the West of New Mexico, Cibola and Qui∣••ira, together with Sir Francis Drakes landing and taking possession vpon Noua Albion in the behalfe of the Crowne of England, and the notable voyage of Francis Gaule; Where∣in amongst many other memorable matters is set downe the huge bredth of the Ocean sea from China and Iapan to the Northwest parts of America, in the 38. and 40. degrees.

A relation of the discouery, which in the Name of God the Fleete of the right noble Fernando Cortez Marques of the Vally, made with three ships; The one called Santa Agueda of 120. tunnes, the other the Trinitie of 35. tunnes, and the thirde S. Thomas of the burthen of 20. tunnes. Of which Fleete was Captaine the right worshipfull knight Francis de Vlloa borne in the Citie of Merida. Taken out of the third volume of the voyages gathered by M. Iohn Baptista Ramusio.

Chap. 1.

Francis Vlloa a captaine of Cortez departeth with a Fleet from the port of Acapulco, and goeth to discouer vnknowen lands, he passeth by the coast of Sacatula and Motin, and by tempest runneth to the riuer of Guajanal, frō whence he crosseth ouer to the hauen of Santa Cruz, along the coast whereof he discouereth 3. smal Ilands, and within two dayes and an halfe returning to the maine land he discouereth the riuer called Rio de San Pedro y San Pablo, and not far distant from thence two other riuers as big or greater then that of Guadalqui∣uir which runneth by Siuil, together with their head-springs.

WE imbarked our selues in the hauen of Acapulco on the 8. of Iuly in the yeere of our Lord 1539,* 1.1 calling vpon almighty God to guide vs with his holy hand vnto such places where he might be serued, and his holy faith aduanced. And we sailed from the said port by the coast of Sacatula and Motin,* 1.2 which is sweete and plea∣sant through the abundance of trees that grow thereon, and riuers which passe through those countreis, for the which wee often thanked God the creatour of them. So sailing along we came to the hauen of S. Iago in the prouince of Colima:* 1.3 but before we arriued there, the maine mast of our ship called Santa Agueda was broken by a storme of winde

that tooke vs, so as the ship was forced to saile without her mast vntil we arriued in the laid hauen. From the port of Acapulco to this hauen of Colima wee were sayling the space of 20. dayes. Here wee stayed to mende our mast and to take in certaine victuals, water, and wood, the space of 27. dayes. And wee departed from the saide hauen the 23. of August, and sayling by the Isles of Xalisco the 27. or 28. of the saide moneth wee were taken with an extreame tempest wherein wee thought we should haue perished,* 1.4 and being tossed and weather-beaten, wee ranne as farre as the riuer of Guajaual in the Prouince of Culiacan.* 1.5 In this storme wee lost the pinnesse called Sant Thomas, and because wee had lost her wee crossed ouer to the port of Santa Cruz in California:* 1.6 for while wee were so beaten in the former tempest, the pilot of the Barke signified vnto vs, that he perceiued she beganne to leake, and that already she had receiued in much water, insomuch that she beganne to founder; whereupon, to helpe her neede, and that wee might meete together in a knowen hauen, if by chance the tempest should separate vs, as it did indeed, we willed him to re∣paire to the hauen of Santa Cruz, where we meant to repaire his harmes and our owne. Where∣fore being all arriued in this place of Santa Cruz, wee stayed there fiue dayes and looke in water, wherein we heard no newes of our Barke which we had lost: Wereupon the Captaine resolued to follow on our voyage; wherefore we set saile the 12. of Sept••mber, and as wee sailed wee saw along the coast of the saide hauen 3. Islands,* 1.7 whereof the Captaine made no great accompt, thin∣king there coulde be no great good found in any of them. These Islands seemed not to be great; wherefore he commanded the Masters and pilotes to proceed on their voyage, and not to leese time without any profit. So sailing ouer the gulfe of California, in two dayes and an halfe we came to the riuer of S. Peter and S. Paul,* 1.8 finding before we entred into the same a small Island in the mouth of the Riuer, being 4. or 5. miles distant from the maine. On both sides of this Riuer wee beheld goodly and pleasant great plaines full of many greene and beautifull trees, and farther within the land we beheld certaine exceeding high mountaines full of woods very pleasant to beholde. From this Riuer wee sailed still along the coast the space of 15. leagues•• in which course wee found two other Riuers in our iudgement as great or greater then Guadalquiuir the Riuer of Siuilia in Spaine.* 1.9 Al the coast by these Riuers is plaine as the other which we had passed, with many woods: likewise within the lande appeared great mountaines couer••d with woods very beautifull to be∣holde, and beneath in the plaine appeared certaine lakes of water. From these Riuers we sailed 18. leagues, and found very pleasant plaines, and certaine great lakes whose mouthes opened in∣to the Sea:* 1.10 here our Captaine thought good throughly to discouer what those lakes were, and to search wheth••r there were any good hauen for his ships to ride in, or to harbour themselues, if any tempest should arise; and so hee commaunded a boat to be hoised out into the Sea, with a Master and fiue or sixe men to view them, and to sound the depth, and botom of them: who went thither, and found the coast very sholde, and the mouthes of the lakes; whereupon th••y made no accompt of them, onely because the shore was so shallow, for otherwise the land was very pleasant. Here at euening we saw on the shore 10. or 12. Indians and fires. The aforesaide two Riuers are two leagues distant the one from the other, little more or lesse, and are great, as I haue saide, and being in the last of them we went vp to the ship-top, and saw many lakes, and one among the rest excee∣ding great, and wee supposed that they had their springs out of this great lake, as other Riuers also haue from other lakes, for wee sawe the course of them seuerally each by themselues, hauing goodly woods growing all along their bankes. The currents of these Riuers might be discerned three leagues with••n the Sea: and at the mouthes of them were many small s••akes set vp for markes: the shore here is plaine and sandie, and the countrey very pleasant.

Chap. 2.

Sailing along the coast from the two aforesaid great Riuers, they discouer three mouthes of lakes and a goodly Countrey, they come vnto Cabo Roxo, and take possession of those countreys for the Emperours Maiesty. A discourse of the faire hauens that are on those coastes, and of very many Islands which they saw, before they came to the Cape called Capo de las Plaias.

THis day wee sailed along the coast the space of 16. leagues, and in the midst of this voyage there is a Bay very faire of 4. or 5. leagues, hauing certaine bankes or fences in it, in behol∣ding whereof we tooke great pleasure. The night following we road in 20. fad••me water. The next day we followed our voyage toward the North,* 1.11 and hauing sailed 3. or 4. leagues we saw 3. mouthes of lakes which entered into the land, where they became like standing pooles. Wee road a league distance from these mouthes in 6. fadome water, to see what they were, and sent our boat with certaine men, to see if there were any entry for our ships: for halfe a league from shore we had

not past one or two fadome water. Here our men saw 7. or 8. Indians, and found sundry sorts of greene herbes somewhat differing from those of Nueua Espanna. The Countrey is plaine, but farre within land they saw great and small hils extending themselues a great way, and being very faire and pleasant to behold. The day following we proceeded on our voyage sayling alwayes in sight of the plaine coast toward the Northwest, in 10. or 15. fadome water. And hauing sail••d 6. good leagues we found a Bay on the coast within the land of about 5. leagues ouer, from whence the coast trended Northwest, and this day we sailed about 16. leagues. All this coast is plaine, and not so pleasant as that which we had passed; here are certaine small hilles, but not so high as those which we had found before. Thus we sailed all night Northwest, and vntil the next day at noone, at which time we fell with a headland of white sand, where by the height which we tooke that day we found our selues to be in the latitude of 27. degrees and ¼. This cape we called Capo Roxo.* 1.12 All the coast is plaine and faire and cleane sand, and we saw within land some few trees not very great, with certaine mountaines & woods 3. or 4. leagues distant from the said cape: and here like∣wise appeared a mouth of a riuer, which (as far as we could discerne) made certaine lakes vp wi••h∣in the land: frō the mouth whereof for the space of a league into the sea it seemed to be very ••l olde, because the sea did breake very much. Here we saw within the land 3. or 4 riuers. In ••his sort we sailed on our voiage to the Northward,* 1.13 & because we had not good weather we road th••t night in a great hauen lying in our way, where on the shore wee saw certaine plaines, and vp within the land certaine hilles not very high: and continuing our course toward the North about 3. leagues from this hauen, we found an Iland of about one league in circuite lying before the mouth of the said hauen. And sailing forward we found an hauen which hath two mouthes into the Sea, into which we entered by the Northermost mouth, which hath 10. or 12. fadome wat••r & so decreaseth till it come to 5. fadome, where we anckered in a poole which the Sea maketh, which is a strange thing to beholde, for there are so many entrances & mouths of streames and hauens, that w•• were all astonied at the sight thereof; and these hauens are so excellently framed by nature, as the like are not to be seene in the world, wherein we found great store of fish. Here wee anckered, and the Captaine went on shore, and tooke possession, vsing all such ceremonies as ther••unto belong. Here also wee found certaine weares to cat••h fish made by the Indians,* 1.14 and certaine sm••ll cot••ages, wherein were diuers pieces of earthen pots as finely made as those in Spaine. Here by cōmande∣ment of the Captaine a Crosse was e••ected vpon an hill, and it was set vp by Francis Pr••ciado. In this place we saw the Countrey full of fresh and greene grasse, h••wbeit differing ••r••m that of New Spaine, and vp within the Countrey wee saw many great and very greene mountaines. This Countrey seemed very goodly and deligh some to all of vs, in regard of the greennesse and beautie thereof, and we iudged it to be very populous within the land. From this hau••n we depar∣ted and kep•• our way toward the Northwest with good weather, and began to s••••de hard by the sea-shore exceeding high mountaines spotted with white, and in them we saw man•• foules wh••ch had their nestes in certaine holes of those rocks, and sailed 10. leagues vntil night, all w••ich ni••ht we were becalmed. The next day we followed our course Northwest with good weather: ••nd from that day forward we began to see on the Westerne shore (whereon he foresaid hauen of S. Cruz standeth) certaine Islands or high lands,* 1.15 whereat we reioyced not •• little. And so sayling forward we met with an Island about two leagues in bignesse, and on the East shore hauing still the maine land and Islands in sight•• we sailed 15. leagues vntil the euening, alwayes finding hard by the sea-coast exceeding high mountaines bare of trees, the land appearing still more plainely vnto vs on the Westerne shore. Whereupon wee began to be of diuers opinions, some thinking that this coast of Santa Cruz was a firme land, and that it ioyned with the continent of Nueua Es∣panna, others thought the contrary, and that they were nothing else but Islands,* 1.16 which were to the Westward. And in this sort we proceeded forward, hauing the land on both sides of vs, so farre, that we all began to wonder at it. This day we sailed some 15. leagues, and called this Cape Capo de las Plaias.

Chap. 3.

Of the Streight which they discouered on the coast of Capo de las Plaias and of the pleasant Countrey which they found before they came to the rockes called Los diamantes. Of the wonderfull whitenesse of that Sea, and of the ebbing and flowing thereof; and of the multitude of Islands and lands, which extend themselues Northward from the hauen of Santa Cruz.

THe day folowing we sailed vntil night with so good weather, that we ran about 20. leagues. All this coast along the shore is full of little hilles without grasse or trees: and that night we

anckered in 20. fadome water. The next day we followed our voyage beginning to saile before breake of day Northwestward, and we came into the midst of a Streight or mouth which was 12 leagues broad from one land to the other,* 1.17 which Streight had two Ilands in the midst thereof be∣ing 4. leagues distant the one from the other: and here we discerned the countrey to be plaine, and certaine mountaines, & it seemed that a certaine gut of water like a brooke ran through the plaine. This streight (as far as we could perceiue) was very deep, for we could finde no botome; and here we saw the land stretching a farre off from the one shore to the other, and on the Westerne shore of the hauen of S. Cruz, the land was more high with very bare mountaines. The day following we passed on our way toward the North,* 1.18 and sailed some 15. leagues, and in the midst of our way we found a circuit or bay of 6. leagues into the laud with many cooues or creeks, and the next day fol∣lowing continuing our course we sailed some 10. leagues, and the coast in this dayes iourney was all of high mountaines naked and bare without any tree. It is very deepe hard by the shore, and that night we were constrained to stay by reason of the contrary winde. The next morning before breake of day we sailed still along the coast to the Northwest vntil euening, and r••nne about some 15. leagues. All along this shore wee sawe very goodly mountaines within the land, and many plaines and downes with some few trees,* 1.19 & the sea shore was all sandy. In the midst of this dayes course we found certaine small rockes in the sea 4. leagues distant from the maine, where the said land maketh a great point into the sea, and here we stayed the rest of the night, where we had a ve∣ry great shower of raine. The day following we proceeded on our voyage, and sailed vntill night by a compasse or turning, some 8. or 9. leagues, and saw within land a few mountaines hauing no trees vpon them, but the Sunne shining alwayes very cleare, as farre as wee could descry•• they were very great, on the Westerne shore of the hauen of Santa Cruz. Here we stayed all night be∣cause we found very shallow water and sawe the sea very white, and in a maner like to chalke, so that we all beganne to marueile thereat. The day following wee went forward againe along the coast Northwestward, and sailed eight leagues, and saw another land which stretched Northwest, and was full of high mountaines. And still continuing this course we searched very diligently to see if there were any passage through betweene both the landes, for right forward wee sawe no land. And thus sayling wee alwayes found more shallow water, and the Sea thicke, blacke, and very muddie, and came at length into fiue fadome water; and seeing this, wee determined to passe ouer to the sand which wee had seene on the other side, and here likewise wee found as little depth and lesse, whereupon we rode all night in fiue fadome water, and wee perceiued the Sea to runne with so great a rage into the land, that it was a thing much to be marueiled at, and with the like fu∣ry it returned backe againe with the ebbe; during which time wee found 11. fadome water, and the flood and ebbe continued from sire to sire houres.

The day following the Capt••ine and Pilote went vp to the shippes top, and sawe all the lande full of sand in a great round compasse, and ioyning it selfe with the other shore, and it was so low, that whereas wee were a league from the same wee could not well discerne it, and it seemed that there was an i••let of the mouthes of certaine lakes, whereby the Sea went in and out. There were diuers opinions amongst vs, and some thought that that current entered into those lakes, and also that some great Riuer there might be the cause thereof. And when we could perceiue no passage through, nor could discerue the countrey to be inhabited, the Captaine accompanied with certaine of vs went to take possession thereof. The same day with the ebbe of the Sea wee f••ll downe from the other coast from the side of Nueua Espanna, though alwayes we had in sight the firme land on the one side of vs, end the other Islands on our left hande, on the side of the port of Santa Cruz situat•• on the Westerne shore: for on that side there are so many Islands and lands, so farre as we could descry, that it was greatly to be wondered at: for from the said hauen of San∣ta Cruz, and from the coast of Culiacan we had alwayes in a maner land on both sides of vs, and that so great a countrey, that I suppose if it should so continue further inwarde, there is countrey ynough for many yeeres to conquer. This day wee had the winde contrary, and cast ancker vntil the flood increased, which was in the afte••noone, and then wee set saile likewise with contrary winde vntill midnight, and then cast ancker.

The next day we d••p••rted, shap••ng our course along the coast Southwest, vntill midnight with littl•• winde, and wee sawe wi••hin the land high mountaines with some openings, and wee made way s••me three leagues, and all the next night wee were be calmed, and the next day we con∣tinued our course but a l••ttle while, for we sailed not aboue fiue leagues, and all the night were be∣calmed, and sawe the lande full of bare and high mountaines, and on our left hande wee descried a plaine countrey, and saw in the night certaine fires.

Chap. 4.

They land vpon an Island to discouer the same, and there they see many fires, which issue out of certaine mountaines, and many Seale-fishes. Here they take an Indian, and can not vnderstand his language. Running along they discouer another Island, and take possession therof for the Emperours Maiestie, and a great hauen in the firme land, which they call Ancon de Sant Andres, or The hauen of S. Andrew.

THe next day following our course we saw a great hauen with an Iland in the sea, within a crosse-bow shoote of the firme land, and in this Island and on the firme land were se••ne ma∣ny smokes by the iudgement of all the company; wherefore the captaine thought good that wee should goe on land to know the certainty of these smokes and fires,* 1.20 himselfe taking ten or twelue of vs with a boate in his company: and going on shore in the Island, we found that the smokes proceeded out of certaine mountaines and breaches of burned earth, whereout ascended into the aire certaine cinders and ashes which mounted vp to the middle region of the aire, in such great quantitie, that we could not esteeme lesse then twenty lodes of wood to bee burned for the causing of euery of those smokes, whereat wee were all not a little amazed.

In this Island were such abundance of Seales, as it was wonderful. Here we stayed that day, and killed a great number of these Seals,* 1.21 with whom we had some trouble: for they were so ma∣ny, and ayded one another so well, that it was strange to behold; for it fell out, that while we were occupied in killing some of them with staues, they assembled twentie or thirty together, and lif∣ting themselues vp assayled vs with their feete in a squadron, and ouerthrew two or three of our company on the ground: whereupon letting goe those which they had in their hands, they and the others escaped vs and went into the sea•• howbeit wee killed good store of them, which were so fatte as it was wonderfull: and when we opened some of them to haue their liuers, we found certaine small blacke stones in their bodies, whereat wee much marueiled. The next day wee rode at anker here for lacke of good weather to sayle withall: whereupon the Captaine determi∣ned to goe on shore with nine or ten in his company, to see whether there were any people there, or any signe of people that had bene there, and they found on the maine land seuen or eight Indi∣ans like to Chichimecas, which w••re gone a fishing, and had a raft of canes;* 1.22 who so soone as they espied vs ranne away and betooke themselues to flight, but being pursued by vs, in the end we tooke one of them, whose language was so strange that wee could by no meanes vnderstand him; his clothing was nothing at all, for he was starke naked. These people caried their wa∣ter in bottels made of beasts skins, they fished with hookes of bone,* 1.23 and wee found good store of their fishes, whereof we tooke three or foure dozen.

The Indian which we had taken seeing himselfe in our hands did nothing but weepe, but the Captaine called him, and made much of him, giuing him certaine beades, with a hat and certaine hookes of ours, and then let him goe. And it seemed that after hee was returned to his compani∣ons, he declared vnto them how we had done him no harme at all, shewing them the things which we had giuen him: whereupon they also determined to come vnto vs to our boate, but because it was now night, and that our shippes were farre from vs, we forced not to stay for them, espe∣cially because it was a bad place and a dangerous. This countrey hath on the sea-coast high and bare mountaines with certaine grasse in some places like vnto our broomes, or like vnto woods of rosemary.

The next day wee sayled neere to the coast on the same side, with very scarce winde, and in a manner calme, and ranne not aboue fiue leagues, and all the night following we lay becalmed, and we saw on the shore fiue of sixe fires. The land is high with very high mountaines without grasse, hauing certaine caues in them: the next day also, and part of the night following we were becalmed: and the morow after we followed our course along the sayd coast, and passed betweene a great Island full of exceeding high mountaines, and the maine land;* 1.24 where we saw a very great hauen in the firme land in which wee ankered to see what it was, and being come to an anker, the Captaine and some of vs went on land the same day to see if there were any people and fresh wa∣ter, and wee found certaine small cottages couered with drie grasse, with certaine little staues layd ouerthwart, and we went a little way into the countrey which was very bar••n, by certaine small and streight pathes, and found a little pond or pit, but drie and without water; and here the Captaine tooke possession for the Marques of the valley in the name of his Maiestie, and af∣ter this we returned to our ship, and that night we sawe foure or fiue fires on the land. The next day the Captaine determined, because hee had seene these fires, to goe on shore, and so with our

two boates we went fifteene or twenty of vs vnto certaine crooked strands two leagues from the place where our ships rode, and where we had seene the fires, and we found two Indians of excee∣ding huge stature,* 1.25 so that they caused vs greatly to wonder; they caried their bowes and arrowes in their hands, and as soone as they saw vs leap on shore they ran away, and wee followed them vnto their dwellings and lodgings, which were certaine cottages and bowers couered with boughs, and there we found great and small steps of many people, but they had no kind of vic∣tuals but onely cuttle-fishes which wee found there. The countrey toward the sea side seemed but barren, for we saw neither trees nor greene grasse there, yet were there certaine smal pathes not well beaten, and along the sea-coast we saw many tracts of dogges, hares, and conies, and in certaine small Islands neere vnto the maine we saw Seale-fishes. This hauen is called Ancon de Sant Andres.* 1.26

Chap. 5.

They discouer a mountainous Island very great, and neere vnto it certaine other Islands with a goodly greene and pleasant countrey. They haue sight of certaine Indians in Canoas of canes, whose language sounded like the Flemish tongue, with whome they could not haue any traffique.

* 1.27THe next day we proceeded on our voyage, sayling betweene the maine and an Island, which we suppose to be in circ••it about a hundred or eighty leagues, sayling sometimes within one, and sometimes within two leagues of the maine. The soile of this Island is of certaine mountaines not very steepe with caues in them, and as farre as wee could descrie by the coast, there appeared no signe of any plaine countrey. Here from this day forward wee began to bee a∣fraid, considering that we were to returne to the port of Santa Cruz; for it was supposed, that all along this mighty gulfe from the entrance in at Culiacan•• vntil the returning backe vnto the said hauen, was all firme land, and also because wee had the firme land alwayes on our right hand and it goeth round circle-wise vnto the sayd hauen; but many thought and hoped that we should finde some mouth or out-let, whereby wee might passe through vnto the other coast. What our successe was we will declare in the relation following.

* 1.28The next day being Thursday wee sayled with scant winde, for it was almost calme, and pas∣sed beyond that great Island, hauing firme land alwayes on our right hand, and coasting (as I sayd) very neere vnto it. The next day likewise we sayled with little winde, it being in a man∣ner calme, and passed neere vnto the shore by certaine round baies, and certaine points which the land made, which was pleasant to behold bring somewhat greene, and there seemed to be some creeke there. This Friday at night wee sayled altogether with a fresh gale, and at breake of day wee were betweene the maine land, and an Island on our left hand,* 1.29 which was somewhat big, as farre as we could discerne. There was a great bay in the firme land, and before it was a point which stretched farre into the sea. The firme land seemed to bee much fresher and plea∣santer then those lands which we had passed, hauing many bankes and hilles of indifferent height, and beautifull to behold.

The countrey (as farre as wee could discerne) was so pleasant and delightfull, that wee all desired to goe on shore, and to search vp into it two or three dayes iourney, to see whether it were inhabited or not. Wee saw within the land of that bay two fires. The night following being Saturday we sailed continually with a prosperous and fresh gale, and the wind was so great that we drew our bonet to our maine sayle, and sayled so till the morning.

On Sunday the twelfth of October we found our selues altogether inclosed with land, on the right hand with the maine, which compassed vs before and behinde, and on the left hand with an Island of a league and a halfe; and betweene the maine and the Island in the midst of the sea there lay a small Islet, and also betweene the sayd maine and the Island there were two mouthes•• through which there appeared a passage whereby afterwad we passed through. This maine was much more fresh and greene then the other which wee had passed, and had certaine plaines, and points of mountaines of pleasant view, and full of greene grasse. Here all this night we saw two or three villages which were very great, and at breake of day we saw a Canoa or boate made of canes, which came from the land out of a creeke, and wee stood still vntill it came neere vnto vs in the ship, and they began to speake in their language which no man vnderstood, whose pronun∣tiation was like to the Flemings, and being called they returned with great haste vnto the shore; and we were very sory because our boate had not followed them.

Here happened vnto vs a very strange thing, which was, that as this Indian returned to the

shore in certaine of these creekes where a number of his fellow Indians were, as wee viewe•• that part, we sawe fiue Canoas issue foorth, which came toward vs: whereupon wee stayed to see what they would doe. In the meane while our Admirall came vp vnto vs, which was neere the shore, for she also had seene them, and so being come together we cast anker, expecting what those Canoas would doe. In the meane while our Generall commanded vs to make ready our boate, and to furnish the same with oares and men, to trie if we could by any meanes take some of them, that we might come to some knowledge of them, and that wee might giue them some of our trifles, and specially of our hookes and beads to winne their friendship. The Indians with their fiue Canoas approched within one or two stones cast of vs, and then began to speake very loude vnto vs in a very strange language, alwayes standing vpon their guard to retire themselues with speede. When our Captaine saw this, and that they would not come neere vs, but rather retired, he commanded sixe mariners to goe into the boate from the sterne of the ship, and himselfe also went with them with all possible haste toward the Indians. The Indians returned to the shore with so great celeritie, that they seemed to flie in those little Canoas of canes. Neuerthe∣lesse our men vsed such dissgrace that one of the Canoas was boorded & taken; but the Indian in the Canoa seeing himself•• now taken leapt into the water, and our men followed with their boat to take him, but seeing himselfe within their reach, he ducked with his head vnder their boate, and so deceiued them, and then rose vp againe, and with their oares and with staues they gaue him cer∣taine blowes, to amaze him, but nothing would serue them; for as they were about to lay handes vpon him hee still diued vnderwater, and with his hands and feete got neere to the shore: and as he rose vp aboue the water, hee called to his felowes which stood on the shore to behold, crying Belen with a loud voyce, and so they pursued him, and strooke him sometimes being very neere the shore, and he alwayes went calling the rest of his fellowes to come and helpe him, whereup∣on within a short while after three other Canoas came foorth to succour him, being full of In∣dians with bowes and arrowes in their handes, crying with a loude voyce, that wee should come on shore: these Indians were of great stature and saluage, far also and well set, and of a browne colour. Our Captaine perceiuing this, least they should wound any of our people with their arrowes, returned backe, and commanded vs immediately to set sayle, and so foorthwith wee departed.

This day the wind skan••ed, and we returned to anker in the foresayd place, and our Admirall rode from the firme land toward the Island, and wee which were in the ship called The Trinitie lay neer•• vnto the maine, and before breake of day wee departed with a fresh gale. And before we dise••••••quod o••••e of that chanell we saw certaine grasse very high and greene vpon the maine: whereupon a mariner, and the Pilot went vp into the top, and saw the mouth of a riuer which ranne through that greene countrey into the sea.* 1.30 But because our Admirall was vnder all her sayles farre from vs, we could not tell them of this riuer, where wee would haue taken water, whereof we had some neede, and because it was a very good hauen to goe on shore to take it, and therefore without watering we followed our course. On munday we departed from this hauen which is like vnto a lake, for on all sides we were compassed with land, hauing the continent be∣fore, be hinde vs, and on our right side, and the Island on our left side, and we passed foorth at those mouthes beforementioned which shewed an out-let into the open sea. Thus wee sayled along still viewing the situation of the countrey, reioycing all of vs at the sight thereof, for it alwayes pleased vs more and more, still appearing more greene and pleasant, and the grasse which wee found neere vnto the shore was fresh and delectable, but not very high, being (to all our iudge∣ments) not past a spanne long. Likewise the hilles which wee saw, which were many, and many downes made a very pleasant prospect, especially because we iudged, that there were many val∣leys and dales betweene them.

Chap. 6.

They discouer a very great bay with foure small Islands in it, whereas they take possession. As they sayle along and discouer diuers Islands they come at len••th to the port of Santa Cruz, where not being able to get any knowledge of those Indians although they lay, in waite for them at a place called. The well of Gr••alua, they departed thence. They, haue a perilous and long tempest, which ceased after they had seene a light on their shrowdes.

AT the comming out of these openings we began to ••••••de a Bay 〈…〉〈…〉 great hauen,* 1.31 entitule•• with diuers small hilles hauing vpon them 〈…〉〈…〉 pleasant to 〈◊〉〈◊〉

In this bay and strand were two small Islands neere vnto the shore, one of the which was like vnto a table about halfe a league in bignes, and the other was a round hill almost as big as the for∣mer. These Islands serued vs onely to coment our sight, for we passed by them without staying, hauing but a slacke wind on Munday morning: all which day we followed our course with the foresayd slacke winde, and within a while after it became flat contrary, so that we were constrai∣ned to anker at the sayd point of the sayd hauen: and on Tewesday at breake of day we set sayle, but made but little away all the day, because the winde continued contrary, although but very weake. The night following wee were becalmed a little beyond the point of this hauen; but about midnight wee began to haue a fresh gale, and on Wednesday in the morning wee were seuen leagues distant from that point. This countrey shewed (as it was indeede) more plaine then the rest, with certaine small woody hilles, and within the other point which was before de∣scried, the situation seemed to be more pleasant and delightsome then the rest which we had pas∣sed. And at the vttermost end of the point were two small Is••ets. The sayd Wednesday about nine of the clocke the winde blew a good gale, and we sayled by euening between seuen and eight leagues, and came ouer against a land not very high, where wee saw certaine creekes or breaches not very ragged, into euery of which a riuer seemed to fall, because the soyle was very greene, and had certaine trees growing on it farre bigger then those which we had found before. Here the Captaine with fiue or sixe men went on shore, and taking possession passed vp one of those riuers, and found the sooting of many Indians vpon the sand. On the bankes of that riuer they saw many fruitful trees, as cherry-trees and little apple-trees, and other white trees: they found also in the wood three or foure beasts called Adibes, which are a kind of dogs. The same night wee set sayle with the winde off the land, which blew so freshly, that it made vs to strike our fore∣sayle; and on the sixeteenth of October at nine of the clocke we came neere vnto a point of certaine high mountaines, on which day being Thursday we made little way, because the winde ceased, but it rose againe in the night, whereupon by the breake of day on Friday wee came before the sayd point being sixe or seuen leagues off. The land seemed to bee very mountainous with cer∣taine sharpe points not greatly clad with grasse, but somewhat bare. On our left hand wee saw two Islands, the one of a league and a halfe, the other not so much, and it seemed that we drew neere to the port of Santa Cruz, whereat we were sory, because we were alwaies in good hope to and some out-let into the maine Ocean in some place of that land, and that the same port was the same out-let, and also that by the sayd coast we might returne to the foresayd hauen of Santa Cruz, and that we had committed a great error, because we had not certainely sought out the se∣cret, whether that were a Street or a riuer, which wee had left behind vs vnsearched at the bot∣tome of this great sea or gulfe.

All Friday and the night following we sayled with a scant winde, and on Saturday at breake of day we were betweene two points of land which make a bay, wherein we saw before and be∣hinde foure or fiue great and small Islands.* 1.32 The land was very mountainous, part wherof was couered with grasse, and part was voide. Within the land appeared more mountaines and hils, and in this place we were come neere vnto the hauen of Santa Cruz, which is all firme land, ex∣cept it be diuided in the very nooke by some streite or great riuer which parteth it from the maine, which because we had not throughly discouered, all of vs that were imployed in this voyage were not a little grieued. And this maine land stretcheth so farre in length, that I cannot well expresse it: for from the hauen of Acapulco, which standeth in seuenteene degrees and twenty minutes of latitude, wee had alwayes the coast of the firme laud on our right hand, vntill we came to the great current of the white & red sea;* 1.33 and here (as I haue said) we knew not the secret of this cur∣rent, whether it were caused by a riuer or by a streit: and so supposing that the coast which wee had on our right hand was closed vp without passage, wee returned backe againe, alwayes de∣scending Southward by our degrees,* 1.34 vntill wee returned vnto the sayd hauen of Santa Cruz, finding still along the coast a goodly and pleasant countrey, and still seeing fires made by the Indi∣ans, and Canoas made of Canes. We determined to take in fresh water at the hauen of Santa Cruz, to runne along the outward Westerne coast, and to see what it was, if it pleased God. Here we rested our selues, and eat of the plummes and fruits called Pithaias: and wee entred into the port of Santa Cruz on Sunday the 18 of October and stayed there eight daies to take in wood and water resting our selues all that while,* 1.35 that our men might strengthen and re∣fresh themselues. Our captaine determined to diuide amongst vs certain garments of taffata, with clokes and saies, and a piece of taffata, and likewise ordained, that wee should goe on land to catch a couple of Indians, that they might talke with our interpreter, and that we might come to the knowledge of their language. Whereupon thirteene of vs went out of our ship by night, and

lay in ambush in a place which is called The well of Grijalua, where we stayed vntill noone be∣tweene certaine secret wayes, and could neuer see or descrie any one Indian:* 1.36 wherefore wee re∣turned to our ships, with two massiue-dogs which we caried with vs to catch the Indians with more ease: and in our returne we found two Indians hidden in certaine thickets, which were come thither to spie what wee did: but because wee and our dogs were weary, and thought not on them, these Indians issued out of the thickets, and fled away, and wee ranne after them, and our dogges saw them not: wherefore by reason of the thicknes of the wilde thistles, and of the thornes and bryars, and because we were weary, we could neuer ouertake them:* 1.37 they left be∣hinde them certaine staues so finely wrought that they were very beautifull to behold, conside∣ring how cunningly they were made with a handle and a corde to fling them.

The nine and twentieth of October being Wednesday, we set sayle out of this hauen of San∣ta Cruz with little winde, and in sayling downe the chanell our shippe called the Trinitie came on ground vpon certaine sholdes: this was at noone at a low water, and with all the remedy that we could vse wee could not draw her off, whereupon wee were constrained to vnderprop her, and to stay the next tide: and when the tide began to increase wee vsed all diligence to draw her off, and could not by any meanes, whereat all the company and the Captaine were not a little grieued; for wee thought wee should haue lost her there, although wee ceased not with all our might to labour with both our boates, and with our cable and capsten. In the ende it pleased God about midnight at a full sea with the great force which wee vsed to recouer her, that wee drew her off the sand, for which we gaue God most hearty thankes, and rode at anker all the rest of the night, wayting for day-light for feare of falling into any further danger or mishap. When day was come, wee set forward with a fresh gale, and proceeded on our voyage, directing our prows to the maine sea, to see whether it would please God to let vs discouer the secret of this point. But whether it pleased not his great goodnesse, or whether it were for our sinnes, wee spent eight dayes from this port, before we could double the poynt, by reason of contrary winds, and great raine, and lightning and darkenesse euery night: also the windes grew so raging and tempestuous, that they made vs all to quake, and to pray continually vnto God to ayde vs. And hereupon wee made our cables and ankers ready, and the chiefe Pilot commanded vs with all speede to cast anker, and in this sorte we passed our troubles: and whereas wee rode in no secu∣ritie, he caused vs foorthwith to weigh our ankers, and to goe whither the wind should driue vs. And in this sorte wee spent those eight dayes, turning backe by night the same way that wee had gone by day, and sometimes making good in the night that which we had lost in the day, not with∣out great desire of all the company to haue a winde which might set vs forward on our voyage, being afflicted with the miseries which wee indured by reason of the thunders, lightnings, and raine, wherewith we were wet from toppe to toe, by reason of the toyle which wee had in weigh∣ing and casting of our ankers, as neede required.

And on one of these nights, which was very darke and tempestuous with winde and raine, be∣cause we thought we should haue perished, being very neere the shore, we prayed vnto God that he would vouchsafe to ayde and saue vs, without calling our sinnes to remembrance. And straight∣way wee saw vpon the shrowdes of the Trinity as it were a candle, which of it selfe shined, and gaue a light, whereat all the company greatly reioyced, in such sort that wee ceased not to giue thankes vnto God. Whereupon we assured our selues, that of his mercie hee would guide and saue vs, and would not suffer vs to perish, as indeede it fell out; for the ne•••• day wee had good weather, and all the mariners sayd, that it was the light of Saint Elmo which appeared on the shrowdes, and they saluted it with their songs and prayers. These stormes tooke vs betweene the Isles of Saint Iago and Saint Philip, and the Isle called Isla de perlas lying ouer against the point of California supposed to be firme land.

Chap. 7.

Sayling on their way they discouer a pleasant Countrey, and in their iudgement greatly inhabited, and finde the Sea-coast very deepe. They went to discouer or viewe the Isle of perles. And by a current one of their ships is separated from the other, and with great ioy after three dayes they had sight again of her, and following their voyage they discouer certaine great, greene, and pleasant plaines.

WE began to sayle along the coast the seuenth or eight of Nouember,* 1.38 the land alwayes shewing very greene with grasse pleasant to behold, and certaine plaines neere the shore,

and vp within the countrey many pleasant hils replenished with wood, and certaine valleys, so that wee were delighted aboue measure, and wondered at the greatnes and goodly hiew of the countrey: & euery night we saw fires, which shewed that the countrey is greatly inhabited.* 1.39 Thus we proceeded on our voyage vntill the tenth of the sayd moneth of Nouember, hauing alwayes the coast of the maine Ocean on our right hand, and the farther we sailed, wee alwayes found the countrey more delight some and pleasant, as well in beholding the greennes therof, as also in that it shewed certaine plaines and deepe valleys,* 1.40 through which riuers did fall downe into the land, within certaine mountaines, and hilles full of great woods which were not very high, and appea∣red within the countrey. Here we were 54 leagues distant from California little more or lesse, alwayes toward the Southwest, seeing in the night three or foure fires, whereby it appeareth that the countrey is inhabited, and full of people, for the greatnes of the countrey argueth no lesse: and we supposed that there must needs bee great townes inhabited within the land, although in this poynt we were of diuers opinions. The sea is so deepe on all this coast that we could scarce find ground in 54 fadomes. On the greatest part of the coast there are hilles of very white sand, and it seemeth to be a dangerous coast, because of the great and swift tides which goe there, for the sand sheweth so much for the space of ten or twelue leagues, for so the Pilots affirmed. This day being Saturday the winde increased, and wee had sight of the Isle of pearles,* 1.41 which on this side of the gulfe appeareth with a deepe valley all couered ouer with trees, and sheweth much fairer then on the other side, and wee entred into the Porte of Santa Cruz. From the ninth of Nouember to the fifteenth we sayled not aboue tenne leagues, because we had contrary winds, and great showres: and besides this we had another mischance which did not a little grieue vs: for wee lost company of the ship called The Trinitie, and could neuer see her for the space of three dayes, whereupon wee suspected that shee was returned home vnto New Spaine, or that she was seuered from our company; wherefore we were grieued out of measure to see our selues so left alone, and the Captaine of all others was most sad, though he ceased not to encou∣rage vs to proceede on our voyage, saying that notwithstanding all this wee ought not to leaue off this enterprise which we had begunne, and that though we were left alone we should deserue the greater commendation and credite: whereupon wee all answered him, that wee would not haue him thinke that any of vs would euer be discouraged, but that we would follow him vntill hee should thinke it reasonable that we should not proceede any further in the enterprise, and that we were in danger of perishing, and that vntill then wee would bee at his commandement: but withall we perswaded him that after he had seene any great difficulty to proceede any further, he should doe well to returne backe to make relation of our successe to the R. H. lord the Marques de valle. Hereupon he made an Oration vnto vs, wherein he told vs, that he could not beleeue, much lesse could imagine, wherefore the shippe called the Trinitie should returne into Newe Spaine, nor why she should willingly depart from vs, and goe vnto any other place, and that he thought by all reason, that some current had caried her out of our sight, and that through con∣trary weather and tempests she could not fetch vs vp, and that not withstanding all that which we had done in the voyage, he had an instruction, that if by chance we were separated one from the o∣ther wee were to take this course to meete againe together, namely to returne backe eight or tenne leagues to seeke one another, beyond certaine head-lands which lay out into the sea, and that therefore we should doe well to returne to seeke her vp. This sentence pleased vs all, and so returning to seeke her, we espied her two leagues distant from vs, comming toward vs with a fresh gale of winde, where at we greatly reioyced.

Thus being come together we ankered for that day, because the weather seemed very contra∣ry, and the Captaine chid them for their negligence in sayling,* 1.42 because they had in such sort lost our company; and they excused themselues, that they could doe no lesse, because a current had ca∣ried them away aboue three leagues, whereby they could neuer reach vnto vs. The next day being the sixeteenth of Nouember wee set forward, but sayled very little, for the North and North west winds were against vs. Here we discouered certaine plaines, in my iudgement very great and greene, and right before vs we could not discerne any mountaines or woods, where∣at wee marueiled to see so great a countrey. And wee met an Indian in a Canoa on the shore whereon the sea did breake, who stayed to beholde vs a great while, and oftentimes hee lifted vp himselfe to view vs the better, & then returned backe along the coast: we vsed al diligence to see whether he would come out further from the shore, to giue him chace, and to trie whether we could catch him, but he very cunningly viewed vs without comming neere vnto vs, and returned to the shore with his Canoa. Here we saw in the euening but one fire, and wist not whether it were done by the cunning of the Indians, because they would not haue vs know that there were people there,

or that it was so indeede. From the said 16 day of Nouember vntill the 24 of the same moneth we could not proceede on our way aboue 12 or 15 leagues•• and looking into our Sea-chart, we found our selues distant from the Xaguges of the port of Santa Cruz about 70 leagues.* 1.43 Now on the 24 day being munday very early in the morning we beganne to take very good view of that Countrey, and all along the coast we saw many faire plaines with certaine furrowes made in the midst like vnto halfe plaines, the said plaine still appearing vp into the Countrey, with plea∣sant champions, because the grasse which grew there was very beautifull, short, and greene, and good pasture for cattell. Howbeit because we rode so farre off, we could not perfectly iudge what kind of grasse it was, but it shewed very short and greene, and without thornes. These plaines on the right hand made a bay into a valley which seemed to be a piece of a mountaine: the rest shewed to be al plaines without any ••histles or weedes but full of grasse ••••od for cattel very green and faire, as I haue said.

Chap. 8.

One of their ships by tempest was separated from the other, and afterward meeting with her con••ort she reporteth that the land stretcheth to the West by the mouth of the great lake. The Pilots are of diuers iudgements touching the state of this coast inhabited by Chichimecas. They enter into an hauen to take in fresh water, and are suddenly assayled by two squadrons of Indians. They defend themselues valiantly, and the Captaine with some of his souldiers are grieuously wounded.

THe 26 of this moneth being Wednesday at night the North wind tooke vs, which still in∣creased more and more so greatly that it put vs to much trouble, for it continued two dayes, in which the Sea was alwayes boisterous; and this night againe we lost the Trinity being beaten with the North winde aforesaid (and we had sight of her on munday the 24) wherewith we were all of vs greatly agrieued, both Captaines, Souldiers and Mariners, because we saw we were left alone, and our ship call Santa Agueda wherein we were, was but badly conditioned, and this grieued vs more then the trouble which we had with the boisterousnesse of the Sea, imagining that if we should leese the Trinity, or if any mishap should fall vnto vs, we should not be able to fol∣low our voyage according to our Captaines and our owne desire. This said 24 day being mun∣day we saw a Countrey with high mountaines toward the Northwest,* 1.44 and it seemed that the land stretched on still forward, whereat we exceedingly reioyced, because we iudged that the lande grew alwayes broader and broader, and that wee should meete with some speciall good thing. Whereupon we desired that it would please God to send vs good weather for our voyage, which hitherto we found alwayes contrary, so that in 26 dayes we sayled not aboue 70 leagues,* 1.45 and that with much trouble, sometimes riding at anker and sometimes sayling, and seeking the remedies and benefite of the shore to auoide perils. In this Countrey which we discouered the 26 day we alwayes saw (as I haue said) along the shore, and within the land, goodly plaines without any tree, in the midst wherof was a lake or gathering together of the Sea-water, which (to our iudge∣ment) was aboue 12 leagues in compasse, and the sea-coast reached to the mountaines before men∣tioned. And this day we saw our ship called the Trinitie, which rode 2 leagues distant from vs, which so soone as she saw vs, set saile, and we came together and reioyced greatly. They brought vs great quantity of gray fishes, and of another kinde: for at the point of those mountaines they found a fishing which was very wonderfull,* 1.46 for they suffered themselues to be taken by hand: and they were so great that euery one had much adoe to finde roome to lay his fish in. They found also on the said point a fountaine of fresh water which descended from those hilles, and they told vs that at the same place they had found a narrow passage, whereby the Sea entered into the said lake. They comforted vs much with the report of these things, and in telling vs that the lands trended to the West; for the chiefe Pilot thought, and the other Pilot was of the same opinion, that we should finde a good Countrey. This night we set saile to goe to that point to take in fresh water which we wanted, and to see this lake, and to put some men on shore: and after midnight the winde came vpon vs so forcibly at the North that we could not stay there: whereupon we•• were constrained to put further into the Sea, and returned the same way backe againe vnto th•• shore with much adoe, and came to an anker a great way short of the place from whence we were driuen: and there we rode vntill Thursday at noone with this bitter North winde, and on Friday about noone, when we most thought it would haue ceased, it beganne to increase againe, which grieued vs not a little seeing the weather so contrary, hoping alwayes that it would cease, and that some winde would blow from the shore, whereby we might recouer the point of land to take in

fresh water, and to search whether there were any people about that lake. Here we lay from the 26 of the saide moneth till the 29, driuing vp and downe the Sea, winding in by little and little vntill we had gotten vnder the shelter of those mountaines: which being obtayned wee rode the sayd 29 of the moneth halfe a league from those wooddy mountaines, which we had seene in the Sea. We stayed in this place at our ease all the Sunday, and Iuan Castilio the chiefe Pilot went that day in the bote on shore with seuen in his company, and they landed neere the Sea, and on a certaine low ground they found foure or fiue Indians Chichimecas of great stature, and went toward them, who fled away like Deere that had beene chased. After this the Pilot went a little way along the Sea-shore, and then returned to his boate, and by that time he was ente∣red thereinto, he saw about fifteene Indians of great stature also, with their bowes and arrowes which called vnto him with a loude and strong voice, making signes with their bowes; but the Pilot made no account of their gesture, but rather returned to the shippes, and declared what had passed betweene him and the Indians. The same day the Captaine commaunded that our caske should be made readie against the next morning to take in water, for in both the shippes there were about fiue and twentie buttes emptie. The first of December, and the second day in the morning the Captaine went with both the barkes on shore with some dozen souldiers, and the greatest part of the Mariners which laboured in filling of water, leauing in the shippes as ma∣ny as were needefull, and as soone as wee were come on shore at the watering place the Cap∣taine caused the buttes to be taken out, to the ende they might be filled with water, and while they returned to fetch the barrels and hogsheads of the shippe, the Captaine walked a turne or two vpon the shore for the space of one or two crossebow shoots, and afterwarde we went vp to certaine of those mountaines, to view the disposition of the countrey, and in trueth we found it in that place very bad to our iudgement, for it was very ragged, full of woods and caues, and so stonie, that we had much adoe to goe. Being come vnto the top we found certaine small hilles full of woods, and cliffes that were not so craggie, although very troublesome to climbe vp; and while we looked from these little hilles, we could not discerne any more mountaines, but rather iudged that from that place forward there were great plaines. The Captaine would not suffer vs to goe any further, because in those places we had seene certaine Indians which seemed to be spies, and warning vs thereof he commanded vs to retire vnto the shore, where we were to take in water, and to dispatch our businesse quickly, and appointed vs to make certaine pits, that our buts might more easily be filled with water. And setting our Guardes or Centinels, we beganne to fill water.* 1.47 In the meane while the Captaine tooke certaine souldiers, and went to the top of an high hill, from whence he deseryed a great part of the Sea, and a lake which is within the land: for the Sea entereth in the space of a league, and there is a good fishing place round about: and the lake was so great, that it seemed vnto vs to be very neere 30 leagues in compasse, for we could not discerne the end thereof. Then we came downe with no lesse trouble then wee had mounted vp vnto the hill, by reason of the steepenesse of the place, and some tumbled downe with no small laughter of the rest. And being come somewhat late to our watering place (for it was then past noone) we set our selues to dinner, alwayes appointing some of our company in Centinell, vn∣till we were called to dinner, and when some were called two others were appointed in their roomes. And about two of the clocke after dinner, the Captaine and the rest suspecting no dan∣ger of assalt of Indians, both because the place seemed not to be fit for it, as also for that we had set our Centinels at the passages; two squadrons of Indians came vpon vs very secretly and co∣uertly,* 1.48 for one came by the great valley through which the water ranne which we tooke, and the other came by a part of that great hill which we had ascended to see the lake, and all of them came so couertly, that our Centinels could neither see nor heare them; and wee had not perceiued them, if a souldier by chance lifting vp his eyes had not sayde, Arms, Arme, my maisters, for many Indians come vpon vs. When we heard this the Captaine leapt vp in a great rage, be∣cause the guards were changed out of their place: and with his sword and target, being follow∣ed by a souldier, whose name was Haro, and afterward by the rest, he and the said souldier went toward a little gate of certaine stones, whither the rest of vs were to follow him: for if the Indians had gotten that place from vs, we should haue incurred great danger, and the grea∣test part of vs had like to haue beene slaine, and none could haue escaped but such as by chance could haue leapt into the boates, and the tide went so high, that none could be saued but such as were most excellent swimmers. But at length the Captaine bestirred himselfe very nim∣bly, vsing all celeritie that was possible. Therefore when he and Haro had wonne the gate, the rest of the souldiers gate vp after them, and the Captaine and Haro turned themselues to the Indians and made head against them, and the Indians assailed them with such numbers of stones,

arrowes, & ••auelius (which was a very strange thing) that they brake in pieces the target which the Captaine had on his arme, and besides that wounded him with an arrow in the bending of his knee, and though the wound was not great, yet was it very painefull vnto him. While they thus stood to withstand their assalt, they strooke Haro which was on the other side so forcibly with a stone, that they threw him flat vpon the ground: and by and by another stone lighted vpon him which shiuered his Target, and they hit the Captaine with another arrow, and shot him quite through one of his eares. Another arrow came and strooke a souldier called Grauiello Marques in the legge, of which he felt great paine and went halting. In the meane space Francis Precia∣do, and certaine other souldiers came vp and ioyned himselfe with the rest on the left hand of the Captaine, saying vnto him, Sir, withdrawe your selfe, for you be wounded, but be you not dis∣mayed, for they are but Indians and cannot hurt vs. In this wise we beganne to rush in among them vpon the side of a rocke alwayes gayning ground of them, which greatly incouraged our mindes, and when we beganne to inforce them to retire, we wanne a small wooddy hill, where we sheltered our selues, whereas before they shot vpon vs from alof••, for they were on the higher ground vnder couert in safetie, & then by no meanes we could offend them, but by running forci∣bly vpon them with our targets on our armes, and our swords in our hands. On the other side, to approch and seeke to ouertake them was a vaine thing, seeing they were as swift as wilde goates. By this time Haro was gotten vp on foot, and hauing clapt a woollen cloth vpon his head, which had vsed extremely, he ioyned himselfe vnto vs, of whom we receiued no small aide. In the meane space the Indians fortified themselues on the cragge of a rocke, from whence they did not a little molest vs, & we likewise fortified our selues vpon an hillocke, whereby we descen∣ded into their Fort, and there was a small valley betweene them & vs, which was not very deepe from the vpper part. There we were 6 souldiers & two Negroes with the Captaine, & all of vs were of opinion that it was not good to passe that place, least y^e Indians being many might destroy vs all, for the rest of our souldiers which were beneath at the foote of the hill, making head against the other squadron of the Indians, kept them frō hurting those which tooke in water on the strand and from breaking the buts of water, and being but few, we concluded to stay here, and so we stood still fortifying our selues as well as we could, especially considering that we had no succour on any side; for Berecillo our Mastiue-dogge which should haue aided vs was grieuously woun∣ded with 3 arrowes, so that by no meanes we could get him from vs: this mastiue was wounded in the first assalt when the Indians came vpon vs, who behaued himselfe very wel, & greatly aided vs; for he set vpon them, and put 8 or 10 of them out of array, & made them run away, leauing ma∣ny arrowes behind them: but at length (as I haue said) he was so wounded, that by no meanes we could get him to goe from vs to set any more vpon the Indians,* 1.49 & the other two mastiues did vs more harme then good: for when they went against them, they shot at them with their bowes, and we receiued hurt and trouble in defending them. The Captaines legge when he waxed cold was so swolne, that we lapped it vp in a wollen cloth, and he halted much of it: and while the In∣dians thus stood still, one part of them beganne to dance, sing, and shout, and then they began all to lade themselues with stones, and to put their arrowes into their bowes, and to come downe to∣ward vs verie resolutely to assalt vs, and with great out-cries they beganne to fling stones and to shoot their arrowes. Then Francis Preciado turned him to the Captaine and said: Sir, these Indians know or thinke, that we he affeard of them, & in trueth it is a great falt to giue them this incouragement, it were better for vs resolutely to set vpon them with these d••gs, & to assalt them on this hill, that they may know vs to be no dastards, for they be but Indians and dare not stande vs; and if we can get their Fort vpon the hill, God will giue vs victory in all the rest. The Cap∣taine answered, that he liked well of the motion, and that it was best so to doe, although for any further pursuit vp the hill, he thought we were to take another course. By and by Francis Pre∣ciado get••ing his target on his arme, and his sword in his hand, ranne vnto the other side of the valley, which on that part was not very steepe, crying S. Iago, vpon them my masters, and after him leapt Haro, Tereca, Spinosa, and a Crossebow-man called Montanno, and after them fol∣lowed the Captaine, though very la••e, with a Negro and a souldier which accompanied him, in∣couraging and comforting them, willing them not to feare. Thus we braue them to the place where they had fortified themselues, and from whence they descended, and we tooke another hill ouer against them within a darts cast of them. And hauing breathed ourselues a little, the Cap∣taine came vnto vs, and said, Go too my maisters, vpon them before they strengthen themselues on this hill, for now we see plainely that they be affeard of vs, seeing we chase the continually from their Forts: & suddenly 3 or 4 of vs went toward them well couered with targets, vnto the foot ••f their Fort where they were assembled, and the rest of our company followed vs: the Indians

beganne to make head against vs, and to fling many stones vpon vs, and shoot many arrowes, and we with our swords in our hands rushed vpon them in such sort, that they seeing how furiously we set vpon them, abandoned the fort, and ranne downe the hill as swift as Deere, and fled vnto ano∣ther hill ouer against vs, where the other squadron of the Indians stood, of whom they were res∣cued, and they began to talke among themselues, but in a low voyce, and ioyned together 6 and 6 and 8 & 8 in a company, and made a fire and warmed themselues, and we stood quietly beholding what they did.

Chap. 9.

After the skirmish the Captaine being wounded, and the rest of the souldiers seeing the In∣dians depart, returned vnto their ships. The next day taking in fresh water at the saide place he sent mariners to sound the mouth of the lake. Departing thence they came to the port called Baya de Sant Abad, and indured a dangerous storme at sea. And after∣ward comming neere the shore to take fresh water in the said hauen, they see certaine peaceable Indians.

BY this time it was late and the night approched, and the Indians seeing this, within a short while after determined to get them packing, and ech of them or the greatest part tooke fire∣brandes in their hands, & got them away into craggy places. When the Captaine saw this he cō∣manded vs to returne aboord our boats, it being now darke night, thanking vs all for the good ser∣uice we had done him. And being not abl•• to stand vpon his legge, he leaned with his arme vpon Francis P••••••iado; and thus we returned to our boats, where with much adoe we got aboord, by reason of the great tide and roughnesse of the sea, so that our boats were filled with euery waue. Thus very weary, wet, & some wounded (as is aforesaid) each man returned vnto his ship, where our beds which we found, and our refreshing, & the cheere we had at supper did not greatly com∣fort vs in regard of our former trauels. We passed that night in this sort, and the nex•• day being Tuesday the Captaine found himselfe greatly payned with his wounds, & chiefly with that on his leg, because it was greatly swolne with his going vpon it. We lacked 12 buts to fill wi••h water, and the barrels in both the ships, and the Captaine would haue gone out to cause them to be filled, but we would not suffer him, and therefore we left off the businesse for that day. But he appoin∣ted that the crosse bowes should be made readie, and two speciall good harquebuzes, & the next day being Wednesday very early, he commanded Iuan Castilio chiefe Pilot to goe out with both the botes and with all the souldiers and mariners that he could make, hauing the day before com∣manded the Trinitie to go as neere the shore as she might, & to make ready some of her ordinance, that if the Indians should shew themselues, they might affright them, & doe them as much hurt as they could. Wherfore on the Wednesday al we that w••re souldiers, sauing the wounded persons, went on shore with certaine mariners in the best order that we could, and tooke the first hill, where we had fortified our selues, standing all vpon our guard vntill the water was filled, and vntill we were called, during which time not one Indian shewed himselfe. Thus we went aboord when we thought good our selues, at least without any suspition of the Indians, although the tide of the Sea went so high y^t it put vs to great trouble, for oftentimes with great waues it beat into our boats. This was on the Wednesday the 3 of December. And to auoide losse of time the Captaine com∣manded Iuan Castilio the chiefe Pilot to take a boat and certaine mariners as he should thinke good, and to view the mouth of the lake to see whether the entrance were deepe enough for to har∣bour the ships. He taking the boat of the Admirall with 8 mariners, and ours of the Trinity, went and sounded the mouth, & on the shallowest place of the harre without they found 3 fadome depth, and farther in 4, & vp higher 5. alwayes increasing vnto 10 or 12 fadomes,* 1.50 when they were come into the two points of the said lake, which was a league br••ad from one point to the other, and all their sounding was exceeding good ground. Then they went ouer to the southeast point, & there they saw a great boat or raf•• which they indeuoured to take to carrie vnto their ships. In y^e meane, while they espied certaine cottages, which the Pilot determined to goe and see, and being come n••••r••ther saw 3 other raftes with 3 Indians on them distant from the cottages one or two cross∣bowes shot, and he leapt on land with 4 or 5•• mariners in his companie•• and while they behelde those cottages, they saw many Indians descending downe a small hill in warlike manner with their bowes and arrowes, whereupon they determined to retire to their boats, and to returne to their ships, and they were not gone from the sea-shore scarse a stones cast, but the Indians were come vpon them to shoot at them with their arrowes, and because they were vna••med, they would not fight with them, hauing gone on shore for no other purpose, but to sound the mouth and ente∣rance of that lake. On Thursday the 4 of December we set saile with a fr••sh gale of winde, and sayled some 8 or 10 leagues, and came vnto certaine mouthes or inlets which seemed to all of vs

as though they had beene Ilands, and we entered into one of them, and came into an hauen which we called Baya del Abad all inclosed and compassed with land,* 1.51 being one of the fairest ha∣uens that hath beene seene: and about the same, especially on both sides the lande was greene and goodly to behold; we discryed certaine riuers on that part which seemed greene, & therefore we returned backe, going out at that mouth wherby we came in, alwayes hauing contrary wind: yet the Pilots vsed their best indeuour to make way: and we saw before vs certaine wooddy hils, and beyond them certaine plaines; this we saw from the Friday the 5 of the said moneth, vntill the Tuesday, which was the ninth. As we drew neere to these woods they seemed very pleasant, and there were goodly and large hilles and beyond them towardes the sea were certaine plaines, and through all the countrey we saw these woods. From the day before, which was the Con∣ception of our Lady, we saw many great smokes,* 1.52 whereat we much maruelled, being of diuerse opinions among our selues, whether those smokes were made by the inhabitants of the countrey or no. Ouer against these woods there fell euery night such a dew, that euery morning when we rose, the decke of the ship was so wet, that vntill the sunne was a good height, we alwaies made the decke durtie with going vpon it. We rode ouer against these woods from the Tuesday morning when we set saile, vntill Thursday about midnight, when a cruell Northwest winde tooke vs, which, whither we would or no, inforced vs to way our anker; and it was so great, that the ship Santa Agueda began to returne backe, vntill her cable broke, and the ship hulled, and sud∣denly with a great gust the trinker and the miz••n were rent asunder, the Northwest winde still growing more and more: within a short while after the maine saile was rent with a mighty flaw of winde, so that we were inforced, both souldiers, captaine, and all of vs, to doe our best indeuor to mend our sailes; and the Trinitie was driuen to do the like, for she going round vpon her anker, when she came a-head of it, her cable broke, so that there we lost two ankers, each ship one. We went backe to seeke Baya del Abad, for we were within 20 leagues of the same, and this day we came within foure leagues of it, and being not able to reach it by reason of contrary windes, we rode vnder the lee of certaine mountaines and hilles which were bare, and almost voide of grasse, neere vnto a strand full of sandie hilles. Neere vnto this road wee found a fishing-place vnder a point of land,* 1.53 where hauing let downe our lead to see what ground was there, a fish caught it in his mouth, and began to draw it, and he which held the sounding-lead crying and shewing his fel∣lowes that it was caught, that they might helpe him, as soone as he had got it aboue the water, tooke the fish, and loosed the cord of the sounding-lead, and threw it againe into the sea, to see whe∣ther ther•• were any good depth, and it was caught againe, whereupon he began to cry for helpe, and all of vs made a shout for ioy; thus drawing the fish the rope of the sounding-lead being very great was crackt, but at length we caught the fish which was very faire. Here we stayed from Friday when we arriued there, vntill the Munday, when as it seemed good to our Captaine, that we should repaire to the watering place, from whence we were some sixe leagues distant, to take in 12 buttes of water, which wee had drunke and spent, because he knew not whither we should from thencefoorth finde any water, or no; and though we should finde water, it was doubt∣full whither we should be able to take it by reason of the great tide that goeth vpon that coast.* 1.54 We drewe neere to that place on Munday at night, when as we sawe certaine fires of the In∣dians. And on Tuesday morning our Generall commaunded that the Trinitie should come as neere our ship & to the shore as it could, that if we had neede, they might helpe vs with their great ordinance: and hauing made 3 or 4 bourds to draw neere the shore, there came 4 or 5 Indians to the sea-side; who stood and beheld while we put out our boat and anker, marking also how our bwoy floated vpon the water; and when our boat returned to the ship, two of them le••pt into the sea, and swamme vnto the bwoy, and beheld it a great while: then they tooke a cane of an arrow, and tyed to the sayd bwoy a very faire and shining sea-oyster of pearles, and then returne•• to the shore, neere to the watering-place.

Chap. 10

They giue vnto the Indians many trifles which stand vpon the shore to see them, and seek•• to parley with them by their interpreter, which was a Chichimeco, who could not vnder∣stand their language. They go to take fresh water. Francis Preciado spendeth the time with them with many signes, and trucking and being afeard of their great multitude, re∣tireth himselfe wisely with his companions, returning with safety to the ships.

WHen the Captaine and we beheld this, we iudged these Indians to be peacable people; whereupon the Captaine tooke the boat with 4 or 5 mariners carrying with him certain

beades to truck, and went to speake with them. In the meane while he commanded the Indian interpreter our Ch••chimeco, to be called out of the Admirall that he should parley with them. And the Captaine come vnto the b••y, and laid certaine things vpon it for exchange, & made si••nes vnto the Sauages to c••me and take them; and an Indian made signes vnto our men with his hands, his armes, and head, that th••y vnderstood them not, but signified that they should go aside. Whereupon the Captaine depar••ed a smal distance from that place with his boat. And they made signes againe that he should get him further; wh••reupon we departing a great way off, the saide Indians leap•• into the water, came vnto the boy, and tooke those beades, and return••d backe a∣gaine to land, and ••hen came vnto the other three, and all of them vi••wing our things, they gaue a bowe and certaine arrowes to an Indian, and s••nt him aw••y, running with all haste on the shore, and made signes vnto vs that they had sent word vnto their lord what things we had giuen them, and that he would come thither. Within a while after the said Indian returned, running as he did before, and beganne to make signes vnto vs, that his Lord was comming. And while we stay∣ed here, we saw on the shore ten or twelue Indians ass••mble themselues, which came vn••o the o∣ther Indi••ns, and by and by we saw another company of 12 or 15 more app••are, who assembled th••mselues all together. And againe they b••gan to make signes vnto vs, to come foorthwith to our boates, and shewed vs many Oysters of pearles on the top of certaine canes, making signes that they would giue th••m vs. When we beheld this, the Captaine commanded vs to make r••a∣die our boat••, and went abo••rd i•• with the said mariners, and rowed to a c••rtaine stone in forme of a rocke, which lay in the sea neere vnto the shore. And hither came first 2 or 3 Indians, and layd downe one of those Oysters, and a garland made of Parats feathers, or sparrow••s fea••hers painted red; they layd downe also c••rtain•• pl••••nes of white feathers, and others of blew colour. In the meane while we lawe con••inually Indians assemble to the shore by tenne and tenne, and so by lit••le and little they came in squadro••s; and one of them assoone as hee sawe the boat be∣ganne to leape forward and back w••rd w••th so gr••at nimblen••sse, that doubtle••••e he seemed to all of vs a man of great agilitie, and we tooke no sm••ll pleasure while we beheld him fetching those gambols: but the rest of the Indians which stood at th•• mouth of the fresh water ranne to∣ward him, and cryed vnto him, forbidding ••im to vse those gestures, because we were come thi∣ther in peaceable sort, and by this mean••s he cam•• wi••h the r••st to the water••ng place, where by little and little in this manner th••re assembled aboue a hundred of them all in order, with certaine staues with cordes to fling th••m, ••nd with their bowes and arrowes, and they were all painted. In the meane while our Chichimeco-interpreter borne in the Ile of California, was come vnto vs, and the Captaine againe co••manded a mariner ••o strippe himselfe, a••d to swimme and laye vpon the said rocke certaine bel••es, and more bead••s, and when he had layd them there, the Indians made signes that he should goe a wa••; and so they came thither and tooke them, and our men drew neere with ••heir boat. The C••ptaine commanded the Indian our Chichimeco to speake vnto them, but they could ••ot vnd••r••••and him, so that we assuredly beleeue, ••hat they vnderstand not ••h•• l••nguage of ••he Ile of California. This day being Tuesday vntill night the Indians stayed at this watering place, taking some of our beades, and giuing vnto vs their feathers and other things, and when it was very late they dep••rted. The morrow following being Wednesday very early the Captaine comm••nded that our buttes should be made ready, that before breake of day, and before the Indians should take the hill, which stood ou••r the wat••∣ring place, we might be landed in good order: which was put in execution: for we went on shore with as many as could goe, sauing thos•• t••at had charge to take in the water, and such as were to stay on ship-boord, which in all were about fourte••ne or fifteene persons, in as good order as we could deuise: for we were foure crossebowes, two ha••q••ebuziers, and eight or nine targets, and the most part of vs carryed very good stings, and euery one ••ighteene riuer-stones, which weapon the Captaine inuent••d, because the Indi••ns at the first had ha••dl••d vs very shrewdly with the multitude of stones which they fl••ng at vs: we had nothing to d••fende vs sauing our targets, and to seeke to winne the fort••s from whence they ••ndamaged vs; he there••ore thought with these s••ings, that we might offend them, ••nd we likewise thought well of ••is op••n••••n, for making tryall of them, we threw very well with th••m, and much farther then we th••ugh•• we could haue done: for the s••ings being m••de of he••pe, we flung very farre with them. Nowe being come to the watering place the sayd W••dnesday by bre••ke of day w•• tooke the fort of the fountaine, which were certaine cragges or rockes hanging ouer the same, betweene which there was an opening or deepe valley through which thie water runneth, which is no great quantitie, but a little brooke not past a fadome broad. So standing all in order, other foure or fiue India••s came thither, who as soone as they sawe vs to be come on shore, and to haue gotten the ••oppe of

the watering place, they reti••ed vnto a small hill on the other side, for the valley was betweene them and vs: neither stayed they long before they beganne to assemble themselues as they ha•• done the day before by 10 and 10, and 15 and 15, ranging themselues on this high hill, where they made signes vnto vs. And Francis Preciado craued license of the Generall to parley with these Indians, and to giue them some trifles; wherewith he was contented, charging him not to come too neere them, nor to goe into any place where they might hurt him. Whereupon Francis went vnto a plaine place, vnder the hill where the Indians stood, and to put them out of feare he layd downe his sword and target, hauing onely a dagger hanging downe at his girdle, and in a skarfe which he carried at his necke, certaine beades to exchange with them, combs, fishinghooks and comfits. And he began to goe vp the hill, and to shew them diuerse of his marchandise. The Indians as soone as he had layd those things on the ground, and gone somewhat aside, came downe from the hill and tooke them, and carried them vp, for it seemed that their Lord was among them, to whom they carried those trifles. Then they came downe againe, and layd to giue vnto him in the said place, an oyster of pearles, and two feathers like haukes feathers,* 1.55 making signes to Pre∣ciado that he should come and take them; which he did, and againe layde there a string of belles, and a great fishhooke, and certaine beades; and they taking the same, layd there againe another oyster of pearle, and certaine feathers: and he layd downe other ••eads, ••wo fishhookes, and more comfits, and the Indians came to take them vp, and approched much neerer vnto him, then at o∣ther times, and so n••ere that a man might haue touched them with a pike, and then they began to t••lke toge••her: and 7 or 8 more came downe, vnto whom Francis Preciado made signes, that th••y should come downe no lower, and they incontinently layd their bowes and arrowes on the ground, and hauing layd them downe came somewhat lower, and there with signes, together with them which came first, they began to parle with him, and required mariners breeches & ap∣parell of him, and aboue all things a red hat pleased them highly, which the said Francis ware on his head, and they prayed him to reach it vnto them, or to lay it in the place; and after this certaine of them made sign••s vnto him to knowe whether he would haue a harlot, signifying with their fingers those villanies and dishonest actions, and among the rest they set before him an Indian of gr••at stature dyed wholly with black, with certaine shels of the mother of pearle at his necke, and on his head, and speaking by signes to Francis Preciado touching the foresaid act of fornication, thrusting their finger through a hole, they said vnto him, that if hee would haue a woman, they would bring him one; and he answered, that he liked well of it, and that therfore they should bring him one. In the meane space on the other side where the Generall stood with his company, ano∣ther squadron of Indians sh••w••d themselues, whereupon the Generall and his company made a stirre, and put thems••lues in battell array: whereupon Francis Preciado was inforced to come downe from them, to ioyne with the Generall & his company: and here the Indians which came last began to make signes that we should lay downe some••hing to truck, and that they would giue vs some of their shels of mother of pearle, which they brought vpon certaine small stickes, and herewithall they came very neere vnto vs, wherewith we w••re not well content. And Francis Preciado said vnto the Captaine, that if it pleased him, he•• would cause all the Indians to come together and to s••ay vpon that high hill; and he answered, that it was best to draw them all toge∣ther, for by this time our men had taken in all their water, and stayed for the boat: whereupon Francis taking a crowne of beades went toward the valley, through which the water ran toward the Indians, and made signes vnto them to call the rest, and to come all together, because hee would goe to the olde place, to lay things on the ground for exchange, as at the first; and they an∣swered that he should doe so, and that they had called the others, and that they would doe, as he would haue them, and so they did, for they caused them to come vnto them, which they did, and Francis likewise went alone towards them, in which meane space the Generall commanded his people to get into the boat. Francis comming vnto the place b••ganne ••o lay downe his marchan∣dise of traffique, and afterwards made signes vnto them to stay there, because hee would goe to the ships to bring them other things, and so he returned to the place where the Captaine was, and found them all got into the boates, sauing the Generall and three or foure others, and the Gene∣rall made as though he had giuen other trifles to Preciado to carry vnto the Indians, and when he was gone a little from him, he called him backe againe, and all this while the Indians stood still, and being come vnto him, wee went faire and softly to our boates, and got into them at our ease, without any chronging, and thence we came aboord our ship.

The Indians seing vs thus gone aboord came downe to the strand where the brooke of water was, and called vnto vs to come foorth with our boates, and to come on shore, and to bring our beades, and that they would giue vs of their mother of pearles: but we being now set at dinner

made no account of them: whereupon they beganne to shoot arrowes at the ship, and although they fell neere vs, yet they did not reach vs. In the meane season certaine mariners went out in the boat, to wey the anker, whereupon the Indians seeing them comming towards them, & bring∣ing them nothing, they beganne in scorne to shew them their buttockes, making signes that they should kisse their bums: and these seemed to be those that came last. The Generall seeing this, commanded a musket to be once or twise shot off, and that they should take their iust ayme. They seeing these shot to be made readie, some of them rose and went to shoot their arrowes at our ma∣riners, which were gone to weigh the ankers, then the Generall commanded the great ordinan••e speedily to be shot off, whereupon three or foure bullets were discharged, and we perceiued that we had slaine one of them, for we assuredly saw him lye dead vpon the shore; and I thinke some of the rest were wounded. They hearing this noyse, and seeing him dead ranne away as fast as euer they could, some along the shore, and some through the vallies, dragging the dead Indian with them, after which time none of them appeared, saue ten or twelue, which peeped vp with their heads among those rocks; whereupon another piece of ordinance was discharged aloft against the place where they were, after which time we neuer saw any more of them.

Chap. 11.

At the point of the Trinitie they spend three dayes in fishing, and in other pastime: after which setting sayle they discouer pleasant countries, and mountaines voide of grasse, and an Iland afterward called Isla de los Cedros, or the Ile of Cedars, neere which they suffer sharpe colde and raine, and to saue themselues they returne thither.

IMmediatly we set saile to ioyne with the ship Santa Agueda, which was aboue halfe a league in the high sea from vs, and this was on the Wednesday the seuenteenth of December. Be∣ing come together because the windes were contrary, we drew neere to a headland, which wee called Punta de la Trinidad, and here wee stayed fishing, and solacing our s••lu••s two or three dayes, although we had alwayes great store of raine. Afterward we beganne to sayle very slow∣ly, and at night we rode ouer against those mountaines where we had left our ankers, and vpon knowledge of the place we receiued great contentment seeing we had sailed some fiue and thir∣tie leagues from the place where we had taken in water: neither was it any maruell that wee so reioyced, because that the feare which we had of contrary windes caused vs to be so well ap∣payd of the way which we had made. The day of the holy Natiuitie of our Lord, which was on the Thursday the fiue and twentieth of the said moneth, God of his mercy beganne to shewe vs fauour in giuing vs a fresh winde almost in the poope, which carried vs beyond those mountaines, for the space of tenne or twelue leagues, finding the coast alwayes plaine: and two leagues with∣in the land, which we coasted along, and betweene these mountaines, there was a great space of plaine ground, which we might easily discerne with our eyes, although others were of another opinion. We beganne from Christmas day to saile slowly with certaine small land-windes, and sayled from morning to night about s••uen or eight leagues, which w••e esteemed no small mat∣ter, alwayes praying to God to continue this his fauour toward vs, and thanking him for his holy Natiuitie, and all the dayes of this feast the Frier sayd masse in the Admirall, and the father Frier Raimund preached vnto vs, which gaue vs no small comfort, by incouraging vs in the seruice of God.

On Saturday at night being the 27 of the said moneth we ankored neere vnto a point which seemed to be plaine land all along the shore, and within the countrey were high mountaines with certaine woods, which woods and mountaines ranne ouerthwart the countrey, and continued along with certaine small hilles sharpe on the toppe, and certaine little vallies are betweene those mountaines. And in truth to me which with diligent eyes beheld the same both in length and in the breadth thereof, it could not chuse but be a good coun••rey, and to haue great matters in it, as well touching the inhabiting thereof by the Indians, as in golde and siluer;* 1.56 for there was great likelihood that there is store thereof. This night we saw a fire farre within the lande to∣wards those mountaines, which made vs thinke that the countrey was throughly inhabited. The next day being Sunday and Innocents day, the 28 of the said moneth, at breake of day we se•• sayle, and by nine or ten of the clocke had sayled three or foure leagues, where we met with a point which stretched towarde the West, the pleasant situation whereof delighted vs much. From the eight and twentieth of December we ranne our course vntill Thursday being New∣yeares day of the yeere 1540,* 1.57 and we ran some 40 leagues,* 1.58 passing by certaine inlets and bayes, and certaine high mountains couered with grasse in colour like rosemary: but toward the sea-side

very bare and burned, and toward the top were certaine cragges somewhat of a red colour, and beyond these appeared certaine white mountaines, and so all the countrey shewed vnto a point which appeared beyond those burnt white and red mount••ines which haue neither any grasse nor tree vpon them, whereat we maruelled not a little. This Newyeares day we sawe neere the maine two small Ilands,* 1.59 and reioyced greatly to see them; for we stood in great feare, that con∣trary windes would driue vs as farre backe in one day, as we had sayled in tenne, which if they had taken vs, we could not haue withstood them. Wee ranne from the first of Ianuary vntill Munday which were fiue dayes, and the land alwayes stretched Northwest from the mountaines aforesaid.

And on the Sunday we saw a farre off a-he••d of vs a high land somewhat seuered from the maine shore, a••d all of vs beganne to dispute whether it were the land which tr••nded toward the Northwest, for that way the Pilots hoped to discouer a better countrey: and the said Munday the fift of Ianuarie we came to this high land befores••••d, and it was two Ilands the one a small one and the other a great one: we coasted these two Ilands some sixe leagues, which were greene, and had on the toppe of them many high slender trees; and the great Iland was twentie leagues in compasse.* 1.60 We coasted it 6 leagues in length without seeing or discouering any oth••r things, but we saw before vs high land which stretched eight or tenne leagues Northwa••d, where we rode on Munday at night. From Thursday being Newyeares day vntill the next Munday we sayled about 35 leagues.* 1.61 And in this course we felt great cold, which grieued vs much, espe∣cially being assailed by two or three windie showers, which pinched vs much with colde. We rode ouer against this land two or three nights, hauing it neere vnto vs, alwayes keeping watch by equall houres, one while mar••••ers, and another souldi••rs, all the night long with great vi∣gilancie. On Tuesday being Twelfe day we came within ••wo or three leagues of this land, which we had descryed the day before, seeming to vs very pl••asant for it shewed gr••ene with greene ••rees of an ordinary bignesse, and we saw many vallies, out of which certaine sm••ll mists arose, which continued in them for a long time, whereupon we gathered, that they rose out of certaine riuers. The same morning, to our great comfort we saw great smokes, though we were aboue foure leagues distant from them, and the Captaine made no great reckoning to approch neere vnto them, nor to seeke nor serch what the matter was, and perchance because he was not then in the Santa Agueda, but was aboord the Trinitie, as his maner was to come and stay there two or three dayes, as well to passe the time, as to giue order for things that were needefull. In this countrey the winter and raine seemed to be like that of Cast••le. We rode al night two or thre•• leagues distance from shore, and toward euening we saw fiue or sixe fires, whereat we all reioy∣ced, but did not maruell thereat, because the situation of that countrey shewed to be habitable•• being ••aire, pleasant, and all gre••ne, and likewise because the Iland which we had left behind vs being (as I haue said) twenty leagues in circuit, made shewe that it was well peopled. On the Wednesday we were 3 or 4 leagues at sea from the land, and began to see ••wo fires more, & ther∣fore we assured our selues that the countrey was very well inhabited; and the farther we sayled,* 1.62 we alwayes found it more ciuill. And for the space of fifty leagues before we came hither we al∣wayes found swimming on the sea certaine flotes of weedes of a ships length, and of the bredth of two ships, being round and full of gourds, and vnder these weedes were many fishes, and on some of them were store of fowles like vnto white sea-meawes. We supposed that these floting weeds did grow vpon some rocke vnder the water. We were now in 30 degrees of Northerly latitude.* 1.63 We sailed from the 7 of Ianuary vntill the 9 still with contrary windes; and on Fryday about noone there rose a North and Northeastern winde, which forced vs to returne vnder the shelter of that Iland which we left behind vs, from whence we had sayled aboue twentie leagues.* 1.64 And that Friday at night somewhat late wee had sayled backe aboue twelue leagues of the same, and because it was night wee stayed in the sea, where we and our shippes were not a little trou∣bled, so that all that night none of vs slept a winke, but watched euery one. The next morning betimes being Saturday we proceeded on our voyage, and gate vnder the shelter of the said I∣land, riding in thirtie fadome water: and on that side where we ankored, we found high and clo∣sed mountaines, with heapes of a certaine earth which was all ashes and burnes, and in other pla∣ces skorched and as blacke as coales, and like the rust of yron, and in other places whitish, and here and there small blacke hilles, whereat we maruelled exceedingly, considering that when we passed by, it seemed vnto vs an habitable countrey full of trees, and now we saw not a sticke growing on this side.

All of vs supposed that on the other side toward the firme lande the trees gr••we which we sawe, although (as I haue sayde) wee sayled foure or fiue leagues distant from the same.

We stayed here vnder the shelter of these mountaines Saturday, Sunday, and Munday, al∣wayes hauing the Northren winde so strong, that we thinke if it had caught vs in the sea, wee should haue bene cast away.

Chap. 12.

They enuiron and land vpon the Iland of Cedars, to discouer the same, and to seeke water and wood. They are assailed of the Indians, and many of them wounded with stones: but at length getting the vpper hand, they goe to their cottages, and ranging farther vp into the Iland they find diuerse things which the Indians in their flight had left be∣hind them.

ON Friday the 13 of Ianuary the Captaine commanded vs to hoise out our boates, and to goe on shore, which was done accordingly, and we did row along the shore for the space of a good halfe league and entered into a valley: for (as I said) all this country was full of high and bare hils, of such qualitie as I mentioned before: and in this and other small valleys we found some water which was brackish, and not farre from thence certaine cottages made of shrubs like vnto broome; like wise we found the ••ootings of Indians both small and great, whereat we much maruelled that in so rough and wilde a countrey (as farre as we could discerne) there should be people. Here we stayed all day, making foure or fiue pits to take in water which we wanted, which though it were bad, and in small quantitie we refused not; and so the euening being come, we re∣turned to our boates, and so came vnto our ships which rode a good league from the shore. The next day being Wednesday the fourteenth of the said moneth our Generall commanded vs to set saile, and we sailed about the said Iland on the same side which we coasted when we came from Nueua Espanna: for when we arriued on the coast we saw fiue or sixe fires; wherefore he desired to see and learne whether it were inhabited; and at the farthest ende of this inlet or bay where we rode there came out before vs a Canoa, wherein were foure Indians which came rowing with certaine small oares, and came very neere vs to see what we were: whereupon we tolde our Generall, that it were best to send some of vs out with our boates to take these Indians or some one of them to giue them something that they might thinke vs to be good people: but hee would not consent thereto, because he minded not to stay, hauing then a prety gale of winde, whereby he might saile about this Iland, hoping that afterward we might finde and take some others to speake with them, and giue them what we would to carry on shore; and as we sayled neere the land, we saw a great hill full of goodly trees of the bignesse of the trees and Cypresses of Castile. We found in this Iland the footing of wilde beasts and co••ies, and saw a peece of pinetree-wood, whereof we gathered, that there was store of them in that countrey. Thus say∣ling neere vnto the shore, we sawe another Canoa comming toward vs with other foure Indi∣ans, but it came not very neere vs, and as we looked forward, we sawe toward a point which was very neere before vs, three other Canoas, one at the head of the point among certaine flattes, and the other two more into the sea, that they might descry vs without comming ouer neere vs. Likewise betweene certaine hilles which were neere the point, there appeared here three and there foure of them, and afterward we saw a small troope of some twentie of them together, so that all of vs reioyced greatly to behold them. On this side the land shewed greene with pie∣ces of plaine ground which was neere the sea, and likewise all those coasts of hils shewed greene, and were couered with many trees, although they grew not very thicke together. Here at eue∣ning we rode neere the shore hard vpon the said point, to see if we could speake with those Indi∣ans, and likewise to see if we could get fresh water, which now we wanted, and still as soone as we were come to an anker, we saw the Indians shew themselues on land neere vnto their lodg∣ings, comming likewise to descry vs in a Canoa, by sixe and seuen at a time, whereat we mar∣uelled, because we neuer thought that one of those Canoas would hold so many men. In this wise we stayed looking still what would be the successe, and in the place where we rode we were two small leagues distant from the shore, where we found these Indians in their Canoas: where∣upon wee maruelled not a little to see so great an alteration in so small a distance of countrey, as well because we still discouered pleasant land with trees (whereas on the other side of the isle there were none) as also because it was so well peopled with Indians, which had so many Ca∣noas made of wood, as we might discerne, and not raftes or Balsas,* 1.65 for so they call those floats which are made all flat with canes.

The next day being Thursday the fifteenth of the said moneth about breake of day foure or fiue Indians shewed themselues at the head of that point, who as soone as they had spyed vs re∣tired behind the point, and hid themselues among the bushes vpon certaine small hilles that were

there, from whence they issued forth, and couered all the greenehils and mountaines, which were along that coast; wher•• upon we gathered that they had their dwellings there, in regard of the cō∣moditie of the water and the defence against ill weather, and the benefite of fishing. At sun-rising we saw the Indians appeare in greater companies, going vp vnto the hilles in small troopes, and from thence they stood and beheld vs. Immediatly we saw fiue or sixe Canoas come out into the sea a good distance from vs, and those which were in them stood often on their tip-toes, to view and descry vs the better. On the other side we stirred not at all for all these their gestures, but stood still riding at anker; and the Generall seemed not to be very willing to take any of them, but this day in the morning very ••arly commanded the Masters mate to conueigh him to our other shippe ca•••••••• The Trinitie. Things passed in this sort, when about ten of the clocke we saw three Ca∣noas lanth farre into the sea to fish very neere vnto vs, whereat we tooke great pleasure. At 12 of the clocke the Generall returned from the Trinitie and commanded the boat & men to be made readie, as well souldiers as mariners, and that we should goe on shore to see if we could get any wood and water, and catch one of those Indians to vnderstand their language if it were possible: an•• so all the men that were readie went into the Admirals boate, and went toward the Trinitie which by this time with the other ship had a small gale of w••nde, wherewith they entered farther within the point, and we discouered the lodgings and houses of the Indians, & saw neere the wa∣ters side those fiue or sixe Canoas which at the first came out to view vs, drawen on shore, and ouer against this place the ships cast anker in 30 and 35 fadome water, and we were very neere the land; whereat we maruelled much to find so great depth of water so neere the shore. Being gone abord our botes, we made toward the shore ouer against a village of the Indians,* 1.66 who as soone as they saw vs about to come on laud, left an hill whereon they stood to behold what we did, & came downe to the shore, where we were prepared to come on land: but before they came against vs they caused their women and children to fly into the mountaines with their goods, & then came directly towards vs, threatning vs with certaine great sta••es which they carried in their handes some 3 yardes long and thicker then a mans wrest: but perceiuing that for all this we ceased not to come neere the sea shore to come on land, they began to charge vs with stones and to fling cru∣elly at vs,* 1.67 and they hit 4 or 5 men, among whom they smote the Generall with two stones. In the meane while the other bote landed a little beneath, whereupon when they saw that they were for∣ced to diuide themselues to keepe the rest of our company from comming on land, they began to be discouraged, and did not assaile the Generals boate so fiercely, who began to cause his people to goe on shore with no small trouble; for albeit he was neere the land, y•••• as soone as they leape out of the boat they sunke downe, because they could finde no fall footing; and thus swimming or otherwise as they could, first a souldier called Spinosa got on land, and next to him the General, and then some of the rest, and began to make head against the Indians, and they came hastily with those staues in their hands, for other kinds of weapons we saw none, sauing bowes and arrowes of pine-tree. After a short combate they brake in pieces the targets of the Generall, and of Spi∣nosa. In the meane while those of the other boat were gotten on land, but not without much dif∣ficultie, by reason of the multitude of stones which continually rained downe vpon them,* 1.68 and they stroke Terazzo on the head a very shrowd blow, and had it not bene for our targets, many of vs had beene wounded, and in great distresse, although our enemies were but few in number. In this maner all our company came on shore with swimming and with great difficultie, and if they had not ho••pen one another, some of them had bene drawned. Thus we landed, and within a while after those of the other bote were come on land, the Indians be tooke themselues to flight, taking their way toward the mountaines, whether they had sent their women, children and goods: on the other side we pursued them, & one of those Indians which came to assaile the Generals boat, was slaine vpon the strand, & two or three others were wounded, and some said more. While we pursued them in this maner our mastiue dogge Berecillo ouertooke one of them not farre from vs (who because we were so wet could not run very fast) and pulled him downe, hauing bitten him cruelly, and doubtlesse he had held him till we had come,* 1.69 vnlesse it had happened that another of his companions had not followed that Indian which the dogge had pulled downe, who with a staffe which he had in his hands gaue the dogge a cruell blow on the backe, and without any stay∣ing drew his fellow along like a Deere, and Berecillo was faine to leaue him for paine, neither had he scarse taken the dogge off on him, but the Indian got vp, and fled so hastily towarde the mountaine, that within a short while hee ouertooke his fellowe which had saued him from the pawes of the dogge, who (as it appeared) betooke him Iustily to his heeles, and thus they came vnto their fellowes which descended not downe to the shore being about some twentie, and they were in all about fiftie or sixtie.

After we had breathed our selues a while, we viewed their houses where they stood, which were certaine cottages couered with shrubs like broome and rosemary, with certaine stakes pight in the ground; and the Generall willed vs to march all together without dispersing of our selues, a little way vp those mountaines, to see if there were any water and wood, because we stood in great neede of them both. And while we marched forward, we saw in certaine little vallies the goods which the women had left there behind them in their flight: for the Indians as soone as they saw vs pursue them ouertooke the women, and for feare charged them to flie away with their children leauing their stuffe in this place. We went vnto this booty, and found good store of fresh-fish, and dried fish, and certaine bags containing aboue 28 pound weight full of dried fish ground to pouder, and many seal-skins, the most part dressed with a faire white graine vpon them,* 1.70 and others very badly dressed. There were also their instruments to fish withall, as hookes made of the prickes of certaine shrubs and trees. Here we tooke the said skins without leauing any one in the place, and then we returned to the sea, because it was ••ow night, or at least very late, and found our botes waiting for vs.

Chap. 13.

A description of the Canoas of the Indians of the Ile of Cedars, and how coasting the same to find fresh water they found some, and desiring to take thereof they went on shore, and were diuersly molested with the weapons of the Indians. They christen an old Indian, and returne vnto their ships.

THe Canoas which they had were certaine thicke trunkes of Cedars, some of them of the ••hicknesse of two men, and three fadome long, being not made hollow at all, but being laid a∣long, and fastened together, they shoue them into the sea, neither were they plained to any purpose, for we found no kind of edge-toole, sauing that there were certaine sharp stones, which we found vpon certaine rockes that were very keene, wherewith we supposed that they did cut & flea those seales. And neere the shore we found certaine water, wherewith we filled certaine bottles made of the skins of those seales, contayning ech of them aboue a great paile of water. The next day our Generall commanded vs so set saile, whereupon sa••ling with a fresh gale about 2 leagues from the shore of this Iland, trending about the same to see the end thereof, and also to approch neere the firme land, to informe our selues of the state thereof, because we had seene 5 or 6 fires, we com∣passed the same about: for by this meanes we performed 2 or 3 good actions, namely, we retur∣ned to our right course, and searched whether any riuer fell out of the coast of the firme land, or whether there were any trees there, or whether any store of Indians did shew themselues or no.

In this maner proceeding on our way all the Friday being the 16 of Ianuary at euening, and seeking to double the point of the Iland, so fierce and contrary a Northren winde encountered vs, that it draue vs backe that night ouer against the lodgings and habitations of the Indians, and here we stayed all Saturday, what time we lost the Trinitie againe, but on Sunday-night being the 18 we saw her againe, and beganne to proceede on our way to compasse that Iland, if it plea∣sed God to send vs good weather.

On Sunday, Munday, and Tuesday (which was the twentieth of the said moneth of Ianua∣rie) wee sailed with scarse and contrary windes, and at length came to the cape of the point of the Iland, which we called Isla de los Cedros or the Ile of Cedars,* 1.71 because that on the tops of the mountaines therein, there growes a wood of these Cedars being very tall, as the nature of them is to be. This day the Trinitie descryed a village or towne of the Indians, and found wa∣ter; for on Sunday night we had newly lost her, and had no sight of her vntill Tuesday, whenas we found her riding neere the shore, not farre from those cottages of the Indians. And as soone as we had descryed her, we made toward her, and before we could reach her, we espied three Ca∣noas of Indians which came hard aboord the said ship called The Trinitie, so that they touched almost the side of the ship, and gaue them of their fish, and our people on the other side gaue them certaine trifles in exchange, and after they had spoken with them, the Indians went backe to the shore, and at the same instant we came vp vnto the Admirall and rode by them, and they all sa∣luted vs, saying that the Indians were neere them, and telling what had passed betweene them, whereat the Generall and we receiued great co••tentment. They told vs moreouer, that they had found fresh water, whereby they increased our great ioy, because we stood in much neede there∣of, for at the other place of the Indians we could get but a little.* 1.72

While we thus rode at ankor, we saw a Canoa with 3 Indians put out into the sea from their cottages, and they went vnto a fishing place, among certaine great and high weedes, which grow in this sea among certaine rockes, the greatest part of which weedes groweth in 15 or 20 fa∣dome

depth; and with great celeritie they caught seuen or eight fishes, and returned with them vn∣to the Trinity, and gaue them vnto them, and they in recompense gaue the Indians certaine tri∣fles. After this the Indians stayed at the sterne of the ship, viewing the same aboue three houres space, and taking the oares of our boat they tryed how they could rowe with them, where at they tooke great pleasure; and we which were in the Admirall stirred not a whit all this while, to giue them the more assurance, that they should not flie away, but should see, that we ment to doe them no harme, & that we were good people. As soone as we were come to anker, & beheld all that had passed betweene the Indians and those of the Trinity, after the Indians were gone to the shore in their Canoas made of the bodies of trees, the General commanded the boat which was without to be brought vnto him: and when it was come, he, and Francis Preciado, and two others went into it, and so we went aboord the Trinity. The Indians seeing people comming out of the other ship into the Trinitie, sent two Canoas vnto the sterne of the ship, and brought vs a bottle of water, and we gaue vnto them certain beads, and continued talking with them a little while; but euening ap∣proching the aire grew somewhat cold. The Indians returned on shore to their lodgings, and the General and we to our ship. The next day being Wednesday in the morning, the General com∣manded certaine of vs to take the bote and goe ashore, to see if we could find any brooke or well of fresh water in the houses of the Indians, because he thought it vnpossible for them to dwell there without any water to drinke. The father frier Raimund likewise went out in our company, be∣cause the day before seeing the Indians came to the sterne of the shippe and parlying with vs, he thought he might haue spoken a little with them, with the like familiarity. In like sort many ma∣riners and souldiers went out in the boat of the Trinity, and going altogether with their weapons toward the shore, somewhat aboue the lodgings of the Indians, very early in the morning they watched the boats, and perceiued that wee would come on land, wherevpon they sent away their women & children with certaine of them, who caried their goods vp into certaine exceeding ••leepe mountaines and hilles, and 5 or 6 of them came toward vs, which were excellently well made, and of a good stature. Two of them had bowes and arrowes, and other two 2 bastonadoes much thic∣ker then the wrist of a mans hand, and other two with 2 long s••aues like i••uelins with very sharpe poin••s, and approched very neere vs bring nowe come on shore. And beginning by sig••es very siercely to braue vs, they came so neere vs, that almost they strooke with one of those staues one of our souldiers called Garcia a man of good parentage, but the General commanded him to with draw himselfe, and not to hurt any of them. In the meane season the General and frier Raimund stept foorth, the frier lapping a garment about his arme, because they had taken vp stones in their hands, fearing that they would do them some mischiefe. Then began both of them to speake vnto them by signes & words, to be quiet, signifying, that they ment them no harme, but only were come to take water; and the frier shewed them a drinking-cup; but nothing would serue to make them leaue that bragging, and flinging of stones: and the General continuing still in a mind not to hur•• them, commanded his men gently to come neere vnto them, and that by signes they should all shew them, that they meant in no wise to hurt them, but that we were come on land onely to take water. On the other side refusing vtterly to take knowledge of these things they still insulted more and more: whereupon Francis Preciado counselled the General to giue him leaue to kill one of them, because all the rest would flee away, whereby at our ease we might take water: but he replied that he would not haue it so, but willed them to looze the two mastiues Berecillo and Achillo: where∣fore the dogs were let loose, and as soone as they saw them, they vanished immediately, betaking them to their heeles, and running vp those cliffes like goates.* 1.73 Also others which came from the mountains to succour them, betooke themselues to flight. The dogs ouertooke two of them, and bit them a little, and we running after, laid hold on them, and they seemed as fierce as wild & vnta∣med beasts, for 3 or 4 of vs held either of them, to cherish & pacifie them, and to seeke to giue them same thing: but we auailed not, for they bit vs by the hands, and stooped downe to take vp stones for to ••••rike vs with them. We led them a while in this maner, & came vnto their lodgings, where the Generall gaue a charge, that no man should touch any thing of theirs, commanding Francis Preciado to see that this order were obserued, in not taking any thing frō them, although in very deed there was little or nothing there, because the women and Indians which were fled had carie•• al away. Here we found an old man in a caue so extreamly aged as it was wonderful, which could neither see nor go, because he was so lame and crooked. The fathe•• frier Raimund sayd, it were good (seeing he was so aged) to make him a Christian; whereupon we christened him. The cap∣taine gaue the Indians which we had taken two paire of eare-rings, and certaine counterfeit dia∣monds, and making much of them, suffred them to depart at their pleasure, and in this sort fair•• and softly they returned to the rest of their fellowes in the mountaine. We tooke the matter of

that village which was but a small quantity, and then the Generall commanded vs to returne to our ship, because we had eaten nothing as yet, and after our repast we sayled towards a bay which lay beyond that village, where we saw a very great valley, and those of the Trinitie sayd, that they had seene there good store of water, and sufficient for vs; wherefore wee ankered neere vnto that valley. And the Generall went on shore with both the boates, and the men that went on land in the morning with the two fathers frier Raimund, and frier Antony: and passing vp that valley •• crosse bow-shot, we found a very small brooke of water, which neuertheles supplied our necessity for we filled two bu••s thereof that euening, leauing our vessels to take it with on shore vntill the next morning; and we reioyced not a little that we had found this water, for it was fresh, and the water which we had taken vp before was somewhat brackish, and did vs great hurt both in our bo∣dies and in our taste.

Chap. 14.

They take possession of the Isle of Cedars for the Emperours Maiestie, and departing from thence they are greatly tossed with a tempest of the sea, and returne to the Island, as to a safe harbour.

THe next day being the two and twentieth of Ianuary very early the General commanded vs to go on shore, and that we should haue our dinner brought vs, and should take in the rest of our water, which we did, and filled 17 buts without seeing any Indian at al. The next day going out to fill 8 or 9 vessels which were not yet filled, a great winde at Northwest tooke vs, wherup∣on they made signes to vs from the ships, that with all haste wee should come on boord againe, for the wind grew still higher, and higher, and the Masters were affraid that our cables would break, thus we were in the open sea. Therefore being come aboord againe not without great trouble, we returned backe ouer against the village of the Indians,* 1.74 where we had slaine the Indian, and because the wind grew more calme about midnight, the Pilots did not cast anker•• but ••ulled vn∣der the shelter of this Island, which (as I haue said) is called The Isle of Cedars, and is one of the 3 Isles of S. Stephan,* 1.75 the greatest & chiefest of them, where the General tooke possession. While we hulled here, about midnight, the next Friday being the 23 of the moneth, without our expecta∣tion we had a fresh gale of wind from the Southeast, which was very fauourable for our voyage, & the longer it continued, the more it increased: so that betweene that night and the next day being Saturday the 24 of the said moneth we sailed 18 great leagues.* 1.76 While wee were thus on our way, the wind grew so contrary and so tempestuous, that to our great griefe we were constrained to coast about with our shipe, and returned twenty leagues backe againe, taking for our succour the second time, the point of the lodgings of the Indians, where the foresayd Indian was slaine, and here we stayed Munday, Tewsday, and Wednesday, during which 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Northwest and the North wind blew continually, whereupon we determined not to stirre from thence vntill we saw good weather, and well se••led for our voyage: for in this climate these winds doe raigne so greatly, that we feared they would stay vs longer there then we would; and we were so weary of staying, that euery day seemed a moneth vnto vs. Under this shelter we rode Thursday, Friday, and Saturday vntill noone, which was the last of Ianuary in the yeere 1540. About noone the wind began to blow softly at Southwest, whereupon the General told the Pilots, that we should doe well to put ouer to the maine land, where with some wind off the shore we might by the grace of God saile some what farther.* 1.77 Thus we hoised our sailes, and sailed vntil euening three or foure leagues, for the wind scanted, and wee remained becalmed. The night being come there arose a contrary winde, and we were inforced of necessitie to retire the third time to the same shelter of the Isle of Cedars, where we stayed from the first of February vntil Shroue sunday, in the which meane time we tooke in two buts of water which we had spent. During the space of these eight dayes we sought to make sayle two or three times, but as we went out a little beyond the point of this Isle, we found the wind so boystrous and contrary, and the sea so growen, that of force we were constrained to returne vnder the succour of the Island, and often times wee were in grea•• feare that we should not be able to get in thither againe. During this time that we could not pro∣ceed on our iourney, we imployed our selues in catching a few fishes for the Lent. From Shroue-sunday being the 8 of February, on which day we set sayle, we sayled with a very scant wind, or rather a calme, vntill Shrouctewsday, on which we came within kenne of the firme land, from whence we were put backe these twenty leagues (for in these two dayes and a halfe wee sayled some 20 small leagues) and we lay in sight of the sayd poynt of the firme land. And on the Tews∣day we were becalmed, waiting till God of his mercy would helpe vs with a prosperous wind to proceed on our voyage.

On Shrouesunday at night, to make good cheere withall wee had so great winde and raine, that there was nothing in our ships which was not wet, and a very colde ayre. On Ashwed∣nesday at sun-rising we strooke saile neere a point which we fel somewhat short withall in a great bay running into this firme land:* 1.78 and this is the place where we saw fiue or sixe fires, and at the ••ising of the sunne being so neere the shore that we might well deserie and viewe it at our pleasure we sawe it to bee very pleasant, for wee descried as farre as wee could discerne with our eyes faire valleys, and small hilles, with greene shrubs very pleasant to behold, although there grew no trees there. The situation shewed their length and breadth. This day was little winde, •••• being in a manner calme, to our no small griefe: and the father frier Raimund sayd vs a drie masse, and gaue vs ashes, preaching vnto vs according to the time and state wherein we were: with which sermon we were greatly comforted. After noonetide we had contrary wind, which still was our enemie in all our iourney, at the least from the point of the port of Santa Cruz.* 1.79 Here we were constrained to anker in fiue fadome water, and after wee rode at anker wee began to viewe the countrey, and tooke delight in beholding how goodly and pleasant it was, and neere vnto the sea wee iudged that wee saw a valley of white ground. At euening so great a tempest came vpon vs of winde and raine, that it was so fearefull and dangerous a thing that a greater cannot bee expressed; for it had like to haue driuen vs vpon the shore, and the chiefe Pilot cast out another great anker into the sea, yet all would not serue, for both these ankers could not stay the ship. Whereupon all of vs cryed to God for mercy, attending to see how he would dispose of vs; who of his great goodnesse, while we were in this danger, vouchsafed a little to take the tempest, and with great speede the chiefe Pilot commanded the mariners to turne the capsten, and the Generall commanded and prayed all the souldiers to helpe to turne the capsten, which they were nothing slow to performe: and thus we beganne to weigh our ankers, and in weighing of one which was farre greater ••hen the other, the sea was so boisterous, tha•• it forced the capsten in such sorte, that the men which were at it could not rule the same, and i•• strooke a Negro of the Generals such a blowe, that it cast him downe along vpon the decke, and did the like vnto another mariner and one of the barres strook•• our fire-furnace so violently, tha•• it cast it ouer-boord into the sea. Yet for all these troubles wee weighed our ankers, and se•• sayle, and albeit we had great tempests at sea, yet made wee no account thereof in respect of the ioy which we conceiued to see our selues ••reed of the perill of being cast on that shore with on ships, especially seeing it fell out at midnight, at which time no man could haue escaped, but by meere myracle from God.

Wee sayled vp and downe the sea all Thursday, and vntill Friday in the morning being th•• fourteeneth day of February, and the waues of the sea continually came raking ouer o•••• deckes. At length, on Saturday morning at breake of day we could finde no remedy against the contrary windes, notwithstanding the Generall was very obstinate to haue vs keepe out at sea although it were very tempestuous, least we should be driuen to put backe againe, but not dili¦gence nor remedie preuailed: for the windes were so boysterous and so contrary, that they could not he worse, and the sea went still higher, and swelled more and more, and that in such forte, that we greatly f••a••ed wee should all perish. Whereupon the Pilot thought it our best course t•• returne to the Isle of Cedars, whither wee had repaired three or foure times before by reason of the selfe same contrary windes, for wee tooke this Island for our father and mother, although we receiued no other benefite thereby saue this onely, namely, to repaire thither in these necessi∣ties, and to furnish our selues with water, and with some small quantitie of fish.

Being therefore arriued at this Island, and riding vnder the shelter thereof, the contrary windes did alwayes blow very strongly, and here we tooke water which we drunke, and wood for our fewel, and greatly desired, that the windes would bee more fauourable for proceeding on our iourney. And though we rode vnder the shelter of the Isle, yet felt wee the great fury of those windes, and the rage of the sea, and our ships neuer ceased rolling.

At breake of day the twentieth of February wee found the cable of our Admirall cracked, whereupon, to our great griefe, we were constrained to setsayle, to fall downe lower the space of a league, and the Trinitie came and rode in our company.

Chap. 15.

They goe on land in the isle of Cedars, and take diuers wilde beasts, and refresh and solace themselues. They are strangely tossed with the Northwest winde, and seeking often to depart they are forced, for the auoiding of many mischiefes, to repaire thither againe for harbour.

THe two and twentieth of February being the second Sonday in Lent, the General went on shore with the greatest part of his people and the friers, neere vnto a valley which they sawe before them. And hearing masse on land, certaine souldiers and mariners, with certaine dogges which we had in our company went into the said valley, and we met with certaine deere, whereof we tooke a female, which was little, but fat, whose haire was liker the haire of a wild goat then of a deere, and we found her not to be a perfect deere, for she had foure dugs like vnto a cowe full of milke, which made vs much to marue••le. And after we had stayed off her skinne, the flesh seemed more like the flesh of a goate, then of a deere. We killed likewise a gray conie, in shape like vnto those of Nueua Espanna, and another as blacke as heben-wood. In the cottages at the shelter a∣boue, where we brake our cable, we found many pine-nuts opened, which (in mine opinion) the Indians had gathered together to eate the kernels of them. On Munday the 23 of the said mo∣neth, we rode at anker, taking our pleasure and pastime with fishing. And the Northwest winde began to blow, which wared so great a little before midnight, as it was wonderfull: so that al∣though we were vnder the shelter of the Island, and greatly defended from that wind, yet for all that it was so furious, and the sea became so raging and boisterous, that it greatly shook our ships, and we were in great feare of breaking our cables, whereof (to say the trueth) we had very much neede: for hauing spent longer time in this voyage then we looked for, wee had broken two, and lost two of our best ankers. This furious winde continued vntill the next day being Tewsday the 24 when as we went on shore with the friers, who sayd vs masse, recommending our selues to God, beseeching him to vouchsafe to succour and help vs with some good weather that we might proceede on our voyage, to the aduancement of his seruice. And still the winds were so high and outragious, that the deuill seemed to be loosed in the aire. Whereupon the Pilots caused all the masts to be let downe, least they should be shaken with the wind, and tooke off all the shrowds, and likewise caused the cabbens in the sterne to be taken away, that the winds might haue more free passage, for the safetie of the ships; yet for al this they ceased not to be in great trouble. On Tews∣day the second of March, about midnight or somewhat after, riding vnder the Island in this di∣stresse, there came a gust of Northwest winde, which made the cable of the Admirall to slip, and the Trinitie brake her cable, and had bene cast away, if God of his mercy had not prouided for vs, together with the diligence which the Pilots vsed, in hoising the sailes of the trinkets and mizzen, wherewith they put to sea, and rode by another anker vntill day, when the men of both the ships went with their boats to seeke the anker vntill noone, which at length they found and recouered, not without great paines & diligence which they vsed in dragging for it, for they were till noone in seeking the same, and had much adoe to recouer it. After this we set vp our shrowdes, and all things necessary to saile, for to proceede on our voyage, if it pleased God, and not to stay alwayes in that place, as lost and forlorne. Thus on the Wednesday two or three houres after dinner wee set saile, with a scarce winde at Southeast, which was fauourable for our course and very scant: and our Pilots & all the rest of vs were in no smal feare, that it would not continue long. We be∣gan therfore to set forward, although we seemed to see before our eies, that at the end of the Island we should meete with contrary winde at North and Northwest. This day about euening when our ships had discouered the point of this Isle of Cedars, wee began to perceiue those contrary windes, and the sea to goe so loftily, that it was terrible to behold. And the farther we went, the more the winds increased, so that they put vs to great distresse, sayling alwayes with the sheates of our maine saile and trinket warily in our hands, and with great diligence we loosed the ties of all the sailes, to saue them the better, that the wind might not charge them too vehemently. For all this the mariners thought it best to returne backe, and that by no means we should runne farre into the sea, because we were in extreame danger. Whereupon wee followed their counsel, tur∣ning backe almost to the place from whence we departed, whereat we were al not a little grieued, because we could not prosecute our voyage, and began to want many things for the furniture of our ships. The 8 of March being Munday about noone the Generall commanded vs to set saile, for a small gale of winde blew from the West, which was the wind whereof we had most need, to follow our voyage, whereat wee were all glad for the great desire which we had to depart out of that place. Therefore we began to set saile, & to passe toward the point of the Island, and to shape

our course toward the coast of the firme land, to view the situation thereof. And as we passed the Island, and were betwixt it and the maine, the Northwest being a contrary wind began to blow, which increased so by degrees, that we were constrained to let fall the bonets of our sailes, to saue them, striking them very low. And the Trinitie seeing this bad weather returned forthwith vnto the place from whence we departed, and the Admiral cast about all night in the sea, vntill the mor∣ning: and the chiefe Pilot considering that by no means we could proceed farther without danger, if we should continue at sea any longer, resolued that wee should retire our selues againe to that shelter, where we rode at anker vntill Thursday. And on Friday about noone we set saile againe with a scarce winde, & in comming forth vnto the point of the Island, we met againe with contrary winde at Northwest: whereupon running all night with the firme land, on Saturday in the mor∣ning being S. Lazarus day and the 13 of march, we came in sight thereof, in viewing of the which we all reioyced, and we souldiers would very willingly haue gone on shore. This night fel great store of raine like the raine in Castilia,* 1.80 and we were all well wet in the morning, & we tooke great pleasure in beholding the situation of that firme land, because it was greene, and because we had discouered a pleasant valley and plaines of good largenes, which seemed to bee enuironed with a garland of mountains. At length for feare of misfortunes, seeing the sea so high, we durst not stay here or approch neere the land, & because we had great want of cables and ankers, we were again constrained to put to sea; and being in the same, and finding the said contrary windes, the Pilots iudged that we had none other remedie, but againe to retire our selues to our wonted shelter. And thus we returned, but somewhat aboue the old place. On Sunday we rode here to the great grief of all the cōpany, considering what troubles we indured, & could not get forward; so that this was such a corrasiue, as none could be more intollerable. This day being come to an anker wee had a mighty gale of wind at Northwest, which was our aduersary and capital enemie, and when day was shut in, it still grew greater and greater, so that the ships rouled much. And after midnight, toward break of day, the Trinitie brake her two cables, which held the two ankers which she had, and seeing her selfe thus forlorne, she turned vp and downe in the sea vntill day, and came & rode neere vs, by one anker which shee had left. This day all of vs went to seeke these lost an∣kers, and for all the diligence which wee vsed, wee could find but one of them. We rode at anker all day vntil night, when the Trinitie againe brake a cable, which certaine rocks had cut asunder: whervpon the General commanded that she should ride no longer at anker, but that shee should turne vp and downe, as she had done before in sight of vs, which she did al day long, and at night she came to an anker ouer against a fresh water somewhat lower, and wee went and rode hard by her. On Palme-sunday we went on shore with the fathers, which read the passion vnto vs and said masse, and we went in procession with branches in our hands. And so being comforted, because we had receiued that holy Sacrament, we returned to our ships.

Chap. 16.

Returning to the Isle of Cedars weather-beaten, and with their ships in euil case, they con∣clude, that the ship called Santa Agueda or Santa Agatha should returne vnto Nueua Espanna. Of the multitude of whales which they found about the point of California with the description of a weede, which groweth among the Islands of those seas.

HEre we continued vntill the Wednesday before Easter being the foure and twentieth o•• March, on which day wee consulted together, that because the ships were ill conditioned, and wanted necessary furniture to proceede any further, it were best for vs to returne backe to New Spaine, as also because our clothes were consumed: but the Generall seemed not willing to returne, but to proceed on his voyage: and in fine it was resolued, that seeing both the ships could not proceede forward, as well because they had lost their necessary furnitures, as also that the Santa Agatha had neede of calking, because she receiued much water, and was the worst furnished of the twaine, that shee should returne backe to aduertize the Marques of our successe in this voyage, and what hindred our proceeding, and in what case wee stoode, and howe wee were bereft of our necessary furniture. And because the Trinitie was the swifter ship, and better appointed then the other, it was concluded, that it should be prouided in the best maner that might be, & that the General should proceed on his iourney in her with such cōpanie as he should make choise of, and that the rest should returne at their good leisure. Wherefore vpon this deter∣mination we went vnder a point of this Island, because it was a fit place to c••••ene the ship: & in re∣couering the same we spent Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday till noone, and yet for all that wee could not wel double it, vntil Easter day about noone. Here we ankered very neere the shore, and in a valley we found very excellent fresh water, wherof we made no smal account, & here stayed all the Easter-holidayes, to set our selues about the furnishing vp of the Trinity: and after the worke

was taken in hand by the two Masters which were very sufficient calkers (one of which was Iuan Castiliano chiefe Pilot, and the other Peruccio de Bermes) they finished the same so well in fiue dayes, as it was wonderfull; for no man could perceiue how any droppe of water could enter in∣to any of the seames. Afterward they mended the other ship from Saturday till Munday, during which time all those were shriuen that had not confessed, and receiued the communion, and it was resolued by charge of the confessors, that all those seale-skins which they had taken from the In∣dians should bee restored againe; and the Generall gaue charge to Francis Preciado to restore them all, charging him on his conscience so to doe. Thus they gathered them together, and deli∣uered them into the hands of the fathers, to bee kept vntill they returned to the place, where they were to restore them.* 1.81 After this maner on Munday before noone we tooke our leaues of the Ge∣nerall Francis Vlloa, and of the people that stayed with him, who at our departure shed no small number of teares, and we chose for our captaine in the Santa Agueda master Iuan Castiliano the chiefe pilot, as well of the ship, as of vs all, and set saile the same day being the fift of April, ha∣uing our boat tied at our sterne, till we came ouer against the cottages, whence wee had taken the seale-skins. From the countrey of the Christians and the port of Colima we were now distant some three hundreth leagues, which is the first port where wee determined to touch at. And ha∣uing sailed a league from the Trinitie the captaine Iuan Castiliano commanded vs to salute them with three pieces of great Ordinance, and she answered vs with other three, and afterward we an∣swered one another with two shot apiece.

We sailed on Munday & * 1.82 Tewsday til noon with contrary wind in sight of the Island, and at noone we had a fresh gale in the poupe, which brought vs ouer against the cottages of the Indians where we tooke away those seal-skins; & there certain souldiers & mariners with the father frier Antony de Melo leapt on shore with the boat, carying the skins with them, & flung them into the sayd cottages out of which they were taken, and so returned to their ship. This day the weather calmed,* 1.83 wereupon we were driuen to cast anker, fearing that we should foorthwith be distressed for want of victuals, if we should stay there any long time: but God which is the true helper proui∣ded better for vs then we deserued or imagined; for as we rode here, after midnight the Wednes∣day following before ten of the clocke wee had a fauourable gale of winde from the Southeast, which put vs into the sea; whither being driuen, wee had the wind at Northwest so good and con∣stant, that in si••e dayes it brought vs to the cape of the point of the port of Santa Cruz:* 1.84 for which so great blessing of God we gaue vnto him infinite thankes. And here we began to allow our selues a greater proportion of victuals then wee had done before, for wee had eaten very sparingly for feare lest our victuals would faile vs. Before we came to this point of the hauen of Santa Cruz by sixe or seuen leagues we saw on shore between certaine valleys diuers great smokes.* 1.85 And ha∣uing passed the point of this port, our captaine thought it good to la••ch foorth into the maine Oce∣an: yet although we ran a swift course, aboue 500 whal••s came athwart of vs in 2 or 3 skulles within one houres space, which were so huge, as it was wonderfull, and some of them came so neere vnto the ship, that they swam vnder the same from one side to another, whereupon we were in great feare, lest they should doe vs some hurt, but they could not because the ship had a prospe∣rous and good winde, and made much way, whereby it could receiue no harme, although they tou∣ched and strooke the same.

* 1.86Among these Islands are such abundance of those weedes, that if at any time wee were infor∣ced to sayle ouer them they hindred the course of our ships. They growe fourteene or fifteene fa∣dome deepe vnder the water, their tops reaching foure or fiue fadome aboue the water. They are of the colour of yellow waxe, & their stalke groweth great proportionably. This weede is much more beautifull then it is set foorth, and no maruell, for the naturall painter and creator thereof is most excellent.

* 1.87This relation was taken out of that which Francis Preciado brought with him.

After this ship the Santa Agueda departed from the Generall Vlloa, and returned backe the 5 of April, she arriued in the port of Sant Iago de buena esperança the 18 of the said moneth, and af∣ter she had stayed there foure or fiue dayes, she departed for Acapulco: howbeit vntil this present seuenteenth of May in the yeere 1540•• I haue heard no tidings nor newes of her.

* 1.88Moreouer after the departure of the Santa Agueda for Nueua Espanna, the General Francis Vlloa in the ship called the Trinitie proceeding on his dicouery coasted the land vntill he came to a point called Cabo del Enganno standing in thirty degrees and a halfe of Northerly latitude, and then returned backe to Newspaine, because he found the winds very contrary, and his victuals failed him.

The relation of the nauigation and discouery which Captaine Fernando Alarchon made by the order of the right honourable Lord Don Antonio de Mendoça Vizeroy of New Spaine, dated in Colima, an hauen of New Spaine.

Chap. 1.

Fernando Alarchon after he had suffered a storme, arriued with his Fleete at the hauen of Saint Iago, and from thence at the hauen of Aguaiaual: he was in great perill in seeking to discouer a Bay, and getting out of the same he discouered a riuer on the coast with a great current, entring into the same, and coasting along he discried a great many of In∣dians with their weapons: with signes hee hath traffique with them, and fearing some great danger returneth to his ships.

ON Sunday the ninth of May in the yeere 1540. I set saile with two ships, the one called Saint Peter being Admirall, and the other Saint Catherine, and wee set forward meaning to goe to the hauen of Saint Iago of good hope: but before we arriued there wee had a terrible storme, wherewith they which were in the ship called Saint Catherine, being more afraid then was neede, cast ouer boord nine pieces of Ordinance, two ankers and one cable, and many other things as needfull for the enterprise wherein we went, as the shippe it selfe. Assoone as we were arriued at the hauen of Saint Iago I repaired my losse which I had receiued,* 1.89 prouided my selfe of things necessary, and tooke aboord my people which looked for my comming, and directed my course to∣ward the hauen of Aguaiauall.* 1.90 And being there arriued I vnderstood that the Generall Francis Vazquez de Coronado was departed with all his people: whereupon taking the ship called Saint Gabriel which carried victuals for the armie I led her with mee to put in execution your Lordships order. Afterward I followed my course along the coast without departing from the same, to see if I could find any token, or any Indian which could giue me knowledge of him: and in sailing so neere the shore I discouered other very good hauens, for the ships whereof Captaine Francis de Vllua was Generall for the Marquesse de Valle neither sawe nor found them. And when we were come to the flats and shoalds from whence the foresaid fleete returned,* 1.91 it seemed aswell to me as to the rest, that we had the firme land before vs, and that those shoalds were so pe∣rilous and fearefull, that it was a thing to be considered whither with our skiffes we could enter in among them: and the Pilotes and the rest of the company would haue had vs done as Cap∣taine Vllua did, and haue returned backe againe. But because your Lordship commanded mee, that I should bring you the secret of that gulfe, I resolued, that although I had knowen I should haue lost the shippes, I would not haue ceased for any thing to haue seene the head thereof: and therefore I commanded Nicolas Zamorano Pilote maior, and Dominico del Castello that eche of them should take a boate, and their lead in their hands, and runne in among those shoalds, to see if they could find out the chanell whereby the shippes might enter in: to whom it seemed that the ships might saile vp higher (although with great trauell and danger) and in this sort I and he be∣gan to follow our way which they had taken, and within a short while after wee found our selues fast on the sands with all our three ships, in such sort that one could not helpe another, neither could the boates succour vs, because the current was so great that it was impossible for one of vs to come vnto another: whereupon we were in such great ieopardie that the decke of the Admirall was oftentimes vnder water, and if a great surge of the sea had not come & driuen our ship right vp, and gaue her leaue as it were to breath a while, we had there bin drowned: and likewise the o∣ther two shippes found themselues in very great hazard, yet because they were lesser and drewe lesse water, their danger was not so great as ours. Nowe it pleased God vpon the returne of the flood that the shippes came on florè, and so wee went forward. And although the company would haue returned backe, yet for all this I determined to goe forwarde, and to pursue our at∣tempted voyage: and we passed forward with much adoe, turning our stemmes now this way, now that way, to seeke to find the chanel. And it pleased God that after this sort we came to the very bottome of the Bay:* 1.92 where wee found a very mightie riuer, which ranne with so great fury of a streame, that we could hardly saile against it. In this sort I determined as wel as I could to go vp this riuer, and with two boates, leauing the third with the ships, and twenty men, my selfe being in one of them with Roderigo Maldonado treasurer of this fleet, and Gaspar de Castill••ia comptroller, and with certaine small pieces of artillerie I began to saile vp the riuer, and charged

all my company, that none of them should stirre nor vse any signe, but he whom I appoynted, al∣though wee found Indians. The same day, which was Thursday the sixe and twentieth of Au∣gust,* 1.93 following our voyage with drawing the boats with halsers we went about some 6 leagues: and the next day which was Friday by the breake of day thus following our way vpward, I saw certaine Indians which went toward certaine cottages neere vnto the water, who assoone as they saw vs ten or twelue of them rose vp furiously, and crying with a loud voyce, other of their companions came running together to the number of 50 which with all haste carried out of their cottages such things as they had, and layd them vnder certaine shrubs and many of them came running toward that part whether wee approched, making great signes vnto vs that we should goe backe againe, vsing great threatnings against vs, one while running on this side and an other while on that side. I seeing them in such a rage, caused our beates to lanch from the shore into the middes of the riuer, that the Indians might be out of feare, and I rode at anker, and set my people in as good order as I could, charging them that no man should speake, nor make any signe nor motion, nor shire out of his place, nor should not be offended for any thing that the Indians did, nor should shewe no token of warre: And by this meanes the Indians came euery foote neere the riuers side to see vs: and I gate by little and little toward them where the riuer see∣med to be deepest. In this meane space there were aboue two hundred and fiftie Indians assem∣bled together with bowes and arrowes, and with certaine banners in warrelike sort in such ma∣ner as those of New Spayne doe vse: and perceiuing that I drewe toward the shore, they came with great cryes toward vs with bowes and arrowes put into them, and with their banners dis∣played. And I went vnto the stemme of my boate with the interpreter which I carried with me,* 1.94 whom I commanded to speake vnto them, and when he spake, they neither vnderstood him, nor he them, although because they sawe him to be after their fashion, they stayed themselues: and seeing this I drewe neerer the shore, and they with great reyes came to keepe mee from the shore of the riuer, making signes that I should not come any farther, putting stakes in my way betweene the water and the sand: and the more I lingered, the more people still flocked toge∣ther. Which when I had considered I beganne to make them signes of peace, and taking my sword and target, I cast them downe in the boate and set my feete vpon them, giuing them to vnderstand with this and other tokens that I desired not to haue warre with them, and that they should doe the like. Also I tooke a banner and cast it downe,* 1.95 and I caused my company that were with mee to sit downe likewise, and taking the wares of exchange which I carried with mee, I called them to giue them some of them: yet for all this none of them stirred to take any of them, but rather flocked together, and beganne to make a great murmuring among them∣selues: and suddenly one came out from among them with a staffe wherein certayne shelles were set, and entred into the water to giue them vnto mee, and I tooke them, and made signes vnto him that hee should come neere me, which when he had done, I imbraced him, and gaue him in recompence certaine beades and other things, and he returning with them vnto his fellowes, began to looke vpon them, and to parley together, and within a while after many of them came toward me, to whom I made signes to lay downe their banners, and to leaue their weapons: which they did incon••••uently, then I made signes that they should lay them altogether, and should goe a∣side from them, which like wise they did: and they caused those Indians which newly came thi∣ther to leaue them, and to lay them together with the rest. After this I called them vnto me, and to all them which came I gaue some smal trifle, vsing them gently, and by this time they were so many that came thronging about mee, that I thought I could not stay any longer in safety a∣mong them, and I made signes vnto them that they should withdraw themselues, and that they should stand al vpon the side of an hill which was there betweene a plaine & the riuer, and that they should not presse to me aboue ten at a time. And immediatly the most ancient among them called vnto them with a loud voyce, willing them to do so: and some ten or twelue of them came where I was: whereupon seeing my selfe in some securitie, I determined to goe on land the more to put them out of feare: and for my more securitie, I made signes vnto them, to sit downe on the ground which they did: but when they saw that ten or twelue of my companions came a shore af∣ter me, they began to be angry, and I made signes vnto them that we would be friends, and that they should not feare, & herewithal they were pacified, and sate down as they did before, and I went vnto them, & imbraced them•• giuing them certain trifles, commanding mine interpreter to speake vnto them, for I greatly desired to vnderstand their maner of speech, and the cry which they made at mee. And that I might knowe what maner of foode they had. I made a signe vnto them, that wee would gladly eate, and they brought mee certaine cakes of Maiz, and a loafe of Mizquiqui, and they made signes vnto mee that they desired to see an harquebuse shotte off, which I caused

to be discharged, and they were all wonderfully afraid, except two or three olde men among them which were not mooued at all, but rather cried out vpon the rest, because they were afrayd: and through the speach of one of these olde men, they began to rise vp from the ground, and to lay hold on their weapons: whom when I sought to appease, I would haue giuen him a silken girdle of diuers colours, and hee in a great rage bitte his nether lippe cruelly, and gaue mee a thumpe with his elbowe on the the brest, and turned in a great furie to speake vnto his company. After that I saw them aduance their banners. I determined to returne my selfe gently to my boates, and with a small gale of wind I set sayle, whereby wee might breake the current which was very great, although my company were not well pleased to goe any farther. In the meane space the Indians came following vs along the shore of the riuer, making signes that I should come on land, and that they would giue mee food to eate, some of them sucking their fingers, and others entred into the water with certaine cakes of Maiz to giue me them in my boate.

Chap. 2.

Of the habite, armour and stature of the Indians. A relation of many others with whom he had by signes traffique, victuals and many courtesies.

IN this sort we went vp two leagues, and I arriued neere a cliffe of an hill, whereupon was an arboue made newly, where they made signes vnto me, crying that I should go thither, shew∣ing me the same with their handes,* 1.96 and telling nice that there was meate to eate. But I would not goe thither, seeing the place was apt for some ambush, but followed on my voyage, within a while after issued out from thence aboue a thousand armed men with their bowes and arrowes, and after that many women and children shewed themselues, toward whom I would not goe, but because the Sunne was almost set, I rode in the middest of the riuer. These Indians came decked after sundry fashions, some came with a painting that couered their face all ouer, some had their faces halfe couered, but all be smouthed with cole,* 1.97 and euery one as it liked him best. O∣thers carried visards before them of the same colour which had the shape of faces. They weare on their heads a piece of a Deeres skinne two spannes broad set after the maner of a helmet, and vpon it certaine small sticks with some sortes of fethers. Their weapons were bowes and ar∣rowes of hard wood, and two or three sorts of maces of wood hardened in the fire. This is a migh∣tie people, well feitured, and without any grossenesse. They haue holes bored in their nostrels whereat certaine pendents hang: and others wear•• shelles, and their eares are full of holes, whereon they ha••g bones and shelles. All of them both great and small weare a girdle about their waste made of diuerse colours, and in the middle is fastened a round bunch of feathers, which han∣geth downe behind like a tayle. Likewise on the drawne of their armes they weare a streit string, which they wind so often about that it becommeth as broad as ones hand. They weare certaine pieces of Deeres bones fastened to their armes, werewith they strike off the sweate, and at the o∣ther certaine small pipes of canes. They carry also certaine little long bagges about an hand broade tyed to their left arme,* 1.98 which serue them also in stead of brasers for their bowes, full of the powder of a certaine herbe, whereof they make a certaine beuerage. They haue their bo∣dies traced with coles, their haire cut before, and behind it hangs downe to their wast. The wo∣men goe naked, and weare a great wreath of fethers behind them, and before painted and glued together, and their haire like the men. There were among these Indians three or foure men in womens apparell. Nowe the next day being Saturday very early I went forward on my way by the riuer, setting on shore two men for eache boate to drawe them with the rope, and about breaking foorth of the Sunne•• wee heard a mightie crie of Indians on both sides of the riuer with their weapons, but without any banner. I thought good to attend their comming, aswell to see what they woulde haue, as also to try whether our interpreter could vnderstand them. When they came ouer against vs they leapt into the riuer on both sides with their bowes and arrowes, and when they spake, our interpreter vnderstoode them not: whereupon I be∣ganne to make a signe vnto them that they should lay away their weapons, as the other had done. Some did as I willed them, and some did not, and those which did, I willed to come neere me and gaue them some things which we had to trucke withall, which when the others perceiued, that they might likewise haue their part, they layd away their weapons likewise. I iudging my selfe to be in securitie leaped on shore with them, and stoode in the the middest of them, who vn∣derstanding that I came not to fight with them, began to giue some of those shels and beades,* 1.99 and some brought me certaine skinnes well dressed, and others Maiz and a roll of the same naugh∣tily grinded, so that none of them came vnto me that brought mee not something, and before they

gaue it me going a little way from mee they began to cry our amayne, and made a signe with their bodies and armes, and afterward they approched to giue me that which they brought. And now that the Sunne beganne to set I put off from the shore, and rode in the middest of the riuer. The next morning before breake of day on both sides of the riuer wee heard greater cryes and of more Indians, which leaped into the riuer to swimme, and they came to bring mee certaine gourdes full of Maiz, and of those wrethes which I spake of before. I shewed vnto them Wheate and Beanes, and other seedes, to see whether they had any of those kindes: but they shewed mee that they had no knowledge of them, and wondred at all of them, and by signes I came to vnderstand that the thing which they most esteemed and reuerenced was the Sunne:* 1.100 and I signified vnto them that I came from the Sunne. Whereat they marueiled, and then they began to beholde me from the toppe to the toe, and shewed me more fauour then they did before: and when I asked them for food, they brought me such abundance that I was inforced twise to call for the boates to put it into them, and from that time forward of all the things which they brought me they flang vp into the ayre one part vnto the Sunne, and afterward turned towards me to giue mee the o∣ther part: and so I was alwayes better serued and esteemed of them as well in drawing of the boats vp the riuer, as also in giuing me food to eat: and they shewed me so great loue, that when I st••yed they would haue carried vs in their armes vnto their houses: and in no kind of thing they would breake my commandement: and for my suretie, I willed them not to carry any weapons in my sight: and they were so carefull to doe so, that if any man came newly thither with them, suddenly they would goe and meete him to cause him to lay them downe farre from mee: and I shewed them that I tooke great pleasure in their so doing: and to some of the chiefe of them I gaue certaine little napkins and other trifles; for if I should haue giuen somewhat to euery one of them in particular, all the small wares in New Spayne would not haue sufficed.* 1.101 Sometimes it fell out (such was the great loue and good wil which they shewed me) that if any Indians came thither by chance with their weapons, and if any one being warned to leaue them behind him, if by negligence, or because he vnderstood them not at the first warning, he had not layd them away, they would runne vnto him, and take them from him by force, and would breake them in pieces in my presence. Afterward they tooke the rope so louingly, and with striuing one with another for it•• that we had no need to pray them to doe it. Wherefore if we had not had this helpe, the current of the riuer being exceeding great,* 1.102 and our men that drew the rope being not well acquainted with that occupation, it would haue beene impossible for vs to haue gotten vp the riuer so against the streame. When I perceiued that they vnderstood mee in all things, and that I likewise vnder∣stoode them. I thought good to try by some way or other to make a good entrance to find some good issue to obtaine my desire: And I caused certaine crosses to be made of certaine small sticks and paper, and among others when I gaue any thing I gaue them these as things of most price and kissed them, making signes vnto them that they should honour them and make great account of them, and that they should weare them at their necks: giuing them to vnderstand that this signe was from heauen, and they tooke them and kissed them, and lifted them vp aloft, and seemed great∣ly to reioyce thereat when they did so, and sometime I tooke them into my boate, shewing them great good will, and sometime I gaue them of those trifles which I caried with me. And at length the matter grew to such issue, that I had not paper and stickes ynough to make crosses. In this maner that day I was very well accompanied, vntill that when night approched I sought to lanch out into the riuer, and went to ride in the middest of the streame, and they came to aske leaue of me to depart, saying that they would returne the next day with victuals to visite me, and so by litle and little they departed, so that there stayed not aboue fiftie which made fires ouer against vs, and stayed there al night calling vs, and before the day was perfectly broken, they leapt into the water and swamme vnto vs asking for the rope, and we gaue it them with a good will, thanking God for the good prouision which hee gaue vs to go vp the riuer: for the Indians were so many, that if they had gone about to let our passage, although we had bene many more then wee were, they might haue done it.

Chap. 3.

One of the Indians vnderstanding the language of the interpreter, asketh many questions of the originall of the Spaniards, he telleth him that their Captaine is the child of the Sunne, and that he was sent of the Sunne vnto them, and they would haue receiued him for their king. They take this Indian into their boat, and of him they haue many informations of that countrey.

IN this maner we sailed vntil Tuesday at night, going as we were wont, causing mine interpre∣ter to speak vnto the people to see if peraduēture any of them could vnderstand him, I perceiued

that one answered him, whereupon I caused the boates to be stayed, and called him, which hee vn∣derstoode charging mine interpreter that hee should not speake nor answere him any thing else, but onely that which I said vnto him:* 1.103 and I saw as I stood still that that Indian began to speake to the people with great furie: whereupon all of them beganne to drawe together, and mine inter∣preter vnderstood, that he which came to the boate sayd vnto them, that he desired to knowe what nation we were, and whence wee came, and whither we came out of the water, or out of the earth, or from heauen: And at this speech an infinite number of people came together, which maruai∣led to see mee speake: and this Indian turned on this side and on that side to speake vnto them in another language which mine interpreter vnderstood not. Whereas he asked me what we were, I answered that we were Christians, and that we came from farre to see them: and answering to the question, who had sent me, I sa••d, I was sent by the Sunne, pointing vnto him by signes as at the first, because they should not take mee in a lye. He beganne againe to aske mee, how the Sunne had sent me, seeing hee went aloft in the skie and neuer stoode still, and seeing these many yeeres neither he nor their olde men had euer seene such as we were, of whome they euer had any kind o•• knowledge, and that the Sunne till that houre had neuer sent any other. I answered him that it was true that the Sunne made his course aloft in the skie, and did neuer stand still, yet neuerthelesse that they might well perceiue that at his going downe and rising in the mor∣ning hee came neere vnto the earth, where his dwelling was, and that they euer sawe him come out of one place, and that hee had made mee in that land and countrey from whence hee came, like as hee had made many others which hee sent into other partes; and that nowe hee had sent me to visite and view the ••ame riuer, and the people that dwelt neere the same, that I should speake vnto them, and shoulde ioyne with them in friendshippe, and should giue them things which they had not, and that I should charge them that they should not make warre one against another. Whereunto he answered, that I should tell him the cause why the Sunne had not sent mee no sooner to pacifie the warres which had continued a long time among them, wherein ma∣ny had beene slaine. I tolde him the cause hereof was, because at that time I was but a child. Then he asked the interpreter whether wee tooke him with vs perforce hauing taken him in the war, or whether he came with vs of his, own accord. He answered him that he was with vs of his owne accord, and was very wel appaid of our company. He returned to enquire, why we brought non•• saue him onely that vnderstood vs, and wherefore wee vnderstood not all other men, seeing we were the children of the Sunn•• he answered, that the Sunne also had begotten him, and gi∣uen him a language to vnderstand him, and me, and others: that the Sunne knew well that they dwelt there, but that because he had many other businesses, and because I was but yong hee sent me no sooner. And he turning vnto me sayd suddenly: Comest thou therefore hither to bee our Lord, and that wee should serue thee? I supposing that I should not please him if I should haue said yea, answered him, not to be their Lord, but rather to be their brother, and to giue them such things as I had. He asked me, whether the Sunne had begotten me as he had begotten others, and whether I was his kinsman or his sonne: I answered him that I was his sonne. He procee∣ded to aske me whether the rest that were with me were also the children of the Sunne, I answe∣red him no, but that they were borne all with me in one countrey, where I was brought vp. Then he cryed out with a loud voyce and sayd, seeing thou doest vs so much good, and wilt not haue vs to make warre, and art the child of the Sunne, wee will all receiue thee for our Lord, and al∣wayes serue thee, therefore wee pray thee that thou wilt not depart hence nor leaue vs: and suddenly hee turned to the people, and beganne to tell them, that I was the child of the Sunne, and that therefore they should all chuse me for their Lord. Those Indians hearing this, were asto∣nied beyond measure, and came neerer still more and more to behold me. That Indian also asked mee other questions, which to auoyd tediousnesse I doe not recite: and in this wise we passed the day, and seeing the night approch, I began by all meanes I could deuise to get this fellow into our boat with vs: and he refusing to goe with vs, the interpreter told him that wee would put him on the other side of the riuer, and vpon this condition hee entred into our boate, and there I made very much of him, and gaue him the best entertaynement I could, putting him alwayes in securitie, and when I iudged him to be ou•• of all suspition, I thought it good to aske him s••me∣what of that countrey. And among the first things that I asked him this was one, whether hee had euer seene any men like vs, or had heard any report of them. Hee answered mee no, sauing that hee had sometime hearde of olde men, that very farre from that Countrey there were other white men, and with heardes like vs,* 1.104 and that hee knewe nothing else. I asked him also whether hee knewe a place called Ceuola, and a Riuer called Toton∣teac, and hee answered mee no. Whereupon perceiuing that hee coulde not giue mee any

knowledge of Francis Vazquez nor of his company, I determined to aske him other things of that countrey, and of their maner of life: and beganne to enquire of him, whether they helde that there was one God, creator of heauen and earth, or that they worshipped any other Idol.* 1.105 And hee answered mee no: but that they esteemed and reuerenced the Sunne aboue all other things, because it warmed them and made their croppes to growe: and that of all things which they did eate, they cast a little vp into the ayre vnto him. I asked him next whether they had any Lorde, and hee sayde no: but that they knewe well that there was a great Lorde, but they knewe not well which way hee dwelt. And I colde him that hee was in heauen, and that hee was called Iesus Christ, and I went no farther in diuinitie with him. I asked him whether they had any warre, and for what occasion. Hee answered that they had warre, and that very great, and vp∣on e••ceeding small occasions: for when they had no cause to make warre, they assembled together, and some of them sayd, let vs goe to make warre in such a place, and then all of them set for∣ward with their weapons. I asked them who commanded the armie: he answered the eldestand most valiant, and that when they sayd they should proceede no farther, that suddenly they retired from the warre. I prayed him to tell me what they did with those men which they killed in bat∣tell: he answered me that they tooke out the hearts of some of them, and eat them, and others they burned; and he added, that if it had not bene for my comming, they should haue bin now at warre: and because I commanded them that they should not war, and that they should cease from armes, therefore as long as I should not command them to take armes, they would not begin to wage warre against others, & they said among themselues, that seeing I was come vnto them, they had giuen ouer their intention of making warre, & that they had a good mind to liue in peace. He com∣plained of certaine people which dwelt behind in a mountaine which made great war vpon them,* 1.106 and slew many of them: I answered him, that from henceforward they should not need to feare a∣ny more, because I had cōmanded them to be quiet, & if they would not obey my commandement, I would chasten them and kill them. He enquired of me how I could kill them seeing we were so few, and they so many in number. And because it was now late, and that I saw that by this time he was weary to stay any longer with me, I let him goe out of my boat, and therewith I dismissed him very well content.

Chap. 4.

Of N••guachato and other chiefe men of those Indians they receiue great store of victuals, they cause them to set vp a crosse in their countreys, and hee teacheth them to worship it•• They haue newes of many people, of their diuers languages, and customes in matrimo∣ny, how they punish adultery, of their opinions concerning the dead, and of the sicknes∣ses which they are subiect vnto.

THe next day betimes in the morning came the chiefe man among them called Naguachato, and wished me to come on land because he had great store of victuals to giue me. And because I saw my selfe in securitie I did so without doubting; and incontinently an olde man came with rols of that Maiz, and certaine litle gourds, and calling me with a loud voyce and vsing many ges∣tures with his body and armes, came neere vnto me, and causing me to turne me vnto that people, and hee himselfe also turning vnto them sayd vnto them, Sagueyca, and all the people answered with a great voyce, Hu, and hee offred to the Sunne a little of euery thing that he had there, and likewise a little more vnto me (although afterward he gaue me all the rest) and did the like to all that were with me: & calling out mine interpreter, by meanes of him I gaue them thanks, telling them that because my boats were litle I had not brought many things to giue them in exchange, but that I would come againe another time and bring them, and that if they would go with me in my boates vnto my ships which I had beneath at the riuers mouth, I would giue them many things. They answered that they would do so, being very glad in countenance. Here by the helpe of mine interpreter I sought to instruct them what the signe of the crosse meane, and willed them to bring me a piece of timber, wherof I caused a great crosse to be made, and commanded al those that were with mee that when it was made they should worship it, and beseech the Lord to grant his grace that that so great a people might come to the knowledge of his holy Catholike faith: and this done I told them by mine interpreter that I left them that signe, in token that I tooke them for my brethren, and that they should keepe it for me carefully vntill I returned, and that euery morning at the Sunne rising they should kneele before it. And they tooke it in continently, & wi••th∣out suffring it to touch the ground they carried it to set it vp in the middest of their houses, where all of them might beholde it; and I willed them alwayes to worshippe it because it would pre∣serue them from euill. They asked me how deep they should set it in the ground, & I shewed them.

Great store of people followed the same,* 1.107 and they that stayed behinde inquired of mee, how they should ioyne their hands, and how they should kneele to worship the same; and they seemed to haue great desire to learne it. This done, I tooke that chiefe man of the Countrey, and going to our boates with him, I followed my iourney vp the Riuer, and all the company on both sides of the shoare accompanied me with great good will, and serued me in drawing of our boates, and in hal∣ling vs off the sands, whereupon we often fel: for in many places we found the riuer so shoald,* 1.108 that we had no water for our boats. As wee thus went on our way, some of the Indians which I had left behind me, came after vs to pray mee that I would throughly instruct them, how they should ioyne their hands in the worshipping of the crosse: others shewed me whether they were well se•• in such & such sort, so that they would not let me be quiet. Neere vnto the other side of the riuer was greater store of people, which called vnto me very often, that I would receiue the victuals which they had brought me. And because I perceiued that one enuied the other, because I would not leaue them discontended, I did so. And here came before me another old man like vnto the for∣mer with the like ceremonyes & offrings:* 1.109 and I sought to learne something of him as I had done of the other. This man said likewise to the rest of the people, This is our lord. Now you see how long ago our ancesters told vs, that there were bearded & white people in the world,* 1.110 and we laugh∣ed them to scorne. I which am old and the rest which are here, haue neuer seene any such people as these. And if you wil not beleeue me, behold these people which be in this riuer: let vs giue them therefore meate, seeing they giue vs of their victuals: let vs willingly serue this lord•• which wish∣eth vs so well, and forbiddeth vs to make warre, and imbraceth all of vs: and they haue mouth, handes and eyes as we haue, and speake as we doe. I gaue these likewise another crosse as I had done to the others beneath, and said vnto them the selfe same words; which they listened vnto with a better will, & vsed greater diligence to learne that which I said. Afterward as I passed farther vp the riuer, I found another people,* 1.111 whom mine interpreter vnderstood not a whit: wherefore I shewed them by signes the selfesame ceremonies of worshipping the crosse, which I had taught the rest. And that principal old man which I tooke with me, told me that farther vp the riuer I should find people which would vnderstand mine interpreter: and being now late, some of those men cal∣led me to giue me victuals, and did in all poynts as the others had done, dauncing and playing to shew me pleasure. I desired to know what people liued on the banks of this riuer: and I vnder∣stood by this man that it was inhabited by 23 languages, and these were bordering vpon the riuer,* 1.112 besides others not farre off, and that there were besides these 23. languages, other people also which hee knewe not, aboue the riuer. I asked him whether euery people were liuing in one towne together: and he answered me, No: but that they had many houses standing scattered in the fieldes, and that euery people had their Countrey seuerall and distinguished, and that in euery habitation there were great store of people. He shewed me a towne which was in a mountaine,* 1.113 and told me that there was there great store of people of ••ad conditions, which made continual warre vpon them: which being without a gouernour, and dwelling in that desert place, where small store of Maiz groweth, came downe into the playne to buy it in trucke of Deeres skinnes, wherewith they were apparelled with long garments, which they did cutte with rasors, and sewed with nee∣dles made of Deeres bones: and that they had great houses of stone.* 1.114 I asked them whether there were any there of that Countrey; and I found one woman which ware a garment like a lit∣tle Mantle, which clad her from the waste downe to the ground, of a Deeres skin well dressed. Then I asked him whether the people which dwelt on the riuers side, dwelt alwayes there, or els sometime went to dwell in some other place: he answered mee, that in the summer season they a∣boade there, and sowed there; and after they had gathered in their croppe they went their way, and dwelt in other houses which they had at the foote of the mountaine farre from the riuer. And hee shewed me by signes that the houses were of wood compassed with earth without, and I vnder∣stood that they made a round house,* 1.115 wherein the men and women liued all together. I asked him whether their women were common or no•• he tolde me no, and that hee which was married, was to haue but one wife only. I desired to know what order they kept in marying: and he told me, that if any man had a daughter to marry, he went where the people kept, and said, I haue a daughter to marry: is there any man here that wil haue her? And if there were any that would haue her, he an∣swered that he would haue her: and so the mariage was made. And that the father of him which would haue her, brought some thing to giue the yong woman; and from that houre forward the mariage was taken to be finished, and that they sang & danced:* 1.116 and that when night came, the pa∣rents tooke them, and left them together in a place where no body might see them. And I learned that brethren, and sisters, and ki••sfolks married not together: and that maydes before they were married ••onuersed not with men, nor talked not with them, but kept at home at their houses and

in their possessions, and wrought: and that if by chance any one had company with men before she were maried, her husband forsooke her, and went away into other Countreyes: and that those women which fell into this fault, were accompted naughty packs. And that if after they were ma∣ried, any man were taken in adultery with another woman, they put him to death: and that no man might haue more then one wife, but very secretly. They tolde mee that they burned those which dyed••* 1.117 and such as remayned widowes, stayed halfe a yeere, or a whole yeere before they married. I desired to know what they thought of such as were dead. Hee told me that they went to another world, but that they had neither punishment nor glory. The greatest sicknesse that this people dye of, is vomiting of blood by the mouth: and they haue Physicions which cure them with tharmes and blowing which they make. The apparell of these people were like the former: they carried their pipes with them to perfume themselues, like as the people of New Spaine vse Tabacco.* 1.118 I inquired whether they had any gouernour, and found that they had none, but that euery family had their seuerall gouernour. These people haue besides their Maiz certaine gourds,* 1.119 and another corne like vnto Mill:* 1.120 they haue grindstones & earthen pots, wherein they boyle those gourds, and fish of the riuer, which are very good.* 1.121 My interpreter could goe no farther then this place: for he said that those which we should find ••arther on our way, were their enemies, and therefore I sent him backe very well contented. Not long after I espied many Indians to come crying with a loude voice, and running after me. I stayed to know what they would haue; and they told me that they had set vp the crosse which I had giuen them, in the midst of their dwellings as I had appoin∣ted, but that I was to wit, that when the riuer did ouerflow,* 1.122 it was wont to reach to that place, therefore they prayed mee to giue them leaue to remoue it, and to set it in another place where the riuer could not come at it, nor carry it away: which I granted them.

Chap. 5.

Of an Indian of that countrey they haue relation of the state of Ceuola, and of the conditi∣ons and customes of these people, and of their gouernour: and likewise of the countreys not farre distant from thence, whereof one was called Quicoma, and the other Coama: of the people of Quicoma, and of the other Indians not farre distant they retei••e courtesie.

THus sayling, I came where were many Indians, and another interpreter, which I caused to come with me in my boat. And because it was cold,* 1.123 & my people were wet, I leapt on shore, and commanded a fire to be made, and as we stood thus warming our selues, an Indian came and strooke men on the arme, pointing with his finger to a wood, out of which I saw two companies of men come w^t their weapons, & he told me that they came to set vpon vs: & because I meant not to fall out with any of them, I retired my company into our boats, & the Indians which were with me swam into the water, and saued themselues on the other side of the riuer. In the meane season I inquired of that Indian which I had with me, what people they were that came out of y^e wood: and he told me that they were their enemies, and therefore these others at their approch without saying any word leapt into the water: and did so, because they meant to turne backe againe, being without weapons, because they brought none with them, because they vnderstood my wil & plea∣sure, that they should cary none. I inquired the same things of this interpreter which I had done of the other of the things of that countrey, because I vnderstood that among some people one man vsed to haue many wiues, and among others but one. Now I vnderstood by him, that he had bin at Ceuola, and that it was a moneths iourney from his country,* 1.124 and that from that place by a path that went along that riuer a man might easily trauel thither in xl. daies, and that the occa∣sion that moued him to goe thither, was only to see Ceuola, because it was a great thing, & had very hie houses of stone of 3. or 4. lofts, and windowes on ech side: that the houses were com∣passed about with a wall con••eining the height of a man & an halfe, and that aloft & beneath they were inhabited with people, and that they vsed the•• same weapons, that others vsed, which we had seene, that is to say, bowes & arrowes, maces, staues & bucklers: and that they had one gouernor, & that they were apparelled with mantles, and with oxe-hides, & that their mantles had a painting about them, and that their gouernour ware a long shirt very fine girded vnto him, and ouer the same diuers mantles: and that the women ware very long garments, and that they were white, and went all couered: and that euery day many Indians wayted at the gate of their gouernor to serue him,* 1.125 & that they did weare many Azure or blew stones, which were digged out of a rocke of stone, and that they had but one wise, with whom they were ma∣ried, and that when their gouernors died, all the goods that they had were buried with them. And likewise all the while they eate, many of their men waite at their table to court them, and see them eate, and that they eate with napkins, and that they haue bathes. On thursday mor∣ning

at breake of day the Indians came with the like cry to the banke of the riuer, and with greater desire to serue vs, bringing me meat to eat, and making me the like good cheere, which the others had done vnto me, hauing vnderstood what I was: & I gaue them crosses, with the self same order which I did vnto the former. And going farther vp the riuer, I came to a country where I found better gouernment: for the inhabitants are wholy obedient vnto one only. But returning againe to conferre with mine interpreter touching the dwellings of those of Ceuola, he tolde me, that the lord of that country had a dog like that which I caried with me. Afterward when I called for din∣ner, this interpreter saw certaine dishes caried in the first and later seruice, whereupon he told me that the lord of Ceuola had also such as those were, but that they were greene, and that none other had of them sauing their gouernour, and that they were 4. which he had gotten together with that dogge, and other things, of a blacke man which had a beard,* 1.126 but that he knew not from what quar∣ter he came thither, and that the king caused him afterward to be killed, as he heard say. I asked him whether he knew of any towne that was neere vnto that place: he tolde me that aboue the ri∣uer he knew some, & that among the rest there was a lord of a towne called Quicoma,* 1.127 and another of a towne called Coama:* 1.128 and that they had great store of people vnder them. And after he had giuen me this information, he craued leaue of me to returne vnto his companions. From hence I began againe to set saile, and within a dayes sayling I found a towne dispeopled: where assoone as I was entred, by chance there arriued there 500. Indians with their bowes & arrowes, and with them was that principall Indian called Naguachato, which I had left behind, and brought with them certaine conies & yucas:* 1.129 and after I had friendly interteined them all, departing from them, I gaue them license to returne to their houses. As I passed further by the desert•• I came to certain cotages, out of which much people came toward me with an old man before them, crying in a lan∣guage which mine interpreter wel vnderstood, and he said vnto those men: Brethren, you see here that lord; let vs giue him such as we haue, seeing he dooth vs pleasure, and hath passed through so many discourteous people, to come to visit vs. And hauing thus said, he offred to the Sunne, and then to me in like sort as the rest had done. These had certaine great bags & well made of the skins of fishes called Sea-bremes. And I vnderstood that this was a towne belonging vnto the lord of Quicoma, which people came thither onely to gather the fruit of their haruest in summmer; and a∣mong them I found one which vnderstood mine interpreter very well: whereupon very easily I gaue them the like instruction of the crosse which I had giuen to others behind. These people had cotton,* 1.130 but they were not very carefull to vse the same: because there was none among them that knew the arte of weauing, & to make apparel thereof. They asked me how they should set vp their crosse when they were come to their dwelling which was in the mountaine,* 1.131 and whether it were best to make an house about it, that it might not be wet, & whether they should hang any thing vpō the armes therof. I said no; & that it sufficed to set it in a place where it might be seene of all men, vntil I returned: and lest peraduenture any men of warre should come that way, they offred mee more men to goe with me, saying that they were naughty men which I should finde aboue; but I would haue none: neuerthelesse 20. of them went with me, which when I drew neere vnto those which were their enemies, they warned mee thereof: and I found their centinels set vpon their guarde on their borders. On Saturday morning I found a great squadron of people sitting vnder an exceeding great arbour, & another part of them without: and when I saw that they rose not vp, I passed along on my voyage: when they beheld this, an old man rose vp which said vnto me, Sir, why doe you not receiue victuals to eate o•• vs, seeing you haue taken food of others? I answered, that I tooke nothing but that which was giuen me, & that I went to none but to such as requested me. Here without any stay they brought me victuals, saying vnto me, that because I entred not into their houses, and stayed all day and all night in the riuer, and because I was the sonne of the Sunne, all men were to receiue me for their lord. I made them signes to sit down, and called that old man which mine interpreter vnderstood, and asked him whose that countrey was, and whether the lord thereof were there, he said, yea: and I called him to me; and when he was come, I imbra∣ced him, shewing him great loue: & when I saw that all of them tooke great pleasure at the friend∣ly interteinment which I gaue him, I put a shirt vpon him, and gaue him other trifles, and willed mine interpreter to vse the like speaches to that lord which he had done to the rest; and that done, I gaue him a crosse, which he receiued with a very good wil, as the others did: and this lord went a great way with me, vntill I was called vnto from the other side of the riuer, where the former old man stood with much people: to whom I gaue another crosse, vsing the like speach to them which I had vnto the rest, to wit, how they should vse it. Then following my way, I mette with another great company of people, with whom came that very same olde man whom mine interpreter vn∣derstood; and when I saw their lord which he shewed vnto me, I prayed him to come with me into

my boat, which he did very willingly, and so I went still vp the riuer, and the olde man came an•• shewed me who were the chiefe lords: and I spake vnto them alwayes with great courtesie, & all of them shewed that they reioiced much thereat, & spake very wel of my comming thither. At night I withdrew my selfe into the midst of the riuer, & asked him many things concerning that coun∣try: and I fou••d him as willing & wel disposed to shew them me, as I was desirous to know them. I asked him of Ceuola:* 1.132 and he told me he had bin there, and that it was a goodly thing, & that the lore th••reof was very wel obeyed: and that there were other lords thereabout, with whom he was at continual warre. I asked him whether they had siluer & gold, and he beholding certain bels, said they had metal of their colour. I inquired whether they made it there, and he answered me no, but that they brought it from a certain mountaine,* 1.133 where an old woman dwelt. I demanded whether he had any knowledge of a riuer ca••led Totonteac, he answered me no, but of another exceeding mighty riuer,* 1.134 wherein there were such huge Crocodiles, that of their hides they made bucklers, and that they worship the Sunne neither more nor lesse then those which I had passed: and when they offer vnto him the fruits of the earth, they say: Receiue hereof, for thou hast created them, and that they loued him much, because he warmed them; and that when he brake not foorth, they were acolde.* 1.135 Herein reasoning with him, he began somewhat to complaine, saying vnto me, I know not wherefore the Sunne vseth these termes with vs, because he giueth vs not clothes, nor people to spin nor to weaue them, nor other things which he giueth to many other, and he complayned that those of that country would not suffer them to come there, and would not giue them of their corne. I told him that I would remedi•• this, whereat he remayned very well satisfied.

Chap. 6.

They are aduertised by the Indians, wherefore the lorde of Ceuola killed the Negro, which went with Frier Marco, and of many other things: And of an old woman called G••atazaca, which liueth in a lake and eateth no food. The description of a beast, of the skinne whereof they make targets. The suspition that they conceiue of them, that they are of those Chri∣stians which were seene at Ceuola, and how they cunningly saue themselues.

THe next day which was Sunday before breake of day, began their cry as they were woont: and ••his was the cry of 2. or 3. sorts of people, which had lyen all night neere the riuers side, wayting for me: and they tooke Maiz & other corne in their mouth, and sprinkled me therewith, saying that that was the fashion which they vsed when they sacrificed vnto the Sunne: afterward they gaue me of their victuals to eat, and among other things, they gaue me many white peason. I gaue them a crosse as I had done to the rest: and in the meane season that old man tolde them great matters of my doing, and poynted me out with his finger, saying, this is the lord, the sonne of the Sunne: and they made me to combe my beard, & to set mine apparell handsomely which I ware vpon my backe. And so great was the confidence ••hat they had in me, that all of them told me what things had passed, & did passe among them, & what good or bad mind they bare one toward another. I asked them wherefore they imparted vnto me all their secrets, and that old man answered mee: Thou art our lord, & we ought to hide nothing from our lord. After these things, following on our way, I began againe to inquire of him the state of Ceuola, & whether he knewe that those of this country had euer seene people like vnto vs: he answered me no, sauing one Negro which ware a∣bout his legs & armes certain things which did ring. Your lordship is to cal to mind how this Ne∣gro which went with frier Marco was wont to wear•• bels,* 1.136 & feathers on his armes & legs, & that he caried plates of diuers colours, and that it was not much aboue a yeere agoe since he came into those parts. I demanded vpon what occasion he was killed; and he answered me, That the lord of Ceuola inquired of him whether he had other brethren: he answered that he had an infinite num∣ber, and that they had great store of weapons with them, and that they were not very farre from thence. Which when he had heard, many of the chiefe men consulted together, and resolued to kil him, that he might not giue newes vnto these his brethren, where they dwelt, & that for this cause they slew him, and cut him into many pieces, which were diuided among all those chiefe lords, that they might know assuredly that he was dead;* 1.137 and also that he had a dogge like mine, which he like∣wise killed a great while after. I asked him whether they of Ceuola had any enemies,* 1.138 and he said they had. And he reckoned vnto me 14. or 15. lords which had warre with them: and that they had man••les, and bowes like those aboue mentioned: howbeit he told me that I should find going vp the riuer a people that had no warre neither with their neighbors, nor with any other.* 1.139 He told me that they had 3. or 4. sorts of trees bearing most excellent fruite to eate: and that in a certaine lake dwelt an olde woman, which was much honoured and worshipped of them: and that shee re∣mayned

in a litle house which was there, and that she neuer did eate any thing:* 1.140 and that there they made things which did sound, and that many mantles, feathers and Maiz were giuen vnto her. I asked what her name was, and he tolde me that she was called Guatuzaca, and that thereabout were many lords which in their life & death, vsed the like orders which they of Ceuola did, which had their dwelling in the summer with painted mantles, and in the winter dwelt in houses of wood of 2. or 3. lofts hie: and that he had seene all these things, sauing the old woman. And when againe I began to aske him more questions, he would not answere me, saying that he was weari•• of me: and many of those Indians comming aboue me, they said among themselus: Let vs marke him well, that we may knowe him when he commeth backe againe. The Monday following, the riuer was beset with people like to them, and I began to request the old man to tell me what peo∣ple w••re in that countrey, which told me he thought I would soone forget them: and here he rec∣koned vp vnto me a great number of lords, and people at the least 200.* 1.141 And discoursing with him of their armour, he said that some of them had certaine very large targets of lether, aboue two fin∣gers thicke. I asked him of what beasts skinne they made them: and he described vnto me a very great beast, like vnto an Oxe,* 1.142 but longer by a great handfull, with broad feete, the legs as bigge as the thigh of a man, and the head seuen handfuls long, the forehead of three spannes, and the eyes bigger then ones fi••t, and the hornes of the length of a mans leg, out of which grew sharpe poynts, an hand full long, the forfeete and hinderfecte aboue seuen handfuls bigge, with a wre••h••d tayle, but very great; and holding vp his armes aboue his head, he said the beast was higher then that. After this hee gaue mee information of another olde woman which dwelt towa••d the sea side.* 1.143 I spent this day in giuing crosses to those people as I had done vnto the former. This old man that was with me leap•• on ••hore, & fell in conference with another which that day had often called him; and here both of them vsed many gestures in their speach, moouing their armes, and poynting at me. Therefore I sent mine interpreter out, willing him to drawe neere vnto them, and listen w••••t they said; and within a while I called him, and asked him whereof they talked, and he sayd, that he which made those gestures said vnto the other, that in Ceuola there were oth••rs like vnto vs with beards, and that they said they were Christians, and that both of them sayd that we were all of one company•• and that it were a good deede to kill vs,* 1.144 that those others might haue no know∣ledge of vs, lest they might come to doe them harme: and that the old man answered him, this is the sonne of the Sunne, & our lord, he doth vs good, and wil not enter into our houses, although we request him therevnto: he will take away nothing of ours, he wil meddle with none of our wo∣men, and that to be short, he had spoken many other things in my commendation and fauour: and for all th••s the other stedfastly affirmed that we were all one, and that the old man said, Let vs goe vnto him, and aske him whether he be a Christian as the other be, or els the sonne of the Sunne: and th•• old man came vnto me, and sayd:* 1.145 In the countrey of Ceuola whereof you spake vnto me doe other men like vnto you ••well. Then I began to make as though I wondred, and answered him, that it was impossible; and they assured me that it was true, and that two men had seene them wh••ch came from thence, which reported that they had things which did shoote fire, and swords as we had. I asked them whether they had seene them with their owne eyes? and they answered no; but that certaine of their companions had seene them. Then he asked mee ••hether I were the sonne o•• the Sunne, I answered him yea. They said that those Christians of Ceuola said so like∣wise. And I answered them that it might well be. Then they asked mee if those Christians of Ceuola came ioyne themselues with me, whether I would ioyne with them: and I answered them, tha•• they needed not to feare any whit at all, for if they were the sonnes of the Sunne as they said, they must needes be my brethren, and would vse towards all men the like loue and courtesie which I vs••d: whereupon hereat they seemed to be somewhat satisfied.

Chap. 7.

It is tolde him that they are ten dayes iourney distant from Ceuola, and that there be Christi∣ans there, which make warre against the lords of that countrey. Of the Sodomie which those Indians vse with foure yong men, appoynted for that seruice, which weare wo∣mens app••rel. Seeing they could not send newes of their being there to them of Ceuola, they went backe againe downe the riuer to their ships.

THen I pr••yed them to tel me how many dayes that kingdom of Ceuola, which they spake of,* 1.146 was di••tant from that riuer: and that man answered, that there was the space of tenne dayes iourney with••ut h••ritation, and that he made none accompt of the rest of the way, because there w••re people 〈…〉〈…〉 found. Upon this aduertisement I was desirous to certifie Captaine Francis Vazquez of my being there, and imparted my mind with my souldiers, among whom I found

none that was willing to goe thither, although I offered them many rewards in your lordships name, onely one Negro slaue though with an euil wil offred himselfe vnto me to go thither: but I looked for the comming of those two Indians which they told me of, and herewithall we went on our way vp the riuer against the streame in such sort as we had done before. Here that olde man shewed me as a strange thing a sonne of his clad in womans apparel, exercising their office: I as∣ked him how many there were of these among them, and he told me there were foure; & that when any of them died, there was a search made of all the women with child which were in the country, and that the first sonne which was borne of them, was appoynted to doe that duetie belonging vn∣to women, and that the women clad him in their apparell, saying, that seeing he was to doe that which belonged to them, he should weare their apparel: these yong men may not hau•• carnall co∣pulation with any woman: but all the yong men of the countrey which are to marrie, may compa∣ny with th••m. These men receiue no kind of reward for this incestous act of the people of that countr••••, because they haue libertie to take whatsoeuer they find in any house for their food. I saw likewise certaine women wh••ch liued dishonestly among men: and I asked the old man whether they were married, who answered me noe, but they were common women, which liued apar•• from the married women. I came at length after these discourses to pray them to s••nd for those Indi∣ans, which they said had bin at Ceuola, & they told me that they were eight dayes iourney distant from that place, but that notwithstanding there was one among them which was their companion and which had spoken with them, as he m••t them on the way, when they went to see the kingdome of Ceuola, and that they told him that he were not best to goe any farther, for he should find there •• fierce nation like vs, and of the same qualities and making, which had fought much with the people of Ceuola, because they had killed a Negro of their company, saying, Wherefore haue yee killed him? what did he to you? did he take any bread from you, or do you any other wrong? and such like speach. And they said moreouer, that these people were called Christians, which dwelt in a great house, & that many of them had oxen like those of Ceuola,* 1.147 and other litle blacke beasts with wooll and hornes, & that some of them had beasts which they rode vpō, which ran very swiftly; & that one day before their departure, from sunne rising vntill sunne s••tting these Christians were all day in comming thither, & all of them lodged in that place where others had lodged, & that these two met with two Christians, which asked them whence they were, & whether they had fields sowen with corne; and they told them that they dwelt in a farre country, and that they had corne, and that then they gaue each of them a litle cap, and they gaue them another to cary to their other companions, which they promis••d to do, & departed quickly. When I vnderstood this, I spoke againe with my company, to see if any one of them would go thither, but I found them vnwilling as at the first, and they laid against me greater incōueniences. Then I called the old man to see if he would giue me any people to goe with me, & victuals to trauel through that wildernes,* 1.148 but he laid before me ma∣ny inconueniences & dangers, which I might incurre in that voyage, shewing me the danger that there was in passing by a lord of Cumana,* 1.149 which threatned to make warre vpon them, because his people had entred into the others countrey to take a stagge, and that I shoul•• not therefore depart thence without seeing him punished. And when I replied that in any wise I must needes goe to Ceuola, he willed me to surcease from that purpose, for they looked that that lord without al doubt would come to annoy them, & that therefore they could not leaue their countrey naked to goe with me, and that it would be better, that I would make an end of that warre betweene them, and that then I might haue their company to Ceuola. And vpon this point we grew to such variance, that we began to grow into choler, and in a rage he would haue gone out of the boat, but I stayed him, and with gentle speeches began to pacifie him, seeing that it imported mee much to haue him my friend: but for all my courtesies which I shewed him, I could not alter him from his mind, where∣in he stil remained obstinate. In this meane while I sent a man away vnto my ships to giue them knowledge of the iourney that I had determined to make. After this I prayed the old man that he would fetch him backe againe, because I had determined, that seeing I saw no meanes to be able to go to Ceuola, & because I would stay no longer among those people, because they should not dis∣couer me, and likewise because I meant in person to visit my ships, with determination to returne againe vp the riuer, carying with me other companions, & leaue there some which I had sicke, and telling the olde man and the rest that I would returne, and leauing them satisfied the best I could (although they alwayes said that I went away for feare) I returned downe the riuer: and that way which I had gone against the streame vp the riuer in 15. dayes and an halfe, I made in my re∣turne in 2. dayes and an halfe, because the streame, was great and very swift.* 1.150 In this wise going downe the riuer, much people came to the banks, saying, Sir, wherefore doe you leaue vs? what discourtesie hath bin done vnto you? did you not say that you would remayne continually with vs,

and be our Lord? And turne backe againe? if any man aboue the riuer hath done you any wrong we will goe with our weapons with you and kill him; and such like words ful of loue kindnes.

Chap. 8.

When they came to their shippes the Captaine named that coast La Campanna de la Cruz, and builded a Chapel vnto our Lady, and called the riuer El Rio de Buena Guia, and re∣turned vp the same againe: when he came to Quicona and Coama the Lords of those places vsed him very courteously.

VPon mine arriuall at my ships I found all my people in health, although very heauie for my long stay, and because the current had fretted fower of their cables, and that they had lost two ankers which were recouered. After we had brought our ships together, I caused them to bring thē into a good harbour, & to giue the carena to the shippe called Sanct Peter, & to mend all things that were needfull. And here assembling all my company together, I opened vnto them what know∣ledge I had receiued of Francis Vasquez; and how it might be that in those sixeteene dayes space which I was in sayling vp the riuer he might peraduenture haue some knowl••dge of me, and that I was minded to returne vp the riuer once againe to try if I could finde any meanes to ioyne my selfe with him: and although some spake against my determination, I caused al my boates to bee made ready, because the ships had no need of them.* 1.151 I caused one of them to be filled with wares of exchange, with corne and other seedes, with hennes & cockes of Castile, and departed vp the riuer, leau••ng order that in that prouince called Campanna de la Cruz they should build an Ora••o••i•• or Chapell, and called it the Chappell of our Lady de la Buena Guia, and that they should call this ri∣uer Rio de Buena Guia because that is your Lordships Deuise: I carried with me Nicolas Za∣morano Pilote mayor, to take the height of the pole. And I departed on tuesday the fourteenth of September, & on wednesday I came vnto the first dwellings of the first Indians, which came run∣ning to hinder my passage, supposing that we had bene other people, for we ca••ied with vs a fifer, & a drummer, and I was clad in other apparell then I went in before, when they saw me fi••st of all: and when they knew me they stayed, though I could not grow vnto perfect friendship with th••m, whereupon I gaue them some of those seedes which I brought with mee; teaching them how th••y should sow them: and after I had sayled 3 leagues, my first interpretour came euen to my boat to seeke me with great ioy, of whom I demanded wherefore he had left me, he tolde me that certaine companions of his had led him away. I made him good countenance and better intertainment, be∣cause he should beare me companie againe, considering howe much it did importe me to haue him with me. He excused himselfe because he stayed there to bring mee certaine fea••hers of Parrats,* 1.152 which he gaue me. I asked him what people these were, and whether they had any Lord: hee an∣swered me, yea; and named three or foure vnto me, of foure or 25 names of people which he knew and that they had houses painted within, and that they had trafficke with those of Ceuola,* 1.153 and that in two moones hee came into the countrey. He told me moreouer many other names of Lords, and other people, which I haue written downe in a booke of mine,* 1.154 which I will bring my selfe vnto your Lordship. But I thought good to deliuer this briefe relation to Augustine Guerriero in this hauen of Colima, that he might send it ouerland to your Lordshippe, to whom I haue many other things to imparte.

But to returne to my iourney, I arriued at Quicama,* 1.155 where the Indians came forth with great ioy and gladnes to receiue me, aduertizing me that their Lord waited for my comming; to whom when I was come I found that he had with him fiue or sixe thousand men without weapons, from whom he went aparte with some two hundred onely, all which brought victuals with them, and so he came towards me, going before the rest with great authoritie, and before him and on each side of him were certaine which made the people stande aside, making him way to passe. Hee ware a garment close before and behind and open on both sides, fastened with buttons, wrought with white and blacke checker worke, it was very soft and well made, being of the skinnes of certaine delicate fishes called Sea breams. Assoone as he was come to the waters side his seruants tooke him vp in their armes, and brought him into my boate, where I embraced him and receiued him with great ioy, shewing vnto him much kindnesse: vpon which intertainment his people standing by and beholding the same seemed not a litle to reioyce. This Lord turnning himselfe to his peo∣ple wi••led them to consider my courtesie, and that he being of his owne accord come vnto me with a strange people, they might see how good a man I was, and with how great loue I had entertai∣ned him, and that therefore they should take me for their Lord, and that all of them should become

my seruants, and doe whatsoeuer I would command them. There I caused him to sit downe, and to eat certaine conserues of sugar which I had brought with mee, and willed the interpreter to thanke him in my name for the fauour which he had done me in vouchsafing to come to see mee, re∣commending vnto him the worshipping of the crosse, and all such other things as I had recommen∣ded to the rest of the Indians; namely that they should liue in peace, and should leaue off warres, and should continue alwayes good friendes together: he answered, that of long time they had continu∣ed in warres with their neighbours, but that from thence forward he would command his people that they should giue food to all strangers that passed through his kingdome, and that they should doe them no kinde of wrong, and that if any nation should come to inuade him, he said he would tell them howe I had commanded that they should liue in peace, and if they refused the ••ame, he would defend himselfe, and promised me, that he would neuer goe to seeke warre, if others came not to in∣uade him. Then I gaue him certaine trifles, as well of the seedes which I brought, as of the hens of Castile, wher••with he was not a litle pleased. And at my departure I ca••yed certaine of his peo∣ple with me, to make friendship betweene them and those other people which dw••lt aboue the Ri∣uer: and here the interpreter came vnto me, to craue leaue to returne home; and I gaue him cer∣taine gifts wherewith he d••parted greatly satisfied.

* 1.156The next day I came to Coama, and many of them knew me not, seeing me clad in other apar∣tel, but the old man which was there as soone as he knew me leapt into the water, saying vnto me; Sir, lo here is the man which you left with me, which came forth very ioyfull & pleasant declaring vnto me the great courtesies which that people had shewed him, saying that they had strouen toge∣ther who should haue him to his house, and that it was incredible to thinke what care they had at the rising of the Sunne to hold vp their hands and kneele before the Crosse. I gaue them of my seedes, and thanked them hartily for the good entertainment which they had shewed my man, and they besought me that I would leaue him with them, which I granted them vntill my return, and he stayed among them very willingly. Thus I went forward vp the Riuer, taking that olde man in my companie, which told mee, that two Indians came from Cumana to enquire for the Christians,* 1.157 & that he had answered them that he knew none such, but that he knew one which was the sonne of the Sunne,* 1.158 and that they had perswaded him to ioyne with th••m to kill mee and my companions. I wished him to lend me two Indians, and I would send word by them, that I would come vnto them and was desirous of their friendship, but if that they on the contrary would haue warre, I would make such a warre with them, that should displea••e them. And ••o I passed through all that people, and some came and asked me, why I had not giuen them Crosses as will as the rest, and so I gaue them some.

Chap. 9.

They goe on land, and see the people wo••ship the Crosse which they had giuen them. The Captaine causeth an Indian to make a draught of the countrey: hee sendeth a Crosse to the Lord of Cumana, and going down the Riuer with the streame, he arriueth at his ships. Of the error of the Pilots of Cortez as touching the situation of this Coast.

THe next day I went on land to see certaine cottages, and I found many women and children holding vp their hands and kneeling before a Crosse which I had giuen them. When I came thither I did the like my self; and couferring with the old man, he began to informe me of as many people and Prouinces as he knew. And when euening was come I called the old man to come and lodge with mee in my boate; hee answered that hee would not goe with mee because I would wearie him with asking him questions of so many matters: I told him that I would re∣quest him nothing ••lse but that he would set me downe in a charte as much as he knew concerning that Riuer, and what maner of people those were which dwelt vpon the banckes thereof on both sides: which he did willingly. And then he requested me that I would describe my countrey vnto him, as he had done his vnto me. And for to content him, I caused a draught of certaine thi••gs to be made for him. The next day I entred betweene certaine very high mountaines through which this Riuer passeth with a str••ight chanel, and the boa••s went vp against the stream•• very h••••dly for want of men to draw the same. Here certaine Indians came and told me, that in the ••ame place, there were certaine p••ople of Cumana, and among the rest an enchater,* 1.159 who enquired which way we would passe; & they telling him that we meant to passe by the Riuer, he set certaine canes on both sides thereof, through which wee passed, without receiuing any kinde of d••mage which they intended against vs. Thus going forward I came vnto the house of the olde man which was in my company, and here I caused a very high Crosse to be set vp, whereupon I engraued certaine letters to signifie that I was come thither: and this I did, that if by chance any of the people of

the generall Vasquez de Coronado should come thither, they might haue knowledge of my be∣ing there. At length seeing I could not attaine to the knowledge of that which I sought for, I determined to returne backe vnto my ships. And being ready to depart there arriued two In∣dians, which by meanes of the inte••preters of the old man, told me that they were sent to me, and that they were of Cumana, and that their Lord could not come himselfe, because he was farre from that place, but desired me ••o signifie vnto him what my pleasure was. I told them, that I wished that he would alwayes imbrace peace, and that I was comming to see that countrey, but being in∣forced to returne backe downe the Riuer I could not now doe it, but that hereaf••er I would re∣turne, and that in the meane season they should giue that Crosse vnto their Lorde, which they pro∣mised me to do, and they went directly to cary him that Crosse with certaine fea••hers which were on the same. Of these I sought to vnderstand what people dwelt vpward vpon the bankes of the Riuer,* 1.160 which gaue me knowledge of many people, and told me that the Riuer went farre more vp into the land then I had yet seene, but that they knew not the head thereof, because it was very far into the countrey, and that many other Riuers fell into the same.

Hauing learned thus much the next day morning I returned downe the Riuer, and the day fol∣lowing I came where I had left my Spaniard, with whom I spake, and told him that all things had gone well with me, and that at this time and the former I had gone aboue 30 leagues into the countrey. The Indians of tha•• place inquired of me what the cause was of my departure, and whē I would returne; to whom I answered, that I would returne shortly. Thus sayling downe the streame, a woman leapt into the water crying vnto vs to stay for her, and shee came into our boate, and crept vnder a bench, from whence we could not make her to come out: I vnderstood that shee did this, because her husband had taken vnto him another wife, by whom hee had children, saying that she ment not to dwell any longer with him, seeing he had taken another wife. Thus shee and another Indian came with me of their owne accord, and so I came into my ships, and making them ready we proceeded home on our voyage, coasting and oftentimes going on land, and entering a great way into the countrey, to see if I could learne any newes of Captaine Francis Vasquez and his companie; of whom I could haue no other knowledge, but such as I learned in the aforesaide Riuer. I bring with me many actes of taking possession of all that Coast. And by the situation of the Riuer and the height which I tooke, I finde that that which the Masters and Pilots of the Marquesse tooke is false, & that they were deceiued by 2 degrees, and I haue sayled beyond them aboue 4 degrees. I sayled vp the Riuer 85 leagues,* 1.161 where I saw and learn••d all the particulars before mentioned, and many other things; whereof when it shall please God to giue mee leaue to kisse your Lordships hands, I will deliuer you the full and perfect relation. I thinke my selfe to haue had very good fortune, in that I found Don Luis de Castilia, and Augustine Ghenero in the port of Colima: for the Galiot of the Adelantado came vpon mee, which was there with the rest of his fleet,* 1.162 and commanded me to strike sayle, which seeming a strange thing vnto me, and not vnde••standing in what state things were in Nueua Espanna, I went about to defend my selfe, and not to doe it. In the meane while came Don Luis de Castilia in a boate and conferred with mee, and I lay at anchor on the other side of the hauen where the saide fleete road, and I gaue vnto him this relation (and to auoyd striffe I determined to sayle away by night) which relation I caryed about me briefly written; for I alwayes had a purpose to send the same, as soone as I should touch vpon Nueua Espanna, to aduertize your Lordship of my proceedings.

An extract of a Spanish letter written from Pueblo de los Angeles in Nueua Espanna in October 1597, touching the discouerie of the rich Isles of California, being distant eight dayes sayling from the maine.

WE haue seene a letter written the right of October 1597, out of a towne called Pue∣blo de los Angeles situate eighteene leagues frō Mexico, making mention of the I∣lands of California situate two or three hundreth leagues frō the maine land of Nueua Espanna, in Mar del Sur: as that thither haue bene sent before that time some people to conquer them: which with losse of some twentie men were forced backe. Af••er that they had wel visited and found those Islands or countreys to be very rich of gold and siluer mynes, and of very fayre Orientall pearles, which were caught in good quantitie vpon one fathome and an halfe pas∣sing in beautie the pearles of the Island Margarita: the report thereof caused the Uice-roy of Mex∣ico to send a citizen of Mexico with two hundreth men to conquer the same. Therein also was affirmed that within eight dayes they could sayle thither from the mayne.

The course which Sir Francis Drake held from the hauen of Gua∣tulco in the South sea on the backe side of Nueua Espanna, to the North∣west of California as far as fourtie three degrees: and his returne back along the said Coast to thirtie eight degrees: where finding a faire and goodly hauen, he landed, and staying there many weekes, and discouering many excellent things in the coun∣trey and great shewe of rich minerall matter, and being offered the dominion of the countrey by the Lord of the same, hee tooke possession thereof in the behalfe of her Maiestie, and named it Noua Albion.

WEe kept our course from the Isle of Cano (which lyeth in eight degrees of Northerly latitude, and within two leagues of the maine of Nicaragua, where wee calked and trimmed our ship) along the Coast of Nueua Espan∣na, vntill we came to the Hauen and Towne of Guatulco, which (as we were informed) had but seuenteene Spaniards dwelling in it, and we found it to stand in fifteene degrees and fiftie minutes.

Assoone as we were entred this Hauen we landed, and went presently to the towne, and to the Towne house, where we found a Iudge sitting in iudgement, he being associate with three other officers, vpon three Negroes that had conspired the burning of the Towne: both which Iudges, and prisoners we tooke, and brought them a shippeboord, and caused the chiefe Iudge to write his letter to the Towne, to command all the Townesmen to auoid, that we might safely water there. Which being done, and they departed, wee ransaked the Towne, and in one house we found a pot of the quantitie of a bushell full of royals of plate, which we brought to our ship.

And here one Thomas Moone one of our companie, took a Spanish gentleman as he was fly∣ing out of the Towne, and searching him, he found a chaine of Gold about him, and other iewels, which we tooke and so let him goe.

* 1.163At this place our Generall among other Spaniards, set a shore his Portugall Pilote, which he tooke at the Island of Cape Verde, out of a ship of Saint Marie port of Portugall, and hauing set them a shoore, we departed thence.

Our General at this place and time thinking himselfe both in respect of his priuate iniuries re∣ceiued from the Spaniards, as also of their contempts and indignities offered to our Countrey and Prince in generall, sufficiently satisfied, and reuenged: and supposing that her Maiestie at his re∣turne would rest contented with this seruice, purposed to continue no longer vpon the Spanish coastes, but began to consider and to consult of the best way for his Countrey.

He thought it not good to returne by the Streights, for two speciall caus••s: the one, least the Spaniards should there waite, and attend for him in great number and strength, who••e handes he being left but one ship, could not possibly escape. The other cause was the dangerous situation of the mouth of the Streights of the South side, with continuall stormes raining and blus••ing, as he found by experience, besides the shoals and sands vpon the coast, wherefore he thought it not a good course to aduenture that way: he resolued therefore to auoide these hazards to goe ••orward to the Islands of the Malucos, and therehence to saile the course of the Portugales by the Cape of Bona Sperança.

Upon this resolution, he began to thinke of his best way for the Malucos, and finding himselfe, where hee now was, becalmed, hee sawe that of necessitie hee must bee enforced to take a Spanish course, namely to saile somewhat Northerly to get a winde. Wee therefore set saile, and ••ayled 800 leagues at the least for a good winde, and thus much we sayled from the 16 of Aprill after our olde stile till the third of Iune.

* 1.164The fift day of Iune being in fortie three degrees towardes the pole Arcticke, being speedily come out of the extreame heate, wee found the ayre so colde, that our men being pinched with the same, complayned of the extremitie thereof, and the further we went, the more the colde increased vpon vs, whereupon we thought it best for that time to seeke land, and did so, finding it not moun∣tainous, but low plaine land, & we drew backe againe without landing, til we came within thirtie eight degrees towardes the li••e. In which height it pleased God to send vs into a farre and good Bay, with a good winde to enter the same.

In this Bay wee ankered the seuententh of Iune, and the people of the Countery hauing their houses close by the waters side, shewed themselues vnto vs, and sent a present to our Generall.

When they came vnto vs, they greatly wondred at the things which we brought but our Ge∣••erall (according ••o his naturall and accustomed humanitie) curteously intreated them, and libe∣rally

bestowed on them necessarie things to couer their nakednesse,* 1.165 whereupon they supposed vs to be gods, and would not be perswaded to the contrary: the presentes which they sent vnto our Gener••ll were feathers, and cals of net worke.

Their houses are digged ••ound about with earth, and haue from the vttermost brimmes of the circle clifts of wood set vpon them, ioyning close together at the toppe like a spire steeple, which by reason of that closenesse are very warme.

Their bed is the ground with rushes strawed on it, and lying about the house, they haue the fire in the middest. The men goe naked, the women take bulrushes and kembe them after the ma∣ner of hempe, and thereof make their loose garments, which being knit about their middles, hang downe about their hippes hauing also about their shoulders a skinne of Deere, with the haire vp∣o•• it. These women are very obedient and seruiceable to their husbands.

After they we••e departed from vs, they came and visited vs the second time, and brought with them feathers and bags of Tabacco for presents: And when they came to the toppe of ••he hil (at the bottome whereof wee had pitched our tents) they stayed themselues, where one appointed for speaker weaired himselfe with making a long oration, which done, they left their bowes vpon the hill and came downe with their presents.

In the meane time the women remaining on the hill, tormented themselues lamentably, tea∣ring their flesh from their checkes, whereby we perceiued that they were about a sacrifice. In the meane time our Generall•• with his companie, went to prayer, and to reading of the Scriptures, at which exercise they were attentiue and seemed greatly to be affected with it: but when they were come vnto vs they restored againe vnto vs those things which before we had bestowed vpon them.

The newes of our being there being spread through the countrey, the people that inhabited round about came downe, and amongst them the king himself, a man of a goodly stature, and come∣ly personage, with many other tall and wa••like men: before whose comming were sent two Am∣bassadours to our Generall, to signifie that their king was comming, in doing of which message, their speech was continued about halfe an howre. This ended, they by signes requested our Ge∣nerall to send something by their hand to their king, as a token that his comming might bee in peace: wherein our Generall hauing satisfied them they returned with glad tidings to their king, who marched to vs with a princely Maiestie, the people crying continually after their maner, and as they drewe neere vnto vs, so did they striue to behaue themselues in their actions with comeli∣nesse.

In the fore front was a man of a goodly personage, who bare the scepter, or mace before the king, whereupon hanged two crownes, a lesse and a bigger, with three chaines of a merueilous length: the crownes were made of knit work wrought a••tificially with feathers of diuers colours:* 1.166 the chaines were made of a bony substance and few be the persons among them that are admitted to weare them: and of that number also the persons are stinted, as some ten, some twelue, &c. Next vnto him which bare the scepter, was the king himselfe, with his Guarde about his person, clad with Come skinnes•• and other skinnes: after them followed the naked common sort of people, e∣uery one hauing his face painted, some with white, some with blacke, and other colours and hauing in their hands one thing or other for a present, not so much as their children, but they also brought their presents.

In the meane time, our Generall gathered his men together, and marched within his fenced place, making against their approching, a very warlike shewe. They being trooped together in their order, and a general salutation being made, there was presently a generall silence. Then he that bare the scepter before the king, being informed by another, whome they assigned to that of∣fice, with a manly and loftie voice, proclaimed that which the other spake to him in secret, continu∣ing halfe an houre: which ended, and a generall Amen as it were giuen, the king with the whole number of men, and women (the childre•• excepted) came downe without any weapon, who descen∣ding to the foote of the hill, set themselues in order.

In comming towards our bulwarks and tents, the scepter bearer began a song, obseruing his measures in a dance, and that with a stately countenance, whom the king with his Garde, and e∣uery degree of persons following, did in like maner sing and dance, sauing onely the women which daunced and kept silence. The General permitted them to enter within our bulwark where they continued their song and daunce a reasonable time. When they had satisfied themselues, they mad: signes to our Generall to sit downe, to whom the king, and diuers others made seueral orations, or rather supplication•• that he would take their prouince and kingdom into his hand, and become their king, making signes that they would resigne vnto him their right and title of the whole land, and become his subiects. In which to perswade vs the better, the king and the rest,

with one consent and with great reuerence, ioyfully singing a song,* 1.167 did set the crowne vpon his head, inriched his necke with all their chaines, and offered vnto him many other things, honouring him by the name of Hioh, adding thereunto as it seemed a signe of triumph: which thing our Ge∣nerall thought not meete to reiect, because hee knewe not what honour and profite it might bee to our countrey. Wherefore in the name, and to the vse of her Maiestie•• he tooke the scepter, crowne and dignitie of the said Countrey in his hands, wishing that the riches & treasure there of might so conueniently be transported to the inriching of her kingdome at home, as it aboundeth in the ••ame.

The common sort of the people leauing the king and his Guarde with our Generall, scattered themselues together with their sacrifices among our people, taking a diligent viewe of euery person; and such as pleased their fancie, (which were the yongest) they inclosing them about of∣fred their sacrifices vnto them with lamentable weeping, scratching, and tearing the flesh from their faces with their nayles, whereof issued abundance of blood. But wee vsed signes to them o•• disliking this, and stayed their hands from force, and directed them vpwardes to the liuing God, whome onely they ought to worshippe. They shewed vnto vs their wounds, and craued helpe of them at our handes, whereupon wee gaue them lotions, plaisters, and emiments agreeing to the state of their griefes, beseeching God to cure their deseases. Euery thirde day they brought their sacrifices vnto vs, vntill they vnderstoode our meaning, that we had no pleasure in them: yet they could not be long absent from vs, but daily frequented our company to the home of our departure, which departure seemed so grieuous vnto them, that their ioy was turned into sorrow. They in∣treated vs, that b••ing absent wee would remember them, and by stelth prouided a sacrifice, which we misliked.

* 1.168Our necessarie businesse being ended, our Generall with his companie traueiled vp into the Countrey to their villages, where we found heardes of Deere by a thousand in a companie, being most large and fat of body.

* 1.169We found the whole countrey to bee a warren of a strange kinde of Conies, their bodyes in bignes as be the Barbary Conies, their heads as the heades of ours, the feet of a Want, and the taile of a Rat being of great length: vnder her chinne on either side a bagge, into the which shee gathereth her meate when she hath filled her belly abroad. The people eate their bodies, and make great account of their skinnes, for their Kings coate was made of them.

* 1.170Our Generall called this countrey, Noua Albion, and that for two causes: the one in respect of the white bankes and cliffes, whichly towardes the sea: and the other, because it might haue some affinitie with our Countrey in name, which sometime was so called.

* 1.171There is no part of earth here to bee taken vp, wherein there is not some speciall likelihood of gold or siluer.

At our departure hence our Generall set vp a monument of our being there; as also of her Ma∣iesties right and title to the same, namely a plate nailed vpon a ••aire great poste•• whereupon was ingrauen her Maiesties name, the day and yeere of our arriuall there, with the sree giuing vp of the Prouince and people into her Maiesties hands, together with her hig••nes picture and armes in a peice of sixe pence of current English money vnder the plate, where vnder was also written the name of our Generall.

It seemeth that the Spaniards hitherto had neuer bene in this part of the countrey, neither did euer discouer the land by many degrees to the Southwards of this place.

The true and perfect description of a voyage performed and done by Francisco de Gualle a Spanish Captaine and Pilot, for the Vice-roy of New Spaine, from the Hauen of Acapulco in New Spaine, to the Islands of the Luçones or Philippinas, vnto the Hauen of Manilla, & from then•• to the Hauen of Macao in Chi∣••na, and from Macao backe againe to Acapulco, accomplished in the yeere of our Lord, 1584.

Chap. I.

THe tenth of March in the yeere of our Lorde 1582 wee set sayle out of the Ha∣uen of Acapulco, lying in the countrey of New Spaine, directing our course to∣wards the Islands of the Luçones, or Philippinas West Southwest, running in that maner for the space of twentie fiue leagues, till wee came v••der sixteene degrees, that so wee might shunne the calmes by sayling close by the shoare. From thence forward we held our course West for the space of 30 leagues, & be∣i••g there, we ran West, and West & by South, for the space of 1800 leagues, to the Island called

••••la del Enganno, which is the furthest Island lying in the South parts of y^e Ilands called De los Ladrones, that is, The Ilands of rouers, or Islas de las Velas, vnder 13. degrees and ½. in latitude Septentrionall, and 164. degrees in longitude Orientall, vpon the sixed Meridionall line, which lyeth right with the Iland of Terçera. From thence we helde our course Westward for the space of 280. leagues, till we came to the point called El capo de Espirito Santo, that is, The point of the holy Ghost, lying in the Iland Tandaya, the first Iland of those that are called Philippinas, Luçones, or Manillas, which is a countrey with fewe hilles, with some mines of brimstone in the middle thereof. From the point aforesayde, wee sailed West for the space of eighteene leagues to the point or entrie of the chanell, which runneth in betweene that Iland and the Iland of Luçon. This point or entrie lieth scarce vnder 12. degrees. All the coast that stretcheth from the entrie of the chanel to the point of El capo del Spirito santo, is not very faire.

Eight leagues from the sayde point lyeth a hauen of indisserent greatnesse, called Baya de Lo∣b••s, that is, The Bay of woolues, hauing a small Iland in the mouth thereof: and within the cha∣nell about halfe a league from the ende of the sayd Iland lyeth an Iland or cliffe, & when you passe by the point in the middle of the chanell ••h••n you haue fiue and twentie fathom deepe, with browne sand: there we found so great a streame running Westward, that it made the water to cast a skum as if it had beene a sande, whereby it put vs in feare, but casting out our lead, wee found fiue and twentie fathom deepe.

From the aforesayd entrie of the chanell North, and North and by East about tenne leagues, lyeth the Iland of Catanduanes, about a league distant from the lande of Luçon, on the furthest point Eastward, and from the same entrie of the chanell towards the West and Southwest, lyeth the Iland Capuli about sixe leagues from thence, stretching Westsouthwest, and Eastnortheast, being fiue leagues long, and foure leagues broad: and as wee past by it, it lay Northward from vs vnder twelue degrees and ¾. and somewhat high lande. Foure leagues ••rom the aforesayd I∣land of Capuli Northwestward lie the three Ilands of the hauen of Bollon in the Iland of Luço∣nes, stretching North and South about foure leagues, distant from the firme lande halfe a league, whereof the furthest Southward lieth vnder thirteene degrees: In this chanell it is twentie fa∣thom deepe, with white sand, and a great streame, running Southeast: we passed through the mid∣dle of the chanell. From this chanell wee helde our course Southwest, and Southwest and by West, for the space of twentie leagues, vntill wee came to the West ende of the Iland of Tycao, which reacheth East and West thirteene leagues. This point or hooke lyeth vnder 12. degrees and ¾. In the middle betweene this Iland and the Iland Capuli there lie three Ilands called the Faranias, and we ranne in the same course on the Northside of all the Ilands, at the depth of of 22. fathom with white sand.

From the aforesayd West point of the Iland Tycao to the point of Buryas it is East and West to sayle about the length of a league or a league and an halfe: we put into that chanell, holding our course South, and South and by West about three leagues, vntill we were out of the chanell at sixteene fathom deepe, with halfe white and reddish sande in the chanell, and at the mouth thereof, whereof the middle lyeth vnder 12. degrees and ••••. and there the streames runne Northward.

The Iland of Buryas stretcheth Northwest and Southeast, and is lowe lande, whereof the Northwest point is about three leagues from the coast of Luçon, but you cannot passe betweene them with any shippe, but with small foists and barkes of the countrey. This shallowe channell lieth vnder twelue degrees: and running thorow the aforesaid chanell betweene the Ilands Tycao and Buryas, as I sayd before, we sayled Southward about two leagues from the Iland of Mas∣bate,* 1.172 which stretcheth East and West 8. leagues long, being in br••dth 4. leagues, and lyeth vn∣der 12. degrees and ¼. in the middle thereof, and is somewhat high land.

From the sayd chanell betweene Tycao and Buryas, wee helde our course Westnorthwest for thirteene leagues, leauing the Iland Masbate on the Southside, and the Iland Buryas on the North side: at the ende of thirteene leagues wee came by an Iland called Banton, which is in forme like a hat, vnder twelue degrees and ••••. when we had sayled the aforesayd thirteene leagues and eight leagues more, on the South side wee left the Iland called Rebuiam, which stretcheth Northwest, and Northwest and by North, and Southeast, and Southeast and by South, for the space of eight leagues, being high and crooked lande, whereof the North point lyeth vnder twelu•• degrees and 2/3. and there you finde 35. fathom deepe, with white sand.

From the aforesayd Iland of Banton Southward nine leagues, there beginne and followe three Ilandes, one of them being called Bantonsilla, which is a small Iland in forme of a sugar loafe: the second Crymara, being somewhat great in length, reaching East and West about two leagues: the third Itaa, or the Ile of Goates, hauing certaine houels. By all these Ilands

aforesayd you may passe with all ••ortes of shippes, whereof the foremost lyeth Southward vnder twelue degrees and ••••. From the Iland of Bantonsilla, or small Banton, wee helde our course Northwest for the space of foure leagues, to the chanell betweene the Ilands called de Vereies, and the Iland Marinduque, the Vercies lying on the South side vnder twelue deg••ees and 3/4. (which are two small Ilands like two Frigats) and the Iland Marinduque on the North side vnder twelue degrees, and 4/5. which is a great Iland, stretching West northwest, and East••outh∣east, hauing in length 12.& in bredth 7. leagues. On the North side with the Iland Luçon it ma∣keth a long and small chanell, running somewhat crooked, which is altogether full of shallowes and sandes, whereby no shippes can passe through it. The furthest point Westward of the same Iland lyeth vnder thirteene degrees and 1/4. It is high lande, on the East side hauing the forme of a mine of brimstone or fierie hill, and on the West side the land runneth down••ward at the point thereof being round like a loafe of bread: in the chanell betweene it and the Vereies, there are 18. fathom deepe with small blacke sand.

From the aforesayd chanell of Vereies and Marinduque, wee helde our course Westnorthwest twelue leagues to the lande of Mindora, to the point or hooke called Dumaryn, lying full vnder thirteene degrees: Fiue leagues forward from the sayde chanell on the South side wee left an I∣land called ••sla del maestro del Campo, that is, The Iland of the Colonell, lying vnder twelue degrees and 3/4. which is a small and flat Iland: In this course we had 45. fathom deep, with white sand.

By this point or end of the Iland Marinduque beginneth the Iland of Myndoro, which hath in length East and West fiue and twentie leagues, and in bredth twelue leagues, whereof the fur∣thest point Southward lyeth vnder thirteene degrees, and the furthest point Northward vnder thirteene degrees and 2/3. and the furthest point Westward vnder thirteene degrees. This Iland with the Iland of Luçon maketh a chanell of fiue leagues broad, and tenor twelue fathom deepe with muddie ground of diuers colours, with white sande. Fiue leagues forward from Marin••u∣que lyeth the riuer of the towne of Anagacu, which is so shallowe, that no shippes may enter in∣to it. From thence two leagues further lie the Ilands called Bacco, which are three Ilands ly∣ing in a triangle, two of them being distant from the land about three hundred cubits, and between them and the land you may passe with small shippes: And from the land•• to the other Iland, are a∣bout two hundred cubites, where it is altogether shallowes and sandes, so that where the shippes may passe outward about 150. cubites from the lande•• you leaue both the Ilands on the South side, running betweene the third Iland and the riuer called Rio del Bacco, somewhat more from the middle of the chanell towardes the Iland, which is about a league distant from the other: the chanell is ••enne fathom deepe, with mud and shelles vpon the ground: the riuer of Bacco is so shallowe, that no ships may enter into it. From this Iland with the same course two leagues forward, you passe by the point called El Capo de Rescalco, where wee cast out our lead, and found that a man may passe close by the lande, and there you shall finde great strong streames: and halfe a league forward with the same course, lyeth the towne of Mindoro, which hath a good ha∣uen for shippes of three hundred tunnes. Three leagues Northward from the same hauen lyeth the Iland called Cafaa, stretching East and West, being hilly ground.

From the sayde towne of Myndoro, wee h••lde our course Westnorthwest eight leagues, till wee came to the poynt or hooke of the sandes called Tulen, lying vpon the Iland of Luçon, which sande or banke reacheth into the Sea halfe a league from the coast: you must keepe a∣bout an hundred cubites from it, where you finde eight fa••hom water, muddie and shellie ground: you runne along by those sandes North, and North and by West for the space of two leagues, till you come to the riuer called Rio de Anasebo: all the rest of the coast called De los Limbo∣nes to the mouth or entrie of the Bay called Manilla, (which are foure leagues) is sayled with the same course. The Limbones (which are Ilands so called) are high in forme like a paire of Organs, with good hauens for small shippes, running along by the Limbones: and two leagues beyond them on the South side, wee leaue the Ilands of Fortan, and foure Ilands more, but the three Ilands of Lubao, which are very low, lie vnder 13. degrees and 1/3. and the Limbones lie in the mouth or entrie of the Bay of Manilla vnder 14 degrees and 1/4.* 1.173

From thence we ranne Northwest for the space of sixe leagues to the hauen of Cabite, keeping along by the land lying on the West side, where it is shallowe, and is called Los Baixos del Rio de Cannas, The shallowes of the riuer of Reedes: all along this Bay in the same course, there is from ten to foure fathom deepe.

Being by the point or hooke of Cabite, then wee kept but an hundred paces from it•• running Southwest, southsouthwest, and South, vntill wee discouered the whole mouth or entrie of the

Bay, where w•• might anker at foure fathom about two hundred cubites from the lande, and then the towne of Manilla was two leagues Northward from vs.

Chap. 2.

The course and voyage of the aforesayd Francisco Gualle out of the hauen or roade of Manilla, to the hauen of Macao in China, with all the courses and situations of the places.

SAyling out of the hauen of Cabite, lying in the Bay of Manilla, wee helde our course West∣warde for the space of eighteene leagues, to the point called El Cabo de Samba••les: and when wee were eight leagues in our way, wee left the two Ilands Maribillas on the South ••ide, and sailed about a league from them: the point of Samballes aforesayde lyeth vnder foureteene de∣grees, and 2/3. being low land, at the end of the same coast of Luçon, on the West side.

From the hooke or point aforesayde, wee ranne North, and North and by West, for the space of fiue and twentie leagues (about a league from the coast of Luçon) to the point called Cabo de Bullinao: all this coast and Cape is high and hilly ground, which Cape lyeth vnder sixteene de∣grees and 2/3. From this Cape de Bullinao we helde our course North, and North and by East, for 45. leagues to the point called El Cabo de Bojador, which is the furthest lande Northwarde from the Iland Luçon lying vnder 19. degrees.

The Cape de Bullinao being past the lande maketh a great crecke or bough, and from this creeke the coast runneth North to the point of Bojador, being a land full of cli••fes and rockes that reach into the Sea, and the land of the hooke or point is high and hilly ground.

From the point of Bojador, wee helde our course Westnorthwest an hundred and twentie leagues, vn••ill we came to the Iland called A Ilha Branca, or the white Iland, lying in the begin∣ning of the coast and Bay of the riuer Canton vnder two and twentie degrees,* 1.174 hauing foure and twentie fathom browne muddie ground.

From the Iland Ilha Branca, wee helde the aforesayde course of Westnorthwest, for the space of sixteene leagues, to the Iland of Macao lying in the mouth of the riue•• of Canton,* 1.175 and it maketh the riuer to haue two mouthes or entries, and it is a small Iland about three leagues great.

Chap. 3.

The Nauigation or course of the aforesayd Francisco Gualle out of the hauen of Macao to Newe Spaine, with the situation and stretchings of the same, with other notable and memorable things concerning the same voyage.

VVHen we had prepared our selues, and had taken our leaues of our friends in Macao, we set saile vpon the foure and twentieth of Iuly, holding our course Southeast, & South∣east and by East, being in the wane of the Moone: for when the Moone increaseth, it is hard holding the course betweene the Ilands, because as then the water and streames run very strong to the Northwest; wee trauailed through many narrowe chanels by night, hauing the depth of eight or ten fathom, with soft muddie ground, vntill wee were about the Iland Ilha Branca,* 1.176 yet we saw it not, but by the height we knew that we were past it.

Being beyond it, we ranne Eastsoutheast an hundred and fiftie leagues, to get aboue the sands called Os Baixos dos Pescadores, and the beginning of the Ilands Lequeos on the East side, which Ilands are called As Ilhas fermosas,* 1.177 that is to say, The faire Ilands. This I vnderstoode by a Chinar called Santy of Chinchon, and hee sayde that they lie vnder one and twentie degrees and 3/4. there it is thirtie fathom deepe: and although wee sawe them not, no••withstanding by the height and depth of the water we knew we were past them.

Being past As Ilhas fermosas, or the faire Ilands, wee helde our course East, and East and by North, for two hundred and sixtie leagues, vntill we were past the length of the Ilands Lequeos,* 1.178 sayling about fiftie leagues from them: the said Chinar tolde me, that those Ilands called Leque∣os are very many, and that they haue many and very good hauens, and that the people and inhabi∣tants thereof haue their faces and bodies painted like the Bysayas of the Ilands of Luçon or Phi∣lippinas and are apparelled like the Bysayas, and that there also are mines of gold:* 1.179 Hee sayd like∣wise that they did often come with small shippes and barkes laden with Bucks and Harts-hides, and with golde in graines or very small pieces, to traffique with them of the coast of Ch••na, which hee assured mee to bee most true, saying that hee had bene nine times in the ••mall ••lands, bring∣ing of the same wares with him to China: which I beleeued to bee true, for that afterwarde

I enquired thereof in Macao, and vpon the coast of China, and found that hee sayde true. The furthest or vttermost of these Ilands stretching Northwarde and Eastwarde, lie vnder nine and twentie degrees.

Being past these Ilands, then you come to the Ilands of Iapon, whereof the first lying West and South, is the Iland of Firando,* 1.180 where the Portugals vse to traffique: they are in length alto∣gether an hundred and thirtie leagues, and the furthest Eastward lieth vnder two and thirtie de∣grees: we ranne still East, and East and by North, vntill we were past the sayd hundred and thir∣tie leagues.

All this information I had of the aforesayd Chinar, as also that there I should see some mines of brimstone or fierie hilles, being seuentie leagues beyond them, and thirtie leagues further I should finde foure Ilands lying together, which I likewise found, as hee had tolde mee: And that being in Iapon, he sayd hee had there seene certaine men of a very small stature, with great rolles of linnen cloth about their heads, that brought golde in small pieces, and some white Cangas of cotton, (which are pieces of cotton-linnen so called by the Chinars) as also salte-fish like the Spanish A••un, or Tunney, which hee sayde came out of other Ilandes Eastward from Iapon:* 1.181 and by the tokens and markes which hee shewed mee, I gessed whereabout those Ilands should bee, and found them not farre from whence he sayd they lay. Hee sayd likewise that all the Ilands of Iapon haue good hauens and chanels, being a Countrey full of Rice, Corne, Fish, and flesh, and that they are an indifferent and reasonable people to traffique with, and that there they haue much siluer.

Running thus East, and East and by North about three hundred leagues from Iapon, wee found a very hollowe water, with the streame running out of the North and Northwest, with a full and very broad Sea, without any hinderance or trouble in the way that wee past: and what winde soeuer blewe, the Sea continued all in one sort, with the same hollow water and streame, vntill wee had passed seuen hundred leagues. About two hundred leagues from the coast and land of newe Spaine wee beganne to lose the sayd hollow Sea and streame:* 1.182 whereby I most assured∣ly thinke and beleeue, that there you shall finde a channell or straight passage, betweene the firme lande of newe Spaine, and the Countreys of Asia and Tartaria. Likewise all this way from the aforesayde seuen hundred leagues, we found a great number of Whale-fishes and other fishes cal∣led by the Spaniards A••uns or Tunnies, whereof many are found on the coast of Gibraltar in Spaine, as also Albacoras and Bonitos, which are all fishes, which commonly keepe in chanels, straights, and running waters, there to disperse their seede when they breede: which maketh mee more assuredly beleeue, that thereabouts is a chanell or straight to passe through.

* 1.183 Being by the same course vpon the coast of newe Spaine, vnder seuen and thirtie degrees and ½ wee passed by a very high and faire lande with many trees, wholly without snowe, and foure leagues from the lande, you finde thereabouts many drifts of rootes, leaues of trees, reeds, and other leaues like figge leaues, the like whereof wee found in great abundance in the countrey of Iapon, which they eate: and some of those that wee found, I caused to bee sodden with flesh, and being sodden, they eate like Coleworts: there likewise wee found great store of Seales: where∣by it is to bee presumed and certainely to bee beleeued, that there are many riuers, bayes, and ha∣uens along by those coastes to the hauen of Acaculpo.

From thence wee ranne Southeast, Southeast and by South, and Southeast and by East, as wee found the winde, to the point called El Cabo de Sant Lucas,* 1.184 which is the beginning of the lande of California, on the Northwest side, lying vnder two and twentie degrees, being fiue hundred leagues distant from Cape Mendoçino.

In this way of the aforesayde fiue hundred leagues along by the coast, are many Ilands: and although they bee but small, yet without doubt there are in them some good hauens,* 1.185 as also in the firme land, where you haue these hauens following, now lately found out, as that of the Ile of Sant Augustine, lying vnder thirtie degrees and ¼. and the Iland called Isla de Cedros, scarce vnder eight & twenty deg. and ¼. and the Iland lying beneath Saint Martyn, vnder three and twentie de∣grees and ½. All this coast and countrey, as I thinke, is inhabited, and sheweth to be a very good countrey: for there by night wee sawe fire, and by day smoke, which is a most sure token that they are inhabited.

From the poynt or hooke of Saint Lucas, to the Southeast side of California, wee helde our course Eastsoutheast, for the space of 80. leagues, to the point called El cabo de las corrientes, that is, the Cape of the streames lying vnder 19. degrees and ⅔. And running this course, Northward about a league from vs wee sawe three Ilands called Las tres Marias, (that is to say, The three Maries) running the same course. About foure leagues from the other Ilands, there are other I∣lands

reaching about two or three leagues: All this way from the mouth or gulfe of California a∣foresayd, for the space of the sayd fourescore leagues, there are great streames that run Westward.

From the point or Cape de las Corrientes, wee ranne Southeast, and sometimes Southeast and by East, for the space of an hundred and thirtie leagues to the hauen of Acapulco. In this way of an hundred and thirtie leagues, being twentie leagues on the way, we had the hauen of Na∣tiuidad, that is, of the birth of the Uirgin Mary: and other eight leagues further, the hauen of Saint Iago, or Saint Iames: and sixe leagues further, the sea St••and called La Playa de Colima, that is, the Strand of Colima. All this coast from California to the hauen of Acapulco is inha∣bited by people that haue peace and traffique with the Spaniards,* 1.186 and are of condition and quali∣ties like the people of the other places of new Spaine.

The conclusion of the Author of this last voyage.

ALl this description and nauigation haue I my selfe seene, prooued, and well noted in my voy∣age made & ended in the yeere of our Lord 1584. from great China out of the hauen and ri∣uer of Canton, as I will more at large set it downe vnto your honour, with the longitudes and la∣titudes thereof, as God shall permit mee time and leysure, whom I beseech to send you long and happie dayes.

And the same was truely translated out of Spanish into lowe Dutch verbatim out of the Ori∣ginall copie, (wich was sent vnto the Uiceroy of the Portugall Indies) by Iohn Huyghen Van Linschoten.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Acapulco in 17. degrees of la∣titude.
• * 1.2

  The coast of Sacatula and Motin.
• * 1.3

  S. Iago de Co∣lima.
• * 1.4

  The Isles of Xalisco.
• * 1.5

  Guajaual.
• * 1.6

  Santa C••uz in the pont•• of C••lifor••••••.
• * 1.7

  Thr•••• Ilands.
• * 1.8

  Rio de san Pedro y san P••blo.
• * 1.9

  Two great ••••••er••.
• * 1.10

  Certaine great lakes.
• * 1.11

  The coast run∣neth North∣ward.
• * 1.12

  Capo R••••••.
• * 1.13

  The coast run∣neth North∣ward.
• * 1.14

  Fishing w••••r•••• like those of Virgi∣nia.
• * 1.15

  An Island
• * 1.16

  Some take the land of Ca∣l••••orni•• to be nothing but Islands.
• * 1.17

  A Streight of 12. leagues broad, of ex∣ceeding depth.
• * 1.18

  The Streight here runneth Northward.
• * 1.19

  Small rocks called Los Dia∣••antes.
• * 1.20

  Burning mountaines.
• * 1.21

  Abundance o•• S••ales.
• * 1.22

  A ra••t of canes
• * 1.23

  Bottles of beasts kins and fishhooke of bone.
• * 1.24

  Ancoa de S. An∣dres, or The hauen of S. An∣drew in 32 de∣grees.
• * 1.25

  Two Indians of exceeding ••uge stature.
• * 1.26

  Ancon de San•• ••••dre••.
• * 1.27

  •• ••reat Island
• * 1.28

  They returne from the bot∣tome of the gulf of California.
• * 1.29

  Another Islād
• * 1.30

  Port ••elen a very good ha••••••.
• * 1.31

  A great hauen
• * 1.32

  A bay with 4 or 5 Islands.
• * 1.33

  This current is in 32 de∣grees, and the sea is white and red.
• * 1.34

  This returne is mentioned cap. 5.
• * 1.35

  They arriue at the hauen of Santa Cruz.
• * 1.36

  The Spany∣ards vse ma∣ssiues to take the Indians
• * 1.37

  Reade more of these stau•••• cap. 12.
• * 1.38

  Nouember••
• * 1.39

  From hence forward they saile on the we∣sterne or back∣side of California
• * 1.40

  California.
• * 1.41

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 de p••••l••••.
• * 1.42

  A current.
• * 1.43

  They are •••• leagues from the port of Santa Cruz
• * 1.44

  Land ru••n•••• towards the Northwest.
• * 1.45

  No••••
• * 1.46

  A wonderfull filling place like Newfound∣land.
• * 1.47

  A fishing place and a lake of 30 leagues compasse.
• * 1.48

  A sudden as∣salt of the In∣dians with stones, arrows and slaues.
• * 1.49

  The Spani∣ards vse ma∣s••i••es in their warres against the Indians•• Keade more hereof cap. 17
• * 1.50

  A special good hauen.
• * 1.51

  Baya del Abad to 100 leagues from the point of California
• * 1.52

  Many great smokes, of which al••o Francis Gualle maketh men∣tion.
• * 1.53

  A fishing place
• * 1.54

  Great tides vpō this coast.
• * 1.55

  Truck & traf∣fique with th•• Indians for mother of pearle, and o∣ther things.
• * 1.56

  Great appa∣rance of gold and siluer.
• * 1.57

  Ianuary 1540
• * 1.58

  Forty leagu••s
• * 1.59

  Two 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Islets n••••re the maine.
• * 1.60

  Isla d•• l•• Ce∣dro•• m••n••••oned in the 13 chap
• * 1.61

  The land ••re••∣deth her•• Northwest 35 leagues.
• * 1.62

  Flotingw••ede ••or 50 league••.
• * 1.63

  Thirtie de∣grees of Nor∣therly latitude
• * 1.64

  Twentie leagues be∣yond the I•••• of Cedars.
• * 1.65

  A Balsa is a flat raft made of canes.
• * 1.66

  A village of the Indians.
• * 1.67

  A skirmish o•• the Indians fighting with stones.
• * 1.68

  The great vse of targets a∣gainst arrows and stones.
• * 1.69

  The vse of ma∣•••••• in the warre against Indians.
• * 1.70

  Seale-skins well dressed with a white graine.
• * 1.71

  ••sla de los Ce∣dros, or The Ile of Cedars in 28 deg. and a quarter.
• * 1.72

  These mighty deepe and high wordes are de∣scribed in the end of this treatise.
• * 1.73

  The great vse of mas••••es in pursuit of the Indians.
• * 1.74

  Cap. 12.
• * 1.75

  Isla de los Cedros is the greatest of the 3 Isle•• of S. Stephan.
• * 1.76

  Read cap. 11. about the end.
• * 1.77

  February.
• * 1.78

  A great bay in the sunne land.
• * 1.79

  The point of Santa Cruz o∣therwise called Punta de Bale••a••
• * 1.80

  The firme land very green and pleasant with goodly valley•• and plaine••.
• * 1.81

  The Santa A∣gueda returneth for Newspaine the 5. of April
• * 1.82

  The sixt of April
• * 1.83

  The 7 of April
• * 1.84

  They sail from the Isle of Ce∣dars to the point of Santa Cruz or Califor∣nia in sixe da••es
• * 1.85

  Pun•••• de Bale••as
• * 1.86

  Read more of these weeds cap. 13.
• * 1.87

  Sant Iago de Bue∣na esperanza in 19 degrees.
• * 1.88

  Cabo del Engan∣no in 30 de∣grees & a halfe
• * 1.89

  The hauen of Saint Iago.
• * 1.90

  The hauen of Aguaiaual.
• * 1.91

  These shoalds are the bot∣toms of ma•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉, or the Bay of Cali∣fornia.
• * 1.92

  The bottom of the Bay of California.
• * 1.93

  The•• got vp thee 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of 〈…〉〈…〉 the 26. of August.
• * 1.94

  We carried an interpreter with him.
• * 1.95

  A very good course taken to appease vn∣knowen Sa∣uages.
• * 1.96

  Good for••cast.
• * 1.97

  Indians be∣smoutched with cole.
• * 1.98

  Pipes and bagges of To∣bacco.
• * 1.99

  Shels and beades.
• * 1.100

  A notable po∣licie.
• * 1.101

  Swarmes o•• ••eopl••.
• * 1.102

  An exceeding great current of the riuer.
• * 1.103

  A wis•• de••ise.
• * 1.104

  Newes of bearded and white men.
• * 1.105

  The Sunne worshipped as God
• * 1.106

  Certaine war∣like people be∣hind a moun∣taine.
• * 1.107

  These people are greatly in∣c••ined to learne the Christian faith.
• * 1.108

  The riuer in diuers places full of shelfes.
• * 1.109

  Another olde man.
• * 1.110

  Their ance∣sters told them t••at there were bearded and white men in the world.
• * 1.111

  Another na∣tion.
• * 1.112

  People of 23. languages dwelling along this riuer.
• * 1.113

  Acuco as Go∣mara writteth is on a strong mountaine.
• * 1.114

  Great houses of stone.
• * 1.115

  Round 〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.116

  Dancing and singing at ma∣riages of the Sauages.
• * 1.117

  They burne their dead.
• * 1.118

  Pipes to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Tabac∣co with.
• * 1.119

  Maiz, gourds.
• * 1.120

  Mi••l.
• * 1.121

  Grindestones, earthen pots, good fish.
• * 1.122

  This riuer o∣uerfloweth his banks at cer∣taine seasons.
• * 1.123

  Colde and raine.
• * 1.124

  Ceuola 40 days iourney from thence by the riuer.
• * 1.125

  Turqueses in Ceuola.
• * 1.126

  This was the Negro that went with Frier Marco de Niza.
• * 1.127

  Quicoma.
• * 1.128

  Coama.
• * 1.129

  Conies and yucas.
• * 1.130

  Cotton.
• * 1.131

  A mountaine.
• * 1.132

  Ceuola a good∣ly thing.
• * 1.133

  Gold and sil∣uer in a moun∣tain•• neere Ce∣uola.
• * 1.134

  A mighty ri∣uer.
• * 1.135

  This riuer see∣meth to v•••• No••thward by the colde.
• * 1.136

  The Negro that went with Frier Marco de Ni••a s••aine.
• * 1.137

  The cause wherefore Ste∣phan Dorantez the Negro was slaine.
• * 1.138

  They of Ceuo∣la haue 14. or 15. lords their enemies.
• * 1.139

  An olde wo∣•••• called Gu••∣••••••••c•• in a lake grea••ly wo••∣shipped.
• * 1.140

  Antonio d'Es••e••o spraketh of such a great lake.
• * 1.141

  200 lim••es o•• people.
• * 1.142

  This might be the ••tooke ••a∣ked o•••• o•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.143

  The sea side.
• * 1.144

  The Sauage•• ••••eason•• to ••e taken heede of.
• * 1.145

  Certaine newes of the Spanyard•• at Ceuola.
• * 1.146

  Ceuola tenne dayes di••tant ••rom this place.

  A desert of t•••••• dayes iou••∣ney.
• * 1.147

  Oxen of Ceuola.
• * 1.148

  A desert.
• * 1.149

  Cumana.
• * 1.150

  He returneth in 2. dayes and an halfe to his ships.
• * 1.151

  Ma••ke ••hat 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••he Spaniardes ca•••• with t••••m in newe de••••oue••i••s. Rio de buena Guia.
• * 1.152

  Parrats in these par••s.
• * 1.153

  Two moones to Ceuola.
• * 1.154

  Another booke w••itten of the particulars of that countrey.
• * 1.155

  Quicama.
• * 1.156

  Coama.
• * 1.157

  Cumana.
• * 1.158

  Treason of the sauages.
• * 1.159

  An Inchanter.
• * 1.160

  This Riuer ran ••••ch far∣ther vp than ••e had t••a••••lled.
• * 1.161

  He sayled 85 leagues vp the Riuer.
• * 1.162

  The port of Colima.
• * 1.163

  The Portugal Pilote set on land.
• * 1.164

  Sir Francis Drake sayled on the backe ••••de of America. to 43 degrees of Northerly latitude. 38 degrees.
• * 1.165

  A description of the people and Countrey of Noua Albion.
• * 1.166

  These are like chaines of ••surn••y in Cana∣da and Hoche∣lage.
• * 1.167

  The king re∣signes his crowne and kingdome to Sir Francis Drake.

  Great riches in Noua Albion.
• * 1.168

  Great heards of Deere.
• * 1.169

  Abundance of strange conies.
• * 1.170

  Noua Albion.
• * 1.171

  Golde and sil∣uer in the ••ar••d of Noua Albion.
• * 1.172

  The Isle •••• Masbate.
• * 1.173

  The Bay of Manilla in 14. degrees and one quarter.
• * 1.174

  Canton 22•• degrees.
• * 1.175

  The Iland of Macao.
• * 1.176

  Ilha Branca.
• * 1.177

  As Ilhas fermo∣sas••
• * 1.178

  Lequeos••
• * 1.179

  Mines of gold
• * 1.180

  Firando.
• * 1.181

  Other Ilands Eastward of Iapon.
• * 1.182

  Iapon 900. leagues distant from the coast of America in 37 degrees and an halfe.
• * 1.183

  Seuen and thirty deg. and an halfe. Read Francis Vlla•• chap. 16.
• * 1.184

  Cabo de San Lu∣cas in 22. deg.
• * 1.185

  Hauens lately found out.
• * 1.186

  Acapulco.